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Xia CF, Yan R, Su WW, Liu YH. Autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing loss caused by a novel mutation in MYO7A: A case report and review of the literature. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:5962-5969. [PMID: 37727480 PMCID: PMC10506018 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i25.5962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variants in the MYO7A gene commonly result in Usher syndrome, and in rare cases lead to autosomal dominant non-syndromic deafness (DFNA11). Currently, only nine variants have been reported to be responsible for DFNA11 and their clinical phenotypes are not identical. Here we present a novel variant causing DFNA11 identified in a three-generation Chinese family. CASE SUMMARY The proband was a 53-year-old Han male who presented with post-lingual bilateral symmetrical moderate sensorineural hearing loss. We learned from the patient's medical history collection that multiple family members also had similar hearing loss, generally occurring around the age of 40. Subsequent investigation by high-throughput sequencing identified a novel MYO7A variant. To provide evidence supporting that this variant is responsible for the hearing loss in the studied family, we performed Sanger sequencing on 11 family members and found that the variant co-segregated with the deafness phenotype. In addition, the clinical manifestation of the 11 affected family members was found to be late-onset bilateral slowly progressive hearing loss, inherited in this family in an autosomal dominant manner. None of the affected family members had visual impairment or vestibular symptoms; therefore, we believe that this novel MYO7A variant is responsible for the rare DFNA11 in this family. CONCLUSION We report a novel variant leading to DFNA11 which further enriches the collection of MYO7A variants, and our review of the nine previous variants that have been identified to cause DFNA11 provides a reference for clinical genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Feng Xia
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Rong Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Wen-Wen Su
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yu-He Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
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Gan NS, Oziębło D, Skarżyński H, Ołdak M. Monogenic Causes of Low-Frequency Non-Syndromic Hearing Loss. Audiol Neurootol 2023; 28:327-337. [PMID: 37121227 DOI: 10.1159/000529464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-frequency non-syndromic hearing loss (LFNSHL) is a rare form of hearing loss (HL). It is defined as HL at low frequencies (≤2,000 Hz) resulting in a characteristic ascending audiogram. LFNSHL is usually diagnosed postlingually and is progressive, leading to HL affecting other frequencies as well. Sometimes it occurs with tinnitus. Around half of the diagnosed prelingual HL cases have a genetic cause and it is usually inherited in an autosomal recessive mode. Postlingual HL caused by genetic changes generally has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance and its incidence remains unknown. SUMMARY To date, only a handful of genes have been found as causing LFNSHL: well-established WFS1 and, reported in some cases, DIAPH1, MYO7A, TNC, and CCDC50 (respectively, responsible for DFNA6/14/38, DFNA1, DFNA11, DFNA56, and DFNA44). In this review, we set out audiological phenotypes, causative genetic changes, and molecular mechanisms leading to the development of LFNSHL. KEY MESSAGES LFNSHL is most commonly caused by pathogenic variants in the WFS1 gene, but it is also important to consider changes in other HL genes, which may result in similar audiological phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Sara Gan
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Oziębło
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Henryk Skarżyński
- Oto-Rhino-Laryngology Surgery Clinic, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Ołdak
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Warsaw, Poland
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Joo SY, Na G, Kim JA, Yoo JE, Kim DH, Kim SJ, Jang SH, Yu S, Kim HY, Choi JY, Gee HY, Jung J. Clinical Heterogeneity Associated with MYO7A Variants Relies on Affected Domains. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040798. [PMID: 35453549 PMCID: PMC9028242 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant hearing loss (ADHL) manifests as an adult-onset disease or a progressive disease. MYO7A variants are associated with DFNA11, a subtype of ADHL. Here, we examined the role and genotype–phenotype correlation of MYO7A in ADHL. Enrolled families suspected of having post-lingual sensorineural hearing loss were selected for exome sequencing. Mutational alleles in MYO7A were identified according to ACMG guidelines. Segregation analysis was performed to examine whether pathogenic variants segregated with affected status of families. All identified pathogenic variants were evaluated for a phenotype–genotype correlation. MYO7A variants were detected in 4.7% of post-lingual families, and 12 of 14 families were multiplex. Five potentially pathogenic missense variants were identified. Fourteen variants causing autosomal dominant deafness were clustered in motor and MyTH4 domains of MYO7A protein. Missense variants in the motor domain caused late onset of hearing loss with ascending tendency. A severe audiological phenotype was apparent in individuals carrying tail domain variants. We report two new pathogenic variants responsible for DFNA11 in the Korean ADHL population. Dominant pathogenic variants of MYO7A occur frequently in motor and MyTH4 domains. Audiological differences among individuals correspond to specific domains which contain the variants. Therefore, appropriate rehabilitation is needed, particularly for patients with late-onset familial hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Joo
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (S.Y.J.); (J.A.K.); (S.J.K.); (S.H.J.); (S.Y.); (H.-Y.K.)
| | - Gina Na
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang 10380, Korea;
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.E.Y.); (D.H.K.); (J.Y.C.)
| | - Jung Ah Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (S.Y.J.); (J.A.K.); (S.J.K.); (S.H.J.); (S.Y.); (H.-Y.K.)
| | - Jee Eun Yoo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.E.Y.); (D.H.K.); (J.Y.C.)
| | - Da Hye Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.E.Y.); (D.H.K.); (J.Y.C.)
| | - Se Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (S.Y.J.); (J.A.K.); (S.J.K.); (S.H.J.); (S.Y.); (H.-Y.K.)
| | - Seung Hyun Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (S.Y.J.); (J.A.K.); (S.J.K.); (S.H.J.); (S.Y.); (H.-Y.K.)
| | - Seyoung Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (S.Y.J.); (J.A.K.); (S.J.K.); (S.H.J.); (S.Y.); (H.-Y.K.)
| | - Hye-Youn Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (S.Y.J.); (J.A.K.); (S.J.K.); (S.H.J.); (S.Y.); (H.-Y.K.)
| | - Jae Young Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.E.Y.); (D.H.K.); (J.Y.C.)
| | - Heon Yung Gee
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (S.Y.J.); (J.A.K.); (S.J.K.); (S.H.J.); (S.Y.); (H.-Y.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.Y.G.); (J.J.); Tel.: +82-2-2228-0755 (H.Y.G.); +82-2228-3622 (J.J.)
| | - Jinsei Jung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (J.E.Y.); (D.H.K.); (J.Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (H.Y.G.); (J.J.); Tel.: +82-2-2228-0755 (H.Y.G.); +82-2228-3622 (J.J.)
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Lu J, Chen P, Chen T, Li L, Fu X, Yang T, Wu H. The p.R206C Mutation in MYO7A Leads to Autosomal Dominant Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2020; 82:181-187. [PMID: 32428919 DOI: 10.1159/000506208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dominant mutations in MYO7A may lead to nonsyndromic deafness DFNA11. A p.R206C variant in MYO7A has previously been reported in a small deaf family from Taiwan but with ambiguous pathogenicity and inheritance pattern. AIMS/OBJECTIVES Our study aims to clarify the pathogenicity of this variant by clinical characterization and genetic analysis of a separate autosomal dominant deaf family harboring this variant in mainland China. MATERIALS AND METHODS Auditory features of hearing loss were characterized in representative affected family members. Mutation screening was performed by targeted next-generation sequencing of 138 known deafness genes in the proband. Candidate pathogenic mutations were confirmed by Sanger sequencing in family members and ethnically matched controls. RESULTS Consistent with typical DFNA11 phenotype, the affected family members in this study showed delayed-onset, progressive hearing loss affecting mostly high frequencies. Targeted next-generation sequencing identified a p.R206C mutation in MYO7A as the only candidate pathogenic mutation cosegregating with the hearing phenotype. This mutation is not seen in 200 Chinese Han normal-hearing controls. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE The recurrent p.R206C variant in MYO7A is pathogenic and is likely in a mutation hot spot or due to a founder effect. Reports of such rare variants in multiple patients or families may facilitate exploitation of its pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Lu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Penghui Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Tuanjie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Genomic and Molecular Diagnosis of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- Laboratory of Precision and Translational Medicine, Suzhou Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Fu
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, .,Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China,
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
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Application of CRISPR Tools for Variant Interpretation and Disease Modeling in Inherited Retinal Dystrophies. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11050473. [PMID: 32349249 PMCID: PMC7290804 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies are an assorted group of rare diseases that collectively account for the major cause of visual impairment of genetic origin worldwide. Besides clinically, these vision loss disorders present a high genetic and allelic heterogeneity. To date, over 250 genes have been associated to retinal dystrophies with reported causative variants of every nature (nonsense, missense, frameshift, splice-site, large rearrangements, and so forth). Except for a fistful of mutations, most of them are private and affect one or few families, making it a challenge to ratify the newly identified candidate genes or the pathogenicity of dubious variants in disease-associated loci. A recurrent option involves altering the gene in in vitro or in vivo systems to contrast the resulting phenotype and molecular imprint. To validate specific mutations, the process must rely on simulating the precise genetic change, which, until recently, proved to be a difficult endeavor. The rise of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology and its adaptation for genetic engineering now offers a resourceful suite of tools to alleviate the process of functional studies. Here we review the implementation of these RNA-programmable Cas9 nucleases in culture-based and animal models to elucidate the role of novel genes and variants in retinal dystrophies.
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Clinical Profiles of DFNA11 at Diverse Stages of Development and Aging in a Large Family Identified by Linkage Analysis. Otol Neurotol 2020; 41:e663-e673. [DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000002604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Lu Y, Zhou D, King R, Zhu S, Simpson CL, Jones BC, Zhang W, Geisert EE, Lu L. The genetic dissection of Myo7a gene expression in the retinas of BXD mice. Mol Vis 2018; 24:115-126. [PMID: 29430167 PMCID: PMC5802760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Usher syndrome (US) is characterized by a loss of vision due to retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and deafness. US has three clinical subtypes, but even within each subtype, the severity varies. Myosin VIIA, coded by Myo7a, has been identified as one of the causal genes of US. This study aims to identify pathways and other genes through which Myo7a interacts to affect the presentation of US symptoms. Methods In this study, we used the retinal tissue of BXD recombinant inbred (RI) mice to examine the expression of Myo7a and perform genetic mapping. Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL), single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), and gene correlation analysis were performed using GeneNetwork. Gene set enrichment analysis was performed using WebGestalt, and gene network construction was performed using the Gene Cohesion Analysis Tool. Results We found Myo7a to be cis-regulated, with varied levels of expression across BXD strains. Here, we propose a genetic network with 40 genes whose expression is highly correlated with Myo7a. Among these genes, six have been linked to retinal diseases, three to deafness, and five share a transcription factor with Myo7a. Gene ontology and pathway analysis revealed a strong connection among ion channel activity, Myo7a, and US. Conclusions Although Myo7a is a causal gene of US type I, this gene works with many other genes and pathways to affect the severity of US. Many of the genes found in the genetic network, pathways, and gene ontology categories of Myo7a are related to either deafness or blindness. Further investigation is needed to examine the specific relationships between these genes, which may assist in the treatment of US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Diana Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Rebecca King
- Department of Ophthalmology and Emory Eye Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Shuang Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Claire L. Simpson
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Byron C. Jones
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Eldon E. Geisert
- Department of Ophthalmology and Emory Eye Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
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Rana M, Coshic P, Goswami R, Tyagi RK. Influence of a critical single nucleotide polymorphism on nuclear receptor PXR-promoter function. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:570-576. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manjul Rana
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi 110067 India
| | - Poonam Coshic
- Department of Transfusion Medicine; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi 110029 India
| | - Ravinder Goswami
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi 110029 India
| | - Rakesh K. Tyagi
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi 110067 India
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Ernest S, Rosa FM. A genomic region encompassing a newly identified exon provides enhancing activity sufficient for normal myo7aa expression in zebrafish sensory hair cells. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 75:961-83. [PMID: 25556989 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
MYO7A is an unconventional myosin involved in the structural organization of hair bundles at the apex of sensory hair cells (SHCs) where it serves mechanotransduction in the process of hearing and balance. Mutations of MYO7A are responsible for abnormal shaping of hair bundles, resulting in human deafness and murine deafness/circling behavior. Myo7aa, expressed in SHCs of the inner ear and lateral line of zebrafish, causes circling behavior and abnormal hair cell function when deficient in mariner mutant. This work identifies a new hair cell-specific enhancer, highly conserved between species, located within Intron 2-3 of zebrafish myosin 7a (myo7aa) gene. This enhancer is contained within a 761-bp DNA fragment that encompasses a newly identified Exon of myo7aa and whose activity does not depend on orientation. Compensation of mariner mutation by expression of mCherry-Myo7aa fusion protein under the control of this 761-bp DNA fragment results in recovery of balance, normal hair bundle shape and restored hair cell function. Two smaller adjacent fragments (344-bp and 431-bp), extracted from the 761-bp fragment, both show hair cell-specific enhancing activity, with apparently reduced intensity and coverage. These data should help understand the role of Myo7aa in sensory hair cell differentiation and function. They provide tools to decipher how myo7aa gene is expressed and regulated in SHCs by allowing the identification of potential transcription factors involved in this process. The discovered enhancer could represent a new target for the identification of deafness-causing mutations affecting human MYO7A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Ernest
- INSERM U 1024, CNRS UMR 8197, IBENS: Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric M Rosa
- INSERM U 1024, CNRS UMR 8197, IBENS: Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75005, Paris, France
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Functional characterization of genetic polymorphisms in the H2AFX distal promoter. Mutat Res 2014; 766-767:37-43. [PMID: 25847270 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to the critical role of the H2AX histone variant in double-strand break repair, genetic variants in the H2AX gene, H2AFX, may influence cancer susceptibility. Genetic association studies have correlated H2AFX upstream variants with cancer risk; however it is unclear if any are causal. H2AFX has at least two alternate transcripts that encode the same reading frame; a short 0.6kb transcript that lacks an intron or poly-A tail and is predicted to be highly expressed during the replication stage of the cell cycle, and a long 1.6kb poly-A tailed transcript that is expressed in a replication-independent manner. To examine the functional impact of the rs643788, rs8551, rs7759, and rs2509049 upstream variants, we characterized their influence on gene expression, cell survival after DNA assault, and transcription factor binding. Analysis of allelic imbalance using quantitative sequencing of cDNA from lymphoblast cell lines did not reveal any difference in expression of the 1.6kb polyadenylated transcript between the common H2AFX upstream haplotypes. We did, however, identify a previously unreported 197 base pair intron in the H2AFX 3'untranslated region that appears to be present regardless of haplotype. Assessment of cell survival after irradiation treatment did not show any difference in survival between cell lines of different haplotypes. Gel shift assays revealed that the rs643788 C allele disrupts YY1 transcription factor binding and the rs2509049 C allele binds more strongly to a protein complex than does the rs2509049 T allele. Though we did not identify any differences in expression or survival between haplotypes, differential protein binding at two of the polymorphisms suggests further functional analyses may reveal a role for these variants in influencing gene expression at specific points of the cell cycle or in specific tissues.
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