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Eady NA, Holmes C, Schnabel C, Babasyan S, Wagner B. Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) replication at the upper respiratory entry site is inhibited by neutralizing EHV-1-specific IgG1 and IgG4/7 mucosal antibodies. J Virol 2024; 98:e0025024. [PMID: 38742875 PMCID: PMC11237562 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00250-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is a contagious respiratory pathogen that infects the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract (URT). Mucosal immune responses at the URT provide the first line of defense against EHV-1 and are crucial for orchestrating immunity. To define host-pathogen interactions, we characterized B-cell responses, antibody isotype functions, and EHV-1 replication of susceptible (non-immune) and clinically protected (immune) horses after experimental EHV-1 infection. Nasal secretion and nasal wash samples were collected and used for the isolation of DNA, RNA, and mucosal antibodies. Shedding of infectious virus, EHV-1 copy numbers, viral RNA expression, and host B-cell activation in the URT were compared based on host immune status. Mucosal EHV-1-specific antibody responses were associated with EHV-1 shedding and viral RNA transcription. Finally, mucosal immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA isotypes were purified and tested for neutralizing capabilities. IgG1 and IgG4/7 neutralized EHV-1, while IgG3/5, IgG6, and IgA did not. Immune horses secreted high amounts of mucosal EHV-1-specific IgG4/7 antibodies and quickly upregulated B-cell pathway genes, while EHV-1 was undetected by virus isolation and PCR. RNA transcription analysis reinforced incomplete viral replication in immune horses. In contrast, complete viral replication with high viral copy numbers and shedding of infectious viruses was characteristic for non-immune horses, together with low or absent EHV-1-specific neutralizing antibodies during viral replication. These data confirm that pre-existing mucosal IgG1 and IgG4/7 and rapid B-cell activation upon EHV-1 infection are essential for virus neutralization, regulation of viral replication, and mucosal immunity against EHV-1.IMPORTANCEEquine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) causes respiratory disease, abortion storms, and neurologic outbreaks known as equine herpes myeloencephalopathy (EHM). EHV-1 is transmitted with respiratory secretions by nose-to-nose contact or via fomites. The virus initially infects the epithelium of the upper respiratory tract (URT). Host-pathogen interactions and mucosal immunity at the viral entry site provide the first line of defense against the EHV-1. Robust mucosal immunity can be essential in protecting against EHV-1 and to reduce EHM outbreaks. It has previously been shown that immune horses do not establish cell-associated viremia, the prerequisite for EHM. Here, we demonstrate how mucosal antibodies can prevent the replication of EHV-1 at the epithelium of the URT and, thereby, the progression of the virus to the peripheral blood. The findings improve the mechanistic understanding of mucosal immunity against EHV-1 and can support the development of enhanced diagnostic tools, vaccines against EHM, and the management of EHV-1 outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naya A. Eady
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Camille Holmes
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Christiane Schnabel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Susanna Babasyan
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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2
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Vasoya D, Tzelos T, Benedictus L, Karagianni AE, Pirie S, Marr C, Oddsdóttir C, Fintl C, Connelley T. High-Resolution Genotyping of Expressed Equine MHC Reveals a Highly Complex MHC Structure. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1422. [PMID: 37510326 PMCID: PMC10379315 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes play a key role in a number of biological processes, most notably in immunological responses. The MHCI and MHCII genes incorporate a complex set of highly polymorphic and polygenic series of genes, which, due to the technical limitations of previously available technologies, have only been partially characterized in non-model but economically important species such as the horse. The advent of high-throughput sequencing platforms has provided new opportunities to develop methods to generate high-resolution sequencing data on a large scale and apply them to the analysis of complex gene sets such as the MHC. In this study, we developed and applied a MiSeq-based approach for the combined analysis of the expressed MHCI and MHCII repertoires in cohorts of Thoroughbred, Icelandic, and Norwegian Fjord Horses. The approach enabled us to generate comprehensive MHCI/II data for all of the individuals (n = 168) included in the study, identifying 152 and 117 novel MHCI and MHCII sequences, respectively. There was limited overlap in MHCI and MHCII haplotypes between the Thoroughbred and the Icelandic/Norwegian Fjord horses, showcasing the variation in MHC repertoire between genetically divergent breeds, and it can be inferred that there is much more MHC diversity in the global horse population. This study provided novel insights into the structure of the expressed equine MHC repertoire and highlighted unique features of the MHC in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Vasoya
- The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Thomas Tzelos
- The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Lindert Benedictus
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Eleonora Karagianni
- The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Scott Pirie
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Celia Marr
- Rossdales Equine Hospital, Cotton End Road, Exning, Newmarket CD8 7NN, UK
| | - Charlotta Oddsdóttir
- The Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland Keldnavegur 3, 112 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Constanze Fintl
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Timothy Connelley
- The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK
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Kremling V, Loll B, Pach S, Dahmani I, Weise C, Wolber G, Chiantia S, Wahl MC, Osterrieder N, Azab W. Crystal structures of glycoprotein D of equine alphaherpesviruses reveal potential binding sites to the entry receptor MHC-I. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1197120. [PMID: 37250020 PMCID: PMC10213783 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1197120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell entry of most alphaherpesviruses is mediated by the binding of glycoprotein D (gD) to different cell surface receptors. Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) and EHV-4 gDs interact with equine major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I) to initiate entry into equine cells. We have characterized the gD-MHC-I interaction by solving the crystal structures of EHV-1 and EHV-4 gDs (gD1, gD4), performing protein-protein docking simulations, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis, and biological assays. The structures of gD1 and gD4 revealed the existence of a common V-set immunoglobulin-like (IgV-like) core comparable to those of other gD homologs. Molecular modeling yielded plausible binding hypotheses and identified key residues (F213 and D261) that are important for virus binding. Altering the key residues resulted in impaired virus growth in cells, which highlights the important role of these residues in the gD-MHC-I interaction. Taken together, our results add to our understanding of the initial herpesvirus-cell interactions and will contribute to the targeted design of antiviral drugs and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Kremling
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Loll
- Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Szymon Pach
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical Chemistry), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ismail Dahmani
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Weise
- BioSupraMol Core Facility, Bio-Mass Spectrometry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical Chemistry), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Salvatore Chiantia
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany
| | - Markus C. Wahl
- Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Macromolecular Crystallography, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Walid Azab
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Minato E, Kobayashi A, Aoshima K, Fukushi H, Kimura T. Susceptibility of rat immortalized neuronal cell line Rn33B expressing equine major histocompatibility class 1 to equine herpesvirus-1 infection is differentiation dependent. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:123-132. [PMID: 31758567 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), which causes encephalomyelitis in horses, shows endotheliotropism in the central nervous system of horses, and generally does not infect neurons. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying the resistance of neuron to EHV-1, due to the lack of convenient cell culture systems. In this study, we examined EHV-1 infection in immortalized Rn33B rat neuronal cells, which differentiate into neurons when cultured under nonpermissive conditions. Because murine cell lines are resistant to EHV-1 infections due to the lack of functional entry receptors for EHV-1, we used an Rn33B-derived cell line that stably expresses the equine MHC class 1 molecule, which acts as EHV-1 entry receptor (Rn33B-A68B2M cells). EHV-1 infected undifferentiated Rn33B-A68B2M cells more efficiently than differentiated cells, resulting in the production of progeny virus in the former but not in the latter. By contrast, both differentiated and undifferentiated cells infected with herpes simplex virus-1 produced infectious viral progeny. While EHV-1 infection induced stronger expression of IFN alpha gene in differentiated cells than in undifferentiated cells, downstream IFN responses, including phosphorylation of STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1) and expression of IFN-stimulated genes, were not activated regardless of whether cells were differentiated or not. These results suggest that neuronal differentiation of RN33B-A68B2M cells reduced their susceptibility to EHV-1, which is not due to different IFN responses. This culture system may be useful as an in vitro model for studying neuron-specific resistance to EHV-1, by investigating viral and host factors responsible for the difference in susceptibility between differentiated and undifferentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erina Minato
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Keisuke Aoshima
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hideto Fukushi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Minato E, Aoshima K, Kobayashi A, Ohnishi N, Sasaki N, Kimura T. Exogenous Expression of Equine MHC Class I Molecules in Mice Increases Susceptibility to Equine Herpesvirus 1 Pulmonary Infection. Vet Pathol 2019; 56:703-710. [PMID: 30866742 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819834616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) uses equine major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I) as an entry receptor. Exogenous expression of equine MHC class I genes in murine cell lines confers susceptibility to EHV-1 infection. To examine the in vivo role of equine MHC class I as an entry receptor for EHV-1, we generated transgenic (Tg) mice expressing equine MHC class I under the control of the CAG promoter. Equine MHC class I protein was expressed in the liver, spleen, lung, and brain of Tg mice, which was confirmed by Western blot. However, equine MHC class I antigen was only detected in bronchiolar epithelium and not in other tissues, using the immunofluorescence method employed in this study. Both Tg and wild-type (WT) mice developed pneumonia 3 days after intranasal infection with EHV-1. The bronchiolar epithelial cells of Tg mice showed more severe necrosis, compared with those in WT mice. In addition, the number of virus antigen-positive cells in the lungs was higher in Tg mice than in WT mice. These results suggest that exogenous expression of equine MHC class I renders mice more susceptible to EHV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erina Minato
- 1 Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Keisuke Aoshima
- 1 Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- 1 Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Naomi Ohnishi
- 2 Project for Personalized Cancer medicine, Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuya Sasaki
- 3 Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- 1 Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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6
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Kydd JH, Case R, Winton C, MacRae S, Sharp E, Ricketts SL, Rash N, Newton JR. Polarisation of equine pregnancy outcome associated with a maternal MHC class I allele: Preliminary evidence. Vet Microbiol 2016; 188:34-40. [PMID: 27139027 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Identification of risk factors which are associated with severe clinical signs can assist in the management of disease outbreaks and indicate future research areas. Pregnancy loss during late gestation in the mare compromises welfare, reduces fecundity and has financial implications for horse owners. This retrospective study focussed on the identification of risk factors associated with pregnancy loss among 46 Thoroughbred mares on a single British stud farm, with some but not all losses involving equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection. In a sub-group of 30 mares, association between pregnancy loss and the presence of five common Thoroughbred horse haplotypes of the equine Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) was assessed. This involved development of sequence specific, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions and in several mares, measurement of cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. Of the 46 mares, 10 suffered late gestation pregnancy loss or neonatal foal death, five of which were EHV-1 positive. Maternal factors including age, parity, number of EHV-1 specific vaccinations and the number of days between final vaccination and foaling or abortion were not significantly associated with pregnancy loss. In contrast, a statistically significant association between the presence of the MHC class I B2 allele and pregnancy loss was identified, regardless of the fetus/foal's EHV-1 status (p=0.002). In conclusion, this study demonstrated a significantly positive association between pregnancy loss in Thoroughbred mares and a specific MHC class I allele in the mother. This association requires independent validation and further investigation of the mechanism by which the mare's genetic background contributes to pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kydd
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - R Case
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
| | - C Winton
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - S MacRae
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
| | - E Sharp
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
| | - S L Ricketts
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
| | - N Rash
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
| | - J R Newton
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
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7
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Azab W, Harman R, Miller D, Tallmadge R, Frampton AR, Antczak DF, Osterrieder N. Equid herpesvirus type 4 uses a restricted set of equine major histocompatibility complex class I proteins as entry receptors. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1554-1563. [PMID: 24722677 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.066407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) was shown to use an unusual receptor for cellular entry - MHC-I molecules. Here, we demonstrated that the closely related EHV, EHV-4, also uses this strategy for cellular invasion, both in equine cells in culture and in the heterologous, non-permissive murine mastocytoma cell line (P815) after stable transfection with horse MHC-I genes. Using a panel of P815 cell lines transfected with individual horse MHC-I genes, we provided support for the hypothesis that EHV-1 and EHV-4 target classical polymorphic MHC-I molecules as viral entry receptors. All known equine MHC-I molecules from the two principal classical polymorphic loci specify alanine at position 173 (A173), whilst other MHC-I loci encoded different amino acids at this position and did not permit viral entry. Site-directed mutagenesis of position 173 diminished or enhanced viral entry, depending upon the initial amino acid. However, there were other, as yet undefined, constraints to this process: MHC-I genes from two non-classical loci carried A173 but did not enable viral entry in P815 transfectants. Our study suggested that the capacity to bind MHC-I molecules arose in the common ancestor of EHV-1 and EHV-4. The widespread occurrence of A173 in classical polymorphic horse MHC-I molecules indicated that horses of most MHC haplotypes should be susceptible to infection via this entry portal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Azab
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca Harman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Donald Miller
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Rebecca Tallmadge
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Arthur R Frampton
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
| | - Douglas F Antczak
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Ma G, Azab W, Osterrieder N. Equine herpesviruses type 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4)—Masters of co-evolution and a constant threat to equids and beyond. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:123-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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9
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Kydd JH, Slater J, Osterrieder N, Lunn DP, Antczak DF, Azab W, Balasuriya U, Barnett C, Brosnahan M, Cook C, Damiani A, Elton D, Frampton A, Gilkerson J, Goehring L, Horohov D, Maxwell L, Minke J, Morley P, Nauwynck H, Newton R, Perkins G, Pusterla N, Soboll-Hussey G, Traub-Dargatz J, Townsend H, Van de walle GR, Wagner B. Third International Havemeyer Workshop on Equine Herpesvirus type 1. Equine Vet J 2012; 44:513-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Equine herpesvirus type 1-mediated oncolysis of human glioblastoma multiforme cells. J Virol 2011; 86:2882-6. [PMID: 22205738 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06296-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytolytic animal virus equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) was evaluated for its oncolytic potential against five human glioblastoma cell lines. EHV-1 productively infected four of these cell lines, and the degree of infection was positively correlated with glioma cell death. No human major histocompatibility complex class 1 (MHC-I) was detected in the resistant glioma line, while infection of the susceptible glioma cell lines, which expressed human MHC-I, were blocked with antibody to MHC-I, indicating that human MHC-I acts as an EHV-1 entry receptor on glioma cells.
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