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Habicher J, Varshney GK, Waldmann L, Snitting D, Allalou A, Zhang H, Ghanem A, Öhman Mägi C, Dierker T, Kjellén L, Burgess SM, Ledin J. Chondroitin/dermatan sulfate glycosyltransferase genes are essential for craniofacial development. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010067. [PMID: 35192612 PMCID: PMC8896900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) proteoglycans are indispensable for animal development and homeostasis but the large number of enzymes involved in their biosynthesis have made CS/DS function a challenging problem to study genetically. In our study, we generated loss-of-function alleles in zebrafish genes encoding CS/DS biosynthetic enzymes and characterized the effect on development in single and double mutants. Homozygous mutants in chsy1, csgalnact1a, csgalnat2, chpfa, ust and chst7, respectively, develop to adults. However, csgalnact1a-/- fish develop distinct craniofacial defects while the chsy1-/- skeletal phenotype is milder and the remaining mutants display no gross morphological abnormalities. These results suggest a high redundancy for the CS/DS biosynthetic enzymes and to further reduce CS/DS biosynthesis we combined mutant alleles. The craniofacial phenotype is further enhanced in csgalnact1a-/-;chsy1-/- adults and csgalnact1a-/-;csgalnact2-/- larvae. While csgalnact1a-/-;csgalnact2-/- was the most affected allele combination in our study, CS/DS is still not completely abolished. Transcriptome analysis of chsy1-/-, csgalnact1a-/-and csgalnact1a-/-;csgalnact2-/- larvae revealed that the expression had changed in a similar way in the three mutant lines but no differential expression was found in any of fifty GAG biosynthesis enzymes identified. Thus, zebrafish larvae do not increase transcription of GAG biosynthesis genes as a consequence of decreased CS/DS biosynthesis. The new zebrafish lines develop phenotypes similar to clinical characteristics of several human congenital disorders making the mutants potentially useful to study disease mechanisms and treatment. The components of the extracellular matrix are crucial for interactions and communication between cells during animal development and disease progression. One major component of the extracellular matrix is chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) proteoglycans, which support and modify cell functions and tissue homeostasis. The biosynthesis of CS/DS is complex and no genetic models have been developed to specifically reduce CS/DS in the zebrafish model organism. We have used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to knock out key CS/DS biosynthesis genes. We find that knocking out single genes rarely causes major effects on zebrafish morphology and viability, but by combining several knockout alleles we could observe malformations in the zebrafish craniofacial skeleton. In addition, one combination of alleles was embryonic lethal. Our findings describe the role of CS/DS in the development of the head skeleton and give insights in the regulation of genes involved in CS/DS biosynthesis. The zebrafish mutants generated in this study can be used as tools to further study human diseases caused by mutations in CS/DS biosynthesis enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Habicher
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- * E-mail: (JH); (JL)
| | - Gaurav K. Varshney
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Laura Waldmann
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Snitting
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amin Allalou
- Department of Information Technology, and SciLifeLab BioImage Informatics Facility, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanqing Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Medical Genetics and Genomics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Abdurrahman Ghanem
- Department for Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline Öhman Mägi
- Department for Engineering Sciences, Applied Materials Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tabea Dierker
- Department for Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department for Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shawn M. Burgess
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Johan Ledin
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail: (JH); (JL)
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Physiology and Pathophysiology of Heparan Sulfate in Animal Models: Its Biosynthesis and Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041963. [PMID: 35216081 PMCID: PMC8876164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a type of glycosaminoglycan that plays a key role in a variety of biological functions in neurology, skeletal development, immunology, and tumor metastasis. Biosynthesis of HS is initiated by a link of xylose to Ser residue of HS proteoglycans, followed by the formation of a linker tetrasaccharide. Then, an extension reaction of HS disaccharide occurs through polymerization of many repetitive units consisting of iduronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. Subsequently, several modification reactions take place to complete the maturation of HS. The sulfation positions of N-, 2-O-, 6-O-, and 3-O- are all mediated by specific enzymes that may have multiple isozymes. C5-epimerization is facilitated by the epimerase enzyme that converts glucuronic acid to iduronic acid. Once these enzymatic reactions have been completed, the desulfation reaction further modifies HS. Apart from HS biosynthesis, the degradation of HS is largely mediated by the lysosome, an intracellular organelle with acidic pH. Mucopolysaccharidosis is a genetic disorder characterized by an accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in the body associated with neuronal, skeletal, and visceral disorders. Genetically modified animal models have significantly contributed to the understanding of the in vivo role of these enzymes. Their role and potential link to diseases are also discussed.
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Missaghian P, Dierker T, Khosrowabadi E, Axling F, Eriksson I, Ghanem A, Kusche-Gullberg M, Kellokumpu S, Kjellén L. OUP accepted manuscript. Glycobiology 2022; 32:518-528. [PMID: 35137078 PMCID: PMC9132247 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NDST1 (glucosaminyl N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase) is a key enzyme in heparan sulfate (HS) biosynthesis, where it is responsible for HS N-deacetylation and N-sulfation. In addition to the full length human enzyme of 882 amino acids, here designated NDST1A, a shorter form containing 825 amino acids (NDST1B) is synthesized after alternative splicing of the NDST1 mRNA. NDST1B is mostly expressed at a low level, but increased amounts are seen in several types of cancer where it is associated with shorter survival. In this study, we aimed at characterizing the enzymatic properties of NDST1B and its effect on HS biosynthesis. Purified recombinant NDST1B lacked both N-deacetylase and N-sulfotransferase activities. Interestingly, HEK293 cells overexpressing NDST1B synthesized HS with reduced sulfation and altered domain structure. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer-microscopy demonstrated that both NDST1A and NDST1B had the capacity to interact with the HS copolymerase subunits EXT1 and EXT2 and also to form NDST1A/NDST1B dimers. Since lysates from cells overexpressing NDST1B contained less NDST enzyme activity than control cells, we suggest that NDST1B works in a dominant negative manner, tentatively by replacing the active endogenous NDST1 in the enzyme complexes taking part in biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Missaghian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, The Biomedical Center, Box 582, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tabea Dierker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, The Biomedical Center, Box 582, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elham Khosrowabadi
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Aapistie 7A, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Fredrik Axling
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Inger Eriksson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, The Biomedical Center, Box 582, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Abdurrahman Ghanem
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, The Biomedical Center, Box 582, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Sakari Kellokumpu
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Aapistie 7A, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Corresponding author: Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, The Biomedical Center, Box 582, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Bachvarova V, Dierker T, Esko J, Hoffmann D, Kjellen L, Vortkamp A. Chondrocytes respond to an altered heparan sulfate composition with distinct changes of heparan sulfate structure and increased levels of chondroitin sulfate. Matrix Biol 2020; 93:43-59. [PMID: 32201365 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) regulates the activity of many signaling molecules critical for the development of endochondral bones. Even so, mice with a genetically altered HS metabolism display a relatively mild skeletal phenotype compared to the defects observed in other tissues and organs pointing to a reduced HS dependency of growth-factor signaling in chondrocytes. To understand this difference, we have investigated the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composition in two mouse lines that produce either reduced levels of HS (Ext1gt/gt mice) or HS lacking 2-O-sulfation (Hs2st1-/- mice). Analysis by RPIP-HPLC revealed an increased level of sulfated disaccarides not affected by the mutation in both mouse lines indicating that chondrocytes attempt to restore a critical level of sulfation. In addition, in both mutant lines we also detected significantly elevated levels of CS. Size exclusion chromatography further demonstrated that Ext1gt/gt mutants produce more but shorter CS chains, while the CS chains produced by (Hs2st1-/- mice) mutants are of similar length to that of wild type littermates indicating that chondrocytes produce more rather than longer CS chains. Expression analysis revealed an upregulation of aggrecan, which likely carries most of the additionally produced CS. Together the results of this study demonstrate for the first time that not only a reduced HS synthesis but also an altered HS structure leads to increased levels of CS in mammalian tissues. Furthermore, as chondrocytes produce 100-fold more CS than HS the increased CS levels point to an active, precursor-independent mechanism that senses the quality of HS in a vast excess of CS. Interestingly, reducing the level of cell surface CS by chondroitinase treatment leads to reduced Bmp2 induced Smad1/5/9 phosphorylation. In addition, Erk phosphorylation is increased independent of Fgf18 treatment indicating that both, HS and CS, affect growth factor signaling in chondrocytes in distinct manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velina Bachvarova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr 1-5,45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Tabea Dierker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jeffrey Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD, United States.
| | - Daniel Hoffmann
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
| | - Lena Kjellen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Andrea Vortkamp
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr 1-5,45117 Essen, Germany.
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Gesteira TF, Coulson-Thomas VJ. Structural basis of oligosaccharide processing by glycosaminoglycan sulfotransferases. Glycobiology 2019; 28:885-897. [PMID: 29878110 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a sulfated polysaccharide that plays a key role in morphogenesis, physiology and pathogenesis. The biosynthesis of HS takes place in the Golgi apparatus by a group of enzymes that polymerize, epimerize and sulfate the sugar chain. This biosynthetic process introduces varying degrees of sulfate substitution, which are tightly regulated and directly dictate binding specificity to different cytokines, morphogens and growth factors. Here, we report the use of molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the dynamics of substrate recognition of two glycosaminoglycan (GAG) sulfotransferases, N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase and 2-O-sulfotransferase to the HS chain during the biosynthetic process. We performed multiple simulations of the binding of the sulfotransferase domains to both the HS oligosaccharide substrate and sulfate donor, 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. Analysis of extended simulations provide detailed and useful insights into the atomic interactions that are at work during oligosaccharide processing. The fast information matching method was used to detect the enzyme global dynamics and to predict the pairwise contact of residues responsible for GAG-enzyme binding and unbinding. The correlation between HS displacement and the location of the modified GAG chain were calculated, indicating a possible route for HS and heparin during sulfotransferase processing. Our data also show sulfotransferases contain a conserved interspaced positively charged amino acid residues that form a patch which controls the protein-GAG binding equilibrium. Together, our findings provide further understanding on the fine-tuned complex mechanism of GAG biosynthesis. Our findings can also be extrapolated to other systems for calculating rates of protein-GAG binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarsis F Gesteira
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, 4901 Calhoun Rd, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio,100 - 6o andar, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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6
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Chen H, Ambadapadi S, Wakefield D, Bartee M, Yaron JR, Zhang L, Archer-Hartmann SA, Azadi P, Burgin M, Borges C, Zheng D, Ergle K, Muppala V, Morshed S, Rand K, Clapp W, Proudfoot A, Lucas A. Selective Deletion of Heparan Sulfotransferase Enzyme, Ndst1, in Donor Endothelial and Myeloid Precursor Cells Significantly Decreases Acute Allograft Rejection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13433. [PMID: 30194334 PMCID: PMC6128922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early damage to transplanted organs initiates excess inflammation that can cause ongoing injury, a leading cause for late graft loss. The endothelial glycocalyx modulates immune reactions and chemokine-mediated haptotaxis, potentially driving graft loss. In prior work, conditional deficiency of the glycocalyx-modifying enzyme N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase-1 (Ndst1f/f TekCre+) reduced aortic allograft inflammation. Here we investigated modification of heparan sulfate (HS) and chemokine interactions in whole-organ renal allografts. Conditional donor allograft Ndst1 deficiency (Ndst1−/−; C57Bl/6 background) was compared to systemic treatment with M-T7, a broad-spectrum chemokine-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) inhibitor. Early rejection was significantly reduced in Ndst1−/− kidneys engrafted into wildtype BALB/c mice (Ndst1+/+) and comparable to M-T7 treatment in C57Bl/6 allografts (P < 0.0081). M-T7 lost activity in Ndst1−/− allografts, while M-T7 point mutants with modified GAG-chemokine binding displayed a range of anti-rejection activity. CD3+ T cells (P < 0.0001), HS (P < 0.005) and CXC chemokine staining (P < 0.012), gene expression in NFκB and JAK/STAT pathways, and HS and CS disaccharide content were significantly altered with reduced rejection. Transplant of donor allografts with conditional Ndst1 deficiency exhibit significantly reduced acute rejection, comparable to systemic chemokine-GAG inhibition. Modified disaccharides in engrafted organs correlate with reduced rejection. Altered disaccharides in engrafted organs provide markers for rejection with potential to guide new therapeutic approaches in allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sriram Ambadapadi
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Personalized Diagnostics, and the Center of Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Dara Wakefield
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Meeyong Bartee
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jordan R Yaron
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, and the Center of Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, and the Center of Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michelle Burgin
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, and the Center of Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Chad Borges
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, and the Center of Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Donghang Zheng
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kevin Ergle
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Vishnu Muppala
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sufi Morshed
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kenneth Rand
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - William Clapp
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Alexandra Lucas
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. .,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. .,Center for Personalized Diagnostics, and the Center of Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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7
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Metabolic engineering of mammalian cells to produce heparan sulfates. Emerg Top Life Sci 2018; 2:443-452. [DOI: 10.1042/etls20180007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a glycosaminoglycan produced by all mammalian cells that plays important roles in physiology and various pathologies. Heparin is a highly sulfated form of HS that is used clinically as an anticoagulant. Heparin and HSs may also have therapeutic benefits for a wide variety of other indications. Cultured mammalian cells produce HS and, through genetic modification, have been used to elucidate the biosynthetic pathway. Recently, metabolic engineering has been used to produce HS from cultured mammalian cells for clinical purposes. This review describes the HS biosynthetic pathway and its manipulation through metabolic engineering to produce bioengineered HSs. We also discuss current challenges and opportunities to advance the field of HS metabolic engineering.
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Hu Frisk JM, Kjellén L, Melo FR, Öhrvik H, Pejler G. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Regulates Proteoglycan Composition of Mast Cell Secretory Granules. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1670. [PMID: 30073001 PMCID: PMC6060404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are characterized by an abundance of lysosome-like secretory granules filled with immunomodulatory compounds including histamine, cytokines, lysosomal hydrolases, MC-restricted proteases, and serglycin proteoglycans. The latter are essential for promoting the storage of other granule compounds and are built up of the serglycin core protein to which highly sulfated and thereby negatively charged glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains of heparin or chondroitin sulfate type are attached. In the search for mechanisms operating in regulating MC granule homeostasis, we here investigated the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. We show that inhibition of MEK1/2 (a MAPK kinase) leads to increased metachromatic staining of MC granules, indicative of increased proteoglycan content. Indeed, MEK1/2 inhibition caused a profound increase in the expression of the gene coding for the serglycin core protein and of genes coding for various enzymes involved in the biosynthesis/sulfation of the GAGs attached to the serglycin core protein. This was accompanied by corresponding increases in the levels of the respective GAGs. Deletion of the serglycin core protein abrogated the induction of enzymes operative in proteoglycan synthesis, indicating that availability of the serglycin proteoglycan core protein has a regulatory function impacting on the expression of the various serglycin-modifying enzymes. MEK1/2 inhibition also caused a substantial increase in the expression of granule-localized, proteoglycan-binding proteases. Altogether, this study identifies a novel role for MAPK signaling in regulating the content of secretory granules in MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Mei Hu Frisk
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fabio R Melo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Öhrvik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Mizumoto S. Defects in Biosynthesis of Glycosaminoglycans Cause Hereditary Bone, Skin, Heart, Immune, and Neurological Disorders. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2018. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1812.2j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
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10
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Jao TM, Li YL, Lin SW, Tzeng ST, Yu IS, Yen SJ, Tsai MH, Yang YC. Alteration of colonic epithelial cell differentiation in mice deficient for glucosaminyl N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 4. Oncotarget 2018; 7:84938-84950. [PMID: 27793051 PMCID: PMC5356710 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosaminyl N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferases (NDSTs) are the first enzymes that mediate the initiation of heparan sulfate sulfation. We previously identified NDST4 as a putative tumor suppressor in human colorectal cancer. In the study, we generated an Ndst4 knockout (Ndst4-/-) mouse strain and explored its phenotypic characteristics, particularly in the development of colonic epithelial homeostasis. The Ndst4-deficient mice were viable and fertile, and their life spans were similar to those of wild-type littermates. No gross behavioral or morphological differences were observed between the Ndst4-/- and wild-type mice, and no significant changes were determined in the hematological or serum biochemical parameters of the Ndst4-/- mice. Ndst4 RNA transcripts were expressed in the brain, lung, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and ovary. However, Ndst4-null mice exhibited no gross or histological abnormalities in the studied organs, except for the colon. Although no alterations were observed in the crypt length or number of proliferating cells, the Ndst4-/- mice exhibited an increased number of goblet cells and a decreased number of colonocytes in the proximal colon compared with the wild-type mice. Moreover, Ndst4 deficiency increased the basal level of apoptosis in the colonic epithelium. Taken together, we established, for the first time, an Ndst4-/- mouse strain and revealed the involvement of Ndst4 in the development and homeostasis of colonic epithelium. Accordingly, NDST4 in human colon might direct the biosynthesis of specific heparan sulfate proteoglycans that are essential for the maintenance of colonic epithelial homeostasis. Thus, the loss of its function may result in the tumorigenesis and progression of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ming Jao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Lin Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wha Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Tai Tzeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Shing Yu
- Laboratory Animal Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sou-Jhy Yen
- Department of Surgery, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Tsai
- Department of Surgery, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chien Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Hu Frisk JM, Kjellén L, Kaler SG, Pejler G, Öhrvik H. Copper Regulates Maturation and Expression of an MITF:Tryptase Axis in Mast Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 199:4132-4141. [PMID: 29127151 PMCID: PMC5728160 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Copper has previously been implicated in the regulation of immune responses, but the impact of this metal on mast cells is poorly understood. In this article, we address this issue and show that copper starvation of mast cells causes increased granule maturation, as indicated by higher proteoglycan content, stronger metachromatic staining, and altered ultrastructure in comparison with nontreated cells, whereas copper overload has the opposite effects. In contrast, copper status did not impact storage of histamine in mast cells, nor did alterations in copper levels affect the ability of mast cells to degranulate in response to IgER cross-linking. A striking finding was decreased tryptase content in mast cells with copper overload, whereas copper starvation increased tryptase content. These effects were associated with corresponding shifts in tryptase mRNA levels, suggesting that copper affects tryptase gene regulation. Mechanistically, we found that alterations in copper status affected the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, a transcription factor critical for driving tryptase expression. We also found evidence supporting the concept that the effects on microphthalmia-associated transcription factor are dependent on copper-mediated modulation of MAPK signaling. Finally, we show that, in MEDNIK syndrome, a condition associated with low copper levels and a hyperallergenic skin phenotype, including pruritis and dermatitis, the number of tryptase-positive mast cells is increased. Taken together, our findings reveal a hitherto unrecognized role for copper in the regulation of mast cell gene expression and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Mei Hu Frisk
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stephen G Kaler
- Section on Translational Neuroscience, Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Öhrvik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
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12
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Dierker T, Kjellén L. Separation and Purification of Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) from Caenorhabditis elegans. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2437. [PMID: 34541157 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a popular model organism for studies of developmental biology, neurology, ageing and other fields of basic research. Because many developmental processes are regulated by glycosaminoglyans (GAGs) on cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix, methods to isolate and analyze C. elegans GAGs are needed. Such methods have previously been optimized for other species such as mice and zebrafish. After modifying existing purification protocols, we could recently show that the nematodes also produce chondroitin sulfate, in addition to heparan sulfate, thus challenging the view that only non-sulfated chondroitin was synthesized by C. elegans. We here present our protocol adapted for C. elegans. Since the purification strategy involves separation of non-sulfated and sulfated GAGs, it may also be useful for other applications where this approach could be advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Dierker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Wei ST, Sun YH, Zong SH. A novel method to identify hub pathways of rheumatoid arthritis based on differential pathway networks. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3187-3193. [PMID: 28713940 PMCID: PMC5547957 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to identify hub pathways of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using a novel method based on differential pathway network (DPN) analysis. The present study proposed a DPN where protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was integrated with pathway-pathway interactions. Pathway data was obtained from background PPI network and the Reactome pathway database. Subsequently, pathway interactions were extracted from the pathway data by building randomized gene-gene interactions and a weight value was assigned to each pathway interaction using Spearman correlation coefficient (SCC) to identify differential pathway interactions. Differential pathway interactions were visualized using Cytoscape to construct a DPN. Topological analysis was conducted to identify hub pathways that possessed the top 5% degree distribution of DPN. Modules of DPN were mined according to ClusterONE. A total of 855 pathways were selected to build pathway interactions. By filtrating pathway interactions of weight values >0.7, a DPN with 312 nodes and 791 edges was obtained. Topological degree analysis revealed 15 hub pathways, such as heparan sulfate/heparin-glycosaminoglycan (HS-GAG) degradation, HS-GAG metabolism and keratan sulfate degradation for RA based on DPN. Furthermore, hub pathways were also important in modules, which validated the significance of hub pathways. In conclusion, the proposed method is a computationally efficient way to identify hub pathways of RA, which identified 15 hub pathways that may be potential biomarkers and provide insight to future investigation and treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Tong Wei
- Department of Rheumatology, Yantai Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Hua Sun
- Department of Rheumatology, Yantai Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Hua Zong
- Department of Rheumatology, Yantai Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
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14
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Xiong A, Kundu S, Forsberg M, Xiong Y, Bergström T, Paavilainen T, Kjellén L, Li JP, Forsberg-Nilsson K. Heparanase confers a growth advantage to differentiating murine embryonic stem cells, and enhances oligodendrocyte formation. Matrix Biol 2016; 62:92-104. [PMID: 27890389 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), ubiquitous components of mammalian cells, play important roles in development and homeostasis. These molecules are located primarily on the cell surface and in the pericellular matrix, where they interact with a multitude of macromolecules, including many growth factors. Manipulation of the enzymes involved in biosynthesis and modification of HSPG structures alters the properties of stem cells. Here, we focus on the involvement of heparanase (HPSE), the sole endo-glucuronidase capable of cleaving of HS, in differentiation of embryonic stem cells into the cells of the neural lineage. Embryonic stem (ES) cells overexpressing HPSE (Hpse-Tg) proliferated more rapidly than WT ES cells in culture and formed larger teratomas in vivo. In addition, differentiating Hpse-Tg ES cells also had a higher growth rate, and overexpression of HPSE in NSPCs enhanced Erk and Akt phosphorylation. Employing a two-step, monolayer differentiation, we observed an increase in HPSE as wild-type (WT) ES cells differentiated into neural stem and progenitor cells followed by down-regulation of HPSE as these NSPCs differentiated into mature cells of the neural lineage. Furthermore, NSPCs overexpressing HPSE gave rise to more oligodendrocytes than WT cultures, with a concomitant reduction in the number of neurons. Our present findings emphasize the importance of HS, in neural differentiation and suggest that by regulating the availability of growth factors and, or other macromolecules, HPSE promotes differentiation into oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Xiong
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Soumi Kundu
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maud Forsberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yuyuan Xiong
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tobias Bergström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tanja Paavilainen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Forsberg-Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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15
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Fang J, Song T, Lindahl U, Li JP. Enzyme overexpression - an exercise toward understanding regulation of heparan sulfate biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31242. [PMID: 27511124 PMCID: PMC4980632 DOI: 10.1038/srep31242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS) involves conversion of D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) to L-iduronic acid (IdoA) units catalyzed by glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Hsepi). IdoA units are the favored substrate for 2-O-sulfotransferase (2OST). We used HEK293 cells as a model to investigate the effects of overexpression of these enzymes on HS structure. Overexpression of Hsepi alone resulted in an unexpected increase in HS chain length. A Hsepi point-mutant (Y168A), devoid of catalytic activity, failed to affect chain length. Moreover, the effect of Hsepi overexpression on HS chain length was abolished by simultaneous overexpression of 2OST. These findings raise novel aspects on regulation of HS biosynthesis. We propose a hypothetical enzyme-binding protein (EBP) with distinct, specific and partly overlapping binding sites, the interactions of which will determine levels of enzymes available to the biosynthetic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Fang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tianyi Song
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Lindahl
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.,SciLifeLab, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Deligny A, Dierker T, Dagälv A, Lundequist A, Eriksson I, Nairn AV, Moremen KW, Merry CLR, Kjellén L. NDST2 (N-Deacetylase/N-Sulfotransferase-2) Enzyme Regulates Heparan Sulfate Chain Length. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18600-18607. [PMID: 27387504 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.744433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of heparan sulfate synthesized by HEK 293 cells overexpressing murine NDST1 and/or NDST2 demonstrated that the amount of heparan sulfate was increased in NDST2- but not in NDST1-overexpressing cells. Altered transcript expression of genes encoding other biosynthetic enzymes or proteoglycan core proteins could not account for the observed changes. However, the role of NDST2 in regulating the amount of heparan sulfate synthesized was confirmed by analyzing heparan sulfate content in tissues isolated from Ndst2(-/-) mice, which contained reduced levels of the polysaccharide. Detailed disaccharide composition analysis showed no major structural difference between heparan sulfate from control and Ndst2(-/-) tissues, with the exception of heparan sulfate from spleen where the relative amount of trisulfated disaccharides was lowered in the absence of NDST2. In vivo transcript expression levels of the heparan sulfate-polymerizing enzymes Ext1 and Ext2 were also largely unaffected by NDST2 levels, pointing to a mode of regulation other than increased gene transcription. Size estimation of heparan sulfate polysaccharide chains indicated that increased chain lengths in NDST2-overexpressing cells alone could explain the increased heparan sulfate content. A model is discussed where NDST2-specific substrate modification stimulates elongation resulting in increased heparan sulfate chain length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Deligny
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden and
| | - Tabea Dierker
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden and
| | - Anders Dagälv
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden and
| | - Anders Lundequist
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden and
| | - Inger Eriksson
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden and
| | - Alison V Nairn
- the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Catherine L R Merry
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden and
| | - Lena Kjellén
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden and
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17
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Choong FJ, Freeman C, Parish CR, Simeonovic CJ. Islet heparan sulfate but not heparan sulfate proteoglycan core protein is lost during islet isolation and undergoes recovery post-islet transplantation. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:2851-64. [PMID: 26104150 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Islet beta cells in situ express intracellular heparan sulfate (HS), a property previously shown in vitro to be important for their survival. We report that HS levels inside islet beta cells correlate with the novel intracellular localization of the HSPG core proteins for collagen type XVIII (Col18), a conventional extracellular matrix component. Syndecan-1 (Sdc1) and CD44 core proteins were similarly localized inside beta cells. During isolation, mouse islets selectively lose HS to 11-27% of normal levels but retain their HSPG core proteins. Intra-islet HS failed to recover substantially during culture for 4 days and was not reconstituted in vitro using HS mimetics. In contrast, significant recovery of intra-islet HS to ∼40-50% of normal levels occurred by 5-10 days after isotransplantation. Loss of islet HS during the isolation procedure is independent of heparanase (a HS-degrading endoglycosidase) and due, in part, to oxidative damage. Treatment with antioxidants reduced islet cell death by ∼60% and increased the HS content of isolated islets by ∼twofold compared to untreated islets, preserving intra-islet HS to ∼60% of the normal HS content of islets in situ. These findings suggest that the preservation of islet HS during the islet isolation process may optimize islet survival posttransplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Choong
- Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - C Freeman
- Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - C R Parish
- Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - C J Simeonovic
- Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
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18
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Öhrvik H, Logeman B, Noguchi G, Eriksson I, Kjellén L, Thiele DJ, Pejler G. Ctr2 Regulates Mast Cell Maturation by Affecting the Storage and Expression of Tryptase and Proteoglycans. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3654-64. [PMID: 26342034 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is essential for multiple cellular functions. Cellular uptake of Cu(+) is carried out by the Ctr1 high-affinity Cu transporter. The mobilization of endosomal Cu pools is regulated by a protein structurally similar to Ctr1, called Ctr2. It was recently shown that ablation of Ctr2 caused an increase in the concentration of Cu localized to endolysosomes. However, the biological significance of excess endolysosomal Cu accumulation has not been assessed. In this study, we addressed this issue by investigating the impact of Ctr2 deficiency on mast cells, a cell type unusually rich in endolysosomal organelles (secretory granules). We show that Ctr2(-/-) mast cells have increased intracellular Cu concentrations and that the absence of Ctr2 results in increased metachromatic staining, the latter indicating an impact of Ctr2 on the storage of proteoglycans in the secretory granules. In agreement with this, the absence of Ctr2 caused a skewed ratio between proteoglycans of heparin and chondroitin sulfate type, with increased amounts of heparin accompanied by a reduction of chondroitin sulfate. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed a higher number of electron-dense granules in Ctr2(-/-) mast cells than in wild-type cells. The increase in granular staining and heparin content is compatible with an impact of Ctr2 on mast cell maturation and, in support of this, the absence of Ctr2 resulted in markedly increased mRNA expression, storage, and enzymatic activity of tryptase. Taken together, the present study introduces Ctr2 and Cu as novel actors in the regulation of mast cell maturation and granule homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Öhrvik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75123, Sweden;
| | - Brandon Logeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Glyn Noguchi
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Inger Eriksson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | - Dennis J Thiele
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710; Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75123, Sweden; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Uppsala 75651, Sweden
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19
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Mizumoto S, Yamada S, Sugahara K. Human genetic disorders and knockout mice deficient in glycosaminoglycan. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:495764. [PMID: 25126564 PMCID: PMC4122003 DOI: 10.1155/2014/495764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are constructed through the stepwise addition of respective monosaccharides by various glycosyltransferases and maturated by epimerases and sulfotransferases. The structural diversity of GAG polysaccharides, including their sulfation patterns and sequential arrangements, is essential for a wide range of biological activities such as cell signaling, cell proliferation, tissue morphogenesis, and interactions with various growth factors. Studies using knockout mice of enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of the GAG side chains of proteoglycans have revealed their physiological functions. Furthermore, mutations in the human genes encoding glycosyltransferases, sulfotransferases, and related enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of GAGs cause a number of genetic disorders including chondrodysplasia, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, and Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. This review focused on the increasing number of glycobiological studies on knockout mice and genetic diseases caused by disturbances in the biosynthetic enzymes for GAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Laboratory of Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics, Frontier Research Center for Post-Genomic Science and Technology, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, West-11, North-21, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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20
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Suhovskih AV, Tsidulko AY, Kutsenko OS, Kovner AV, Aidagulova SV, Ernberg I, Grigorieva EV. Transcriptional Activity of Heparan Sulfate Biosynthetic Machinery is Specifically Impaired in Benign Prostate Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2014; 4:79. [PMID: 24782989 PMCID: PMC3995048 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfates (HSs) are key components of mammalian cells surface and extracellular matrix. Structure and composition of HS, generated by HS-biosynthetic system through non-template-driven process, are significantly altered in cancer tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of HS-metabolic machinery in prostate carcinogenesis. Transcriptional patterns of HS-metabolic enzymes (EXT1, EXT2, NDST1, NDST2, GLCE, 3OST1/HS3ST1, SULF1, SULF2, HPSE) were determined in normal, benign, and cancer human prostate tissues and cell lines (PNT2, LNCaP, PC3, DU145). Stability of the HS-metabolic system patterns under the pressure of external or internal stimuli was studied. Overall impairment of transcriptional activity of HS-metabolic machinery was detected in benign prostate hyperplasia, while both significant decrease in the transcriptional activity and changes in the expression patterns of HS metabolism-involved genes were observed in prostate tumors. Prostate cancer cell lines possessed specific transcriptional patterns of HS metabolism-involved genes; however, expression activity of the system was similar to that of normal prostate PNT2 cells. HS-metabolic system was able to dynamically react to different external or internal stimuli in a cell type-dependent manner. LNCaP cells were sensitive to the external stimuli (5-aza-deoxycytidin or Trichostatin A treatments; co-cultivation with human fibroblasts), whereas PC3 cells almost did not respond to the treatments. Ectopic GLCE over-expression resulted in transcriptional activation of HS-biosynthetic machinery in both cell lines, suggesting an existence of a self-regulating mechanism for the coordinated transcription of HS metabolism-involved genes. Taken together, these findings demonstrate impairment of HS-metabolic system in prostate tumors in vivo but not in prostate cancer cells in vitro, and suggest that as a potential microenvironmental biomarker for prostate cancer diagnostics and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V Suhovskih
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics SD RAMS , Novosibirsk , Russia ; Novosibirsk State University , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | | | - Olesya S Kutsenko
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics SD RAMS , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Anna V Kovner
- Research Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine SD RAMS , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | | | | | - Elvira V Grigorieva
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics SD RAMS , Novosibirsk , Russia ; MTC, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden
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21
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A personal voyage through the proteoglycan field. Matrix Biol 2014; 35:3-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Gasimli L, Glass CA, Datta P, Yang B, Li G, Gemmill TR, Baik JY, Sharfstein ST, Esko JD, Linhardt RJ. Bioengineering murine mastocytoma cells to produce anticoagulant heparin. Glycobiology 2013; 24:272-80. [PMID: 24326668 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin (HP), an important anticoagulant polysaccharide, is produced in a complex biosynthetic pathway in connective tissue-type mast cells. Both the structure and size of HP are critical factors determining the anticoagulation activity. A murine mastocytoma (MST) cell line was used as a model system to gain insight into this pathway. As reported, MST cells produce a highly sulfated HP-like polysaccharide that lacks anticoagulant activity (Montgomery RI, Lidholt K, Flay NW, Liang J, Vertel B, Lindahl U, Esko JD. 1992. Stable heparin-producing cell lines derived from the Furth murine mastocytoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:11327-11331). Here, we show that transfection of MST cells with a retroviral vector containing heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase-1 (Hs3st1) restores anticoagulant activity. The MST lines express N-acetylglucosamine N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1, uronosyl 2-O-sulfotransferase and glucosaminyl 6-O-sulfotransferase-1, which are sufficient to make the highly sulfated HP. Overexpression of Hs3st1 in MST-10H cells resulted in a change in the composition of heparan sulfate (HS)/HP and CS/dermatan sulfate (DS) glycosaminoglycans. The cell-associated HS/HP closely resembles HP with 3-O-sulfo group-containing glucosamine residues and shows anticoagulant activity. This study contributes toward a better understanding of the HP biosynthetic pathway with the goal of providing tools to better control the biosynthesis of HP chains with different structures and activities.
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23
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Kasza Z, Fredlund Fuchs P, Tamm C, Eriksson AS, O'Callaghan P, Heindryckx F, Spillmann D, Larsson E, Le Jan S, Eriksson I, Gerwins P, Kjellén L, Kreuger J. MicroRNA-24 suppression of N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1 (NDST1) reduces endothelial cell responsiveness to vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). J Biol Chem 2013; 288:25956-25963. [PMID: 23884416 PMCID: PMC3764800 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.484360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans, present at the plasma membrane of vascular endothelial cells, bind to the angiogenic growth factor VEGFA to modulate its signaling through VEGFR2. The interactions between VEGFA and proteoglycan co-receptors require sulfated domains in the HS chains. To date, it is essentially unknown how the formation of sulfated protein-binding domains in HS can be regulated by microRNAs. In the present study, we show that microRNA-24 (miR-24) targets NDST1 to reduce HS sulfation and thereby the binding affinity of HS for VEGFA. Elevated levels of miR-24 also resulted in reduced levels of VEGFR2 and blunted VEGFA signaling. Similarly, suppression of NDST1 using siRNA led to a reduction in VEGFR2 expression. Consequently, not only VEGFA binding, but also VEGFR2 protein expression is dependent on NDST1 function. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-24, or siRNA-mediated reduction of NDST1, reduced endothelial cell chemotaxis in response to VEGFA. These findings establish NDST1 as a target of miR-24 and demonstrate how such NDST1 suppression in endothelial cells results in reduced responsiveness to VEGFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Kasza
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Peder Fredlund Fuchs
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Christoffer Tamm
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Anna S Eriksson
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Paul O'Callaghan
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Femke Heindryckx
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Dorothe Spillmann
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Erik Larsson
- the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Göteborg, and
| | - Sébastien Le Jan
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Inger Eriksson
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Pär Gerwins
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala,; the Department of Radiology, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | - Johan Kreuger
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, P. O. Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala,.
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Grujic M, Calounova G, Eriksson I, Feyerabend T, Rodewald HR, Tchougounova E, Kjellén L, Pejler G. Distorted secretory granule composition in mast cells with multiple protease deficiency. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3931-8. [PMID: 23975861 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are characterized by an abundance of secretory granules densely packed with inflammatory mediators such as bioactive amines, cytokines, serglycin proteoglycans with negatively charged glycosaminoglycan side chains of either heparin or chondroitin sulfate type, and large amounts of positively charged proteases. Despite the large biological impact of mast cell granules and their contents on various pathologies, the mechanisms that regulate granule composition are incompletely understood. In this study, we hypothesized that granule composition is dependent on a dynamic electrostatic interrelationship between different granule compounds. As a tool to evaluate this possibility, we generated mice in which mast cells are multideficient in a panel of positively charged proteases: the chymase mouse mast cell protease-4, the tryptase mouse mast cell protease-6, and carboxypeptidase A3. Through a posttranslational effect, mast cells from these mice additionally lack mouse mast cell protease-5 protein. Mast cells from mice deficient in individual proteases showed normal morphology. In contrast, mast cells with combined protease deficiency displayed a profound distortion of granule integrity, as seen both by conventional morphological criteria and by transmission electron microscopy. An assessment of granule content revealed that the distorted granule integrity in multiprotease-deficient mast cells was associated with a profound reduction of highly negatively charged heparin, whereas no reduction in chondroitin sulfate storage was observed. Taken together with previous findings showing that the storage of basic proteases conversely is regulated by anionic proteoglycans, these data suggest that secretory granule composition in mast cells is dependent on a dynamic interrelationship between granule compounds of opposite electrical charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Grujic
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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Obata T, Shibata N, Goto Y, Ishikawa I, Sato S, Kunisawa J, Kiyono H. Critical role of dendritic cells in T cell retention in the interfollicular region of Peyer's patches. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:942-8. [PMID: 23772027 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Peyer's patches (PPs) simultaneously initiate active and quiescent immune responses in the gut. The immunological function is achieved by the rigid regulation of cell distribution and trafficking, but how the cell distribution is maintained remains to be elucidated. In this study, we show that binding of stromal cell-derived lymphoid chemokines to conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) is essential for the retention of naive CD4(+) T cells in the interfollicular region (IFR) of PPs. Transitory depletion of CD11c(high) cDCs in mice rapidly impaired the IFR structure in the PPs without affecting B cell follicles or germinal centers, lymphoid chemokine production from stromal cells, or the immigration of naive T cells into the IFRs of PPs. The cDC-orchestrated retention of naive T cells was mediated by heparinase-sensitive molecules that were expressed on cDCs and bound the lymphoid chemokine CCL21 produced from stromal cells. These data collectively reveal that interactions among cDCs, stromal cells, and naive T cells are necessary for the formation of IFRs in the PPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Obata
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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26
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Production methods for heparosan, a precursor of heparin and heparan sulfate. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 93:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Mast cells are versatile effector cells of the immune system, contributing to both innate and adaptive immunity toward pathogens but also having profound detrimental activities in the context of inflammatory disease. A hallmark morphological feature of mast cells is their large content of cytoplasmic secretory granules, filled with numerous secretory compounds, including highly negatively charged heparin or chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of serglycin type. These anionic proteoglycans provide the basis for the strong metachromatic staining properties of mast cells seen when applying various cationic dyes. Functionally, the mast cell proteoglycans have been shown to have an essential role in promoting the storage of other granule-contained compounds, including bioactive monoamines and different mast cell-specific proteases. Moreover, granule proteoglycans have been shown to regulate the enzymatic activities of mast cell proteases and to promote apoptosis. Here, the current knowledge of mast cell proteoglycans is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Rönnberg
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Uppsala, Sweden
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Kusche-Gullberg M, Nybakken K, Perrimon N, Lindahl U. Drosophila heparan sulfate, a novel design. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:21950-6. [PMID: 22556423 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.350389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans play critical roles in a wide variety of biological processes such as growth factor signaling, cell adhesion, wound healing, and tumor metastasis. Functionally important interactions between HS and a variety of proteins depend on specific structural features within the HS chains. The fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) is frequently applied as a model organism to study HS function in development. Previous structural studies of Drosophila HS have been restricted to disaccharide composition, without regard to the arrangement of saccharide domains typically found in vertebrate HS. Here, we biochemically characterized Drosophila HS by selective depolymerization with nitrous acid. Analysis of the generated saccharide products revealed a novel HS design, involving a peripheral, extended, presumably single, N-sulfated domain linked to an N-acetylated sequence contiguous with the linkage to core protein. The N-sulfated domain may be envisaged as a heparin structure of unusually low O-sulfate content.
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