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Baqai N, Amin R, Fatima T, Ahmed Z, Faiz N. Expression Profiling of EMT Transcriptional Regulators ZEB1 and ZEB2 in Different Histopathological Grades of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients. Curr Genomics 2024; 25:140-151. [PMID: 38751602 PMCID: PMC11092914 DOI: 10.2174/0113892029284920240212091903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Pakistan has a high burden of oral cancers, with a prevalence rate of around 9%. Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for about 90% of oral cancer cases. Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) gets highly stimulated in tumor cells by adopting subsequent malignant features of highly invasive cancer populations. Zinc Finger E-Box binding factors, ZEB1 and ZEB2, are regulatory proteins that promote EMT by suppressing the adherent ability of cells transforming into highly motile cancerous cells. The present study aimed to analyze the expression of EMT regulators, ZEB1 and ZEB2, and their association with the clinicopathological features in different grades of OSCC patients. Methods Tissue samples were collected for both case and control groups from the recruited study participants. Cancer tissues (cases) were collected from the confirmed OSCC patients, and healthy tissues (controls) were collected from third-molar dental extraction patients. The study participants were recruited with informed consent and brief demographic and clinical characteristics. The case group was further segregated with respect to the histological cancer grading system into well-differentiated (WD), moderately differentiated (MD), and poorly differentiated (PD) squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) groups. RNA was extracted from the tissue samples for expression profiling of ZEB1 and ZEB2 genes through quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Results All of the recruited participants had a mean age of 46.55 ± 11.7 (years), with most of them belonging to Urdu speaking ethnic group and were married. The BMI (kg/m2) of the healthy participants was in the normal range (18-22 kg/m2). However, BMI was found to be reduced with the proliferation in the pathological state of cancer. The oral hygiene of patients was better than the healthy participants, possibly due to the strict oral hygiene practice concerns of consultants. Every recruited OSCC patient had one or multiple addiction habits for more than a year. Patients reported health frailty (46.6%), unhealed mouth sores (40%), swallowing difficulties and white/reddish marks (80%), and restricted mouth opening (64.4%). Furthermore, 82.2% of the recruited patients observed symptoms within 1-12 months, and buccal mucosa was the most exposed tumor site among 55.6% of the patients. Expression profiling of EMT regulators showed gradual over-expressions of ZEB1 (8, 20, and 42 folds) and ZEB2 (4, 10, and 18 folds) in respective histological cancer grades. Conclusion High expressions of ZEBs have been significantly associated with cancer progression and poor health. However, no association was found between OSCC with other clinicopathological features when compared to healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Baqai
- Dow Research Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Ojha Campus, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rafat Amin
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Ojha Campus, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Tehseen Fatima
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Ojha Campus, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zeba Ahmed
- Otolaryngology, Dow Medical College-Dr.Ruth KM Pfau Civil Hospital Karachi, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nousheen Faiz
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Ojha Campus, Karachi, Pakistan
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2
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Schuhwerk H, Brabletz T. Mutual regulation of TGFβ-induced oncogenic EMT, cell cycle progression and the DDR. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 97:86-103. [PMID: 38029866 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
TGFβ signaling and the DNA damage response (DDR) are two cellular toolboxes with a strong impact on cancer biology. While TGFβ as a pleiotropic cytokine affects essentially all hallmarks of cancer, the multifunctional DDR mostly orchestrates cell cycle progression, DNA repair, chromatin remodeling and cell death. One oncogenic effect of TGFβ is the partial activation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), conferring invasiveness, cellular plasticity and resistance to various noxae. Several reports show that both individual networks as well as their interface affect chemo-/radiotherapies. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly resolved. EMT often correlates with TGFβ-induced slowing of proliferation, yet numerous studies demonstrate that particularly the co-activated EMT transcription factors counteract anti-proliferative signaling in a partially non-redundant manner. Collectively, evidence piled up over decades underscore a multifaceted, reciprocal inter-connection of TGFβ signaling / EMT with the DDR / cell cycle progression, which we will discuss here. Altogether, we conclude that full cell cycle arrest is barely compatible with the propagation of oncogenic EMT traits and further propose that 'EMT-linked DDR plasticity' is a crucial, yet intricate facet of malignancy, decisively affecting metastasis formation and therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Schuhwerk
- Department of Experimental Medicine 1, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Brabletz
- Department of Experimental Medicine 1, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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3
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Silencing TRAIP suppresses cell proliferation and migration/invasion of triple negative breast cancer via RB-E2F signaling and EMT. Cancer Gene Ther 2023; 30:74-84. [PMID: 36064576 PMCID: PMC9842503 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-022-00517-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
TRAIP, as a 53 kDa E3 ubiquitin protein ligase, is involved in various cellular processes and closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors. At present, few studies on the relationship between TRAIP and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) were reported. Bioinformatic analysis and Western blot, immunohistochemistry (IHC), CCK-8, colony formation, flow cytometry, wound healing, Transwell, and dual-luciferase reporter assays were performed, and xenograft mouse models were established to explore the role of TRAIP in TNBC. This study showed that the expression of TRAIP protein was upregulated in TNBC tissues and cell lines. Silencing of TRAIP significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of TNBC cells, whereas opposite results were observed in the TRAIP overexpression. In addition, TRAIP regulated cell proliferation, migration, and invasion through RB-E2F signaling and epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT). MiR-590-3p directly targeted the TRAIP 3'-UTR, and its expression were lower in TNBC tissues. Its mimic significantly downregulated the expression of TRAIP and subsequently suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Rescue experiments indicated that TRAIP silencing reversed the promotion of miR-590-3p inhibitor on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. TRAIP overexpression could also reverse the inhibition of miR-590-3p mimic on tumorigenesis. Finally, TRAIP knockdown significantly inhibited tumor growth and metastasis in animal experiments. In conclusion, TRAIP is an oncogene that influences the proliferation, migration, and invasion of TNBC cells through RB-E2F signaling and EMT. Therefore, TRAIP may be a potential therapeutic target for TNBC.
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Guerra E, Trerotola M, Relli V, Lattanzio R, Tripaldi R, Vacca G, Ceci M, Boujnah K, Garbo V, Moschella A, Zappacosta R, Simeone P, de Lange R, Weidle UH, Rotelli MT, Picciariello A, Depalo R, Querzoli P, Pedriali M, Bianchini E, Angelucci D, Pizzicannella G, Di Loreto C, Piantelli M, Antolini L, Sun XF, Altomare DF, Alberti S. Trop-2 induces ADAM10-mediated cleavage of E-cadherin and drives EMT-less metastasis in colon cancer. Neoplasia 2021; 23:898-911. [PMID: 34320447 PMCID: PMC8334386 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that activation of Trop-2 through its cleavage at R87-T88 by ADAM10 underlies Trop-2–driven progression of colon cancer. However, the mechanism of action and pathological impact of Trop-2 in metastatic diffusion remain unexplored. Through searches for molecular determinants of cancer metastasis, we identified TROP2 as unique in its up-regulation across independent colon cancer metastasis models. Overexpression of wild-type Trop-2 in KM12SM human colon cancer cells increased liver metastasis rates in vivo in immunosuppressed mice. Metastatic growth was further enhanced by a tail-less, activated ΔcytoTrop-2 mutant, indicating the Trop-2 tail as a pivotal inhibitory signaling element. In primary tumors and metastases, transcriptome analysis showed no down-regulation of CDH1 by transcription factors for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, thus suggesting that the pro-metastatic activity of Trop-2 is through alternative mechanisms. Trop-2 can tightly interact with ADAM10. Here, Trop-2 bound E-cadherin and stimulated ADAM10-mediated proteolytic cleavage of E-cadherin intracellular domain. This induced detachment of E-cadherin from β-actin, and loss of cell-cell adhesion, acquisition of invasive capability, and membrane-driven activation of β-catenin signaling, which were further enhanced by the ΔcytoTrop-2 mutant. This Trop-2/E-cadherin/β-catenin program led to anti-apoptotic signaling, increased cell migration, and enhanced cancer-cell survival. In patients with colon cancer, activation of this Trop-2–centered program led to significantly reduced relapse-free and overall survival, indicating a major impact on progression to metastatic disease. Recently, the anti-Trop-2 mAb Sacituzumab govitecan-hziy was shown to be active against metastatic breast cancer. Our findings define the key relevance of Trop-2 as a target in metastatic colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Guerra
- Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d' Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Trerotola
- Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d' Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Valeria Relli
- Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d' Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; Oncoxx Biotech, 66034 Lanciano (Chieti), Italy
| | - Rossano Lattanzio
- Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d' Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Romina Tripaldi
- Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d' Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Giovanna Vacca
- Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d' Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Martina Ceci
- Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d' Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Khouloud Boujnah
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences - BIOMORF, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Valeria Garbo
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences - BIOMORF, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Moschella
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences - BIOMORF, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Romina Zappacosta
- Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d' Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Pasquale Simeone
- Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d' Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Robert de Lange
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Pharma Research, D-82372 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich H Weidle
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Pharma Research, D-82372 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Maria Teresa Rotelli
- General Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University 'Aldo Moro', 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Arcangelo Picciariello
- General Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University 'Aldo Moro', 70124 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Querzoli
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Pedriali
- Operative Unit of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Enzo Bianchini
- Operative Unit of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | - Carla Di Loreto
- Department of Pathology, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Mauro Piantelli
- Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d' Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Laura Antolini
- Department of Clinical Medicine,Center for Biostatistics, Prevention and Biotechnology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Xiao-Feng Sun
- Department of Oncology, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Donato F Altomare
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Pharma Research, D-82372 Penzberg, Germany; General Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University 'Aldo Moro', 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Saverio Alberti
- Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d' Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; Oncoxx Biotech, 66034 Lanciano (Chieti), Italy; Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences - BIOMORF, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
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Lachat C, Peixoto P, Hervouet E. Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition History: From Embryonic Development to Cancers. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060782. [PMID: 34067395 PMCID: PMC8224685 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process that allows epithelial cells to progressively acquire a reversible mesenchymal phenotype. Here, we recount the main events in the history of EMT. EMT was first studied during embryonic development. Nowadays, it is an important field in cancer research, studied all around the world by more and more scientists, because it was shown that EMT is involved in cancer aggressiveness in many different ways. The main features of EMT's involvement in embryonic development, fibrosis and cancers are briefly reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Lachat
- UMR 1098 RIGHT, University Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS-BFC, F-25000 Besançon, France; (P.P.); (E.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Paul Peixoto
- UMR 1098 RIGHT, University Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS-BFC, F-25000 Besançon, France; (P.P.); (E.H.)
- EPIgenetics and GENe EXPression Technical Platform (EPIGENExp), University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Eric Hervouet
- UMR 1098 RIGHT, University Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS-BFC, F-25000 Besançon, France; (P.P.); (E.H.)
- EPIgenetics and GENe EXPression Technical Platform (EPIGENExp), University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
- DImaCell Platform, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
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6
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Kasuga A, Semba T, Sato R, Nobusue H, Sugihara E, Takaishi H, Kanai T, Saya H, Arima Y. Oncogenic KRAS-expressing organoids with biliary epithelial stem cell properties give rise to biliary tract cancer in mice. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:1822-1838. [PMID: 33068050 PMCID: PMC8088913 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biliary tract cancer (BTC) arises from biliary epithelial cells (BECs) and includes intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC), gallbladder cancer (GC), and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (EHCC). Although frequent KRAS mutations and epigenetic changes at the INK4A/ARF locus have been identified, the molecular pathogenesis of BTC is unclear and the development of corresponding anticancer agents remains inadequate. We isolated epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)–positive BECs from the mouse intrahepatic bile duct, gallbladder, and extrahepatic bile duct, and established organoids derived from these cells. Introduction of activated KRAS and homozygous deletion of Ink4a/Arf in the cells of each organoid type conferred the ability to form lethal metastatic adenocarcinoma with differentiated components and a pronounced desmoplastic reaction on cell transplantation into syngeneic mice, indicating that the manipulated cells correspond to BTC–initiating cells. The syngeneic mouse models recapitulate the pathological features of human IHCC, GC, and EHCC, and they should therefore prove useful for the investigation of BTC carcinogenesis and the development of new therapeutic strategies. Tumor cells isolated from primary tumors formed organoids in three‐dimensional culture, and serial syngeneic transplantation of these cells revealed that their cancer stem cell properties were supported by organoid culture, but not by adherent culture. Adherent culture thus attenuated tumorigenic activity as well as the expression of both epithelial and stem cell markers, whereas the expression of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT)–related transcription factor genes and mesenchymal cell markers was induced. Our data show that organoid culture is important for maintenance of epithelial cell characteristics, stemness, and tumorigenic activity of BTC–initiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Kasuga
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Semba
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryo Sato
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nobusue
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Sugihara
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research and Development Center for Precision Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Takaishi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Arima
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Abdoli Shadbad M, Hajiasgharzadeh K, Baradaran B. Cross-talk between myeloid-derived suppressor cells and Mucin1 in breast cancer vaccination: On the verge of a breakthrough. Life Sci 2020; 258:118128. [PMID: 32710947 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Although breast cancer is one of the leading troublesome cancers, the available therapeutic options have not fulfilled the desired outcomes. Immune-based therapy has gained special attention for breast cancer treatment. Although this approach is highly tolerable, its low response rate has rendered it as an undesirable approach. This review aims to describe the essential oncogenic pathways involved in breast cancer, elucidate the immunosuppression and oncogenic effect of Mucin1, and introduce myeloid-derived suppressor cells, which are the main culprits of anti-tumoral immune response attenuation. The various auto-inductive loops between Mucin1 and myeloid-derived suppressor cells are focal in the suppression of anti-tumoral immune responses in patients with breast cancer. These cross-talks between the Mucin1 and myeloid-derived suppressor cells can be the underlying causes of immunotherapy's impotence for patients with breast cancer. This approach can pave the road for the development of a potent vaccine for patients with breast cancer and is translated into clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khalil Hajiasgharzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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8
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Faheem MM, Seligson ND, Ahmad SM, Rasool RU, Gandhi SG, Bhagat M, Goswami A. Convergence of therapy-induced senescence (TIS) and EMT in multistep carcinogenesis: current opinions and emerging perspectives. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:51. [PMID: 32566256 PMCID: PMC7295779 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-0286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug induced resistance is a widespread problem in the clinical management of cancer. Cancer cells, when exposed to cytotoxic drugs, can reprogram their cellular machinery and resist cell death. Evasion of cell death mechanisms, such as apoptosis and necroptosis, are part of a transcriptional reprogramming that cancer cells utilize to mediate cytotoxic threats. An additional strategy adopted by cancer cells to resist cell death is to initiate the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) program. EMT is a trans-differentiation process which facilitates a motile phenotype in cancer cells which can be induced when cells are challenged by specific classes of cytotoxic drugs. Induction of EMT in malignant cells also results in drug resistance. In this setting, therapy-induced senescence (TIS), an enduring "proliferative arrest", serves as an alternate approach against cancer because cancer cells remain susceptible to induced senescence. The molecular processes of senescence have proved challenging to understand. Senescence has previously been described solely as a tumor-suppressive mechanism; however, recent evidences suggest that senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) can contribute to tumor progression. SASP has also been identified to contribute to EMT induction. Even though the causes of senescence and EMT induction can be wholly different from each other, a functional link between EMT and senescence is still obscure. In this review, we summarize the evidence of potential cross-talk between EMT and senescence while highlighting some of the most commonly identified molecular players. This review will shed light on these two intertwined and highly conserved cellular process, while providing background of the therapeutic implications of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Mohd Faheem
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001 India
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006 India
| | - Nathan D. Seligson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, The University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL USA
- Department of Pharmacogenomics and Translational Research, Nemours Children’s Specialty Care, Jacksonville, FL USA
| | - Syed Mudabir Ahmad
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001 India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001 India
| | - Reyaz Ur Rasool
- Perelman School of Medicine, Cancer Biology Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Sumit G. Gandhi
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001 India
| | - Madhulika Bhagat
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006 India
| | - Anindya Goswami
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001 India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001 India
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9
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Wang W, Zhang R, Wang X, Wang N, Zhao J, Wei Z, Xiang F, Wang C. Suppression of KIF3A inhibits triple negative breast cancer growth and metastasis by repressing Rb-E2F signaling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:1422-1434. [PMID: 32011034 PMCID: PMC7156822 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) displays higher heterogeneity, stronger invasiveness, higher risk of metastasis and poorer prognosis compared with major breast cancer subtypes. KIF3A, a member of the kinesin family of motor proteins, serves as a microtubule-directed motor subunit and has been found to regulate early development, ciliogenesis and tumorigenesis. To explore the expression, regulation and mechanism of KIF3A in TNBC, 3 TNBC cell lines, 98 cases of primary TNBC and paired adjacent tissues were examined. Immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR, western blot, flow cytometry, short hairpin RNA (shRNA) interference, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), colony formation techniques, transwell assays, scratch tests, and xenograft mice models were used. We found that KIF3A was overexpressed in TNBC and such high KIF3A expression was also associated with tumor recurrence and lymph node metastasis. Silencing of KIF3A suppressed TNBC cell proliferation by repressing the Rb-E2F signaling pathway and inhibited migration and invasion by repressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The tumor size was smaller and the number of lung metastatic nodules was lower in KIF3A depletion MDA-MB-231 cell xenograft mice than in the negative control group. In addition, KIF3A overexpression correlated with chemoresistance. These results suggested that high expression of KIF3A in TNBC was associated with the tumor progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Wang
- Department of PathologySchool of Basic MedicineQingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Runze Zhang
- Department of PathologySchool of Basic MedicineQingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of PathologySchool of Basic MedicineQingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
- Department of PathologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of PathologySchool of Basic MedicineQingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of PathologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Zhimin Wei
- Department of PathologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Fenggang Xiang
- Department of PathologySchool of Basic MedicineQingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
- Department of PathologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Chengqin Wang
- Department of PathologySchool of Basic MedicineQingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
- Department of PathologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
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10
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During mitosis ZEB1 "switches" from being a chromatin-bound epithelial gene repressor, to become a microtubule-associated protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118673. [PMID: 32057919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are polymers of α/β-tubulin, with microtubule organization being regulated by microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). Herein, we describe a novel role for the epithelial gene repressor, zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1), that "switches" from a chromatin-associated protein during interphase, to a MAP that associates with α-, β- and γ-tubulin during mitosis. Additionally, ZEB1 was also demonstrated to associate with γ-tubulin at the microtubule organizing center (MTOC). Using confocal microscopy, ZEB1 localization was predominantly nuclear during interphase, with α/β-tubulin being primarily cytoplasmic and the association between these proteins being minimal. However, during the stages of mitosis, ZEB1 co-localization with α-, β-, and γ-tubulin was significantly increased, with the association commonly peaking during metaphase in multiple tumor cell-types. ZEB1 was also observed to accumulate in the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis. The increased interaction between ZEB1 and α-tubulin during mitosis was also confirmed using the proximity ligation assay. In contrast to ZEB1, its paralog ZEB2, was mainly perinuclear and cytoplasmic during interphase, showing some co-localization with α-tubulin during mitosis. Considering the association between ZEB1 with α/β/γ-tubulin during mitosis, studies investigated ZEB1's role in the cell cycle. Silencing ZEB1 resulted in a G2-M arrest, which could be mediated by the up-regulation of p21Waf1/Cip1 and p27Kip1 that are known downstream targets repressed by ZEB1. However, it cannot be excluded the G2/M arrest observed after ZEB1 silencing is not due to its roles as a MAP. Collectively, ZEB1 plays a role as a MAP during mitosis and could be functionally involved in this process.
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11
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Al-Marsoummi S, Vomhof-DeKrey E, Basson MD. Schlafen12 Reduces the Aggressiveness of Triple Negative Breast Cancer through Post-Transcriptional Regulation of ZEB1 That Drives Stem Cell Differentiation. Cell Physiol Biochem 2019; 53:999-1014. [PMID: 31838790 DOI: 10.33594/000000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Schlafen12 (SLFN12) promotes human intestinal and prostatic epithelial differentiation. We sought to determine whether SLFN12 reduces triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) aggressiveness. METHODS We validated bioinformatics analyses of publicly available databases by staining human TNBC. After virally overexpressing or siRNA-reducing SLFN12 in TNBC cell lines, we measured proliferation by CCK-8 assay, invasion into basement-membrane-coated pores, mRNA by q-RT-PCR and protein by Western blotting. Flow cytometry assessed proliferation and stem cell marker expression, and sorted CD44+/CD24- cells. Stemness was also assessed by mammosphere formation, and translation by click-it-AHA chemistry. RESULTS SLFN12 expression was lower in TNBC tumors and correlated with survival. SLFN12 overexpression reduced TNBC MDA-MB-231, BT549, and Hs578T proliferation. In MDA-MB-231 cells, AdSLFN12 reduced invasion, promoted cell cycle arrest, increased E-cadherin promoter activity, mRNA, and protein, and reduced vimentin expression and protein. SLFN12 knockdown increased vimentin. AdSLFN12 reduced the proportion of MDA-MB-231 CD44+CD24- cells, with parallel differentiation changes. SLFN12 overexpression reduced MDA-MB-231 mammosphere formation. SLFN12 overexpression decreased ZEB1 and Slug protein despite increased ZEB1 and Slug mRNA in all three lines. SLFN12 overexpression accelerated MDA-MB-231 ZEB1 proteasomal degradation and slowed ZEB1 translation. SLFN12 knockdown increased ZEB1 protein. Coexpressing ZEB1 attenuated the SLFN12 effect on E-cadherin mRNA and proliferation in all three lines. CONCLUSION SLFN12 may reduce TNBC aggressiveness and improve survival in part by a post-transcriptional decrease in ZEB1 that promotes TNBC cancer stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmad Al-Marsoummi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Emilie Vomhof-DeKrey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Marc D Basson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA, .,Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
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12
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Das V, Bhattacharya S, Chikkaputtaiah C, Hazra S, Pal M. The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT): A study from a structure, dynamics, and functional perspective. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:14535-14555. [PMID: 30723913 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key step in transdifferentiation process in solid cancer development. Forthcoming evidence suggest that the stratified program transforms polarized, immotile epithelial cells to migratory mesenchymal cells associated with enhancement of breast cancer stemness, metastasis, and drug resistance. It involves primarily several signaling pathways, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), cadherin, notch, plasminogen activator protein inhibitor, urokinase plasminogen activator, and WNT/beta catenin pathways. However, current understanding on the crosstalk of multisignaling pathways and assemblies of key transcription factors remain to be explored. In this review, we focus on the crosstalk of signal transduction pathways linked to the current therapeutic and drug development strategies. We have also performed the computational modeling on indepth the structure and conformational dynamic studies of regulatory proteins and analyze molecular interactions with their associate factors to understand the complicated process of EMT in breast cancer progression and metastasis. Electrostatic potential surfaces have been analyzed that help in optimization of electrostatic interactions between the protein and its ligand. Therefore, understanding the biological implications underlying the EMT process through molecular biology with biocomputation and structural biology approaches will enable the development of new therapeutic strategies to sensitize tumors to conventional therapy and suppress their metastatic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Das
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division (Biotechnology Group), CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Sourya Bhattacharya
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IITR), Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Channakeshavaiah Chikkaputtaiah
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division (Biotechnology Group), CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Saugata Hazra
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IITR), Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mintu Pal
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division (Biotechnology Group), CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Jorhat, Assam, India
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13
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Resveratrol induced premature senescence and inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cancer cells via induction of tumor suppressor Rad9. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219317. [PMID: 31310624 PMCID: PMC6634400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV) has been reported to influence many biological processes, including the stimulation of cellular senescence and inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In this research, we explored the mechanisms of RSV on EMT and cellular senescence through the expression of a DNA damage response (DDR) protein, Rad9, in breast and lung cancer cell lines. Upon treating breast and lung cancer cell lines with RSV at the concentrations of 10–50 μM, Rad9 expression was increased at both transcriptional and translational levels. The results indicated that RSV-induced Rad9 expression, mediated by DNA damage and ROS, can significantly suppress proliferation by activating cellular senescence, and diminishing the expression of EMT markers with concomitant downregulation of Slug in breast and lung cancer cell lines. By using a siRNA approach, RSV was shown to mediate cellular senescence and EMT through a Rad9-dependent mechanism. The treatment with RSV can inhibit the proliferation, EMT, and increase cellular senescence of breast and lung cancer cell lines by activating Rad9. Our results suggest that the breast and lung tumor suppressive activities of RSV are, at least in part, mediated by the upregulation of Rad9.
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14
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The rBC2LCN-positive subpopulation of PC-3 cells exhibits cancer stem-like properties. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 515:176-182. [PMID: 31133376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The recombinant lectin rBC2LCN is a useful marker for discriminating the undifferentiated status of human induced or embryonic stem cells. Recently, rBC2LCN has also been used for detecting some cancers and niche cells. However, the generality of which types of cells are detected by rBC2LCN is unclear. In this study, we demonstrated the potential of rBC2LCN as a probe for detecting and isolating cancer stem-like cells. Interestingly, flow cytometric analysis of various human cell lines indicated that the human prostate cancer cell line PC-3 consisted of rBC2LCN-positive and -negative subpopulations. Compared with the rBC2LCN-negative subpopulation, the rBC2LCN-positive subpopulation possessed representative features of cancer stem cells and malignancy, such as slow proliferation, increased cell motility, anchorage-independent growth, and drug resistance. The comprehensive expression profiles revealed that the rBC2LCN-positive subpopulation expressed higher levels of cancer stem cell markers. These findings indicate that rBC2LCN is useful for detecting not only pluripotent stem cells but also the cancer stem-like subpopulation of PC-3 cells. Pluripotent and cancer cells with rBC2LCN positivity would be important for future stem cell research.
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15
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Thomas NA, Abraham RG, Dedi B, Krucher NA. Targeting retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation in combination with EGFR inhibition in pancreatic cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2018; 54:527-536. [PMID: 30535494 PMCID: PMC6317693 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a particularly lethal disease that is resistant to targeted therapies. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), including erlotinib and gefitinib, which block the action of the human epidermal growth factor receptor type 1 receptor, provide small increases in patient survival when administered with gemcitabine. The retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor protein is an additional target in pancreatic cancer, due to its documented inactivation in PDAC. The present study, using cell number, apoptosis and immunoblotting assays, aimed to evaluate the effects of activation of the Rb tumor suppressor via dephosphorylation by small interfering RNA-mediated phosphatase activation. In the Panc1, MIAPaCa-2 and Capan-2 pancreatic cancer cell lines, and in normal H6c7 cells, the effects of phosphatase activation on Rb were revealed to be dependent on expression of the p16 tumor suppressor, which regulates Rb phosphorylation. Phosphatase activation had no effect on non-transformed pancreatic epithelial cells. When comparing kinase inhibition with phosphatase activation, it was demonstrated that kinase inhibition reduced proliferation, whereas phosphatase activation induced apoptosis. Both treatments together resulted in a greater reduction of pancreatic cancer cells than either treatment alone. In addition, the effects of combination treatment of phosphatase activation with TKIs on cell number and activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) resistance pathway were determined. The combination of Rb phosphatase activation with TKIs resulted in a greater reduction in cell number compared with either treatment alone, without STAT3 pathway activation. These data suggested that targeting Rb phosphorylation by activating phosphatase may be a rational strategy to inhibit pancreatic tumor cell growth, without activation of acquired resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimmi A Thomas
- Department of Biology, Pace University, Pleasantville, NY 10570, USA
| | - Rita G Abraham
- Department of Biology, Pace University, Pleasantville, NY 10570, USA
| | - Brixhilda Dedi
- Department of Biology, Pace University, Pleasantville, NY 10570, USA
| | - Nancy A Krucher
- Department of Biology, Pace University, Pleasantville, NY 10570, USA
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16
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Pérez-Morales J, Mejías-Morales D, Rivera-Rivera S, González-Flores J, González-Loperena M, Cordero-Báez FY, Pedreira-García WM, Chardón-Colón C, Cabán-Rivera J, Cress WD, Gordian ER, Muñoz-Antonia T, Cabrera-Ríos M, Isidro A, Coppola D, Rosa M, Boyle TA, Izumi V, Koomen JM, Santiago-Cardona PG. Hyper-phosphorylation of Rb S249 together with CDK5R2/p39 overexpression are associated with impaired cell adhesion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition: Implications as a potential lung cancer grading and staging biomarker. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207483. [PMID: 30452490 PMCID: PMC6242691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Prediction of lung cancer metastasis relies on post-resection assessment of tumor histology, which is a severe limitation since only a minority of lung cancer patients are diagnosed with resectable disease. Therefore, characterization of metastasis-predicting biomarkers in pre-resection small biopsy specimens is urgently needed. Here we report a biomarker consisting of the phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) on serine 249 combined with elevated p39 expression. This biomarker correlates with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition traits in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells. Immunohistochemistry staining of NSCLC tumor microarrays showed that strong phospho-Rb S249 staining positively correlated with tumor grade specifically in the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) subtype. Strong immunoreactivity for p39 positively correlated with tumor stage, lymph node invasion, and distant metastases, also in SCC. Linear regression analyses showed that the combined scoring for phospho-Rb S249, p39 and E-cadherin in SCC is even more accurate at predicting tumor staging, relative to each score individually. We propose that combined immunohistochemistry staining of NSCLC samples for Rb phosphorylation on S249, p39, and E-cadherin protein expression could aid in the assessment of tumor staging and metastatic potential when tested in small primary tumor biopsies. The intense staining for phospho-Rb S249 that we observed in high grade SCC could also aid in the precise sub-classification of poorly differentiated SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaileene Pérez-Morales
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Darielys Mejías-Morales
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Stephanie Rivera-Rivera
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Jonathan González-Flores
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Mónica González-Loperena
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Fernando Y. Cordero-Báez
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Wilfredo M. Pedreira-García
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Camille Chardón-Colón
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Jennifer Cabán-Rivera
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - W. Douglas Cress
- Molecular Oncology and Thoracic Oncology Departments, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Edna R. Gordian
- Molecular Oncology and Thoracic Oncology Departments, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Teresita Muñoz-Antonia
- Molecular Oncology and Thoracic Oncology Departments, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mauricio Cabrera-Ríos
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
| | - Angel Isidro
- Physiology Division, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Anatomic Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Marilin Rosa
- Anatomic Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Theresa A. Boyle
- Anatomic Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Victoria Izumi
- Proteomics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - John M. Koomen
- Molecular Oncology and Thoracic Oncology Departments, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Pedro G. Santiago-Cardona
- Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Divisions, Basic Science Department, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
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17
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Li X, Tian Y, Hu Y, Yang Z, Zhang L, Luo J. CircNUP214 sponges miR-145 to promote the expression of ZEB2 in thyroid cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 507:168-172. [PMID: 30415780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Circular (circ)RNAs have been implicated in cancer development. However, few studies have examined the role of circRNAs in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). In this study we found that circNUP214 was upregulated in clinical PTC specimens relative to adjacent normal tissue. In vitro analyses showed that circNUP214 knockdown suppressed PTC cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and tumorigenesis. A luciferase reporter assay confirmed that circNUP214 binds to miR-145, which directly targets zinc finger E-box binding homeobox (ZEB)2. Thus, circNUP214 may play an oncogenic role in PTC by acting as a sponge for miR-145, leading to upregulation of ZEB2. These results provide evidence for a new regulatory mechanism in PTC development involving circNUP214, which can serve as a potential therapeutic target in PTC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxi Li
- Department of Blood Vessels of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, Xinjiang, 830000, PR China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Blood Vessels of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, Xinjiang, 830000, PR China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Blood Vessels of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, Xinjiang, 830000, PR China
| | - Zhenwei Yang
- Department of Blood Vessels of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, Xinjiang, 830000, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Blood Vessels of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, Xinjiang, 830000, PR China
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Blood Vessels of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, Xinjiang, 830000, PR China.
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18
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Asnaghi L, White DT, Key N, Choi J, Mahale A, Alkatan H, Edward DP, Elkhamary SM, Al-Mesfer S, Maktabi A, Hurtado CG, Lee GY, Carcaboso AM, Mumm JS, Safieh LA, Eberhart CG. ACVR1C/SMAD2 signaling promotes invasion and growth in retinoblastoma. Oncogene 2018; 38:2056-2075. [PMID: 30401983 PMCID: PMC6430693 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0543-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular cancer in children. While the primary tumor can often be treated by local or systemic chemotherapy, metastatic dissemination is generally resistant to therapy and remains a leading cause of pediatric cancer death in much of the world. In order to identify new therapeutic targets in aggressive tumors, we sequenced RNA transcripts in five snap frozen retinoblastomas which invaded the optic nerve and five which did not. A three-fold increase was noted in mRNA levels of ACVR1C/ALK7, a type I receptor of the TGF-β family, in invasive retinoblastomas, while downregulation of DACT2 and LEFTY2, negative modulators of the ACVR1C signaling, was observed in most invasive tumors. A two- to three-fold increase in ACVR1C mRNA was also found in invasive WERI Rb1 and Y79 cells as compared to non-invasive cells in vitro. Transcripts of ACVR1C receptor and its ligands (Nodal, Activin A/B, and GDF3) were expressed in six retinoblastoma lines, and evidence of downstream SMAD2 signaling was present in all these lines. Pharmacological inhibition of ACVR1C signaling using SB505124, or genetic downregulation of the receptor using shRNA potently suppressed invasion, growth, survival, and reduced the protein levels of the mesenchymal markers ZEB1 and Snail. The inhibitory effects on invasion, growth, and proliferation were recapitulated by knocking down SMAD2, but not SMAD3. Finally, in an orthotopic zebrafish model of retinoblastoma, a 55% decrease in tumor spread was noted (p=0.0026) when larvae were treated with 3 μM of SB505124, as compared to DMSO. Similarly, knockdown of ACVR1C in injected tumor cells using shRNA also resulted in a 54% reduction in tumor dissemination in the zebrafish eye as compared to scrambled shRNA control (p=0.0005). Our data support a role for the ACVR1C/SMAD2 pathway in promoting invasion and growth of retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Asnaghi
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David T White
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nolan Key
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joshua Choi
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alka Mahale
- King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind Alkatan
- King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deepak P Edward
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,University of Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sahar M Elkhamary
- King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Azza Maktabi
- King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher G Hurtado
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Grace Y Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Jeff S Mumm
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Charles G Eberhart
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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19
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Harada H, Hosoda K, Moriya H, Mieno H, Ema A, Washio M, Kikuchi M, Kosaka Y, Watanabe M, Yamashita K. Carcinosarcoma of the esophagus: A report of 6 cases associated with zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 expression. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:578-586. [PMID: 30655804 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal carcinosarcoma (ECS) has been suggested to result from an epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenomenon. However, knowledge on its underlying molecular features is limited. The clinical and pathological features, and the prognosis of ECS require further investigation. In the present study, a total of 325 patients with esophageal tumors were observed between January 2004 and December 2014, of which 6 patients were diagnosed pathologically with ECS. The clinicopathological features were compared with those of corresponding cases with the identical pathological T stage (pT) of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). In terms of the clinical T stage (cT), the 6 cases were composed of cT1, cT2, cT3 and cT4 in 1, 1, 3 and 1 case, respectively. Nevertheless, pT was eventually diagnosed as pT1 in all cases. There was a large discrepancy between clinically diagnosed depth of tumor invasion prior to surgery and depth of tumor invasion following surgery. Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1), an EMT-associated transcription factor, was expressed only in the sarcoma component in all 6 cases of ECS. The ECS cases had a significantly poorer prognosis compared with the 115 pT1 ESCC cases. The present study suggests that the depth of invasion of ECS lesions does not correspond with their respective size, and the EMT of the carcinoma component may affect the prognosis by overexpression of the ZEB1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Harada
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan
| | - Kei Hosoda
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Moriya
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mieno
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan
| | - Akira Ema
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan
| | - Marie Washio
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan
| | - Mariko Kikuchi
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Kosaka
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan
| | - Keishi Yamashita
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan.,Division of Advanced Surgical Oncology, Department of Research and Development Center for New Medical Frontiers, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan
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20
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Otsuki Y, Saya H, Arima Y. Prospects for new lung cancer treatments that target EMT signaling. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:462-472. [PMID: 28960588 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide. Treatment options for lung cancer include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, molecularly targeted therapy including epidermal growth factor receptor or anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors, and immunotherapy. These treatments can be administered alone or in combination. Despite therapeutic advances, however, lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death. Recent studies have indicated that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with malignancy in various types of cancer, and activation of EMT signaling in cancer cells is widely considered to contribute to metastasis, recurrence, or therapeutic resistance. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of EMT in the progression of lung cancer. We also discuss the prospects for new therapeutic strategies that target EMT signaling in lung cancer. Developmental Dynamics 247:462-472, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Otsuki
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Arima
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Yan L, Li Y, Shi Z, Lu X, Ma J, Hu B, Jiao J, Wang H. The zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 ( Zeb1) promotes the conversion of mouse fibroblasts into functional neurons. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:12959-12970. [PMID: 28500132 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.771493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The zinc finger E-box-binding transcription factor Zeb1 plays a pivotal role in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Numerous studies have focused on the molecular mechanisms by which Zeb1 contributes to this process. However, the functions of Zeb1 beyond the epithelial-mesenchymal transition remain largely elusive. Using a transdifferentiation system to convert mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) into functional neurons via the neuronal transcription factors achaete-scute family bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix) transcription factor1 (Ascl1), POU class 3 homeobox 2 (POU3F2/Brn2), and neurogenin 2 (Neurog2, Ngn2) (ABN), we found that Zeb1 was up-regulated during the early stages of transdifferentiation. Knocking down Zeb1 dramatically attenuated the transdifferentiation efficiency, whereas Zeb1 overexpression obviously increased the efficiency of transdifferentiation from MEFs to neurons. Interestingly, Zeb1 improved the transdifferentiation efficiency induced by even a single transcription factor (e.g. Asc1 or Ngn2). Zeb1 also rapidly promoted the maturation of induced neuron cells to functional neurons and improved the formation of neuronal patterns and electrophysiological characteristics. Induced neuron cells could form functional synapse in vivo after transplantation. Genome-wide RNA arrays showed that Zeb1 overexpression up-regulated the expression of neuron-specific genes and down-regulated the expression of epithelial-specific genes during conversion. Taken together, our results reveal a new role for Zeb1 in the transdifferentiation of MEFs into neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yue Li
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zixiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baoyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianwei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Hongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Interrogation of Functional Cell-Surface Markers Identifies CD151 Dependency in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. Cell Rep 2017; 18:2343-2358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Malek R, Wang H, Taparra K, Tran PT. Therapeutic Targeting of Epithelial Plasticity Programs: Focus on the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Cells Tissues Organs 2017; 203:114-127. [PMID: 28214899 DOI: 10.1159/000447238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting data points to epithelial plasticity programs such as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as clinically relevant therapeutic targets for the treatment of malignant tumors. In addition to the widely realized role of EMT in increasing cancer cell invasiveness during cancer metastasis, the EMT has also been implicated in allowing cancer cells to avoid tumor suppressor pathways during early tumorigenesis. In addition, data linking EMT to innate and acquired treatment resistance further points towards the desire to develop pharmacological therapies to target epithelial plasticity in cancer. In this review we organized our discussion on pathways and agents that can be used to target the EMT in cancer into 3 groups: (1) extracellular inducers of EMT, (2) the transcription factors that orchestrate the EMT transcriptome, and (3) the downstream effectors of EMT. We highlight only briefly specific canonical pathways known to be involved in EMT, such as the signal transduction pathways TGFβ, EFGR, and Axl-Gas6. We emphasize in more detail pathways that we believe are emerging novel pathways and therapeutic targets such as epigenetic therapies, glycosylation pathways, and immunotherapy. The heterogeneity of tumors and the dynamic nature of epithelial plasticity in cancer cells make it likely that targeting only 1 EMT-related process will be unsuccessful or only transiently successful. We suggest that with greater understanding of epithelial plasticity regulation, such as with the EMT, a more systematic targeting of multiple EMT regulatory networks will be the best path forward to improve cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Malek
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Rocca A, Schirone A, Maltoni R, Bravaccini S, Cecconetto L, Farolfi A, Bronte G, Andreis D. Progress with palbociclib in breast cancer: latest evidence and clinical considerations. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2017; 9:83-105. [PMID: 28203301 PMCID: PMC5298405 DOI: 10.1177/1758834016677961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of the cell cycle is a hallmark of cancer, and research on cell cycle control has allowed identification of potential targets for anticancer treatment. Palbociclib is a selective inhibitor of the cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6), which are involved, with their coregulatory partners cyclin D, in the G1-S transition. Inhibition of this step halts cell cycle progression in cells in which the involved pathway, including the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) and the E2F family of transcription factors, is functioning, although having been deregulated. Among breast cancers, those with functioning cyclin D-CDK4/6-Rb-E2F are mainly hormone-receptor (HR) positive, with some HER2-positive and rare triple-negative cases. Deregulation results from genetic or otherwise occurring hyperactivation of molecules subtending cell cycle progression, or inactivation of cell cycle inhibitors. Based on results of randomized clinical trials, palbociclib was granted accelerated approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in combination with letrozole as initial endocrine-based therapy for metastatic disease in postmenopausal women with HR-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer, and was approved for use in combination with fulvestrant in women with HR-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer with disease progression following endocrine therapy. This review provides an update of the available knowledge on the cell cycle and its regulation, on the alterations in cyclin D-CDK4/6-Rb-E2F axis in breast cancer and their roles in endocrine resistance, on the preclinical activity of CDK4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer, both as monotherapy and as partners of combinatorial synergic treatments, and on the clinical development of palbociclib in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rocca
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Maroncelli 40, Meldola, FC 47014, Italy
| | - Alessio Schirone
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Roberta Maltoni
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Sara Bravaccini
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cecconetto
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Alberto Farolfi
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bronte
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Daniele Andreis
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
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Al-Khalaf HH, Aboussekhra A. p16INK4Ainduces senescence and inhibits EMT through microRNA-141/microRNA-146b-5p-dependent repression of AUF1. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:985-999. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huda H. Al-Khalaf
- The National Center for Genomics Research; King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Department of Molecular Oncology; King Faisal Specialist Hospital Research Center; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelilah Aboussekhra
- Department of Molecular Oncology; King Faisal Specialist Hospital Research Center; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
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Egger JV, Lane MV, Antonucci LA, Dedi B, Krucher NA. Dephosphorylation of the Retinoblastoma protein (Rb) inhibits cancer cell EMT via Zeb. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 17:1197-1205. [PMID: 27645778 PMCID: PMC5137485 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2016.1235668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor Retinoblastoma (Rb) protein is highly phosphorylated in cancer cells largely due to the overexpression of cyclins or the loss of expression of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors (cdki). Hyperphosphorylation of Rb promotes proliferation, and plays a role in the regulation of apoptosis. Recently, inhibition of cyclin dependent activity toward Rb has been identified as a strategy that has shown clinical efficacy. We utilized a method to induce phosphatase activity toward Rb in cells by shRNA silencing of PNUTS (Phosphatase Nuclear Targeting Subunit) that regulates PP1-mediated dephosphorylation of Rb. In this study, the effect of Rb dephosphorylation on the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) was determined. The EMT transition is observed in cancer cells that have acquired invasive characteristics. In breast cancer cells grown in 3D Matrigel cultures, MCF7 cells undergo apoptosis in response to Rb dephosphorylation, whereas MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T cells exhibit a reduction in the EMT. Cells devoid of phosphorylated Rb (nontransformed MCF10A and Rb-null MDA-MB-468) lacked any response to PNUTS depletion, showing the effect is Rb-dependent. In addition, these studies showed that Rb dephosphorylation in 3D Matrigel cultures of highly invasive HT1080 cells led to the inhibition of the EMT. Furthermore we observed association between dephosphorylated Rb with ZEB1, a zinc-finger E-box-binding transcription factor that regulates expression of E- and N-cadherins. Finally Rb dephosphorylation led to inhibition of ZEB1 transcriptional activity, this data supports the notion that Rb dephosphorylation modulates the EMT. These studies suggest targeting Rb phosphorylation in mesenchymal cancer cells may decrease invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacklynn V Egger
- a Department of Biology , Dyson Hall, Pace University , Pleasantville , NY , USA
| | - Maria V Lane
- a Department of Biology , Dyson Hall, Pace University , Pleasantville , NY , USA
| | - Lisa A Antonucci
- a Department of Biology , Dyson Hall, Pace University , Pleasantville , NY , USA
| | - Brixhilda Dedi
- a Department of Biology , Dyson Hall, Pace University , Pleasantville , NY , USA
| | - Nancy A Krucher
- a Department of Biology , Dyson Hall, Pace University , Pleasantville , NY , USA
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Johnson J, Thijssen B, McDermott U, Garnett M, Wessels LF, Bernards R. Targeting the RB-E2F pathway in breast cancer. Oncogene 2016; 35:4829-35. [PMID: 26923330 PMCID: PMC4950965 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene (RB1) or components regulating the CDK-RB-E2F pathway have been identified in nearly every human malignancy. Re-establishing cell cycle control through cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibition has therefore emerged as an attractive option in the development of targeted cancer therapy. The most successful example of this today is the use of the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib combined with aromatase inhibitors for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers. Multiple studies have demonstrated that the CDK-RB-E2F pathway is critical for the control of cell proliferation. More recently, studies have highlighted additional roles of this pathway, especially E2F transcription factors themselves, in tumor progression, angiogenesis and metastasis. Specific E2Fs also have prognostic value in breast cancer, independent of clinical parameters. We discuss here recent advances in understanding of the RB-E2F pathway in breast cancer. We also discuss the application of genome-wide genetic screening efforts to gain insight into synthetic lethal interactions of CDK4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer for the development of more effective combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Johnson
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Cancer Genomics Netherlands The Netherlands Cancer Institute Plesmanlaan 121 1066 CX Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bram Thijssen
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Cancer Genomics Netherlands The Netherlands Cancer Institute Plesmanlaan 121 1066 CX Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ultan McDermott
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB10 1SA
| | - Mathew Garnett
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB10 1SA
| | - Lodewyk F.A. Wessels
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Cancer Genomics Netherlands The Netherlands Cancer Institute Plesmanlaan 121 1066 CX Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - René Bernards
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Cancer Genomics Netherlands The Netherlands Cancer Institute Plesmanlaan 121 1066 CX Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Abstract
Potential ionising radiation exposure scenarios are varied, but all bring risks beyond the simple issues of short-term survival. Whether accidentally exposed to a single, whole-body dose in an act of terrorism or purposefully exposed to fractionated doses as part of a therapeutic regimen, radiation exposure carries the consequence of elevated cancer risk. The long-term impact of both intentional and unintentional exposure could potentially be mitigated by treatments specifically developed to limit the mutations and precancerous replication that ensue in the wake of irradiation The development of such agents would undoubtedly require a substantial degree of in vitro testing, but in order to accurately recapitulate the complex process of radiation-induced carcinogenesis, well-understood animal models are necessary. Inbred strains of the laboratory mouse, Mus musculus, present the most logical choice due to the high number of molecular and physiological similarities they share with humans. Their small size, high rate of breeding and fully sequenced genome further increase its value for use in cancer research. This chapter will review relevant m. musculus inbred and F1 hybrid animals of radiation-induced myeloid leukemia, thymic lymphoma, breast and lung cancers. Method of cancer induction and associated molecular pathologies will also be described for each model.
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Prognostic Value of EMT-inducing Transcription Factors (EMT-TFs) in Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28587. [PMID: 27335258 PMCID: PMC4917825 DOI: 10.1038/srep28587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a vital control point in metastatic breast cancer (MBC). TWIST1, SNAIL1, SLUG, and ZEB1, as key EMT-inducing transcription factors (EMT-TFs), are involved in MBC through different signaling cascades. This updated meta-analysis was conducted to assess the correlation between the expression of EMT-TFs and prognostic value in MBC patients. A total of 3,218 MBC patients from fourteen eligible studies were evaluated. The pooled hazard ratios (HR) for EMT-TFs suggested that high EMT-TF expression was significantly associated with poor prognosis in MBC patients (HRs = 1.72; 95% confidence intervals (CIs) = 1.53–1.93; P = 0.001). In addition, the overexpression of SLUG was the most impactful on the risk of MBC compared with TWIST1 and SNAIL1, which sponsored fixed models. Strikingly, the increased risk of MBC was less associated with ZEB1 expression. However, the EMT-TF expression levels significantly increased the risk of MBC in the Asian population (HR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.70–2.62) without any publication bias (t = 1.70, P = 0.11). These findings suggest that the overexpression of potentially TWIST1, SNAIL1 and especially SLUG play a key role in the aggregation of MBC treatment as well as in the improvement of follow-up plans in Asian MBC patients.
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Sato R, Semba T, Saya H, Arima Y. Concise Review: Stem Cells and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Cancer: Biological Implications and Therapeutic Targets. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1997-2007. [PMID: 27251010 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) constitute a small subpopulation of cancer cells with stem-like properties that are able to self-renew, generate differentiated daughter cells, and give rise to heterogeneous tumor tissue. Tumor heterogeneity is a hallmark of cancer and underlies resistance to anticancer therapies and disease progression. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a reversible phenomenon that is mediated by EMT-inducing transcription factors (EMT-TFs) and plays an important role in normal organ development, wound healing, and the invasiveness of cancer cells. Recent evidence showing that overexpression of several EMT-TFs is associated with stemness in cancer cells has suggested the existence of a link between EMT and CSCs. In this review, we focus on the roles of CSCs and EMT signaling in driving tumor heterogeneity. A better understanding of the dynamics of both CSCs and EMT-TFs in the generation of tumor heterogeneity may provide a basis for the development of new treatment options for cancer patients. Stem Cells 2016;34:1997-2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Sato
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Semba
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Arima
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Sosa-García B, Vázquez-Rivera V, González-Flores JN, Engel BE, Cress WD, Santiago-Cardona PG. The Retinoblastoma Tumor Suppressor Transcriptionally Represses Pak1 in Osteoblasts. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142406. [PMID: 26555075 PMCID: PMC4640669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously characterized the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (Rb) as a regulator of adherens junction assembly and cell-to-cell adhesion in osteoblasts. This is a novel function since Rb is predominantly known as a cell cycle repressor. Herein, we characterized the molecular mechanisms by which Rb performs this function, hypothesizing that Rb controls the activity of known regulators of adherens junction assembly. We found that Rb represses the expression of the p21-activated protein kinase (Pak1), an effector of the small Rho GTPase Rac1. Rac1 is a well-known regulator of adherens junction assembly whose increased activity in cancer is linked to perturbations of intercellular adhesion. Using nuclear run-on and luciferase reporter transcription assays, we found that Pak1 repression by Rb is transcriptional, without affecting Pak1 mRNA and protein stability. Pak1 promoter bioinformatics showed multiple E2F1 binding sites within 155 base pairs of the transcriptional start site, and a Pak1-promoter region containing these E2F sites is susceptible to transcriptional inhibition by Rb. Chromatin immunoprecipitations showed that an Rb-E2F complex binds to the region of the Pak1 promoter containing the E2F1 binding sites, suggesting that Pak1 is an E2F target and that the repressive effect of Rb on Pak1 involves blocking the trans-activating capacity of E2F. A bioinformatics analysis showed elevated Pak1 expression in several solid tumors relative to adjacent normal tissue, with both Pak1 and E2F increased relative to normal tissue in breast cancer, supporting a cancer etiology for Pak1 up-regulation. Therefore, we propose that by repressing Pak1 expression, Rb prevents Rac1 hyperactivity usually associated with cancer and related to cytoskeletal derangements that disrupt cell adhesion, consequently enhancing cancer cell migratory capacity. This de-regulation of cell adhesion due to Rb loss could be part of the molecular events associated with cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Sosa-García
- Department of Basic Sciences, Biochemistry Division, Ponce Health Science University, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Viviana Vázquez-Rivera
- Department of Basic Sciences, Biochemistry Division, Ponce Health Science University, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Brienne E. Engel
- Molecular Oncology and Thoracic Oncology Departments, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - W. Douglas Cress
- Molecular Oncology and Thoracic Oncology Departments, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Pedro G. Santiago-Cardona
- Department of Basic Sciences, Biochemistry Division, Ponce Health Science University, Ponce, Puerto Rico
- * E-mail:
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Knudsen ES, McClendon AK, Franco J, Ertel A, Fortina P, Witkiewicz AK. RB loss contributes to aggressive tumor phenotypes in MYC-driven triple negative breast cancer. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:109-22. [PMID: 25602521 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.967118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by multiple genetic events occurring in concert to drive pathogenic features of the disease. Here we interrogated the coordinate impact of p53, RB, and MYC in a genetic model of TNBC, in parallel with the analysis of clinical specimens. Primary mouse mammary epithelial cells (mMEC) with defined genetic features were used to delineate the combined action of RB and/or p53 in the genesis of TNBC. In this context, the deletion of either RB or p53 alone and in combination increased the proliferation of mMEC; however, the cells did not have the capacity to invade in matrigel. Gene expression profiling revealed that loss of each tumor suppressor has effects related to proliferation, but RB loss in particular leads to alterations in gene expression associated with the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. The overexpression of MYC in combination with p53 loss or combined RB/p53 loss drove rapid cell growth. While the effects of MYC overexpression had a dominant impact on gene expression, loss of RB further enhanced the deregulation of a gene expression signature associated with invasion. Specific RB loss lead to enhanced invasion in boyden chambers assays and gave rise to tumors with minimal epithelial characteristics relative to RB-proficient models. Therapeutic screening revealed that RB-deficient cells were particularly resistant to agents targeting PI3K and MEK pathway. Consistent with the aggressive behavior of the preclinical models of MYC overexpression and RB loss, human TNBC tumors that express high levels of MYC and are devoid of RB have a particularly poor outcome. Together these results underscore the potency of tumor suppressor pathways in specifying the biology of breast cancer. Further, they demonstrate that MYC overexpression in concert with RB can promote a particularly aggressive form of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik S Knudsen
- a Simmons Cancer Center; UT Southwestern ; Dallas , TX USA
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Schaal C, Pillai S, Chellappan SP. The Rb-E2F transcriptional regulatory pathway in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 121:147-182. [PMID: 24889531 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800249-0.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein Rb plays a major role in regulating G1/S transition and is a critical regulator of cell proliferation. Rb protein exerts its growth regulatory properties mainly by physically interacting with the transcriptionally active members of the E2F transcription factor family, especially E2Fs 1, 2, and 3. Given its critical role in regulating cell proliferation, it is not surprising that Rb is inactivated in almost all tumors, either through the mutation of Rb gene itself or through the mutations of its upstream regulators including K-Ras and INK4. Recent studies have revealed a significant role for Rb and its downstream effectors, especially E2Fs, in regulating various aspects of tumor progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Thus, components of the Rb-E2F pathway have been shown to regulate the expression of genes involved in angiogenesis, including VEGF and VEGFR, genes involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition including E-cadherin and ZEB proteins, and genes involved in invasion and migration like matrix metalloproteinases. Rb has also been shown to play a major role in the functioning of normal and cancer stem cells; further, Rb and E2F appear to play a regulatory role in the energy metabolism of cancer cells. These findings raise the possibility that mutational events that initiate tumorigenesis by inducing uncontrolled cell proliferation might also contribute to the progression and metastasis of cancers through the mediation of the Rb-E2F transcriptional regulatory pathway. This review highlights these recent studies on tumor promoting functions of the Rb-E2F pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Schaal
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Smitha Pillai
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Srikumar P Chellappan
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
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Guan H, Liang W, Xie Z, Li H, Liu J, Liu L, Xiu L, Li Y. Down-regulation of miR-144 promotes thyroid cancer cell invasion by targeting ZEB1 and ZEB2. Endocrine 2015; 48:566-74. [PMID: 24968735 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0326-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, and its incidence has increased rapidly worldwide. The molecular mechanisms underlying thyroid cancer tumorigenesis still need to be further investigated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), short RNA molecules of approximately 22 nucleotides in length, play crucial roles in tumorigenesis. In the present study, we found that the expression of miR-144 was significantly down-regulated in thyroid cancer as compared with that in normal thyroid tissues, suggesting that miR-144 may be involved in thyroid cancer tumorigenesis. Moreover, our results showed that restoration of miR-144 in K1 and WRO thyroid cancer cells could suppress the invasion and migration capability of these cells. We also demonstrated that miR-144 suppressed the expression of ZEB1 and ZEB2, two E-cadherin suppressors, by directly binding to their 3'-untranslated regions. Furthermore, restoration of ZEB1 or ZEB2 partially rescued the miR-144-induced inhibition of cell invasion. These data suggest miR-144 function as a tumor suppressor in thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Guan
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
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Kahlert UD, Suwala AK, Raabe EH, Siebzehnrubl FA, Suarez MJ, Orr BA, Bar EE, Maciaczyk J, Eberhart CG. ZEB1 Promotes Invasion in Human Fetal Neural Stem Cells and Hypoxic Glioma Neurospheres. Brain Pathol 2015; 25:724-32. [PMID: 25521330 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse spread through brain parenchyma and the presence of hypoxic foci rimmed by neoplastic cells are two cardinal features of glioblastoma, and low oxygen is thought to drive movement of malignant gliomas in the core of the lesions. Transcription factors associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) have been linked to this invasion, and we found that hypoxia increased in vitro invasion up to fourfold in glioblastoma neurosphere lines and induced the expression of ZEB1. Immunohistochemical assessment of 295 surgical specimens consisting of various types of pediatric and adult brain cancers showed that ZEB1 expression was significantly higher in infiltrative lesions than less invasive tumors such as pilocytic astrocytoma and ependymoma. ZEB1 protein was also present in human fetal periventricular stem and progenitor cells and ZEB1 inhibition impaired migration of in vitro propagated human neural stem cells. The induction of ZEB1 protein in hypoxic glioblastoma neurospheres could be partially blocked by the HIF1alpha inhibitor digoxin. Targeting ZEB1 blocked hypoxia-augmented invasion of glioblastoma cells in addition to slowing them in normoxia. These data support the role for ZEB1 in invasive and high-grade brain tumors and suggest its key role in promoting invasion in the hypoxic tumor core as well as in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf D Kahlert
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Abigail K Suwala
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eric H Raabe
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Maria J Suarez
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Brent A Orr
- Anatomical Pathology, St. Jude Children Research Hospital
| | - Eli E Bar
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Jaroslaw Maciaczyk
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
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Pillai S, Trevino J, Rawal B, Singh S, Kovacs M, Li X, Schell M, Haura E, Bepler G, Chellappan S. β-arrestin-1 mediates nicotine-induced metastasis through E2F1 target genes that modulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Res 2015; 75:1009-20. [PMID: 25600647 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor in the development of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for 80% of all lung cancers. Nicotine, the major addictive component of tobacco smoke, can induce proliferation, invasion, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in NSCLC cell lines and promote metastasis of NSCLC in mice. Here, we demonstrate that the scaffolding protein β-arrestin-1 is necessary for nicotine-mediated induction of mesenchymal genes vimentin and fibronectin as well as EMT regulators ZEB1 and ZEB2. Nicotine induced changes in cell morphology and ablate tight junctions consistent with EMT; β-arrestin-1, but not β-arrestin-2, was required for these changes. β-Arrestin-1 promoted the expression of the mesenchymal genes, as well as ZEB1 and ZEB2, through the mediation of the E2F1 transcription factor; this required Src kinase activity. Stimulation of multiple NSCLC cell lines with nicotine led to enhanced recruitment of β-arrestin-1 and E2F1 on vimentin, fibronectin, and ZEB1 and ZEB2 promoters. Furthermore, there was significantly more β-arrestin-1 and E2F1 associated with these promoters in human NSCLC tumors, and β-arrestin-1 levels correlated with vimentin and fibronectin levels in human NSCLC samples. A549-luciferase cells lacking β-arrestin-1 showed a significantly reduced capacity for tumor growth and metastasis when orthotopically implanted into the lungs of SCID-beige mice. Taken together, these studies reveal a novel role for β-arrestin-1 in the growth and metastasis of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Pillai
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jose Trevino
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Sandeep Singh
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Michelle Kovacs
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Xueli Li
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Michael Schell
- Department of Biostatistics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampla, Florida
| | - Eric Haura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Gerold Bepler
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Srikumar Chellappan
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
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Engel BE, Cress WD, Santiago-Cardona PG. THE RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN: A MASTER TUMOR SUPPRESSOR ACTS AS A LINK BETWEEN CELL CYCLE AND CELL ADHESION. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:1-10. [PMID: 28090172 DOI: 10.2147/chc.s28079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RB1 was the first tumor suppressor gene discovered. Over four decades of work have revealed that the Rb protein (pRb) is a master regulator of biological pathways influencing virtually every aspect of intrinsic cell fate including cell growth, cell-cycle checkpoints, differentiation, senescence, self-renewal, replication, genomic stability and apoptosis. While these many processes may account for a significant portion of RB1's potency as a tumor suppressor, a small, but growing stream of evidence suggests that RB1 also significantly influences how a cell interacts with its environment, including cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions. This review will highlight pRb's role in the control of cell adhesion and how alterations in the adhesive properties of tumor cells may drive the deadly process of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Engel
- Molecular Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - W D Cress
- Molecular Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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Liu Y, Lu X, Huang L, Wang W, Jiang G, Dean KC, Clem B, Telang S, Jenson AB, Cuatrecasas M, Chesney J, Darling DS, Postigo A, Dean DC. Different thresholds of ZEB1 are required for Ras-mediated tumour initiation and metastasis. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5660. [PMID: 25434817 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras pathway mutation is frequent in carcinomas where it induces expression of the transcriptional repressor ZEB1. Although ZEB1 is classically linked to epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumour metastasis, it has an emerging second role in generation of cancer-initiating cells. Here we show that Ras induction of ZEB1 is required for tumour initiation in a lung cancer model, and we link this function to repression Pten, whose loss is critical for emergence of cancer-initiating cells. These two roles for ZEB1 in tumour progression can be distinguished by their requirement for different levels of ZEB1. A lower threshold of ZEB1 is sufficient for cancer initiation, whereas further induction is necessary for tumour metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Liu
- 1] Molecular Targets Program, James Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA [2] Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA [3] Birth Defects Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Li Huang
- 1] Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA [2] College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zejiang University, Zejiang 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Guomin Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Kevin C Dean
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Brian Clem
- Molecular Targets Program, James Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Sucheta Telang
- Molecular Targets Program, James Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Alfred B Jenson
- Molecular Targets Program, James Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Miriam Cuatrecasas
- 1] Department of Pathology, Centro de Diagnóstico Biomédico (CDB) Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain [2] Tumor Bank-Biobank, IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Jason Chesney
- Molecular Targets Program, James Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Douglas S Darling
- Department of Periodontics, Endodontics, and Dental Hygiene, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Antonio Postigo
- 1] Molecular Targets Program, James Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA [2] Group of Transcriptional Regulation of Gene Expression, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain [3] ICREA, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Douglas C Dean
- 1] Molecular Targets Program, James Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA [2] Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA [3] Birth Defects Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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Miyahara S, Hamasaki M, Hamatake D, Yamashita SI, Shiraishi T, Iwasaki A, Nabeshima K. Clinicopathological analysis of pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung: diffuse ZEB1 expression predicts poor survival. Lung Cancer 2014; 87:39-44. [PMID: 25479687 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pleomorphic carcinoma (PC) of the lung is a rare epithelial tumor. The clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic factors of PC are controversial. The information on the ZEB1 gene, which crucially impacts survival of patients with other malignant tumors, is limited for PC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinicopathological characteristics of 62 patients with PC were investigated in this study. Associations between immunohistochemical expression of ZEB1 and clinical factors, including patient prognosis, were examined. The patient population consisted of 51 (82.2%) men and 11 (17.8%) women, with a mean age of 65.5 years (range, 31-81 years). RESULTS The overall survival rate of the 42 patients, for whom follow-up was available, was 68.3% at 5 years. Using TNM criteria, 7 (11.3%), 11 (17.7%), 3 (4.8%), 21 (33.8%), 15 (24.2%), 2 (3.2%), and 3 (4.8%) patients were classified under pathological stage IA, IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB and IV carcinomas, respectively. Fifteen (24.1%) patients had tumors consisting entirely of spindle and giant cells (PC component). The other 47 (75.8%) cancers contained additional carcinoma components (i.e., adenocarcinoma (34/62, 54.8%), squamous cell carcinoma (7/62, 11.3%), adenosquamous carcinoma (4/62, 6.5%) and large cell carcinoma (2/62, 3.2%)). Four of 7 (57.1%) stage IA (<20mm) tumors consisted only of spindle and giant cells. ZEB1 expression was observed only in the PC component. Diffuse expression of ZEB1, was defined as positive nuclear staining in ≥75% of cancer cells, and was found in the PC component in 12 patients. Multivariate analysis revealed that lymph node metastasis, pleural invasion, and diffuse ZEB1 expression in the PC component predicted poorer disease-specific survival (p=0.007, 0.022, and 0.016, respectively). CONCLUSION This is the first report to indicate that ZEB1 may be used as an immunohistochemical prognosticator of PC, which may be useful for histological assessment of PC in biopsy and surgical specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Miyahara
- Department of Pathology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine and Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of General Thoracic, Breast and Pediatric Surgery, Fukuoka University School of Medicine and Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Hamasaki
- Department of Pathology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine and Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hamatake
- Department of General Thoracic, Breast and Pediatric Surgery, Fukuoka University School of Medicine and Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Yamashita
- Department of General Thoracic, Breast and Pediatric Surgery, Fukuoka University School of Medicine and Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shiraishi
- Department of General Thoracic, Breast and Pediatric Surgery, Fukuoka University School of Medicine and Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akinori Iwasaki
- Department of General Thoracic, Breast and Pediatric Surgery, Fukuoka University School of Medicine and Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nabeshima
- Department of Pathology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine and Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Omidvar R, Tafazzoli-shadpour M, Shokrgozar MA, Rostami M. Atomic force microscope-based single cell force spectroscopy of breast cancer cell lines: An approach for evaluating cellular invasion. J Biomech 2014; 47:3373-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Tania M, Khan MA, Fu J. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition inducing transcription factors and metastatic cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:7335-42. [PMID: 24880591 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2163-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important step for the developmental process. Recent evidences support that EMT allows the tumor cells to acquire invasive properties and to develop metastatic growth characteristics. Some of the transcription factors, which are actively involved in EMT process, have a significant role in the EMT-metastasis linkage. A number of studies have reported that EMT-inducing transcription factors (EMT-TFs), such as Twist, Snail, Slug, and Zeb, are directly or indirectly involved in cancer cell metastasis through a different signaling cascades, including the Akt, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Wnt pathways, with the ultimate consequence of the downregulation of E-cadherin and upregulation of metastatic proteins, such as N-cadherin, vimentin, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, etc. This review summarizes the update information on the association of EMT-TFs with cancer metastasis and the possible cancer therapeutics via targeting the EMT-TFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Tania
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China,
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Hosonaga M, Arima Y, Sugihara E, Kohno N, Saya H. Expression of CD24 is associated with HER2 expression and supports HER2-Akt signaling in HER2-positive breast cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:779-87. [PMID: 24754246 PMCID: PMC4317915 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer is treated with HER2-targeted agents, such as trastuzumab and lapatinib, that suppress signaling by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt and MAPK pathways. However, resistance to HER2-targeted therapy remains a major clinical problem. Overexpression of CD24 has been detected in many cancers and is associated with a poor prognosis in women with breast cancer. HER2-positive breast tumors are predominantly positive for CD24, suggesting that the expression of the two molecules is related. To investigate the relation between HER2 and CD24, we overexpressed HER2 in breast cancer cells that were triple-negative for the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and HER2. We found that expression of CD24 was increased by stable overexpression of HER2. Flow cytometry thus revealed that the percentage of CD24-positive cells was markedly higher in the HER2-positive fraction than in the HER2-negative fraction. Knockdown of CD24 in breast cancer cells positive for endogenous HER2 downregulated HER2 expression, whereas knockdown of HER2 did not affect the expression of CD24. Knockdown of CD24 also suppressed the phosphorylation of Akt, which functions downstream of HER2 and PI3K to promote cell survival. Moreover, knockdown of CD24 increased the sensitivity of HER2-positive breast cancer cells to lapatinib treatment. Our results thus indicate that CD24 supports both the expression of HER2 and the consequent activation of PI3K-Akt signaling. Furthermore, CD24 may contribute to resistance to HER2-targeted therapy and, therefore, is itself a potential therapeutic target in HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Hosonaga
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Breast Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Yang J, Du X, Wang G, Sun Y, Chen K, Zhu X, Lazar AJF, Hunt KK, Pollock RE, Zhang W. Mesenchymal to epithelial transition in sarcomas. Eur J Cancer 2014; 50:593-601. [PMID: 24291235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) in carcinomas has been proposed to promote the growth of epithelial tumour cells at distant sites during metastasis. MET has also been suggested as an important biological and clinical process in mesenchymal tumors, sarcomas. Here we review studies on MET in sarcomas, including molecular markers, signalling mechanisms, regulation by micro RNAs and therapeutic implications. Accumulating evidences suggest that deeper investigation and understanding of MET in sarcomas would shed light on the pathogenesis of sarcomas and might lead to identification of potential clinical biomarkers for prognosis and targets for sarcoma therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilong Yang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors, National Clinical Cancer Research Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
| | - Xiaoling Du
- Department of Diagnostics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China.
| | - Guowen Wang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
| | - Kexin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
| | - Xiongzeng Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Alexander J F Lazar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Kelly K Hunt
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Raphael E Pollock
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Wen FC, Chang TW, Tseng YL, Lee JC, Chang MC. hRAD9 functions as a tumor suppressor by inducing p21-dependent senescence and suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition through inhibition of Slug transcription. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1481-90. [PMID: 24403312 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) have opposing roles in tumor progression, in that, one is a barrier against tumorigenesis, whereas the other is required for invasive malignancies. Here, we report that the DNA damage response (DDR) protein hRAD9 contributes to induction of senescence and inhibition of EMT. Our data show that hRAD9 is frequently downregulated in breast and lung cancers. Loss of hRAD9 expression is associated with tumor stage in breast and lung cancers, as well as with acquisition of an invasive phenotype. Ectopic hRAD9 expression in highly invasive cancer cell lines, H1299 and MDA-MB 231, with low endogenous hRAD9 induced senescence by upregulation of nuclear p21, independent of the p53 status. Ectopic expression of hRAD9 also significantly attenuated cellular migration and invasion in vitro and tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model in vivo. In contrast, silencing hRAD9 in lower invasive cancer cell lines, A549 and MCF7, with high endogenous hRAD9 dramatically increased their migration and invasion abilities, and simultaneously activated EMT. Knockdown of hRAD9 increased, whereas ectopic expression of hRAD9 decreased, the expression of Slug. Moreover, hRAD9 directly bound to the promoter region of slug gene and repressed its transcriptional activity. Taken together, these results suggest that hRAD9 is a potential tumor suppressor in breast and lung cancers and that it is likely to function by upregulating p21 and inhibiting Slug to regulate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Chih Wen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Wang Chang
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan 70101, Taiwan and
| | - Yau-Lin Tseng
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan 70101, Taiwan and
| | - Janq-Chang Lee
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan 70101, Taiwan and
| | - Ming-Chung Chang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, Department of Nutrition, College of Medicine and Nursing, Hung Kuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
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45
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Takeyama H, Manome Y, Fujioka K, Tabei I, Nogi H, Toriumi Y, Kato K, Kamio M, Imawari Y, Kinoshita S, Akiba N, Uchida K, Morikawa T. An Extracellular Matrix Molecule, Secreted by the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition is Associated With Lymph Node Metastasis of Thyroid Papillary Carcinoma. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2014; 12:e10748. [PMID: 24696692 PMCID: PMC3960592 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.10748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papillary thyroid carcinoma often has lymph node metastasis, compared with follicular thyroid carcinoma. The study showed that epithelial-mesenchymal transition occurs in carcinoma cells during the first stage of metastasis, where some extracellular matrix molecules are secreted in large quantities. Sialic acid carried by fibronectin as the antigen of the monoclonal antibody (MoAb) JT-95, was detected in 90% of papillary thyroid carcinoma cases, and in a few follicular thyroid carcinomas, in the extracellular matrix of thyroid carcinoma cells. OBJECTIVES The current study was conducted to investigate the association between increasing the number of extracellular matrix molecules, fibronectin, and lymph node metastasis. We also co-cultured a thyroid carcinoma cell line and lymphocyte cell line, with and without MoAb JT-95, in order to investigate the mechanism of cell to cell interaction. PATIENTS AND METHODS Immunostaining with JT-95 was performed in 45 papillary thyroid carcinoma cases, and 20 follicular type tumors, to investigate the association between the quantity of fibronectin expression and the frequency of lymph node metastasis. The thyroid carcinoma cell line (SW1736), which secreted fibronectin, and the B cell-lymphoma cell line (Daudi), which held integrin on the cell surface, were co-cultured to observe the adhesion of cells to each other. The SW1736 cell line, pretreated with JT-95, was also co-cultured with the Daudi cell line. RESULTS There were 39 cases with lymph node metastasis in 59 malignant tumors, and 0 cases in 6 benign follicular type tumors. The staining scores by JT-95 of the 39 tumors with lymph node metastasis were 5+ in eight cases and 6+ in 31 cases. On the other hand, the scores of 20 malignant tumors without lymph node metastasis were < 4+ in all of the cases. In the co-cultured assay, numerous adhesions were observed between the SW1736 and Daudi cells. In contrast, the inhibition of adherences was observed in proportion to the concentrations of JT-95. CONCLUSIONS Increased fibronectin expression in thyroid malignancies is correlated with lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takeyama
- Department of Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Corresponding author: Hiroshi Takeyama, Department of Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8,105-8461, Tokyo, Japan. Tel.: +1-81-3-3433-1111, Fax: +1-81-3-5472-4140, E-mail:
| | - Yoshinobu Manome
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouki Fujioka
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Tabei
- Department of Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yasuo Toriumi
- Department of Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Kato
- Department of Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makiko Kamio
- Department of Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Imawari
- Department of Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoki Kinoshita
- Department of Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoshi Akiba
- Department of Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Uchida
- Department of Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Morikawa
- Department of Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Liu Y, Sánchez-Tilló E, Lu X, Huang L, Clem B, Telang S, Jenson AB, Cuatrecasas M, Chesney J, Postigo A, Dean DC. The ZEB1 transcription factor acts in a negative feedback loop with miR200 downstream of Ras and Rb1 to regulate Bmi1 expression. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:4116-25. [PMID: 24371144 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.533505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras mutations are frequent in cancer cells where they drive proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. However in primary cells, mutant Ras instead can cause oncogene-induced senescence, a tumor suppressor function linked to repression of the polycomb factor Bmi1, which normally regulates cell cycle inhibitory cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (cdki). It is unclear how Ras causes repression of Bmi1 in primary cells to suppress tumor formation while inducing the gene in cancer cells to drive tumor progression. Ras also induces the EMT transcription factor ZEB1 to trigger tumor invasion and metastasis. Beyond its well-documented role in EMT, ZEB1 is important for maintaining repression of cdki. Indeed, heterozygous mutation of ZEB1 is sufficient for elevated cdki expression, leading to premature senescence of primary cells. A similar phenotype is evident with Bmi1 mutation. We show that activation of Rb1 in response to mutant Ras causes dominant repression of ZEB1 in primary cells, but loss of the Rb1 pathway is a hallmark of cancer cells and in the absence of such Rb1 repression Ras induces ZEB1 in cancer cells. ZEB1 represses miR-200 in the context of a mutual repression loop. Because miR-200 represses Bmi1, induction of ZEB1 leads to induction of Bmi1. Rb1 pathway status then dictates the opposing effects of mutant Ras on the ZEB1-miR-200 loop in primary versus cancer cells. This loop not only triggers EMT, surprisingly we show it acts downstream of Ras to regulate Bmi1 expression and thus the critical decision between oncogene-induced senescence and tumor initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Liu
- From the Molecular Targets Program, James Brown Cancer Center
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Pirinen E, Soini Y. A survey of zeb1, twist and claudin 1 and 4 expression during placental development and disease. APMIS 2013; 122:530-8. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elina Pirinen
- Imaging Center; Clinical Pathology; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
| | - Ylermi Soini
- Imaging Center; Clinical Pathology; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
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48
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Kim KJ, Godarova A, Seedle K, Kim MH, Ince TA, Wells SI, Driscoll JJ, Godar S. Rb suppresses collective invasion, circulation and metastasis of breast cancer cells in CD44-dependent manner. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80590. [PMID: 24324613 PMCID: PMC3851742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal-like breast carcinomas (BLCs) present with extratumoral lymphovascular invasion, are highly metastatic, presumably through a hematogenous route, have augmented expression of CD44 oncoprotein and relatively low levels of retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor. However, the causal relation among these features is not clear. Here, we show that Rb acts as a key suppressor of multiple stages of metastatic progression. Firstly, Rb suppresses collective cell migration (CCM) and CD44-dependent formation of F-actin positive protrusions in vitro and cell-cluster based lymphovascular invasion in vivo. Secondly, Rb inhibits the release of single cancer cells and cell clusters into the hematogenous circulation and subsequent metastatic growth in lungs. Finally, CD44 expression is required for collective motility and all subsequent stages of metastatic progression initiated by loss of Rb function. Altogether, our results suggest that Rb/CD44 pathway is a crucial regulator of CCM and metastatic progression of BLCs and a promising target for anti-BLCs therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/genetics
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/secondary
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Hyaluronan Receptors/genetics
- Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/metabolism
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/pathology
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Retinoblastoma Protein/antagonists & inhibitors
- Retinoblastoma Protein/genetics
- Retinoblastoma Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui-Jin Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Alzbeta Godarova
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kari Seedle
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Min-Ho Kim
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tan A. Ince
- Department of Pathology, Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Susanne I. Wells
- Division of Oncology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - James J. Driscoll
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Samuel Godar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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KLF5 activates microRNA 200 transcription to maintain epithelial characteristics and prevent induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in epithelial cells. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:4919-35. [PMID: 24126055 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00787-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
KLF5 is an essential basic transcriptional factor that regulates a number of physiopathological processes. In this study, we tested whether and how KLF5 modulates the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Using transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)- and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-treated epithelial cells as an established model of EMT, we found that KLF5 was downregulated during EMT and that knockdown of KLF5 induced EMT even in the absence of TGF-β and EGF treatment, as indicated by phenotypic and molecular EMT properties. Array-based screening suggested and biochemical analyses confirmed that the microRNA 200 (miR-200) microRNAs, a group of well-established EMT repressors, were transcriptionally activated by KLF5 via its direct binding to the GC boxes in miR-200 gene promoters. Functionally, overexpression of miR-200 prevented the EMT induced by KLF5 knockdown or by TGF-β and EGF treatment, and ectopic expression of KLF5 attenuated TGF-β- and EGF-induced EMT by rescuing the expression of miR-200. In mouse prostates, knockout of Klf5 downregulated the miR-200 family and induced molecular changes indicative of EMT. These findings indicate that KLF5 maintains epithelial characteristics and prevents EMT by transcriptionally activating the miR-200 family in epithelial cells.
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50
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Direct RNA sequencing mediated identification of mRNA localized in protrusions of human MDA-MB-231 metastatic breast cancer cells. J Mol Signal 2013; 8:9. [PMID: 24004954 PMCID: PMC3844448 DOI: 10.1186/1750-2187-8-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Protrusions of cancer cells conferrers a vital function for cell migration and metastasis. Protein and RNA localization mechanisms have been extensively examined and shown to play pivotal roles for the functional presence of specific protein components in cancer cell protrusions. Methods To describe genome wide RNA localized in protrusions of the metastatic human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 we used Boyden chamber based methodology followed by direct mRNA sequencing. Results In the hereby identified group of protrusion localized mRNA some previously were described to be localized exemplified by mRNA for Ras-Related protein 13 (RAB13) and p0071 (Plakophilin-4/PKP4). For other transcripts, exemplified by mRNA for SH3PXD2A/TKS5 and PPFIA1/Liprin-α1, only the corresponding proteins previously were described to have protrusion localization. Finally, a cohort of MDA-MB-231 protrusion localized transcripts represents novel candidates to mediate cancer cell subcellular region specific functions through mRNA direction to protrusions. We included a further characterization of p0071, an armadillo repeat protein of adherence junctions and desmosomes, in MDA-MB-231 and non-metastatic MCF7 cells including analysis of novel identified alternative spliced p0071 mRNA isoforms. The results showed isoform and cell type specific p0071 mRNA localization. Conclusions Altogether, the presented data represents a genome wide and gene specific descriptive and functional analyses of RNA localization in protrusions of MDA-MB-231 metastatic cancer cells.
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