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He M, Zhou X, Wang X. Glycosylation: mechanisms, biological functions and clinical implications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:194. [PMID: 39098853 PMCID: PMC11298558 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01886-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein post-translational modification (PTM) is a covalent process that occurs in proteins during or after translation through the addition or removal of one or more functional groups, and has a profound effect on protein function. Glycosylation is one of the most common PTMs, in which polysaccharides are transferred to specific amino acid residues in proteins by glycosyltransferases. A growing body of evidence suggests that glycosylation is essential for the unfolding of various functional activities in organisms, such as playing a key role in the regulation of protein function, cell adhesion and immune escape. Aberrant glycosylation is also closely associated with the development of various diseases. Abnormal glycosylation patterns are closely linked to the emergence of various health conditions, including cancer, inflammation, autoimmune disorders, and several other diseases. However, the underlying composition and structure of the glycosylated residues have not been determined. It is imperative to fully understand the internal structure and differential expression of glycosylation, and to incorporate advanced detection technologies to keep the knowledge advancing. Investigations on the clinical applications of glycosylation focused on sensitive and promising biomarkers, development of more effective small molecule targeted drugs and emerging vaccines. These studies provide a new area for novel therapeutic strategies based on glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan He
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 251006, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 251006, China.
- Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
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2
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Szabó E, Faragó A, Bodor G, Gémes N, Puskás LG, Kovács L, Szebeni GJ. Identification of immune subsets with distinct lectin binding signatures using multi-parameter flow cytometry: correlations with disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1380481. [PMID: 38774868 PMCID: PMC11106380 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1380481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Cell surface glycosylation can influence protein-protein interactions with particular relevance to changes in core fucosylation and terminal sialylation. Glycans are ligands for immune regulatory lectin families like galectins (Gals) or sialic acid immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs). This study delves into the glycan alterations within immune subsets of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods Evaluation of binding affinities of Galectin-1, Galectin-3, Siglec-1, Aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL, recognizing core fucosylation), and Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA, specific for α-2,6-sialylation) was conducted on various immune subsets in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from control and SLE subjects. Lectin binding was measured by multi-parameter flow cytometry in 18 manually gated subsets of T-cells, NK-cells, NKT-cells, B-cells, and monocytes in unstimulated resting state and also after 3-day activation. Stimulated pre-gated populations were subsequently clustered by FlowSOM algorithm based on lectin binding and activation markers, CD25 or HLA-DR. Results Elevated AAL, SNA and CD25+/CD25- SNA binding ratio in certain stimulated SLE T-cell subsets correlated with SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K) scores. The significantly increased frequencies of activated AALlow Siglec-1low NK metaclusters in SLE also correlated with SLEDAI-2K indices. In SLE, activated double negative NKTs displayed significantly lower core fucosylation and CD25+/CD25- Siglec-1 binding ratio, negatively correlating with disease activity. The significantly enhanced AAL binding in resting SLE plasmablasts positively correlated with SLEDAI-2K scores. Conclusion Alterations in the glycosylation of immune cells in SLE correlate with disease severity, which might represent potential implications in the pathogenesis of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enikő Szabó
- Institute of Genetics, Laboratory of Functional Genomics, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
- Core Facility, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anna Faragó
- Astridbio Technologies Ltd, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Medical Sciences, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergely Bodor
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Medical School and Health Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Gémes
- Institute of Genetics, Laboratory of Functional Genomics, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
- Core Facility, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László G. Puskás
- Institute of Genetics, Laboratory of Functional Genomics, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
- Core Facility, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Kovács
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Medical School and Health Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor J. Szebeni
- Institute of Genetics, Laboratory of Functional Genomics, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
- Core Facility, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Astridbio Technologies Ltd, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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3
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Niang DGM, Gaba FM, Diouf A, Hendricks J, Diallo RN, Niang MDS, Mbengue B, Dieye A. Galectin-3 as a biomarker in breast neoplasms: Mechanisms and applications in patient care. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1041-1052. [PMID: 36125083 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5mr0822-673r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a member of the lectin family encoded by the LGALS3 gene on chromosome 14. It is secreted by a wide range of immune cells and mammary tumor cells. Through its activity on the tumor microenvironment, in particular on tumor-infiltrating leukocytes, galectin-3 improves the proliferation, survival, and colonizing ability of mammary neoplastic cells. Consequently, galectin-3 expression in the tumor microenvironment could worsen therapeutic outcomes of breast neoplasms and become a biomarker and a therapeutic target in combined immunotherapy in breast neoplasms. There is a limited amount of information that is available on galectin-3 in breast cancer in Africa. In this review, we analyze how galectin-3 influences the tumor microenvironment and its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target in breast neoplasms. We aim to emphasize the significance of investigating galectin-3 in breast neoplasms in Africa based on the results of studies conducted elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doudou Georges Massar Niang
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Folly Mawulolo Gaba
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Adame Diouf
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Jacobus Hendricks
- Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, Limpopo province, South Africa
| | - Rokhaya Ndiaye Diallo
- Division of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Maguette Deme Sylla Niang
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Babacar Mbengue
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Alioune Dieye
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
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4
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N-glycosylation of cervicovaginal fluid reflects microbial community, immune activity, and pregnancy status. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16948. [PMID: 36216861 PMCID: PMC9551102 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) is a complex, functionally important and glycan rich biological fluid, fundamental in mediating physiological events associated with reproductive health. Using a comprehensive glycomic strategy we reveal an extremely rich and complex N-glycome in CVF of pregnant and non-pregnant women, abundant in paucimannose and high mannose glycans, complex glycans with 2-4 N-Acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) antennae, and Poly-LacNAc glycans decorated with fucosylation and sialylation. N-glycosylation profiles were observed to differ in relation to pregnancy status, microbial composition, immune activation, and pregnancy outcome. Compared to CVF from women experiencing term birth, CVF from women who subsequently experienced preterm birth showed lower sialylation, which correlated to the presence of a diverse microbiome, and higher fucosylation, which correlated positively to pro-inflammatory cytokine concentration. This study is the first step towards better understanding the role of cervicovaginal glycans in reproductive health, their contribution to the mechanism of microbial driven preterm birth, and their potential for preventative therapy.
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Chen Q, Zhang Y, Zhang K, Liu J, Pan H, Wang X, Li S, Hu D, Lin Z, Zhao Y, Hou G, Guan F, Li H, Liu S, Ren Y. Profiling the Bisecting N-acetylglucosamine Modification in Amniotic Membrane via Mass Spectrometry. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2022; 20:648-656. [PMID: 35123071 PMCID: PMC9880894 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), a GlcNAc linked to the core β-mannose residue via a β1,4 linkage, is a special type of N-glycosylation that has been reported to be involved in various biological processes, such as cell adhesion and fetal development. This N-glycan structure is abundant in human trophoblasts, which is postulated to be resistant to natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, enabling a mother to nourish a fetus without rejection. In this study, we hypothesized that the human amniotic membrane, which serves as the last barrier for the fetus, may also express bisected-type glycans. To test this hypothesis, glycomic analysis of the human amniotic membrane was performed, and bisected N-glycans were detected. Furthermore, our proteomic data, which have been previously employed to explore human missing proteins, were analyzed and the presence of bisecting GlcNAc-modified peptides was confirmed. A total of 41 glycoproteins with 43 glycopeptides were found to possess a bisecting GlcNAc, and 25 of these glycoproteins were reported to exhibit this type of modification for the first time. These results provide insights into the potential roles of bisecting GlcNAc modification in the human amniotic membrane, and can be beneficial to functional studies on glycoproteins with bisecting GlcNAc modifications and functional studies on immune suppression in human placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jie Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | | | | | - Siqi Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Dandan Hu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | | | - Yun Zhao
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | | | - Feng Guan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Glycobiology and Medical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Hong Li
- Shenzhen Seventh People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518081, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China,Corresponding authors.
| | - Yan Ren
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China,Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China,Corresponding authors.
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6
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Schumann B, Malaker SA, Wisnovsky SP, Debets MF, Agbay AJ, Fernandez D, Wagner LJS, Lin L, Li Z, Choi J, Fox DM, Peh J, Gray MA, Pedram K, Kohler JJ, Mrksich M, Bertozzi CR. Bump-and-Hole Engineering Identifies Specific Substrates of Glycosyltransferases in Living Cells. Mol Cell 2020. [PMID: 32325029 DOI: 10.1016/jmolcel.2020.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Studying posttranslational modifications classically relies on experimental strategies that oversimplify the complex biosynthetic machineries of living cells. Protein glycosylation contributes to essential biological processes, but correlating glycan structure, underlying protein, and disease-relevant biosynthetic regulation is currently elusive. Here, we engineer living cells to tag glycans with editable chemical functionalities while providing information on biosynthesis, physiological context, and glycan fine structure. We introduce a non-natural substrate biosynthetic pathway and use engineered glycosyltransferases to incorporate chemically tagged sugars into the cell surface glycome of the living cell. We apply the strategy to a particularly redundant yet disease-relevant human glycosyltransferase family, the polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferases. This approach bestows a gain-of-chemical-functionality modification on cells, where the products of individual glycosyltransferases can be selectively characterized or manipulated to understand glycan contribution to major physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Schumann
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chemical Glycobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, W12 0BZ London, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Fernandez
- Stanford ChEM-H Macromolecular Structure Knowledge Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Liang Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Zhen Li
- Chemical Glycobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, W12 0BZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Junwon Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Jessie Peh
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Melissa Anne Gray
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kayvon Pedram
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer Jean Kohler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Milan Mrksich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Carolyn Ruth Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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7
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Schumann B, Malaker SA, Wisnovsky SP, Debets MF, Agbay AJ, Fernandez D, Wagner LJS, Lin L, Li Z, Choi J, Fox DM, Peh J, Gray MA, Pedram K, Kohler JJ, Mrksich M, Bertozzi CR. Bump-and-Hole Engineering Identifies Specific Substrates of Glycosyltransferases in Living Cells. Mol Cell 2020; 78:824-834.e15. [PMID: 32325029 PMCID: PMC7276986 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Studying posttranslational modifications classically relies on experimental strategies that oversimplify the complex biosynthetic machineries of living cells. Protein glycosylation contributes to essential biological processes, but correlating glycan structure, underlying protein, and disease-relevant biosynthetic regulation is currently elusive. Here, we engineer living cells to tag glycans with editable chemical functionalities while providing information on biosynthesis, physiological context, and glycan fine structure. We introduce a non-natural substrate biosynthetic pathway and use engineered glycosyltransferases to incorporate chemically tagged sugars into the cell surface glycome of the living cell. We apply the strategy to a particularly redundant yet disease-relevant human glycosyltransferase family, the polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferases. This approach bestows a gain-of-chemical-functionality modification on cells, where the products of individual glycosyltransferases can be selectively characterized or manipulated to understand glycan contribution to major physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Schumann
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chemical Glycobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, W12 0BZ London, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Fernandez
- Stanford ChEM-H Macromolecular Structure Knowledge Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Liang Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Zhen Li
- Chemical Glycobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, W12 0BZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Junwon Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Jessie Peh
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Melissa Anne Gray
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kayvon Pedram
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer Jean Kohler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Milan Mrksich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Carolyn Ruth Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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8
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Vuong L, Kouverianou E, Rooney CM, McHugh BJ, Howie SEM, Gregory CD, Forbes SJ, Henderson NC, Zetterberg FR, Nilsson UJ, Leffler H, Ford P, Pedersen A, Gravelle L, Tantawi S, Schambye H, Sethi T, MacKinnon AC. An Orally Active Galectin-3 Antagonist Inhibits Lung Adenocarcinoma Growth and Augments Response to PD-L1 Blockade. Cancer Res 2019; 79:1480-1492. [PMID: 30674531 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A combination therapy approach is required to improve tumor immune infiltration and patient response to immune checkpoint inhibitors that target negative regulatory receptors. Galectin-3 is a β-galactoside-binding lectin that is highly expressed within the tumor microenvironment of aggressive cancers and whose expression correlates with poor survival particularly in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To examine the role of galectin-3 inhibition in NSCLC, we tested the effects of galectin-3 depletion using genetic and pharmacologic approaches on syngeneic mouse lung adenocarcinoma and human lung adenocarcinoma xenografts. Galectin-3-/- mice developed significantly smaller and fewer tumors and metastases than syngeneic C57/Bl6 wild-type mice. Macrophage ablation retarded tumor growth, whereas reconstitution with galectin-3-positive bone marrow restored tumor growth in galectin-3-/- mice, indicating that macrophages were a major driver of the antitumor response. Oral administration of a novel small molecule galectin-3 inhibitor GB1107 reduced human and mouse lung adenocarcinoma growth and blocked metastasis in the syngeneic model. Treatment with GB1107 increased tumor M1 macrophage polarization and CD8+ T-cell infiltration. Moreover, GB1107 potentiated the effects of a PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitor to increase expression of cytotoxic (IFNγ, granzyme B, perforin-1, Fas ligand) and apoptotic (cleaved caspase-3) effector molecules. In summary, galectin-3 is an important regulator of lung adenocarcinoma progression. The novel galectin-3 inhibitor presented could provide an effective, nontoxic monotherapy or be used in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors to boost immune infiltration and responses in lung adenocarcinoma and potentially other aggressive cancers. SIGNIFICANCE: A novel and orally active galectin-3 antagonist inhibits lung adenocarcinoma growth and metastasis and augments response to PD-L1 blockade.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/79/7/1480/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Vuong
- Department of Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Science, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Kouverianou
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Claire M Rooney
- Department of Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Science, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian J McHugh
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E M Howie
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher D Gregory
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neil C Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ulf J Nilsson
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hakon Leffler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section MIG, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Paul Ford
- Galecto Biotech, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Tariq Sethi
- Department of Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Science, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison C MacKinnon
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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9
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Lomax-Browne HJ, Robertson C, Antonopoulos A, Leathem AJC, Haslam SM, Dell A, Dwek MV. Serum IgA1 shows increased levels of α2,6-linked sialic acid in breast cancer. Interface Focus 2019; 9:20180079. [PMID: 30842877 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2018.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The lectin Helix pomatia agglutinin (HPA) recognizes altered glycosylation in solid cancers and the identification of HPA binding partners in tumour tissue and serum is an important aim. Among the many HPA binding proteins, IgA1 has been reported to be the most abundant in liver metastases. In this study, the glycosylation of IgA1 was evaluated using serum samples from patients with breast cancer (BCa) and the utility of IgA1 glycosylation as a biomarker was assessed. Detailed mass spectrometric structural analysis showed an increase in disialo-biantennary N-linked glycans on IgA1 from BCa patients (p < 0.0001: non-core fucosylated; p = 0.0345: core fucosylated) and increased asialo-Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (TF) and disialo-TF antigens in the O-linked glycan preparations from IgA1 of cancer patients compared with healthy control individuals. An increase in Sambucus nigra binding was observed, suggestive of increased α2,6-linked sialic acid on IgA1 in BCa. Logistic regression analysis showed HPA binding to IgA1 and tumour size to be significant independent predictors of distant metastases (χ 2 13.359; n = 114; p = 0.020) with positive and negative predictive values of 65.7% and 64.6%, respectively. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumour tissue samples showed IgA1 to be detectable in BCa tissue. This report provides a detailed analysis of serum IgA1 glycosylation in BCa and illustrates the potential utility of IgA1 glycosylation as a biomarker for BCa prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Lomax-Browne
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Claire Robertson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Aristotelis Antonopoulos
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Anthony J C Leathem
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Miriam V Dwek
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK
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10
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Poiroux G, Barre A, Simplicien M, Pelofy S, Segui B, Van Damme EJM, Rougé P, Benoist H. Morniga-G, a T/Tn-Specific Lectin, Induces Leukemic Cell Death via Caspase and DR5 Receptor-Dependent Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010230. [PMID: 30626136 PMCID: PMC6337360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Morniga-G, the Gal-specific black mulberry (Morus nigra) lectin, displays high affinity for T (CD176) and Tn (CD175) antigens, frequently expressed at the cancer cell surface. The effects of Morniga-G were investigated on a Tn-positive leukemic Jurkat cell line. The lectin, used in a concentration range between 5⁻20 μg/mL, induced cell death in leukemic Jurkat cells. Microscopic and cytofluorometric analyses indicated that Jurkat cell death was essentially apoptotic, associated with an increase in the ceramide content and a depolarization of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential. This lectin-mediated cell death was inhibited by the pan caspase-inhibitor zVAD. In addition, cleavage of caspases 8, 9, and 3 was observed in Morniga-G-treated Jurkat cells whereas Jurkat cell lines that are deficient in caspase 8⁻10, caspase 9, or FADD, survived to the lectin-mediated toxicity. Furthermore, in the presence of TRAIL- or DR5-blocking mononoclonal antibodies, Jurkat cells became resistant to Morniga-G, suggesting that the lectin triggers cell death via the TRAIL/DR5 pathway. In silico computer simulations suggest that Morniga-G might facilitate both the DR5 dimerization and the building of TRAIL/DR5 complexes. Finally, upon treatment of Jurkat cells with benzyl-GalNAc, an O-glycosylation inhibitor, a decrease in Tn antigen expression associating with a reduced Morniga-G toxicity, was observed. Taken together, these results suggest that Morniga-G induces the cell death of Tn-positive leukemic cells via concomitant O-glycosylation-, caspase-, and TRAIL/DR5-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Poiroux
- Université de Toulouse, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037, 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31037 Toulouse, France.
| | - Annick Barre
- Université de Toulouse, UMR 152 PharmaDev, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Mathias Simplicien
- Université de Toulouse, UMR 152 PharmaDev, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Sandrine Pelofy
- Université de Toulouse, UMR 152 PharmaDev, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Bruno Segui
- Université de Toulouse, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037, 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31037 Toulouse, France.
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Pierre Rougé
- Université de Toulouse, UMR 152 PharmaDev, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Hervé Benoist
- Université de Toulouse, UMR 152 PharmaDev, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France.
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11
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Streamlining the chemoenzymatic synthesis of complex N-glycans by a stop and go strategy. Nat Chem 2018; 11:161-169. [PMID: 30532014 PMCID: PMC6347513 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0188-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary chemoenzymatic approaches can provide highly complex multi-antennary N-linked glycans. These procedures are, however, very demanding and typically involve as many as 100 chemical steps to prepare advanced intermediates that can be diversified by glycosyltransferases in a branch selective manner to give asymmetrical structures commonly found in Nature. Only highly specialized laboratories can perform such syntheses, which greatly hampers progress in glycoscience. Here we describe a biomimetic approach in which a readily available bi-antennary glycopeptide can be converted in 10 or fewer chemical and enzymatic steps into multi-antennary N-glycans that at each arm can be uniquely extended by glycosyltransferases to give access to highly complex asymmetrically branched N-glycans. A key feature of our approach is the installation of additional branching points using recombinant MGAT4 and MGAT5 in combination with unnatural sugar donors. At an appropriate point in the enzymatic synthesis, the unnatural monosaccharides can be converted into their natural counterpart allowing each arm to be elaborated into a unique appendage.
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12
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Sweeney JG, Liang J, Antonopoulos A, Giovannone N, Kang S, Mondala TS, Head SR, King SL, Tani Y, Brackett D, Dell A, Murphy GF, Haslam SM, Widlund HR, Dimitroff CJ. Loss of GCNT2/I-branched glycans enhances melanoma growth and survival. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3368. [PMID: 30135430 PMCID: PMC6105653 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05795-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells often display altered cell-surface glycans compared to their nontransformed counterparts. However, functional contributions of glycans to cancer initiation and progression remain poorly understood. Here, from expression-based analyses across cancer lineages, we found that melanomas exhibit significant transcriptional changes in glycosylation-related genes. This gene signature revealed that, compared to normal melanocytes, melanomas downregulate I-branching glycosyltransferase, GCNT2, leading to a loss of cell-surface I-branched glycans. We found that GCNT2 inversely correlated with clinical progression and that loss of GCNT2 increased melanoma xenograft growth, promoted colony formation, and enhanced cell survival. Conversely, overexpression of GCNT2 decreased melanoma xenograft growth, inhibited colony formation, and increased cell death. More focused analyses revealed reduced signaling responses of two representative glycoprotein families modified by GCNT2, insulin-like growth factor receptor and integrins. Overall, these studies reveal how subtle changes in glycan structure can regulate several malignancy-associated pathways and alter melanoma signaling, growth, and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Geddes Sweeney
- 0000 0004 0378 8294grid.62560.37Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Jennifer Liang
- 0000 0004 0378 8294grid.62560.37Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Aristotelis Antonopoulos
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Imperial College London, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Biochemistry Building, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Nicholas Giovannone
- 0000 0004 0378 8294grid.62560.37Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Shuli Kang
- 0000000122199231grid.214007.0The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Tony S. Mondala
- 0000000122199231grid.214007.0The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Steven R. Head
- 0000000122199231grid.214007.0The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Sandra L. King
- 0000 0004 0378 8294grid.62560.37Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Yoshihiko Tani
- 0000 0004 1762 2623grid.410775.0Japanese Red Cross Kinki Block Blood Center, 7-5-17 Saito Asagi, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka 567-0085 Japan
| | - Danielle Brackett
- 0000 0004 0378 8294grid.62560.37Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Anne Dell
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Imperial College London, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Biochemistry Building, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - George F. Murphy
- 000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA ,0000 0004 0378 8294grid.62560.37Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Stuart M. Haslam
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Imperial College London, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Biochemistry Building, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Hans R. Widlund
- 0000 0004 0378 8294grid.62560.37Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Charles J. Dimitroff
- 0000 0004 0378 8294grid.62560.37Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA ,000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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13
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Giovannone N, Liang J, Antonopoulos A, Geddes Sweeney J, King SL, Pochebit SM, Bhattacharyya N, Lee GS, Dell A, Widlund HR, Haslam SM, Dimitroff CJ. Galectin-9 suppresses B cell receptor signaling and is regulated by I-branching of N-glycans. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3287. [PMID: 30120234 PMCID: PMC6098069 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05770-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes are coated with a layer of heterogeneous carbohydrates (glycans) that modulate immune function, in part by governing specific interactions with glycan-binding proteins (lectins). Although nearly all membrane proteins bear glycans, the identity and function of most of these sugars on leukocytes remain unexplored. Here, we characterize the N-glycan repertoire (N-glycome) of human tonsillar B cells. We observe that naive and memory B cells express an N-glycan repertoire conferring strong binding to the immunoregulatory lectin galectin-9 (Gal-9). Germinal center B cells, by contrast, show sharply diminished binding to Gal-9 due to upregulation of I-branched N-glycans, catalyzed by the β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase GCNT2. Functionally, we find that Gal-9 is autologously produced by naive B cells, binds CD45, suppresses calcium signaling via a Lyn-CD22-SHP-1 dependent mechanism, and blunts B cell activation. Thus, our findings suggest Gal-9 intrinsically regulates B cell activation and may differentially modulate BCR signaling at steady state and within germinal centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Giovannone
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - J Liang
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - A Antonopoulos
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - J Geddes Sweeney
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - S L King
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - S M Pochebit
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - N Bhattacharyya
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - G S Lee
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - A Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - H R Widlund
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - S M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - C J Dimitroff
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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14
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Chinoy ZS, Friscourt F, Capicciotti CJ, Chiu P, Boons GJ. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Asymmetrical Multi-Antennary N-Glycans to Dissect Glycan-Mediated Interactions between Human Sperm and Oocytes. Chemistry 2018; 24:7970-7975. [PMID: 29603480 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Complex N-glycans of glycoproteins of the zona pellucida (ZP) of human oocytes have been implicated in the binding of spermatozoa. The termini of these unusual bi-, tri-, and tetra-antennary N-glycans consist of the tetrasaccharide sialyl-Lewisx (SLex ), which was previously identified as the minimal epitope for sperm binding. We describe here the chemoenzymatic synthesis of highly complex triantennary N-glycans derived from ZP carrying SLex moieties at the C-2 and C-2' arm and a sialyl-Lewisx -Lewisx (SLex -Lex ) residue at the C-6 antenna and two closely related analogues. The compounds were examined for their ability to inhibit the interaction of human sperm to ZP. It was found that the SLex -Lex moiety is critical for inhibitory activity, whereas the other SLex moieties exerted minimal effect. Further studies with SLex -Lex and SLex showed that the extended structure is the more potent inhibitor. In addition, trivalent SLex -Lex and SLex were prepared which showed greater inhibitory activity compared to their monovalent counterparts. Our studies show that although SLex can inhibit the binding of spermatozoa, presenting this epitope in the context of a complex N-glycan results in a loss of inhibitory potential, and in this context only SLex -Lex can make productive interactions. It is not the multivalent display of SLex on a multi-antennary glycan but the presentation of multiple SLex -Lex on the various glycosylation sites of ZP that accounts for high avidity binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoeisha S Chinoy
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Frédéric Friscourt
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Chantelle J Capicciotti
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Philip Chiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine Building, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences.,Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, Netherlands
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15
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Chen JY, Huang HH, Yu SY, Wu SJ, Kannagi R, Khoo KH. Concerted mass spectrometry-based glycomic approach for precision mapping of sulfo sialylated N-glycans on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lymphocytes. Glycobiology 2017; 28:9-20. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-You Chen
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hung Huang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Yi Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Ju Wu
- Hematology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Reiji Kannagi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Kay-Hooi Khoo
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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16
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2011-2012. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:255-422. [PMID: 26270629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review is the seventh update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2012. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural types constitute the remainder. The main groups of compound are oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:255-422, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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17
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Translating the ‘Sugar Code’ into Immune and Vascular Signaling Programs. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 42:255-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Ramos-Martínez E, Lascurain R, Tenorio EP, Sánchez-González A, Chávez-Rueda K, Chávez-Sánchez L, Jara-Quezada LJ, Chávez-Sánchez R, Zenteno E, Blanco-Favela F. Differential Expression of O-Glycans in CD4(+) T Lymphocytes from Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2017; 240:79-89. [PMID: 27600584 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.240.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) show a decreased activation threshold and increased apoptosis. These processes seem to be regulated by glycosylated molecules on the T cell surface. Here, we determined through flow cytometry the expression of mucin-type O-glycans on T helper cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 23 SLE patients and its relation with disease activity. We used lectins specific for the disaccharide Gal-GalNAc, such as Amaranthus leucocarpus lectin (ALL), Artocarpus integrifolia lectin (jacalin) and Arachis hypogaea lectin (peanut agglutinin, PNA), as well as lectins for sialic acid such as Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) and Maakia amurensis agglutinin (MAA). The results showed that ALL, but not jacalin or PNA, identified significant differences in O-glycan expression on T helper cells from active SLE patients (n = 10). Moreover, an inverse correlation was found between the frequency of T helper cells recognized by ALL and SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score in SLE patients. In contrast, SNA and MAA lectins did not identify any differences between CD4(+) T cells from SLE patients. There was no difference in the recognition by ALL on activated T helper cells and T regulatory (Treg) cells. Our findings point out that activation of SLE disease diminishes the expression of O-glycans in T helper cells; ALL could be considered as a marker to determine activity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Ramos-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS)
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19
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Mkhikian H, Mortales CL, Zhou RW, Khachikyan K, Wu G, Haslam SM, Kavarian P, Dell A, Demetriou M. Golgi self-correction generates bioequivalent glycans to preserve cellular homeostasis. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27269286 PMCID: PMC4940165 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential biological systems employ self-correcting mechanisms to maintain cellular homeostasis. Mammalian cell function is dynamically regulated by the interaction of cell surface galectins with branched N-glycans. Here we report that N-glycan branching deficiency triggers the Golgi to generate bioequivalent N-glycans that preserve galectin-glycoprotein interactions and cellular homeostasis. Galectins bind N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) units within N-glycans initiated from UDP-GlcNAc by the medial-Golgi branching enzymes as well as the trans-Golgi poly-LacNAc extension enzyme β1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (B3GNT). Marginally reducing LacNAc content by limiting N-glycans to three branches results in T-cell hyperactivity and autoimmunity; yet further restricting branching does not produce a more hyperactive state. Rather, new poly-LacNAc extension by B3GNT maintains galectin binding and immune homeostasis. Poly-LacNAc extension is triggered by redistribution of unused UDP-GlcNAc from the medial to trans-Golgi via inter-cisternal tubules. These data demonstrate the functional equivalency of structurally dissimilar N-glycans and suggest a self-correcting feature of the Golgi that sustains cellular homeostasis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14814.001 Most proteins that are released from cells are modified with sugar molecules that allow the proteins to carry out their role properly. These modifications are called glycans, and are made from sugar subunits joined into chains or branched structures. Investigating how the structure of glycans is linked to their role is complicated by the fact that many different glycans exist, made up of different sugars and arranged into different structures. Enzymes located in cell compartments known as the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi help to build the glycans. For example, the MGAT family of enzymes found in the Golgi generates branched glycans made up of sugar subunits called N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc). These glycans form part of a molecular mesh on the surface of cells that controls how certain proteins embedded in the cell membrane behave. This is particularly important in immune cells: reducing the number of branches in the glycans weakens the mesh and causes the cells and their membrane proteins to behave inappropriately. Mkhikian et al. have studied mice that lack specific MGAT enzymes, and so produce LacNAc glycans with drastically fewer branches than normal. Immune cells in these mice had glycans on their surface formed of LacNAc arranged in chains, rather than in short branched structures. These chains turned out to be biologically equivalent to branched LacNAc glycans, containing the same sugar subunits and allowing the immune cells to behave as normal. This suggests that the composition of glycans, rather than their structure, primarily determines their role. Mkhikian et al. also found that the organization of the enzymes inside the Golgi is likely to be responsible for producing these equivalent glycans. A glycan is built up as it passes through the Golgi, with the branching enzymes located earlier in the Golgi than the extending enzymes. Therefore, if the branching enzymes fail to add LacNAc subunits to the glycan, the extending enzymes can step in later to add the missing components. Overall, the results presented by Mkhikian et al. indicate that the large number of structurally diverse glycans may be reduced to a much smaller number of glycans with similar roles, based on subunit composition. This will simplify future studies on LacNAc glycans, and further work could focus on defining which other glycan structures share similar roles. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14814.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Haik Mkhikian
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Christie-Lynn Mortales
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Raymond W Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Khachik Khachikyan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patil Kavarian
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Demetriou
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, United States.,Department of Neurology and Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, United States
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20
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Global N-linked Glycosylation is Not Significantly Impaired in Myoblasts in Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes Caused by Defective Glutamine-Fructose-6-Phosphate Transaminase 1 (GFPT1). Biomolecules 2015; 5:2758-81. [PMID: 26501342 PMCID: PMC4693256 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1 (GFPT1) is the first enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. It transfers an amino group from glutamine to fructose-6-phosphate to yield glucosamine-6-phosphate, thus providing the precursor for uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) synthesis. UDP-GlcNAc is an essential substrate for all mammalian glycosylation biosynthetic pathways and N-glycan branching is especially sensitive to alterations in the concentration of this sugar nucleotide. It has been reported that GFPT1 mutations lead to a distinct sub-class of congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) termed “limb-girdle CMS with tubular aggregates”. CMS are hereditary neuromuscular transmission disorders in which neuromuscular junctions are impaired. To investigate whether alterations in protein glycosylation at the neuromuscular junction might be involved in this impairment, we have employed mass spectrometric strategies to study the N-glycomes of myoblasts and myotubes derived from two healthy controls, three GFPT1 patients, and four patients with other muscular diseases, namely CMS caused by mutations in DOK7, myopathy caused by mutations in MTND5, limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A (LGMD2A), and Pompe disease. A comparison of the relative abundances of bi-, tri-, and tetra-antennary N-glycans in each of the cell preparations revealed that all samples exhibited broadly similar levels of branching. Moreover, although some differences were observed in the relative abundances of some of the N-glycan constituents, these variations were modest and were not confined to the GFPT1 samples. Therefore, GFPT1 mutations in CMS patients do not appear to compromise global N-glycosylation in muscle cells.
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21
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Coombe DR, Parish CR. Editorial: Carbohydrates: The Yet to be Tasted Sweet Spot of Immunity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:314. [PMID: 26136747 PMCID: PMC4470257 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre R Coombe
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University , Perth, WA , Australia
| | - Christopher R Parish
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Group, Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT , Australia
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22
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for 2009-2010. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:268-422. [PMID: 24863367 PMCID: PMC7168572 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review is the sixth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2010. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, arrays and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural typed constitutes the remainder. The main groups of compound that are discussed in this section are oligo and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals. Many of these applications are presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions and applications to chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Harvey
- Department of BiochemistryOxford Glycobiology InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QUUK
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23
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Kouo T, Huang L, Pucsek AB, Cao M, Solt S, Armstrong T, Jaffee E. Galectin-3 Shapes Antitumor Immune Responses by Suppressing CD8+ T Cells via LAG-3 and Inhibiting Expansion of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:412-23. [PMID: 25691328 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a 31-kDa lectin that modulates T-cell responses through several mechanisms, including apoptosis, T-cell receptor (TCR) cross-linking, and TCR downregulation. We found that patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) who responded to a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-secreting allogeneic PDA vaccine developed neutralizing antibodies to galectin-3 after immunization. We show that galectin-3 binds activated antigen-committed CD8(+) T cells only in the tumor microenvironment. Galectin-3-deficient mice exhibit improved CD8(+) T-cell effector function and increased expression of several inflammatory genes. Galectin-3 binds to LAG-3, and LAG-3 expression is necessary for galectin-3-mediated suppression of CD8(+) T cells in vitro. Lastly, galectin-3-deficient mice have elevated levels of circulating plasmacytoid dendritic cells, which are superior to conventional dendritic cells in activating CD8(+) T cells. Thus, inhibiting galectin-3 in conjunction with CD8(+) T-cell-directed immunotherapies should enhance the tumor-specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Kouo
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Lanqing Huang
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alexandra B Pucsek
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Minwei Cao
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sara Solt
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Todd Armstrong
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth Jaffee
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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24
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Gordon-Alonso M, Demotte N, van der Bruggen P. Sugars boost exhausted tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes by counteracting immunosuppressive activities of galectins. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e28783. [PMID: 25097806 PMCID: PMC4091051 DOI: 10.4161/onci.28783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins released by tumor cells and macrophages can bind surface glycoproteins of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), forming glycoprotein-galectin lattices with immunosuppressive activities. Specifically, TILs covered by galectin-3 are unable to secrete cytokines after stimulation. Treating TILs ex vivo with galectin antagonists for a few hours boosts their functions. Several galectin antagonists are currently available for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Gordon-Alonso
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Brussels; WELBIO; and de Duve Institute; Université Catholique de Louvain; Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Demotte
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Brussels; WELBIO; and de Duve Institute; Université Catholique de Louvain; Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre van der Bruggen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Brussels; WELBIO; and de Duve Institute; Université Catholique de Louvain; Brussels, Belgium
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25
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Demotte N, Bigirimana R, Wieërs G, Stroobant V, Squifflet JL, Carrasco J, Thielemans K, Baurain JF, Van Der Smissen P, Courtoy PJ, van der Bruggen P. A Short Treatment with Galactomannan GM-CT-01 Corrects the Functions of Freshly Isolated Human Tumor–Infiltrating Lymphocytes. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:1823-33. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Libisch MG, Casás M, Chiribao M, Moreno P, Cayota A, Osinaga E, Oppezzo P, Robello C. GALNT11 as a new molecular marker in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Gene 2013; 533:270-9. [PMID: 24076351 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant mucin O-glycosylation often occurs in different cancers and is characterized by immature expression of simple mucin-type carbohydrates. At present, there are some controversial reports about the Tn antigen (GalNAcα-O-Ser/Thr) expression and there is a great lack of information about the [UDP-N-acetyl-α-d-galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GalNAc-Ts)] expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). To gain insight in these issues we evaluated the Tn antigen expression in CLL patient samples using two Tn binding proteins with different fine specificity. We also studied the expression from 14 GalNAc-Ts genes in CLL patients by RT-PCR. Our results have provided additional information about the expression level of the Tn antigen, suggesting that a low density of Tn residues is expressed in CLL cells. We also found that GALNT11 was expressed in CLL cells and normal T cell whereas little or no expression was found in normal B cells. Based on these results, GALNT11 expression was assessed by qPCR in a cohort of 50 CLL patients. We found significant over-expression of GALNT11 in 96% of B-CLL cells when compared to normal B cells. Moreover, we confirmed the expression of this enzyme at the protein level. Finally we found that GALNT11 expression was significantly associated with the mutational status of the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IGHV), [א(2)(1)=18.26; P<0.0001], lipoprotein lipase expression [א(2)(1)=13.72; P=0.0002] and disease prognosis [א(2)(1)=15.49; P<0.0001]. Our evidence suggests that CLL patient samples harbor aberrant O-glycosylation highlighted by Tn antigen expression and that the over-expression of GALNT11 constitutes a new molecular marker for CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Libisch
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
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27
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van Vliet SJ, Vuist IM, Lenos K, Tefsen B, Kalay H, García-Vallejo JJ, van Kooyk Y. Human T cell activation results in extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-calcineurin-dependent exposure of Tn antigen on the cell surface and binding of the macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL). J Biol Chem 2013; 288:27519-27532. [PMID: 23918927 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.471045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-type lectin macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL) exerts an immunosuppressive role reflected by its interaction with terminal GalNAc moieties, such as the Tn antigen, on CD45 of effector T cells, thereby down-regulating T cell receptor signaling, cytokine responses, and induction of T cell death. Here, we provide evidence for the pathways that control the specific expression of GalNAc moieties on human CD4(+) T cells. GalNAc epitopes were readily detectable on the cell surface after T cell activation and required de novo protein synthesis. Expression of GalNAc-containing MGL ligands was completely dependent on PKC and did not involve NF-κB. Instead, activation of the downstream ERK MAPK pathway led to decreased mRNA levels and activity of the core 1 β3GalT enzyme and its chaperone Cosmc, favoring the expression of Tn antigen. In conclusion, expression of GalNAc moieties mirrors the T cell activation status, and thus only highly stimulated T cells are prone to the suppressive action of MGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ilona M Vuist
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kristiaan Lenos
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Boris Tefsen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hakan Kalay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juan J García-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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The regulatory power of glycans and their binding partners in immunity. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:290-8. [PMID: 23485517 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycans and glycan-binding proteins are central to a properly functioning immune system. Perhaps the best known example of this is the selectin family of surface proteins that are primarily found on leukocytes, and which bind to endothelial glycans near sites of infection or inflammation and enable extravasation into tissues. In the past decade, however, several other immune pathways that are dependent on or sensitive to changes in glycan-mediated mechanisms have been revealed. These include antibody function, apoptosis, T helper (Th)1 versus Th2 skewing, T cell receptor signaling, and MHC class II antigen presentation. Here, we highlight how regulated changes in protein glycosylation both at the cell surface and on secreted glycoproteins can positively and negatively modulate the immune response.
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29
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Dennis JW, Brewer CF. Density-dependent lectin-glycan interactions as a paradigm for conditional regulation by posttranslational modifications. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:913-20. [PMID: 23378517 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r112.026989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice with null mutations in specific Golgi glycosyltransferases show evidence of glycan compensation where missing carbohydrate epitopes are found on biosynthetically related structures. Repetitive saccharide sequences within the larger glycan structures are functional epitopes recognized by animal lectins. These studies provide the first in vivo support for the existence of a feedback system that maintains and regulates glycan epitope density in cells. Receptor regulation by lectin-glycan interactions and the Golgi provides a mechanism for the adaptation of cell surface receptors and solute transporters in response to environmental cues and intracellular signaling. We suggest that other posttranslational modification systems might have similar conditional features regulated by density-dependent ligand-epitope interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Dennis
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Bern M, Brito AE, Pang PC, Rekhi A, Dell A, Haslam SM. Polylactosaminoglycan glycomics: enhancing the detection of high-molecular-weight N-glycans in matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight profiles by matched filtering. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:996-1004. [PMID: 23325768 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.o112.026377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For over 30 years, protocols based on the mass spectrometry (MS) of permethylated derivatives, complemented by enzymatic degradations, have underpinned glycomic experiments aimed at defining the structures of individual glycans present in the complex mixtures that are characteristic of biological samples. Both MS instrumentation and sample handling have improved markedly in recent years, enabling greater sensitivity and better signal-to-noise ratios, thereby facilitating the detection of glycans at much higher masses than could be achieved in the past. The latter is especially important for the characterization of the biologically important class of N-glycans that carry polylactosaminoglycan chains. Such advances in data acquisition heighten the need for informatics tools to assist in glycan structure assignment. Here, utilizing mouse lung tissue as a model system, we present evidence of polylactosaminoglycan-containing N-glycans with permethylated molecular weights exceeding 13 kDa. We show that antennae branching patterns and lengths can be successfully determined at these high masses via MS/MS experiments, even when MS ion counts are very low. We also describe the development and application of a matched filtering algorithm for assisting high-molecular-weight glycan detection and structure assignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall Bern
- Palo Alto Research Center, 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.
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31
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Program Overview * Conference Program * Conference Posters * Conference Abstracts * Author Index. Glycobiology 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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32
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Rabinovich GA, Croci DO. Regulatory circuits mediated by lectin-glycan interactions in autoimmunity and cancer. Immunity 2012; 36:322-35. [PMID: 22444630 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Numerous regulatory programs have been identified that contribute to the restoration of homeostasis at the conclusion of immune responses and to safeguarding against the detrimental effects of chronic inflammation and autoimmune pathology. Malignant cells may usurp these pathways to create immunosuppressive networks that thwart antitumor responses. Herein we review the role of endogenous lectins (C-type lectins, siglecs, and galectins) and specific N- and O-glycans generated by the coordinated action of glycosyltransferases and glycosidases that together promote regulatory signals that control immune cell homeostasis. We also discuss the mechanisms by which glycan-dependent regulatory programs integrate into canonical circuits that amplify or silence immune responses related to autoimmunity and neoplastic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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