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Luo F, Zhong X, Gao M, Peng B, Long Z. Progress and mechanism of breaking glycoconjugates by glycosidases in skin for promoting unhairing and fiber opening-up in leather manufacture. A review. JOURNAL OF LEATHER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s42825-020-00025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The glycoconjugates, herein glyco-proteins, existing in animal skins are closely related to the effectiveness of unhairing and fiber opening-up. Glycosidases have been used in leather making processes to reduce pollutants and improve leather quality. But the selection of glycosidases is still blind because the related mechanisms are not well understood yet. Hence, the animal skin structures and glycoconjugates components, the advances in the methods and mechanisms of removing glycoconjugates related to unhairing and fiber opening-up in leather manufacture, the kinds, compositions, structures and functions of typical glycoconjugates in skin are summarized. Then the approaches to destroy them, possible glycosidases suitable for leather making and their acting sites are analyzed based on the recognition of glycoconjugates in skin and the specificities of glycosidases toward substrates. It is expected to provide useful information for the optimization of glycosidases and the development of new enzymes and the cleaner technologies of unhairing and opening up fiber bundles assisted by glycosidases.
Graphical abstract
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Jiang B, Xu F, Li L, Chen W, Hong S, Chen R. The inhibition of glycosaminoglycan incorporation influences the cell proliferation and cytodifferentiation in cultured embryonic mouse molars. J Mol Histol 2018; 50:11-19. [PMID: 30498999 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-018-9803-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) contains a variety of complex macromolecules including proteoglycans (PGs) and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). PG consists of a protein core with covalently attached carbohydrate side chains called GAGs. Several PGs, including versican, biglycan, decorin and syndecan are involved in odontogenesis while the role of GAGs in those PGs in this process remains unclarified. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of GAGs on tooth development. The mandibular first molars at early bell stage were cultivated with or without 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-xyloside (Xyl-MU). The cultured tooth germs were metabolically labelled with [35S] Na2SO4, then PGs in tooth germs and cultured medium were extracted separately and analyzed by gel filtration. Morphological changes were evaluated on days 2, 4, 6, and histological changes were examined by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Related proteins and genes of cytodifferentiation were further examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitive real-time PCR (qPCR) respectively. Meanwhile, BrdU incorporation assay was used to explore the effect of Xyl-MU on the cell proliferation of cultured tooth germs. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of GAGs to PGs in cultured tooth germs was heavily inhibited by Xyl-MU. Accompanied by the inhibition of GAGs incorporation, Xyl-MU altered tooth morphogenesis and delayed the differentiation of ameloblasts and odontoblasts. Proliferation of inner enamel epithelium (IEE) was also inhibited. Therefore, we draw a conclusion that the inhibition of GAGs incorporation influences the cell proliferation and cytodifferentiation in cultured embryonic mouse molars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beizhan Jiang
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School & Hosipital of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Tongji University, 399 Middle Yan Chang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China.
| | - Fangfang Xu
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School & Hosipital of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Tongji University, 399 Middle Yan Chang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Lefeng Li
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School & Hosipital of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Tongji University, 399 Middle Yan Chang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Weiting Chen
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School & Hosipital of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Tongji University, 399 Middle Yan Chang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Shebin Hong
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School & Hosipital of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Tongji University, 399 Middle Yan Chang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Rongmei Chen
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School & Hosipital of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Tongji University, 399 Middle Yan Chang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
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Kakizaki I, Miura A, Mineta T, Hong J, Kato Y. Characterization of Proteoglycan and Hyaluronan in Hot Water Extract from Salmon Cartilage. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2017; 64:83-90. [PMID: 34354500 PMCID: PMC8056930 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2017_005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmon cartilage proteoglycan fractions have recently gained favor as ingredients of functional food and cosmetics. An optimal hot water method to extract proteoglycan from salmon cartilage has recently been developed. The extracted cartilage includes hyaluronan and collagen in addition to proteoglycan as counterparts that interact with each other. In this study, biochemical analyses and atomic force microscopical analysis revealed global molecular images of proteoglycan in the hot water extract. More than seventy percent of proteoglycans in this extract maintained their whole native structures. Hyaluronan purified from the hot water extract showed a distribution with high molecular weight similar to hyaluronan considered to be native hyaluronan in cartilage. The current data is evidence of the quality of this hot water cartilage extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Kakizaki
- Department of Glycotechnology, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Ayako Miura
- Laboratory of Food Science, Faculty of Education, Hirosaki University
| | - Takashi Mineta
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
| | - Jinseo Hong
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
| | - Yoji Kato
- Laboratory of Food Science, Faculty of Education, Hirosaki University
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Inhibition of chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans incorporation affected odontoblast differentiation in cultured embryonic mouse molars. J Mol Histol 2017; 48:337-345. [PMID: 28756608 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-017-9732-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) is an important component of extracellular matrix (ECM), it is composed of a core protein and one or more chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan side chains (CS-GAGs). To investigate the roles of its CS-GAGs in dentinogenesis, the mouse mandibular first molar tooth germs at early bell stage were cultivated with or without β-xyloside. As expected, the CS-GAGs were inhibited on their incorporation to CSPGs by β-xyloside, accompanied by the change of morphology of the cultured tooth germs. The histological results and the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigation indicated that β-xyloside exhibited obvious inhibiting effects on odontoblasts differentiation compared with the control group. Meanwhile the results of immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and quantitative RT-PCR for type I collagen, dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 and dentin sialophosphoprotein, the products of differentiated odontoblasts, further proved that odontoblasts differentiation was inhibited. Collagen fibers detected in TEM decreased and arranged in disorder as well. Thus we conclude that the inhibition of CS-GAGs incorporation to CSPGs can affect odontoblast differentiation in cultured embryonic mouse molars.
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Li C, Wang LX. Endoglycosidases for the Synthesis of Polysaccharides and Glycoconjugates. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2016; 73:73-116. [PMID: 27816108 DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in glycobiology have implicated essential roles of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates in many important biological recognition processes, including intracellular signaling, cell adhesion, cell differentiation, cancer progression, host-pathogen interactions, and immune responses. A detailed understanding of the biological functions, as well as the development of carbohydrate-based therapeutics, often requires structurally well-defined oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates, which are usually difficult to isolate in pure form from natural sources. To meet with this urgent need, chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis has become increasingly important as the major means to provide homogeneous compounds for functional glycocomics studies and for drug/vaccine development. Chemoenzymatic synthesis, an approach that combines chemical synthesis and enzymatic manipulations, is often the method of choice for constructing complex oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates that are otherwise difficult to achieve by purely chemical synthesis. Among these, endoglycosidases, a class of glycosidases that hydrolyze internal glycosidic bonds in glycoconjugates and polysaccharides, are emerging as a very attractive class of enzymes for synthetic purposes, due to their transglycosylation activity and their capability of transferring oligosaccharide units en bloc in a single step, in contrast to the limitation of monosaccharide transfers by common glycosyltransferases. In this chapter, we provide an overview on the application of endoglycosidases for the synthesis of complex carbohydrates, including oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteoglycans, and other biologically relevant polysaccharides. The scope, limitation, and future directions of endoglycosidase-catalyzed synthesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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Uenoyama A, Kakizaki I, Shiomi A, Saito N, Hara Y, Saito T, Ohnuki H, Kato H, Takagi R, Maeda T, Izumi K. Effects of C-xylopyranoside derivative on epithelial regeneration in an in vitro 3D oral mucosa model. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:1344-55. [PMID: 26966997 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1153957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Identifying substandard tissue-engineered oral mucosa grafts with a poor epithelium before clinical use is critical to ensure quality assurance/control in regenerative medicine, leading to success of grafting. This study investigated the effects of one of the C-xylopyranoside derivatives, β-D-xylopyranoside-n-propane-2-one (XPP), on oral epithelial regeneration. Using a three-dimensional oral mucosa model, we analyzed changes of the epithelial structure, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis, the expression levels of basement membrane zone markers, and substrates of Akt/mTOR signaling. Compared with the control, 2 mM XPP treatment increased the mean and minimal epithelial thickness, and reduced the variation of epithelial thickness. It also stimulated expressions of decorin and syndecan-1 with change of GAG amount and/or composition, and enhanced the expressions of integrin α6, CD44, and Akt/mTOR signaling substrates. These findings suggest that XPP supplementation contributes to consistent epithelial regeneration. Moreover, upregulation of those markers may play a role in increasing the quality of the oral mucosal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Uenoyama
- a Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Niigata University , Niigata , Japan.,b Division of Oral Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
| | - Ikuko Kakizaki
- c Department of Glycotechnology, Center for Advanced Medical Research , Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine , Hirosaski , Japan
| | - Aki Shiomi
- d Division of Dental Educational Research Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
| | - Naoaki Saito
- b Division of Oral Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
| | - Yuko Hara
- a Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Niigata University , Niigata , Japan.,e Division of Biomimetics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Niigata University , Niigata, Japan
| | - Taro Saito
- a Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
| | - Hisashi Ohnuki
- a Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
| | - Hiroko Kato
- e Division of Biomimetics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Niigata University , Niigata, Japan.,f Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
| | - Ritsuo Takagi
- a Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
| | - Takeyasu Maeda
- b Division of Oral Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Niigata University , Niigata , Japan.,f Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
| | - Kenji Izumi
- e Division of Biomimetics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Niigata University , Niigata, Japan
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Kakizaki I, Takahashi R, Yanagisawa M, Yoshida F, Takagaki K. Enzymatic synthesis of hyaluronan hybrid urinary trypsin inhibitor. Carbohydr Res 2015; 413:129-34. [PMID: 26142361 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human urinary trypsin inhibitor is a proteoglycan that has a single low-sulfated chondroitin 4-sulfate chain at the seryl residue in position 10 of the core protein as a glycosaminoglycan moiety, and is used as an anti-inflammatory medicine based on the protease inhibitory activity of the core protein. However, the functions of the glycosaminoglycan moiety have not yet been elucidated in detail. In the present study, the glycosaminoglycan chains of a native urinary trypsin inhibitor were remodeled to hyaluronan chains, with no changes to the core protein, using transglycosylation as a reverse reaction of the hydrolysis of bovine testicular hyaluronidase, and the properties of the hybrid urinary trypsin inhibitor were then analyzed. The trypsin inhibitory activitiy of the hyaluronan hybrid urinary trypsin inhibitor was similar to that of the native type; however, its inhibitory effect on the hydrolysis of hyaluronidase were not as strong as that of the native type. This result demonstrated that the native urinary trypsin inhibitor possessed hyaluronidase inhibitory activity on its chondroitin sulfate chain. The hyaluronan hybrid urinary trypsin inhibitors obtained affinity to a hyaluronan-binding protein not exhibited by the native type. The interactions between the hyaluronan hybrid urinary trypsin inhibitors and phosphatidylcholine (abundant in the outer layer of plasma membrane) were stronger than that of the native type. Hyaluronan hybrid urinary trypsin inhibitors may be useful for investigating the functions of the glycosaminoglycan chains of urinary trypsin inhibitors and hyaluronan, and our hybrid synthesizing method may be used widely in research for future medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Kakizaki
- Department of Glycotechnology, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Ryoki Takahashi
- Wakamoto Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 378 Kanate Ooimachi Ashigarakamigun, Kanagawa 258-0018, Japan
| | - Miho Yanagisawa
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Futaba Yoshida
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Keiichi Takagaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
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Kakizaki I, Miura A, Ito S, Mineta T, Jin Seo H, Kato Y. Characterization of Proteoglycan and Hyaluronan in Water-based Delipidated Powder of Salmon Cartilage. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2015. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2015_011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Kakizaki
- Department of Glycotechnology, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Ayako Miura
- Laboratory of Food Science, Faculty of Education, Hirosaki University
| | - Seiko Ito
- School of Food Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Takashi Mineta
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
| | - Hong Jin Seo
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
| | - Yoji Kato
- Laboratory of Food Science, Faculty of Education, Hirosaki University
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Biochemical and atomic force microscopic characterization of salmon nasal cartilage proteoglycan. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 103:538-49. [PMID: 24528764 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Biological activities of salmon nasal cartilage proteoglycan fractions are known, however, structural information is lacking. Recently, the major proteoglycan of this cartilage was identified as aggrecan. In this study, global molecular images and glycosaminoglycan structure of salmon nasal cartilage aggrecan purified from 4M guanidine hydrochloride extract were analyzed using HPLCs and atomic force microscopy with bovine tracheal cartilage aggrecan as a control. The estimated numbers of sulfates per disaccharide unit of chondroitin sulfate chains of salmon and bovine aggrecans were similar (approximately 0.85). However, the disaccharide composition showed a higher proportion of chondroitin 6-sulfate units in salmon aggrecan, 60%, compared to 40% in bovine. Gel filtration HPLC and monosaccharide analysis showed the salmon aggrecan had a lower number (approximately one-third), but 1.5-3.3 times longer chondroitin sulfate chains than the bovine aggrecan. Atomic force microscopic molecular images of aggrecan supported the images predicted by biochemical analyses.
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Tatara Y, Kakizaki I, Kuroda Y, Suto S, Ishioka H, Endo M. Epiphycan from salmon nasal cartilage is a novel type of large leucine-rich proteoglycan. Glycobiology 2013; 23:993-1003. [PMID: 23704297 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) nasal cartilage was examined by next-generation DNA sequencing and mass spectrometric analyses, and 14 types of proteoglycans including epiphycan (EPY) were found. A cDNA encoding EPY was cloned and sequenced. The cDNA encoded 589 amino acids comprised a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) domain containing 55 potential GAG-modified sites (Ser-Gly and/or Gly-Ser), a cysteine cluster and 6 leucine-rich repeats. EPY was purified from salmon nasal cartilage and the structure of the GAG was characterized. As a result of unsaturated disaccharide analysis, GAG was found to be composed of chondroitin 6-sulfate (58.0%), chondroitin 4-sulfate (26.5%) and non-sulfated chondroitin (15.3%). The average molecular weight of GAG was estimated to be 3.0 × 10(4). Ser-100 and Ser-103 were identified as serine residues substituted by GAG chains by chemical modification and mass spectrometric analysis. More than 50 serine residues were assumed to be substituted by GAG chains. EPY is heavily substituted by chondroitin sulfate, giving an overall molecular weight of just under 2 × 10(6). EPY from salmon nasal cartilage is a novel type of large leucine-rich proteoglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yota Tatara
- Department of Glycotechnology, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
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Endo M, Kakizaki I. Synthesis of neoproteoglycans using the transglycosylation reaction as a reverse reaction of endo-glycosidases. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2012; 88:327-44. [PMID: 22850725 PMCID: PMC3422686 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.88.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A method for the synthesis of carbohydrate chains (glycosaminoglycans) and their coupling to peptides was investigated using proteoglycans. Glycosidases generally catalyze a hydrolytic reaction, but can also mediate the reverse reaction, which in this case is a transglycosylation. In the transglycosylation reaction of bovine testicular hyaluronidase, which is an endoglycosidase, glycosaminoglycans (hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfates) release disaccharide (uronic acid-N-acetylhexosamine) moieties from non-reducing terminal sites, and then the liberated disaccharides are transferred immediately to the non-reducing termini of other glycosaminoglycan chains. Using such continuous reactions, it is possible to synthesize glycosaminoglycan chains according to a specific design. It then becomes possible to transfer glycosaminoglycan chains synthesized on a peptide to other peptides using the transglycosylation reaction of endo-β-xylosidase acting on the linkage region between a peptide and glycosaminoglycan chains of proteoglycans. We believe this approach will open a new field for the synthesis of homogeneous proteoglycans or their corresponding analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Endo
- Department of Glycobiochemistry, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.
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Gerlach JQ, Kilcoyne M, Farrell MP, Kane M, Joshi L. Differential release of high mannose structural isoforms by fungal and bacterial endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:1472-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mb05455h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wang X, Harimoto K, Xie S, Cheng H, Liu J, Wang Z. Matrix protein biglycan induces osteoblast differentiation through extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Smad pathways. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 33:1891-7. [PMID: 21048317 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.1891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biglycan (Bgn) is a member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family found in bone extracellular matrix (ECM), and hence involved in regulating bone formation and matrix mineralization. It has been reported that Bgn facilitates osteoblast differentiation, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) and Smad are two important pathways in regulating osteoblast differentiation. However, the underlying mechanism for Bgn facilitating osteoblast differentiation has not been fully elucidated. The present study demonstrated that the matrix protein Bgn activates Erk signaling pathway and therefore increases Runx2 transcriptional activity, in which glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) chains play an essential role. Additionally, Bgn also activated Smad pathway, another signaling pathway related with osteoblast differentiation. The activation of these two signaling pathways induced by Bgn facilitated the mineralization deposition in vitro. These results demonstrated the mechanism of Bgn promoting osteoblast differentiation and matrix mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Protein Science Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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Recent advances in the analysis of carbohydrates for biomedical use. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:702-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Irpex lacteus, a white-rot fungus with biotechnological potential — review. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2009; 54:375-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-009-0053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Matsuno YK, Yamada K, Kakehi K. Rapid and Sensitive Analysis of O-linked Glycans Using an In-line Flow Glycan-releasing Apparatus. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2008. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.20.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Matsuno YK, Yamada K, Tanabe A, Kinoshita M, Maruyama SZ, Osaka YS, Masuko T, Kakehi K. Development of an apparatus for rapid release of oligosaccharides at the glycosaminoglycan-protein linkage region in chondroitin sulfate-type proteoglycans. Anal Biochem 2006; 362:245-57. [PMID: 17250796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 12/09/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An apparatus, AutoGlycoCutter (AGC), was developed as a tool for rapid release of O-linked-type glycans under alkaline conditions. This system allowed rapid release of oligosaccharides at the glycosaminoglycan-protein linkage region in proteoglycans (PGs). After digestion of PGs with chondroitinase ABC, the oligosaccharides at the linkage region were successfully released from the protein core by AGC within 3 min. The reducing ends of the released oligosaccharides were labeled with 2-aminobenzoic acid and analyzed by a combination of capillary electrophoresis (CE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In addition, the unsaturated disaccharides produced by chondroitinase ABC derived from the outer parts of the glycans were labeled with 2-aminoacridone and analyzed by CE to determine the disaccharide compositions. We evaluated AGC as a method for structural analysis of glycosaminoglycans in some chondroitin-sulfate-type PGs (urinary trypsin inhibitor, bovine nasal cartilage PG, bovine aggrecan, bovine decorin, and bovine biglycan). Recoveries of the released oligosaccharides were 57-73% for all PGs tested in the present study. In particular, we emphasize that the use of AGC achieved ca. 1000-fold rapid release of O-glycans compared with the conventional method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ki Matsuno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Kowakae 3-4-1, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
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Kakizaki I, Takahashi R, Ibori N, Kojima K, Takahashi T, Yamaguchi M, Kon A, Takagaki K. Diversity in the degree of sulfation and chain length of the glycosaminoglycan moiety of urinary trypsin inhibitor isomers. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2006; 1770:171-7. [PMID: 17175105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Revised: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Five isomers with different electric charge were fractionated from human urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) by anion exchange HPLC. Intact low-sulfated chondroitin 4-sulfate chains from the isomers were analyzed by HPLC and mass spectrometry. Unsaturated disaccharide composition analysis of the chondroitin sulfate chain revealed that the five isomers differ in the numbers of 4-sulfated disaccharide units. Intriguingly, we detected the presence of multiple novel isomers with different numbers of non-sulfated disaccharide units even in the same charge isomer fraction. Our results demonstrate that UTI can vary in terms of both the degree of sulfation and the length of the low-sulfated chondroitin 4-sulfate chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Kakizaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
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Iwafune M, Kakizaki I, Nakazawa H, Nukatsuka I, Endo M, Takagaki K. A glycomic approach to proteoglycan with a two-dimensional polysaccharide chain map. Anal Biochem 2004; 325:35-40. [PMID: 14715282 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(03)00391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan chains were liberated from proteoglycans (bovine lung, tracheal cartilage, and cerebrum) by successive digestion with actinase and with cellulase from Aspergillus niger, which has endo-beta-xylosidase activity. The glycosaminoglycan chains were fluorescence-labeled with 2-aminopyridine after digestion with Streptomyces hyaluronidase. The resulting pyridylamino-glycosaminoglycans, including heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate, and heparin, were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Each separated fraction was analyzed by two types of high-performance liquid chromatography: gel-filtration chromatography and anion-exchange chromatography. The correlation between molecular weight and degree of sulfation could be shown on the two-dimensional polysaccharide chain map. Use of a commonly available cellulase with endo-beta-xylosidase activity together with the two-dimensional polysaccharide chain map allows easy analysis of various glycosaminoglycan chains and comprehensive comparison among the structures. These techniques will become useful tools in the further development of glycotechnology and glycome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mito Iwafune
- Department of Biochemistry, Hirosaki University, School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
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