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van Groesen E, Mons E, Kotsogianni I, Arts M, Tehrani KHME, Wade N, Lysenko V, Stel FM, Zwerus JT, De Benedetti S, Bakker A, Chakraborty P, van der Stelt M, Scheffers DJ, Gooskens J, Smits WK, Holden K, Gilmour PS, Willemse J, Hitchcock CA, van Hasselt JGC, Schneider T, Martin NI. Semisynthetic guanidino lipoglycopeptides with potent in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eabo4736. [PMID: 39110780 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abo4736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Gram-positive bacterial infections present a major clinical challenge, with methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant strains continuing to be a cause for concern. In recent years, semisynthetic vancomycin derivatives have been developed to overcome this problem as exemplified by the clinically used telavancin, which exhibits increased antibacterial potency but has also raised toxicity concerns. Thus, glycopeptide antibiotics with enhanced antibacterial activities and improved safety profiles are still necessary. We describe the development of a class of highly potent semisynthetic glycopeptide antibiotics, the guanidino lipoglycopeptides, which contain a positively charged guanidino moiety bearing a variable lipid group. These glycopeptides exhibited enhanced in vitro activity against a panel of Gram-positive bacteria including clinically relevant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant strains, showed minimal toxicity toward eukaryotic cells, and had a low propensity for resistance selection. Mechanistically, guanidino lipoglycopeptides engaged with bacterial cell wall precursor lipid II with a higher binding affinity than vancomycin. Binding to both wild-type d-Ala-d-Ala lipid II and the vancomycin-resistant d-Ala-d-Lac variant was confirmed, providing insight into the enhanced activity of guanidino lipoglycopeptides against vancomycin-resistant isolates. The in vivo efficacy of guanidino lipoglycopeptide EVG7 was evaluated in a S. aureus murine thigh infection model and a 7-day sepsis survival study, both of which demonstrated superiority to vancomycin. Moreover, the minimal to mild kidney effects at supratherapeutic doses of EVG7 indicate an improved therapeutic safety profile compared with vancomycin. These findings position guanidino lipoglycopeptides as candidates for further development as antibacterial agents for the treatment of clinically relevant multidrug-resistant Gram-positive infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma van Groesen
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Elma Mons
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ioli Kotsogianni
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Melina Arts
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kamaleddin H M E Tehrani
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Nicola Wade
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Vladyslav Lysenko
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Florence M Stel
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jordy T Zwerus
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Stefania De Benedetti
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Bakker
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Parichita Chakraborty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9700 AB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dirk-Jan Scheffers
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9700 AB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jairo Gooskens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LUCID), Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Wiep Klaas Smits
- Experimental Bacteriology, Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LUCID), Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Kirsty Holden
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd., Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG UK
| | | | - Joost Willemse
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - J G Coen van Hasselt
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tanja Schneider
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Nathaniel I Martin
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
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2
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Buijs NP, Vlaming HC, Kotsogianni I, Arts M, Willemse J, Duan Y, Alexander FM, Cochrane SA, Schneider T, Martin NI. A classic antibiotic reimagined: Rationally designed bacitracin variants exhibit potent activity against vancomycin-resistant pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315310121. [PMID: 38990944 PMCID: PMC11260088 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315310121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacitracin is a macrocyclic peptide antibiotic that is widely used as a topical treatment for infections caused by gram-positive bacteria. Mechanistically, bacitracin targets bacteria by specifically binding to the phospholipid undecaprenyl pyrophosphate (C55PP), which plays a key role in the bacterial lipid II cycle. Recent crystallographic studies have shown that when bound to C55PP, bacitracin adopts a highly ordered amphipathic conformation. In doing so, all hydrophobic side chains align on one face of the bacitracin-C55PP complex, presumably interacting with the bacterial cell membrane. These insights led us to undertake structure-activity investigations into the individual contribution of the nonpolar amino acids found in bacitracin. To achieve this we designed, synthesized, and evaluated a series of bacitracin analogues, a number of which were found to exhibit significantly enhanced antibacterial activity against clinically relevant, drug-resistant pathogens. As for the natural product, these next-generation bacitracins were found to form stable complexes with C55PP. The structure-activity insights thus obtained serve to inform the design of C55PP-targeting antibiotics, a key and underexploited antibacterial strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ned P. Buijs
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden2333 BE, The Netherlands
| | - Halana C. Vlaming
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden2333 BE, The Netherlands
| | - Ioli Kotsogianni
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden2333 BE, The Netherlands
| | - Melina Arts
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Bonn53115, Germany
| | - Joost Willemse
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden2333 BE, The Netherlands
| | - Yunhao Duan
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden2333 BE, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca M. Alexander
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, BelfastBT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A. Cochrane
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, BelfastBT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| | - Tanja Schneider
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Bonn53115, Germany
| | - Nathaniel I. Martin
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden2333 BE, The Netherlands
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3
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Hashizume H, Sawa R, Kubota Y, Adachi S, Harada S, Igarashi M. Precursor-directed biosynthesis and biological activity of tripropeptin Cpip, a new tripropeptin C analog containing pipecolic acid. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2024; 77:238-244. [PMID: 38267574 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-024-00703-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Tripropeptin C, a non-ribosomal cyclic lipopeptide containing three proline residues, exhibits excellent efficacy in the mouse-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus septicemia model. Since tripropeptins contain L-prolyl-D-proline and, as a result, are known to form a hairpin structure in proteins, it was of interest to determine whether this substructure contributes to their antibacterial activity. In this study, prolines in tripropeptin C were replaced with pipecolic acid(s) using precursor-directed biosynthesis. Only a new tripropeptin analog, tripropeptin Cpip, which has one L-pipecolic acid in place of L-proline, was isolated. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the new analog was approximately two to four times weaker activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including drug-resistant species, compared with that of tripropeptin C. These results suggest that the L-prolyl-D-proline substructure plays an important role in the observed potency of tripropeptins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Hashizume
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-0021, Japan.
| | - Ryuichi Sawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure Analysis, Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-0021, Japan
| | - Yumiko Kubota
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure Analysis, Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-0021, Japan
| | - Shinya Adachi
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure Analysis, Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-0021, Japan
| | - Shigeko Harada
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-0021, Japan
| | - Masayuki Igarashi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-0021, Japan
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Larghi EL, Bracca ABJ, Simonetti SO, Kaufman TS. Recent developments in the total synthesis of natural products using the Ugi multicomponent reactions as the key strategy. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:429-465. [PMID: 38126459 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01837g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The total syntheses of selected natural products using different versions of the Ugi multicomponent reaction is reviewed on a case-by-case basis. The revision covers the period 2008-2023 and includes detailed descriptions of the synthetic sequences, the use of state-of-the-art chemical reagents and strategies, as well as the advantages and limitations of the transformation and some remedial solutions. Relevant data on the isolation and bioactivity of the different natural targets are also briefly provided. The examples clearly evidence the strategic importance of this transformation and its key role in the modern natural products synthetic chemistry toolbox. This methodology proved to be a valuable means for easily building molecular complexity and efficiently delivering step-economic syntheses even of intricate structures, with a promising future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique L Larghi
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas - Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531 (2000), Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Andrea B J Bracca
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas - Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531 (2000), Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Sebastián O Simonetti
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas - Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531 (2000), Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Teodoro S Kaufman
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas - Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531 (2000), Rosario, Argentina.
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5
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Sidders AE, Kedziora KM, Arts M, Daniel JM, de Benedetti S, Beam JE, Bui DT, Parsons JB, Schneider T, Rowe SE, Conlon BP. Antibiotic-induced accumulation of lipid II synergizes with antimicrobial fatty acids to eradicate bacterial populations. eLife 2023; 12:80246. [PMID: 36876902 PMCID: PMC10030119 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic tolerance and antibiotic resistance are the two major obstacles to the efficient and reliable treatment of bacterial infections. Identifying antibiotic adjuvants that sensitize resistant and tolerant bacteria to antibiotic killing may lead to the development of superior treatments with improved outcomes. Vancomycin, a lipid II inhibitor, is a frontline antibiotic for treating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and other Gram-positive bacterial infections. However, vancomycin use has led to the increasing prevalence of bacterial strains with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin. Here, we show that unsaturated fatty acids act as potent vancomycin adjuvants to rapidly kill a range of Gram-positive bacteria, including vancomycin-tolerant and resistant populations. The synergistic bactericidal activity relies on the accumulation of membrane-bound cell wall intermediates that generate large fluid patches in the membrane leading to protein delocalization, aberrant septal formation, and loss of membrane integrity. Our findings provide a natural therapeutic option that enhances vancomycin activity against difficult-to-treat pathogens, and the underlying mechanism may be further exploited to develop antimicrobials that target recalcitrant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashelyn E Sidders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Katarzyna M Kedziora
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
- Bioinformatics and Analytics Research Collaborative, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Melina Arts
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan-Martin Daniel
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Jenna E Beam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Duyen T Bui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Joshua B Parsons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Tanja Schneider
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah E Rowe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Brian P Conlon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
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6
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Takashina K, Katsuyama A, Kaguchi R, Yamamoto K, Sato T, Takahashi S, Horiuchi M, Yokota SI, Ichikawa S. Solid-Phase Total Synthesis of Plusbacin A 3. Org Lett 2022; 24:2253-2257. [PMID: 35293208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of the depsipeptide natural product plusbacin A3 (1) utilizing solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) was disclosed. A 3-hydroxy-proline derivative compatible with Fmoc SPPS was prepared by a diastereoselective Joullié-Ugi three-component reaction (JU-3CR)/hydrolysis sequence. After peptide elongation on the solid support, cleavage of the peptide from the resin, followed by macrolactamization and global deprotection, gave plusbacin A3 (1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Takashina
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Akira Katsuyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Rintaro Kaguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Toyotaka Sato
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.,Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Minami-1, Nishi-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan.,Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Minami-1, Nishi-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| | - Motohiro Horiuchi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.,Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Yokota
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Minami-1, Nishi-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ichikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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7
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Ho ST, Ho YN, Lin C, Hsu WC, Lee HJ, Peng CC, Cheng HT, Yang YL. Integrated Omics Strategy Reveals Cyclic Lipopeptides Empedopeptins from Massilia sp. YMA4 and Their Biosynthetic Pathway. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19040209. [PMID: 33918939 PMCID: PMC8069584 DOI: 10.3390/md19040209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Empedopeptins—eight amino acid cyclic lipopeptides—are calcium-dependent antibiotics that act against Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus by inhibiting cell wall biosynthesis. However, to date, the biosynthetic mechanism of the empedopeptins has not been well identified. Through comparative genomics and metabolomics analysis, we identified empedopeptin and its new analogs from a marine bacterium, Massilia sp. YMA4. We then unveiled the empedopeptin biosynthetic gene cluster. The core nonribosomal peptide gene null-mutant strains (ΔempC, ΔempD, and ΔempE) could not produce empedopeptin, while dioxygenase gene null-mutant strains (ΔempA and ΔempB) produced several unique empedopeptin analogs. However, the antibiotic activity of ΔempA and ΔempB was significantly reduced compared with the wild-type, demonstrating that the hydroxylated amino acid residues of empedopeptin and its analogs are important to their antibiotic activity. Furthermore, we found seven bacterial strains that could produce empedopeptin-like cyclic lipopeptides using a genome mining approach. In summary, this study demonstrated that an integrated omics strategy can facilitate the discovery of potential bioactive metabolites from microbial sources without further isolation and purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Tse Ho
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (S.-T.H.); (C.L.); (W.-C.H.); (H.-J.L.); (C.-C.P.); (H.-T.C.)
- Department of Wood Based Materials and Design, College of Agriculture, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ning Ho
- Institute of Marine Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Chih Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (S.-T.H.); (C.L.); (W.-C.H.); (H.-J.L.); (C.-C.P.); (H.-T.C.)
| | - Wei-Chen Hsu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (S.-T.H.); (C.L.); (W.-C.H.); (H.-J.L.); (C.-C.P.); (H.-T.C.)
| | - Han-Jung Lee
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (S.-T.H.); (C.L.); (W.-C.H.); (H.-J.L.); (C.-C.P.); (H.-T.C.)
| | - Chia-Chi Peng
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (S.-T.H.); (C.L.); (W.-C.H.); (H.-J.L.); (C.-C.P.); (H.-T.C.)
| | - Han-Tan Cheng
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (S.-T.H.); (C.L.); (W.-C.H.); (H.-J.L.); (C.-C.P.); (H.-T.C.)
| | - Yu-Liang Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (S.-T.H.); (C.L.); (W.-C.H.); (H.-J.L.); (C.-C.P.); (H.-T.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2787-2089
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8
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Sibinelli-Sousa S, Hespanhol JT, Bayer-Santos E. Targeting the Achilles' Heel of Bacteria: Different Mechanisms To Break Down the Peptidoglycan Cell Wall during Bacterial Warfare. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:e00478-20. [PMID: 33139480 PMCID: PMC8088523 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00478-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria commonly live in dense polymicrobial communities and compete for scarce resources. Consequently, they employ a diverse array of mechanisms to harm, inhibit, and kill their competitors. The cell wall is essential for bacterial survival by providing mechanical strength to resist osmotic stress. Because peptidoglycan is the major component of the cell wall and its synthesis is a complex multistep pathway that requires the coordinate action of several enzymes, it provides a target for rival bacteria, which have developed a large arsenal of antibacterial molecules to attack the peptidoglycan of competitors. These molecules include antibiotics, bacteriocins, and contact-dependent effectors that are either secreted into the medium or directly translocated into a target cell. In this minireview, we summarize the diversity of these molecules and highlight distinct mechanisms to disrupt the peptidoglycan, giving special attention to molecules that are known or have the potential to be used during interbacterial competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sibinelli-Sousa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia Takuno Hespanhol
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ethel Bayer-Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Berlinck RGS, Bernardi DI, Fill T, Fernandes AAG, Jurberg ID. The chemistry and biology of guanidine secondary metabolites. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 38:586-667. [PMID: 33021301 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00051e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2017-2019Guanidine natural products isolated from microorganisms, marine invertebrates and terrestrial plants, amphibians and spiders, represented by non-ribosomal peptides, guanidine-bearing polyketides, alkaloids, terpenoids and shikimic acid derived, are the subject of this review. The topics include the discovery of new metabolites, total synthesis of natural guanidine compounds, biological activity and mechanism-of-action, biosynthesis and ecological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto G S Berlinck
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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10
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The Draft Whole-Genome Sequence of the Antibiotic Producer Empedobacter haloabium ATCC 31962 Provides Indications for Its Taxonomic Reclassification. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/45/e01120-19. [PMID: 31699766 PMCID: PMC6838624 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01120-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain ATCC 31962 was formerly taxonomically classified as Empedobacter haloabium and reported to be the producer of the lipopeptide antibiotic empedopeptin. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of ATCC 31962, which encodes regions that suggest a distinct biosynthetic capacity and suggests its taxonomic reclassification.
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11
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Gazzotti S, Rainoldi G, Silvani A. Exploitation of the Ugi–Joullié reaction in drug discovery and development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:639-652. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1604676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Gazzotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Rainoldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Silvani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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12
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Abdel Monaim SAH, Somboro AM, El-Faham A, de la Torre BG, Albericio F. Bacteria Hunt Bacteria through an Intriguing Cyclic Peptide. ChemMedChem 2018; 14:24-51. [PMID: 30394699 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, peptides have been victorious over small molecules as therapeutics due to their broad range of applications, high biological activity, and high specificity. However, the main challenges to overcome if peptides are to become effective drugs is their low oral bioavailability and instability under physiological conditions. Cyclic peptides play a vital role in this context because they show higher stability under physiological conditions, higher membrane permeability, and greater oral bioavailability than that of their corresponding linear analogues. In this regard, cyclic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have gained considerable attention in the field of novel antibiotic development. Bacterial strains produce cyclic AMPs through two pathways: ribosomal and nonribosomal. This review provides an overview of the chemical classification of cyclic AMPs isolated from bacteria, and provides a description of their biological activity and mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa A H Abdel Monaim
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa.,Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Anou M Somboro
- Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Ayman El-Faham
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia, Alexandria, 12321, Egypt
| | - Beatriz G de la Torre
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
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13
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Katsuyama A, Yakushiji F, Ichikawa S. Total Synthesis of Plusbacin A3 and Its Dideoxy Derivative Using a Solvent-Dependent Diastereodivergent Joullié–Ugi Three-Component Reaction. J Org Chem 2018; 83:7085-7101. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Katsuyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Fumika Yakushiji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ichikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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14
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Müller A, Klöckner A, Schneider T. Targeting a cell wall biosynthesis hot spot. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:909-932. [PMID: 28675405 DOI: 10.1039/c7np00012j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2017History points to the bacterial cell wall biosynthetic network as a very effective target for antibiotic intervention, and numerous natural product inhibitors have been discovered. In addition to the inhibition of enzymes involved in the multistep synthesis of the macromolecular layer, in particular, interference with membrane-bound substrates and intermediates essential for the biosynthetic reactions has proven a valuable antibacterial strategy. A prominent target within the peptidoglycan biosynthetic pathway is lipid II, which represents a particular "Achilles' heel" for antibiotic attack, as it is readily accessible on the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane. Lipid II is a unique non-protein target that is one of the structurally most conserved molecules in bacterial cells. Notably, lipid II is more than just a target molecule, since sequestration of the cell wall precursor may be combined with additional antibiotic activities, such as the disruption of membrane integrity or disintegration of membrane-bound multi-enzyme machineries. Within the membrane bilayer lipid II is likely organized in specific anionic phospholipid patches that form a particular "landing platform" for antibiotics. Nature has invented a variety of different "lipid II binders" of at least 5 chemical classes, and their antibiotic activities can vary substantially depending on the compounds' physicochemical properties, such as amphiphilicity and charge, and thus trigger diverse cellular effects that are decisive for antibiotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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15
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Katsuyama A, Paudel A, Panthee S, Hamamoto H, Kawakami T, Hojo H, Yakushiji F, Ichikawa S. Total Synthesis and Antibacterial Investigation of Plusbacin A3. Org Lett 2017; 19:3771-3774. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Katsuyama
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Atmika Paudel
- Institute
of Medical Mycology, Teikyo University, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0395, Japan
| | - Suresh Panthee
- Institute
of Medical Mycology, Teikyo University, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamamoto
- Institute
of Medical Mycology, Teikyo University, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0395, Japan
| | - Toru Kawakami
- Institute
for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka,
Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hironobu Hojo
- Institute
for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka,
Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fumika Yakushiji
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Center
for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ichikawa
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Center
for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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16
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Masschelein J, Jenner M, Challis GL. Antibiotics from Gram-negative bacteria: a comprehensive overview and selected biosynthetic highlights. Nat Prod Rep 2017. [PMID: 28650032 DOI: 10.1039/c7np00010c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2017The overwhelming majority of antibiotics in clinical use originate from Gram-positive Actinobacteria. In recent years, however, Gram-negative bacteria have become increasingly recognised as a rich yet underexplored source of novel antimicrobials, with the potential to combat the looming health threat posed by antibiotic resistance. In this article, we have compiled a comprehensive list of natural products with antimicrobial activity from Gram-negative bacteria, including information on their biosynthetic origin(s) and molecular target(s), where known. We also provide a detailed discussion of several unusual pathways for antibiotic biosynthesis in Gram-negative bacteria, serving to highlight the exceptional biocatalytic repertoire of this group of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Masschelein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, UK.
| | - M Jenner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, UK.
| | - G L Challis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, UK.
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17
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2011-2012. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:255-422. [PMID: 26270629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review is the seventh update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2012. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural types constitute the remainder. The main groups of compound are oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:255-422, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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18
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Henrich E, Ma Y, Engels I, Münch D, Otten C, Schneider T, Henrichfreise B, Sahl HG, Dötsch V, Bernhard F. Lipid Requirements for the Enzymatic Activity of MraY Translocases and in Vitro Reconstitution of the Lipid II Synthesis Pathway. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:2535-46. [PMID: 26620564 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.664292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening of new compounds directed against key protein targets must continually keep pace with emerging antibiotic resistances. Although periplasmic enzymes of bacterial cell wall biosynthesis have been among the first drug targets, compounds directed against the membrane-integrated catalysts are hardly available. A promising future target is the integral membrane protein MraY catalyzing the first membrane associated step within the cytoplasmic pathway of bacterial peptidoglycan biosynthesis. However, the expression of most MraY homologues in cellular expression systems is challenging and limits biochemical analysis. We report the efficient production of MraY homologues from various human pathogens by synthetic cell-free expression approaches and their subsequent characterization. MraY homologues originating from Bordetella pertussis, Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Escherichia coli as well as Bacillus subtilis were co-translationally solubilized using either detergent micelles or preformed nanodiscs assembled with defined membranes. All MraY enzymes originating from Gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to detergents and required nanodiscs containing negatively charged lipids for obtaining a stable and functionally folded conformation. In contrast, the Gram-positive B. subtilis MraY not only tolerates detergent but is also less specific for its lipid environment. The MraY·nanodisc complexes were able to reconstitute a complete in vitro lipid I and lipid II forming pipeline in combination with the cell-free expressed soluble enzymes MurA-F and with the membrane-associated protein MurG. As a proof of principle for future screening platforms, we demonstrate the inhibition of the in vitro lipid II biosynthesis with the specific inhibitors fosfomycin, feglymycin, and tunicamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Henrich
- From the Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J. W. Goethe-University, 60438 Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany
| | - Yi Ma
- From the Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J. W. Goethe-University, 60438 Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany, the School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, 510006 Guangzhou, China,
| | - Ina Engels
- the Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Germany, and the German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Cologne-Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniela Münch
- the Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Germany, and
| | - Christian Otten
- the Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Germany, and
| | - Tanja Schneider
- the Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Germany, and the German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Cologne-Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Beate Henrichfreise
- the Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Germany, and
| | - Hans-Georg Sahl
- the Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Germany, and the German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Cologne-Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Volker Dötsch
- From the Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J. W. Goethe-University, 60438 Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany
| | - Frank Bernhard
- From the Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, J. W. Goethe-University, 60438 Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany,
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19
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Maffioli SI, Cruz JCS, Monciardini P, Sosio M, Donadio S. Advancing cell wall inhibitors towards clinical applications. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 43:177-84. [PMID: 26515981 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1703-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Natural products represent a major source of approved drugs and still play an important role in supplying chemical diversity. Consistently, 2014 has seen new, natural product-derived antibiotics approved for human use by the US Food and Drug Administration. One of the recently approved second-generation glycopeptides is dalbavancin, a semi-synthetic derivative of the natural product A40,926. This compound inhibits bacterial growth by binding to lipid intermediate II (Lipid II), a key intermediate in peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Like other recently approved antibiotics, dalbavancin has a complex history of preclinical and clinical development, with several companies contributing to different steps in different years. While our work on dalbavancin development stopped at the previous company, intriguingly our current pipeline includes two more Lipid II-binding natural products or derivatives thereof. In particular, we will focus on the properties of NAI-107 and related lantibiotics, which originated from recent screening and characterization efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia I Maffioli
- KtedoGen Srl, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139, Milan, Italy.,Naicons Srl, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - João C S Cruz
- KtedoGen Srl, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Monciardini
- KtedoGen Srl, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139, Milan, Italy.,Naicons Srl, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Margherita Sosio
- KtedoGen Srl, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139, Milan, Italy.,Naicons Srl, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Donadio
- KtedoGen Srl, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139, Milan, Italy. .,Naicons Srl, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139, Milan, Italy.
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20
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Schneider T, Müller A, Miess H, Gross H. Cyclic lipopeptides as antibacterial agents – Potent antibiotic activity mediated by intriguing mode of actions. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:37-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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21
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22
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A compendium of cyclic sugar amino acids and their carbocyclic and heterocyclic nitrogen analogues. Amino Acids 2013; 45:613-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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23
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Kurosu M, Siricilla S, Mitachi K. Advances in MRSA drug discovery: where are we and where do we need to be? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:1095-116. [PMID: 23829425 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.807246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have been on the increase during the past decade, due to the steady growth of the elderly and immunocompromised patients, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. Although there are a limited number of anti-MRSA drugs available, a number of different combination antimicrobial drug regimens have been used to treat serious MRSA infections. Thus, the addition of several new antistaphylococcal drugs into clinical practice should broaden clinician's therapeutic options. As MRSA is one of the most common and problematic bacteria associated with increasing antimicrobial resistance, continuous efforts for the discovery of lead compounds as well as development of alternative therapies and faster diagnostics are required. AREAS COVERED This article summarizes the FDA-approved drugs to treat MRSA infections, the drugs in clinical trials, and the drug leads for MRSA and related Gram-positive bacterial infections. In addition, the article discusses the mode of action of antistaphylococcal molecules and the resistant mechanisms of some molecules. EXPERT OPINION The number of pipeline drugs presently undergoing clinical trials is not particularly encouraging. There are limited and rather expensive therapeutic options for MRSA infections in the critically ill. Further research efforts are required for effective phage therapy on MRSA infections in clinical use, which seem to be attractive therapeutic options for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Kurosu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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24
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Aquila M, Benedusi M, Koch KW, Dell’Orco D, Rispoli G. Divalent cations modulate membrane binding and pore formation of a potent antibiotic peptide analog of alamethicin. Cell Calcium 2013; 53:180-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Yount NY, Yeaman MR. Peptide antimicrobials: cell wall as a bacterial target. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1277:127-38. [PMID: 23302022 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous host defense peptides (HDPs) are among the most ancient immune mediators, constituting a first line of defense against invading pathogens across the evolutionary continuum. Generally, HDPs are small (<10 kDa), cationic, and amphipathic polypeptides, often broadly classified based on structure. In eukaryotes, major HDP classes include disulfide-stabilized (e.g., defensins), and α-helical or extended (e.g., cathelicidins) peptides. Prokaryote HDPs are generally referred to as bacteriocins, colicins, or lantibiotics, many of which undergo extensive posttranslational modifications. One target for prokaryotic and eukaryotic HDPs is the bacterial cell wall, an essential structural feature conserved among broad classes of bacteria. A primary building block of the cell wall is peptidoglycan, a macromolecular complex that arises through a series of reactions including membrane translocation, extracellular anchoring, and side chain cross-linking. Each of these steps represents a potential target for HDP inhibition, leading to bacteriostatic or bactericidal outcomes. Thus, understanding the relationships between HDPs and cell wall targets may shed light on new peptide antimicrobial agents and strategies to meet the daunting challenge of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannette Y Yount
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles County, California, USA
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