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Cao H, Sethumadhavan K. Identification of Bcl2 as a Stably Expressed qPCR Reference Gene for Human Colon Cancer Cells Treated with Cottonseed-Derived Gossypol and Bioactive Extracts and Bacteria-Derived Lipopolysaccharides. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217560. [PMID: 36364387 PMCID: PMC9655230 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cottonseed contains many bioactive molecules including plant polyphenols. Cottonseed value might be increased by providing high-value bioactive polyphenols for improving nutrition and health. However, there was a lack of molecular evidence for cottonseed bioactivity in mammalian cells. One widely used method for evaluating the bioactivity of natural products is quantitative real-time-PCR (qPCR). The selection of stably expressed internal reference genes is a crucial task of qPCR assay for data analysis. The rationale for reference gene selection is that a lower standard deviation of the cycle of threshold (Cq) among the treatments indicates a more stable expression of the gene. The objective of this study was to select reference genes in human colon cancer cells (COLO 205) treated with cottonseed-derived gossypol and bioactive extracts along with bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharides (LPS). SYBR Green qPCR was used to analyze the mRNA levels of a wide range of biomarkers involved in glucose transport, lipid biosynthesis, inflammatory response, and cancer development. qPCR data (10,560 Cq values) were generated from 55 genes analyzed from 64 treatments with triplicate per treatment for each gene. The data showed that B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) mRNA was the most stable among the 55 mRNAs analyzed in the human colon cancer cells. Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase (Gapdh) and ribosome protein L32 (Rpl32) mRNAs were not good qPCR references for the colon cancer cells. These observations were consistent regardless of the treatment comparison between gossypol and LPS, glanded and glandless seed extracts, seed coat and kernel extracts, or treatment for 8 and 24 h. These results suggest that Bcl2 is a preferable reference gene for qPCR assays in human colon cancer cells treated with cottonseed-derived gossypol and bioactive extracts as well as LPS. The extensive qPCR results firmly support the conclusion that the Bcl2 gene is stably expressed at the mRNA level in the human colon cancer cells regardless of the treatment, suggesting that Bcl2 gene expression is not regulated at the mRNA level but at the post-transcriptional level. These results should facilitate studies designated to evaluate bioactivity on gene expression regulation by cottonseed molecules and other natural and synthetic molecules for nutrition and health uses.
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Cottonseed extracts regulate gene expression in human colon cancer cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1039. [PMID: 35058516 PMCID: PMC8776848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton plant provides economically important fiber and cottonseed, but cottonseed contributes 20% of the crop value. Cottonseed value could be increased by providing high value bioactive compounds and polyphenolic extracts aimed at improving nutrition and preventing diseases because plant polyphenol extracts have been used as medicinal remedy for various diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of cottonseed extracts on cell viability and gene expression in human colon cancer cells. COLO 225 cells were treated with ethanol extracts from glanded and glandless cottonseed followed by MTT and qPCR assays. Cottonseed extracts showed minor effects on cell viability. qPCR assay analyzed 55 mRNAs involved in several pathways including DGAT, GLUT, TTP, IL, gossypol-regulated and TTP-mediated pathways. Using BCL2 mRNA as the internal reference, qPCR analysis showed minor effects of ethanol extracts from glanded seed coat and kernel and glandless seed coat on mRNA levels in the cells. However, glandless seed kernel extract significantly reduced mRNA levels of many genes involved in glucose transport, lipid biosynthesis and inflammation. The inhibitory effects of glandless kernel extract on gene expression may provide a useful opportunity for improving nutrition and healthcare associated with colon cancer. This in turn may provide the potential of increasing cottonseed value by using ethanol extract as a nutrition/health intervention agent.
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Cao H, Sethumadhavan K, Cao F, Wang TTY. Gossypol decreased cell viability and down-regulated the expression of a number of genes in human colon cancer cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5922. [PMID: 33723275 PMCID: PMC7961146 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant polyphenol gossypol has anticancer activities. This may increase cottonseed value by using gossypol as a health intervention agent. It is necessary to understand its molecular mechanisms before human consumption. The aim was to uncover the effects of gossypol on cell viability and gene expression in cancer cells. In this study, human colon cancer cells (COLO 225) were treated with gossypol. MTT assay showed significant inhibitory effect under high concentration and longtime treatment. We analyzed the expression of 55 genes at the mRNA level in the cells; many of them are regulated by gossypol or ZFP36/TTP in cancer cells. BCL2 mRNA was the most stable among the 55 mRNAs analyzed in human colon cancer cells. GAPDH and RPL32 mRNAs were not good qPCR references for the colon cancer cells. Gossypol decreased the mRNA levels of DGAT, GLUT, TTP, IL families and a number of previously reported genes. In particular, gossypol suppressed the expression of genes coding for CLAUDIN1, ELK1, FAS, GAPDH, IL2, IL8 and ZFAND5 mRNAs, but enhanced the expression of the gene coding for GLUT3 mRNA. The results showed that gossypol inhibited cell survival with decreased expression of a number of genes in the colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Cao
- grid.507314.40000 0001 0668 8000United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA
| | - Kandan Sethumadhavan
- grid.507314.40000 0001 0668 8000United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA
| | - Fangping Cao
- grid.66741.320000 0001 1456 856XBeijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Thomas T. Y. Wang
- grid.508988.4United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
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The Tristetraprolin Family of RNA-Binding Proteins in Cancer: Progress and Future Prospects. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061539. [PMID: 32545247 PMCID: PMC7352335 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression plays a key role in cellular proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. Increasing evidence suggests dysregulated post-transcriptional gene expression as an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of cancer. The tristetraprolin family of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), which include Zinc Finger Protein 36 (ZFP36; commonly referred to as tristetraprolin (TTP)), Zinc Finger Protein 36 like 1 (ZFP36L1), and Zinc Finger Protein 36 like 2 (ZFP36L2), play key roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Mechanistically, these proteins function by binding to the AU-rich elements within the 3′-untranslated regions of their target mRNAs and, in turn, increasing mRNA turnover. The TTP family RBPs are emerging as key regulators of multiple biological processes relevant to cancer and are aberrantly expressed in numerous human cancers. The TTP family RBPs have tumor-suppressive properties and are also associated with cancer prognosis, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy. Herein, we summarize the various hallmark molecular traits of cancers that are reported to be regulated by the TTP family RBPs. We emphasize the role of the TTP family RBPs in the regulation of trait-associated mRNA targets in relevant cancer types/cell lines. Finally, we highlight the potential of the TTP family RBPs as prognostic indicators and discuss the possibility of targeting these TTP family RBPs for therapeutic benefits.
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Chen J, Tang G. PIM-1 kinase: a potential biomarker of triple-negative breast cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:6267-6273. [PMID: 31496730 PMCID: PMC6690594 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s212752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer is associated with a poor prognosis, and effective biomarkers for targeted diagnosis and treatment are lacking. The tumorigenicity of the provirus integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus 1 (PIM-1) gene has been studied for many years. However, its significance in breast cancer remains unclear. In this review we briefly summarized the physiological characteristics and regulation of PIM-1 kinase, and subsequently focused on the role of PIM-1 in tumors, especially breast cancer. Oncogene PIM-1 was found to be upregulated in breast cancer, especially in triple-negative breast cancer. Moreover, it is involved in tumorigenesis and the development of drug resistance, and linked to poor prognosis. A highly selective probe targeting PIM-1 for imaging has emerged, suggesting that PIM-1 may be a potential biomarker for the accurate diagnosis and targeted therapy of triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieying Chen
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyu Tang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Roles of Tristetraprolin in Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113384. [PMID: 30380668 PMCID: PMC6274954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic loss or mutations in tumor suppressor genes promote tumorigenesis. The prospective tumor suppressor tristetraprolin (TTP) has been shown to negatively regulate tumorigenesis through destabilizing the messenger RNAs of critical genes implicated in both tumor onset and tumor progression. Regulation of TTP has therefore emerged as an important issue in tumorigenesis. Similar to other tumor suppressors, TTP expression is frequently downregualted in various human cancers, and its low expression is correlated with poor prognosis. Additionally, disruption in the regulation of TTP by various mechanisms results in the inactivation of TTP protein or altered TTP expression. A recent study showing alleviation of Myc-driven lymphomagenesis by the forced expression of TTP has shed light on new therapeutic avenues for cancer prevention and treatment through the restoration of TTP expression. In this review, we summarize key oncogenes subjected to the TTP-mediated mRNA degradation, and discuss how dysregulation of TTP can contribute to tumorigenesis. In addition, the control mechanism underlying TTP expression at the posttranscriptional and posttranslational levels will be discussed.
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Ren C, Yang T, Qiao P, Wang L, Han X, Lv S, Sun Y, Liu Z, Du Y, Yu Z. PIM2 interacts with tristetraprolin and promotes breast cancer tumorigenesis. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:690-704. [PMID: 29570932 PMCID: PMC5928357 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tristetraprolin (TTP) is an AU‐rich element‐binding protein that regulates mRNA stability and plays important roles in cancer. The mechanisms by which TTP is regulated in breast cancer are poorly understood. Using multiple biochemical approaches, we found that proviral insertion in murine lymphomas 2 (PIM2) is a novel binding partner of TTP. Interestingly, PIM2 decreased TTP protein levels independent of its kinase activity. PIM2 instead targeted TTP protein for degradation via the ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining showed that PIM2 and TTP protein levels were negatively correlated in human breast cancer samples. Indeed, PIM2 overexpression de‐repressed TTP‐mediated inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation and migration in vitro and promoted breast tumor xenograft growth in vivo. These findings demonstrate an important role for the PIM2‐TTP complex in breast cancer tumorigenesis, suggesting that PIM2 may represent a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chune Ren
- Department of Reproductive MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical UniversityShandongChina
| | - Tingting Yang
- Department of Reproductive MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical UniversityShandongChina
| | - Pengyun Qiao
- Department of Reproductive MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical UniversityShandongChina
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Reproductive MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical UniversityShandongChina
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Reproductive MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical UniversityShandongChina
| | - Shijun Lv
- Department of PathologyAffiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical UniversityShandongChina
| | - Yonghong Sun
- Department of PathologyAffiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical UniversityShandongChina
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Medical BiologyWeifang Medical UniversityShandongChina
| | - Yu Du
- Department of Medical BiologyWeifang Medical UniversityShandongChina
| | - Zhenhai Yu
- Department of Reproductive MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical UniversityShandongChina
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Noguchi A, Adachi S, Yokota N, Hatta T, Natsume T, Kawahara H. ZFP36L2 is a cell cycle-regulated CCCH protein necessary for DNA lesion-induced S-phase arrest. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.031575. [PMID: 29449217 PMCID: PMC5898266 DOI: 10.1242/bio.031575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ZFP36L2 promotes the destruction of AU-rich element-containing transcripts, while its regulation and functional significance in cell cycle control are scarcely identified. We show that ZFP36L2 is a cell cycle-regulated CCCH protein, the abundance of which is regulated post-translationally at the respective stages of the cell cycle. Indeed, ZFP36L2 protein was eliminated after release from M phase, and ZYG11B-based E3 ligase plays a role in its polyubiquitination in interphase. Although ZFP36L2 is dispensable for normal cell cycle progression, we found that endogenous ZFP36L2 played a key role in cisplatin-induced S-phase arrest, a process in which the suppression of G1/S cyclins is necessary. The accumulation of ZFP36L2 was stimulated under DNA replication stresses and altered interactions with a subset of RNA-binding proteins. Notably, silencing endogenous ZFP36L2 led to impaired cell viability in the presence of cisplatin-induced DNA lesions. Thus, we propose that ZFP36L2 is a key protein that controls S-phase progression in the case of genome instability. Summary: ZFP36L2 is a cell cycle-regulated RNA-binding protein, the abundance of which is regulated post-translationally. This protein is especially accumulated in and critical for the survival of DNA-damaged cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Noguchi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shungo Adachi
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Naoto Yokota
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hatta
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Tohru Natsume
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawahara
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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Wei ZR, Liang C, Feng D, Cheng YJ, Wang WM, Yang DJ, Wang YX, Cai QP. Low tristetraprolin expression promotes cell proliferation and predicts poor patients outcome in pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 7:17737-50. [PMID: 26894969 PMCID: PMC4951246 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tristetraprolin (also known as TTP, TIS11, ZFP36, and Nup475) is a well-characterized tumor suppressor that is down-regulated in several tumor types. In the current study, we found that TTP expression was markedly reduced in pancreatic cancer samples as compared to matched normal tissues. Low TTP level was associated with age (P=0.037), tumor size (P=0.008), tumor differentiation (P=0.004), postoperative T stage (pT stage, P<0.001), postoperative N stage (pN stage, P=0.008) and TNM stage (P<0.001). Moreover, low TTP expression predicted reduced survival rates and poor patient outcome. We also found that TTP impairs pancreatic cancer cell proliferation both in vivo and in vitro. Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) assay showed that TTP over-expression both increases apoptosis and decreases proliferation in pancreatic cancer cells. RNA-sequencing analysis showed that TTP over-expression downregulates several tumor-related factors, including Pim-1 and IL-6. Our findings indicate that TTP could serve as a potential prognostic indicator in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ran Wei
- Department of Gastro-Intestine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Liang
- Department of Gastro-Intestine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Feng
- Department of Oncology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Jun Cheng
- Department of Gastro-Intestine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Min Wang
- Department of Gastro-Intestine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - De-Jun Yang
- Department of Gastro-Intestine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-Xiang Wang
- SIBS (Institute of Health Sciences)-Changzheng Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Institutes for Translational Medicine (CAS-SMMU), Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Ping Cai
- Department of Gastro-Intestine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Up-regulation of Pim-3 in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients and its potential therapeutic role in COPD rat modeling. Pathol Res Pract 2017; 213:322-326. [PMID: 28214201 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pim-3 belongs to the PIM kinase family and plays an important role in promoting inflammation, which is essential in the pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). METHODS Immunohistochemistry (IHC), western blot, and RT-PCR analyses were performed to assess the expression of Pim-3 in both COPD and healthy lung tissue samples. SMA (Smooth Muscle Actin) and Cyclin D1 expression were detected by IHC. We also constructed animal models for the control, COPD, and Pim-3 inhibition groups, in order to analyze the effects of Pim-3 inhibition on COPD, and the role of Pim-3 in the p38 pathway. RESULTS Compared with normal lung tissue, Pim-3 mRNA and protein were up-regulated in COPD tissue. Expression of Cyclin D1 and SMA were also up-regulated in the COPD group. In the animal model experiment, we found that suppression of Pim-3 decreased Pim-3, Cyclin D1, and SMA expression, as well as ameliorated lung damage in COPD patients. The inhibition of Pim-3 also resulted in the suppression of the p38 pathway. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that up-regulation of Pim-3 successfully accelerated COPD development, and aggravated lung damage. The molecular mechanism of Pim-3 in COPD might be related to the p38 pathway, and is correlated with Cyclin D1 and SMA expression.
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Liao Y, Feng Y, Shen J, Gao Y, Cote G, Choy E, Harmon D, Mankin H, Hornicek F, Duan Z. Clinical and biological significance of PIM1 kinase in osteosarcoma. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:1185-94. [PMID: 26687194 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most prevalent histological form of primary malignant bone tumor. The majority of osteosarcoma patients have limited alternative therapeutic options and metastatic patients generally have a poor prognosis. Proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase PIM1 is associated with growth and survival of many kinds of tumor cells. However, the role of PIM1 in osteosarcoma remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the functional and therapeutic relevance of PIM1 as a putative target in osteosarcoma. We found PIM1 was highly expressed in various osteosarcoma cell lines and in tumor tissues from osteosarcoma patients. Tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry analysis showed that the overall and disease-free survival rate of patients with high levels of PIM1 protein expression were significantly shorter than patients with low levels. High levels of PIM1 were also associated with present metastasis and can be considered as an independent prognostic factor in osteosarcoma patients. Knockdown of PIM1 expression by synthetic siRNA or shRNA greatly inhibited cell growth, migration, and invasion. Moreover, these changes accompanied with down-regulation of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. The similar results were obtained in osteosarcoma cells treated with PIM1 specific inhibitor (SMI-4a). These results suggest that PIM1 kinase is critical for the growth and metastasis of osteosarcoma cells and can be a potential therapeutic target for osteosarcoma treatment. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1185-1194, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Liao
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
- Department of Endocrine, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, China, 430022
| | - Yong Feng
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, China, 430022
| | - Jacson Shen
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Yan Gao
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Gregory Cote
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
| | - Edwin Choy
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
| | - David Harmon
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
| | - Henry Mankin
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Francis Hornicek
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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Khabar KSA. Hallmarks of cancer and AU-rich elements. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2016; 8. [PMID: 27251431 PMCID: PMC5215528 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Post‐transcriptional control of gene expression is aberrant in cancer cells. Sustained stabilization and enhanced translation of specific mRNAs are features of tumor cells. AU‐rich elements (AREs), cis‐acting mRNA decay determinants, play a major role in the posttranscriptional regulation of many genes involved in cancer processes. This review discusses the role of aberrant ARE‐mediated posttranscriptional processes in each of the hallmarks of cancer, including sustained cellular growth, resistance to apoptosis, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1368. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1368 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid S A Khabar
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Pandiri I, Chen Y, Joe Y, Kim HJ, Park J, Chung HT, Park JW. Tristetraprolin mediates the anti-proliferative effects of metformin in breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 156:57-64. [PMID: 26956973 PMCID: PMC4788686 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3742-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metformin, which is a drug commonly prescribed to treat type 2 diabetes, has anti-proliferative effects in cancer cells; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect remain largely unknown. The aim is to investigate the role of tristetraprolin (TTP), an AU-rich element-binding protein, in anti-proliferative effects of metformin in cancer cells. p53 wild-type and p53 mutant breast cancer cells were treated with metformin, and expression of TTP and c-Myc was analyzed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, Western blots, and promoter activity assay. Breast cancer cells were transfected with siRNA against TTP to inhibit TTP expression or c-Myc and, after metformin treatment, analyzed for cell proliferation by MTS assay. Metformin induces the expression of tristetraprolin (TTP) in breast cancer cells in a p53-independent manner. Importantly, inhibition of TTP abrogated the anti-proliferation effect of metformin. We observed that metformin decreased c-Myc levels, and ectopic expression of c-Myc blocked the effect of metformin on TTP expression and cell proliferation. Our data indicate that metformin induces TTP expression by reducing the expression of c-Myc, suggesting a new model whereby TTP acts as a mediator of metformin’s anti-proliferative activity in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Pandiri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 680-749, Korea
| | - Yingqing Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 680-749, Korea
| | - Yeonsoo Joe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 680-749, Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 680-749, Korea
| | - Jeongmin Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 680-749, Korea
| | - Hun Taeg Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 680-749, Korea.
| | - Jeong Woo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 680-749, Korea.
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14
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Ryu J, Yoon NA, Seong H, Jeong JY, Kang S, Park N, Choi J, Lee DH, Roh GS, Kim HJ, Cho GJ, Choi WS, Park JY, Park JW, Kang SS. Resveratrol Induces Glioma Cell Apoptosis through Activation of Tristetraprolin. Mol Cells 2015; 38:991-7. [PMID: 26537190 PMCID: PMC4673414 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tristetraprolin (TTP) is an AU-rich elements (AREs)-binding protein, which regulates the decay of AREs-containing mRNAs such as proto-oncogenes, anti-apoptotic genes and immune regulatory genes. Despite the low expression of TTP in various human cancers, the mechanism involving suppressed expression of TTP is not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene, Res), a naturally occurring compound, induces glioma cell apoptosis through activation of tristetraprolin (TTP). Res increased TTP expression in U87MG human glioma cells. Res-induced TTP destabilized the urokinase plasminogen activator and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor mRNAs by binding to the ARE regions containing the 3' untranslated regions of their mRNAs. Furthermore, TTP induced by Res suppressed cell growth and induced apoptosis in the human glioma cells. Because of its regulation of TTP expression, these findings suggest that the bioactive dietary compound Res can be used as a novel anti-cancer agent for the treatment of human malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhyun Ryu
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727,
Korea
| | - Nal Ae Yoon
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727,
Korea
| | - Hyemin Seong
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727,
Korea
| | - Joo Yeon Jeong
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727,
Korea
| | - Seokmin Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727,
Korea
| | - Nammi Park
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727,
Korea
| | - Jungil Choi
- Gyeongnam Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju 660-844,
Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727,
Korea
| | - Gu Seob Roh
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727,
Korea
| | - Hyun Joon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727,
Korea
| | - Gyeong Jae Cho
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727,
Korea
| | - Wan Sung Choi
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727,
Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Park
- School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841,
Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749,
Korea
| | - Sang Soo Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727,
Korea
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15
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Saurabh K, Scherzer MT, Shah PP, Mims AS, Lockwood WW, Kraft AS, Beverly LJ. The PIM family of oncoproteins: small kinases with huge implications in myeloid leukemogenesis and as therapeutic targets. Oncotarget 2015; 5:8503-14. [PMID: 25238262 PMCID: PMC4226700 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PIM kinases are a family of serine/threonine kinases involved in cell survival and proliferation. There is significant structural similarity between the three PIM kinases (PIM1, PIM2 and PIM3) and few amino acid differences. Although, several studies have specifically monitored the role of PIM1 in tumorigenesis, much less is known about PIM2 and PIM3. Therefore, in this study we have used in vitro cell culture models and in vivo bone marrow infection/transplantation to assess the comparative signaling and oncogenic potential of each of the three PIM kinases. All three PIM kinases were able to protect FL5.12 cells from IL-3 withdrawal induced death. Interestingly, the downstream signaling cascades were indistinguishable between the three kinases. Transplantation of murine bone marrow co-expressing MYC and PIM1, PIM2 or PIM3 caused rapid and uniformly lethal myeloid leukemia. De-induction of MYC 18 days following transplantation significantly increased the survival of mice, even with continual expression of PIM kinases. Alternatively, mice treated at the pre-leukemic stage with a PIM kinase inhibitor increased the lifespan of the mice, even with continual expression of the MYC transgene. These data demonstrate the role of PIM kinases in driving myeloid leukemia, and as candidate molecules for therapy against human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Saurabh
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY. These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Michael T Scherzer
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY. Department of Bioengineering, J.B Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY. These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Parag P Shah
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Alice S Mims
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - William W Lockwood
- Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew S Kraft
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Levi J Beverly
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY. Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
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16
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Brennan-Laun SE, Li XL, Ezelle HJ, Venkataraman T, Blackshear PJ, Wilson GM, Hassel BA. RNase L attenuates mitogen-stimulated gene expression via transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms to limit the proliferative response. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:33629-43. [PMID: 25301952 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.589556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular response to mitogens is tightly regulated via transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms to rapidly induce genes that promote proliferation and efficiently attenuate their expression to prevent malignant growth. RNase L is an endoribonuclease that mediates diverse antiproliferative activities, and tristetraprolin (TTP) is a mitogen-induced RNA-binding protein that directs the decay of proliferation-stimulatory mRNAs. In light of their roles as endogenous proliferative constraints, we examined the mechanisms and functional interactions of RNase L and TTP to attenuate a mitogenic response. Mitogen stimulation of RNase L-deficient cells significantly increased TTP transcription and the induction of other mitogen-induced mRNAs. This regulation corresponded with elevated expression of serum-response factor (SRF), a master regulator of mitogen-induced transcription. RNase L destabilized the SRF transcript and formed a complex with SRF mRNA in cells providing a mechanism by which RNase L down-regulates SRF-induced genes. TTP and RNase L proteins interacted in cells suggesting that RNase L is directed to cleave TTP-bound RNAs as a mechanism of substrate specificity. Consistent with their concerted function in RNA turnover, the absence of either RNase L or TTP stabilized SRF mRNA, and a subset of established TTP targets was also regulated by RNase L. RNase L deficiency enhanced mitogen-induced proliferation demonstrating its functional role in limiting the mitogenic response. Our findings support a model of feedback regulation in which RNase L and TTP target SRF mRNA and SRF-induced transcripts. Accordingly, meta-analysis revealed an enrichment of RNase L and TTP targets among SRF-regulated genes suggesting that the RNase L/TTP axis represents a viable target to inhibit SRF-driven proliferation in neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Brennan-Laun
- From the Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Xiao-Ling Li
- the Genetics Branch, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Heather J Ezelle
- From the Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and the Research Services, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, and
| | | | - Perry J Blackshear
- the Laboratory of Signal Transduction, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Gerald M Wilson
- From the Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Bret A Hassel
- From the Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and the Research Services, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, and
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17
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Al-Ahmadi W, Al-Ghamdi M, Al-Souhibani N, Khabar KSA. miR-29a inhibition normalizes HuR over-expression and aberrant AU-rich mRNA stability in invasive cancer. J Pathol 2013; 230:28-38. [PMID: 23401122 PMCID: PMC3732382 DOI: 10.1002/path.4178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The activities of RNA-binding proteins are perturbed in several pathological conditions, including cancer. These proteins include tristetraprolin (TTP, ZFP36) and HuR (ELAVL1), which respectively promote the decay or stability of adenylate-uridylate-rich (AU-rich) mRNAs. Here, we demonstrated that increased stabilization and subsequent over-expression of HuR mRNA were coupled to TTP deficiency. These findings were observed in breast cancer cell lines with an invasive phenotype and were further confirmed in ZFP36-knockout mouse fibroblasts. We show that TTP–HuR imbalance correlated with increased expression of AU-rich element (ARE) mRNAs that code for cancer invasion genes. The microRNA miR-29a was abundant in invasive breast cancer cells when compared to non-tumourigenic cell types. When normal breast cells were treated with miR-29a, HuR mRNA and protein expression were up-regulated. MiR-29a recognized a seed target in the TTP 3′ UTR and a cell-permeable miR-29a inhibitor increased TTP activity towards HuR 3′ UTR. This led to HuR mRNA destabilization and restoration of the aberrant TTP–HuR axis. Subsequently, the cancer invasion factors uPA, MMP-1 and MMP-13, and cell invasiveness, were decreased. The TTP:HuR mRNA ratios were also perturbed in samples from invasive breast cancer patients when compared with normal tissues, and were associated with invasion gene expression. This study demonstrates that an aberrant ARE-mediated pathway in invasive cancer can be normalized by targeting the aberrant and functionally coupled TTP–HuR axis, indicating a potential therapeutic approach. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wijdan Al-Ahmadi
- Molecular Biomedicine Programme, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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