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Delgado-Requerey V, Cejudo FJ, González MC. The Functional Relationship between NADPH Thioredoxin Reductase C, 2-Cys Peroxiredoxins, and m-Type Thioredoxins in the Regulation of Calvin-Benson Cycle and Malate-Valve Enzymes in Arabidopsis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051041. [PMID: 37237907 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The concerted regulation of chloroplast biosynthetic pathways and NADPH extrusion via malate valve depends on f and m thioredoxins (Trxs). The finding that decreased levels of the thiol-peroxidase 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (Prx) suppress the severe phenotype of Arabidopsis mutants lacking NADPH-dependent Trx reductase C (NTRC) and Trxs f uncovered the central function of the NTRC-2-Cys-Prx redox system in chloroplast performance. These results suggest that Trxs m are also regulated by this system; however, the functional relationship between NTRC, 2-Cys Prxs, and m-type Trxs is unknown. To address this issue, we generated Arabidopsis thaliana mutants combining deficiencies in NTRC, 2-Cys Prx B, Trxs m1, and m4. The single trxm1 and trxm4 mutants showed a wild-type phenotype, growth retardation being noticed only in the trxm1m4 double mutant. Moreover, the ntrc-trxm1m4 mutant displayed a more severe phenotype than the ntrc mutant, as shown by the impaired photosynthetic performance, altered chloroplast structure, and defective light-dependent reduction in the Calvin-Benson cycle and malate-valve enzymes. These effects were suppressed by the decreased contents of 2-Cys Prx, since the quadruple ntrc-trxm1m4-2cpb mutant displayed a wild-type-like phenotype. These results show that the activity of m-type Trxs in the light-dependent regulation of biosynthetic enzymes and malate valve is controlled by the NTRC-2-Cys-Prx system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Delgado-Requerey
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María-Cruz González
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Gallardo-Martínez AM, Jiménez-López J, Hernández ML, Pérez-Ruiz JM, Cejudo FJ. Plastid 2-Cys peroxiredoxins are essential for embryogenesis in Arabidopsis. Redox Biol 2023; 62:102645. [PMID: 36898225 PMCID: PMC10020101 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The redox couple formed by NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC) and 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (Prxs) allows fine-tuning chloroplast performance in response to light intensity changes. Accordingly, the Arabidopsis 2cpab mutant lacking 2-Cys Prxs shows growth inhibition and sensitivity to light stress. However, this mutant also shows defective post-germinative growth, suggesting a relevant role of plastid redox systems in seed development, which is so far unknown. To address this issue, we first analyzed the pattern of expression of NTRC and 2-Cys Prxs in developing seeds. Transgenic lines expressing GFP fusions of these proteins showed their expression in developing embryos, which was low at the globular stage and increased at heart and torpedo stages, coincident with embryo chloroplast differentiation, and confirmed the plastid localization of these enzymes. The 2cpab mutant produced white and abortive seeds, which contained lower and altered composition of fatty acids, thus showing the relevance of 2-Cys Prxs in embryogenesis. Most embryos of white and abortive seeds of the 2cpab mutant were arrested at heart and torpedo stages of embryogenesis suggesting an essential function of 2-Cys Prxs in embryo chloroplast differentiation. This phenotype was not recovered by a mutant version of 2-Cys Prx A replacing the peroxidatic Cys by Ser. Neither the lack nor the overexpression of NTRC had any effect on seed development indicating that the function of 2-Cys Prxs at these early stages of development is independent of NTRC, in clear contrast with the operation of these regulatory redox systems in leaves chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia M Gallardo-Martínez
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Julia Jiménez-López
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - María Luisa Hernández
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Juan Manuel Pérez-Ruiz
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Francisco Javier Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
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Verification of the Relationship between Redox Regulation of Thioredoxin Target Proteins and Their Proximity to Thylakoid Membranes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040773. [PMID: 35453458 PMCID: PMC9032623 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx) is a key protein of the redox regulation system in chloroplasts, where it modulates various enzyme activities. Upon light irradiation, Trx reduces the disulfide bonds of Trx target proteins (thereby turning on their activities) using reducing equivalents obtained from the photosynthetic electron transport chain. This reduction process involves a differential response, i.e., some Trx target proteins in the stroma respond slowly to the change in redox condition caused by light/dark changes, while the ATP synthase γ subunit (CF1-γ) located on the surface of thylakoid membrane responds with high sensitivity. The factors that determine this difference in redox kinetics are not yet known, although here, we hypothesize that it is due to each protein’s localization in the chloroplast, i.e., the reducing equivalents generated under light conditions can be transferred more efficiently to the proteins on thylakoid membrane than to stromal proteins. To explore this possibility, we anchored SBPase, one of the stromal Trx target proteins, to the thylakoid membrane in Arabidopsis thaliana. Analyses of the redox behaviors of the anchored and unanchored proteins showed no significant difference in their reduction kinetics, implying that protein sensitivity to redox regulation is determined by other factors.
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Structural analysis revealed a novel conformation of the NTRC reductase domain from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J Struct Biol 2021; 214:107829. [PMID: 34974142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2021.107829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In plant chloroplasts, thiol regulation is driven by two systems. One relies on the activity of thioredoxins through their light dependent reduction by ferredoxin via a ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase (FTR). In the other system, a NADPH-dependent redox regulation is driven by a NADPH-thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC). While the thioredoxin system has been deeply studied, a more thorough understanding of the function of this plant specific NTRC is desirable. NTRC is a single polypeptide harbouring a thioredoxin domain (Trx) at the C-terminus of a NADPH-dependent Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR). To provide functional and structural insights, we studied the crystal structure of the TrxR domain of the NTRC from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrNTRC, Cre01.g054150.t1.2) and its Cys136Ser (C136S) mutant, which is characterized by the mutation of the resolving cysteine in the active site of the TrxR domain. Furthermore, we confirmed the role of NTRC as electron donor for 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (PRX) also in C. reinhardtii. The structural data of TrxR were employed to develop a scheme of action which addresses electron transfer between TrxR and Trx of NTRC and between NTRC and its substrates.
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Venegas-Rioseco J, Ginocchio R, Ortiz-Calderón C. Increase in Phytoextraction Potential by Genome Editing and Transformation: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:86. [PMID: 35009088 PMCID: PMC8747683 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soil metal contamination associated with productive activities is a global issue. Metals are not biodegradable and tend to accumulate in soils, posing potential risks to surrounding ecosystems and human health. Plant-based techniques (phytotechnologies) for the in situ remediation of metal-polluted soils have been developed, but these have some limitations. Phytotechnologies are a group of technologies that take advantage of the ability of certain plants to remediate soil, water, and air resources to rehabilitate ecosystem services in managed landscapes. Regarding soil metal pollution, the main objectives are in situ stabilization (phytostabilization) and the removal of contaminants (phytoextraction). Genetic engineering strategies such as gene editing, stacking genes, and transformation, among others, may improve the phytoextraction potential of plants by enhancing their ability to accumulate and tolerate metals and metalloids. This review discusses proven strategies to enhance phytoextraction efficiency and future perspectives on phytotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javiera Venegas-Rioseco
- Departamento de Ecosistemas y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Rosanna Ginocchio
- Departamento de Ecosistemas y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Claudia Ortiz-Calderón
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fitorremediación, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile;
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Ojeda V, Jiménez-López J, Romero-Campero FJ, Cejudo FJ, Pérez-Ruiz JM. A chloroplast redox relay adapts plastid metabolism to light and affects cytosolic protein quality control. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:88-102. [PMID: 34618130 PMCID: PMC8418392 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In chloroplasts, thiol-dependent redox regulation is linked to light since the disulfide reductase activity of thioredoxins (Trxs) relies on photo-reduced ferredoxin (Fdx). Furthermore, chloroplasts harbor an NADPH-dependent Trx reductase (NTR) with a joint Trx domain, termed NTRC. The activity of these two redox systems is integrated by the redox balance of 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (Prx), which is controlled by NTRC. However, NTRC was proposed to participate in redox regulation of additional targets, prompting inquiry into whether the function of NTRC depends on its capacity to maintain the redox balance of 2-Cys Prxs or by direct redox interaction with chloroplast enzymes. To answer this, we studied the functional relationship of NTRC and 2-Cys Prxs by a comparative analysis of the triple Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant, ntrc-2cpab, which lacks NTRC and 2-Cys Prxs, and the double mutant 2cpab, which lacks 2-Cys Prxs. These mutants exhibit almost indistinguishable phenotypes: in growth rate, photosynthesis performance, and redox regulation of chloroplast enzymes in response to light and darkness. These results suggest that the most relevant function of NTRC is in controlling the redox balance of 2-Cys Prxs. A comparative transcriptomics analysis confirmed the phenotypic similarity of the two mutants and suggested that the NTRC-2-Cys Prxs system participates in cytosolic protein quality control. We propose that NTRC and 2-Cys Prxs constitute a redox relay, exclusive to photosynthetic organisms that fine-tunes the redox state of chloroplast enzymes in response to light and affects transduction pathways towards the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valle Ojeda
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Julia Jiménez-López
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco José Romero-Campero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Pérez-Ruiz
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
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Wang X, Jiang Z, Yue N, Jin X, Zhang X, Li Z, Zhang Y, Wang X, Han C, Yu J, Li D. Barley stripe mosaic virus γb protein disrupts chloroplast antioxidant defenses to optimize viral replication. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107660. [PMID: 34254679 PMCID: PMC8365260 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021107660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant antioxidant system plays important roles in response to diverse abiotic and biotic stresses. However, the effects of virus infection on host redox homeostasis and how antioxidant defense pathway is manipulated by viruses remain poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that the Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) γb protein is recruited to the chloroplast by the viral αa replicase to enhance viral replication. Here, we show that BSMV infection induces chloroplast oxidative stress. The versatile γb protein interacts directly with NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC), a core component of chloroplast antioxidant systems. Overexpression of NbNTRC significantly impairs BSMV replication in Nicotiana benthamiana plants, whereas disruption of NbNTRC expression leads to increased viral accumulation and infection severity. To counter NTRC-mediated defenses, BSMV employs the γb protein to competitively interfere with NbNTRC binding to 2-Cys Prx. Altogether, this study indicates that beyond acting as a helicase enhancer, γb also subverts NTRC-mediated chloroplast antioxidant defenses to create an oxidative microenvironment conducive to viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil MicrobiologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhihao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil MicrobiologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ning Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil MicrobiologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xuejiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil MicrobiologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil MicrobiologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhaolei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil MicrobiologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil MicrobiologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xian‐Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil MicrobiologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chenggui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil MicrobiologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jialin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil MicrobiologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil MicrobiologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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Domínguez F, Cejudo FJ. Chloroplast dismantling in leaf senescence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5905-5918. [PMID: 33959761 PMCID: PMC8760853 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In photosynthetic plant cells, chloroplasts act as factories of metabolic intermediates that support plant growth. Chloroplast performance is highly influenced by environmental cues. Thus, these organelles have the additional function of sensing ever changing environmental conditions, thereby playing a key role in harmonizing the growth and development of different organs and in plant acclimation to the environment. Moreover, chloroplasts constitute an excellent source of metabolic intermediates that are remobilized to sink tissues during senescence so that chloroplast dismantling is a tightly regulated process that plays a key role in plant development. Stressful environmental conditions enhance the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by chloroplasts, which may lead to oxidative stress causing damage to the organelle. These environmental conditions trigger mechanisms that allow the rapid dismantling of damaged chloroplasts, which is crucial to avoid deleterious effects of toxic by-products of the degradative process. In this review, we discuss the effect of redox homeostasis and ROS generation in the process of chloroplast dismantling. Furthermore, we summarize the structural and biochemical events, both intra- and extraplastid, that characterize the process of chloroplast dismantling in senescence and in response to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Domínguez
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
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Cejudo FJ, González MC, Pérez-Ruiz JM. Redox regulation of chloroplast metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:9-21. [PMID: 33793865 PMCID: PMC8154093 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of enzyme activity based on thiol-disulfide exchange is a regulatory mechanism in which the protein disulfide reductase activity of thioredoxins (TRXs) plays a central role. Plant chloroplasts are equipped with a complex set of up to 20 TRXs and TRX-like proteins, the activity of which is supported by reducing power provided by photosynthetically reduced ferredoxin (FDX) with the participation of a FDX-dependent TRX reductase (FTR). Therefore, the FDX-FTR-TRXs pathway allows the regulation of redox-sensitive chloroplast enzymes in response to light. In addition, chloroplasts contain an NADPH-dependent redox system, termed NTRC, which allows the use of NADPH in the redox network of these organelles. Genetic approaches using mutants of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) in combination with biochemical and physiological studies have shown that both redox systems, NTRC and FDX-FTR-TRXs, participate in fine-tuning chloroplast performance in response to changes in light intensity. Moreover, these studies revealed the participation of 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (2-Cys PRX), a thiol-dependent peroxidase, in the control of the reducing activity of chloroplast TRXs as well as in the rapid oxidation of stromal enzymes upon darkness. In this review, we provide an update on recent findings regarding the redox regulatory network of plant chloroplasts, focusing on the functional relationship of 2-Cys PRXs with NTRC and the FDX-FTR-TRXs redox systems for fine-tuning chloroplast performance in response to changes in light intensity and darkness. Finally, we consider redox regulation as an additional layer of control of the signaling function of the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Author for communication:
| | - María-Cruz González
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Pérez-Ruiz
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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Exploring the Functional Relationship between y-Type Thioredoxins and 2-Cys Peroxiredoxins in Arabidopsis Chloroplasts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111072. [PMID: 33142810 PMCID: PMC7694023 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxins (Trxs) are small, ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze disulphide–dithiol interchange in target enzymes. The large set of chloroplast Trxs, including f, m, x and y subtypes, use reducing equivalents fueled by photoreduced ferredoxin (Fdx) for fine-tuning photosynthetic performance and metabolism through the control of the activity of redox-sensitive proteins. Although biochemical analyses suggested functional diversity of chloroplast Trxs, genetic studies have established that deficiency in a particular Trx subtype has subtle phenotypic effects, leading to the proposal that the Trx isoforms are functionally redundant. In addition, chloroplasts contain an NADPH-dependent Trx reductase with a joint Trx domain, termed NTRC. Interestingly, Arabidopsis mutants combining the deficiencies of x- or f-type Trxs and NTRC display very severe growth inhibition phenotypes, which are partially rescued by decreased levels of 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (Prxs). These findings indicate that the reducing capacity of Trxs f and x is modulated by the redox balance of 2-Cys Prxs, which is controlled by NTRC. In this study, we explored whether NTRC acts as a master regulator of the pool of chloroplast Trxs by analyzing its functional relationship with Trxs y. While Trx y interacts with 2-Cys Prxs in vitro and in planta, the analysis of Arabidopsis mutants devoid of NTRC and Trxs y suggests that Trxs y have only a minor effect, if any, on the redox state of 2-Cys Prxs.
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Sekiguchi T, Yoshida K, Okegawa Y, Motohashi K, Wakabayashi KI, Hisabori T. Chloroplast ATP synthase is reduced by both f-type and m-type thioredoxins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1861:148261. [PMID: 32659266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The activity of the molecular motor enzyme, chloroplast ATP synthase, is regulated in a redox-dependent manner. The γ subunit, CF1-γ, is the central shaft of this enzyme complex and possesses the redox-active cysteine pair, which is reduced by thioredoxin (Trx). In light conditions, Trx transfers the reducing equivalent obtained from the photosynthetic electron transfer system to the CF1-γ. Previous studies showed that the light-dependent reduction of CF1-γ is more rapid than those of other Trx target proteins in the stroma. Although there are multiple Trx isoforms in chloroplasts, it is not well understood as to which chloroplast Trx isoform primarily contributes to the reduction of CF1-γ, especially under physiological conditions. We therefore performed direct assessment of the CF1-γ reduction capacity of each of the Trx isoforms. The kinetic analysis of the reduction process showed no significant difference in the reduction efficiency between two major chloroplast Trxs, namely Trx-f and Trx-m. Based on the thorough analyses of the CF1-γ redox dynamics in Arabidopsis thaliana Trx mutant plants, we found that lack of Trx-f or Trx-m had no significant impact on the in vivo light-dependent reduction of CF1-γ. The results showed that CF1-γ can accept the reducing power from both Trx-f and Trx-m in chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Sekiguchi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-Ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan; School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshida
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-Ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan; School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yuki Okegawa
- Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo Motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Ken Motohashi
- Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo Motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Wakabayashi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-Ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan; School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Toru Hisabori
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-Ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan; School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
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González M, Delgado-Requerey V, Ferrández J, Serna A, Cejudo FJ. Insights into the function of NADPH thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC) based on identification of NTRC-interacting proteins in vivo. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5787-5798. [PMID: 31294455 PMCID: PMC6812714 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Redox regulation in heterotrophic organisms relies on NADPH, thioredoxins (TRXs), and an NADPH-dependent TRX reductase (NTR). In contrast, chloroplasts harbor two redox systems, one that uses photoreduced ferredoxin (Fd), an Fd-dependent TRX reductase (FTR), and TRXs, which links redox regulation to light, and NTRC, which allows the use of NADPH for redox regulation. It has been shown that NTRC-dependent regulation of 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (PRX) is critical for optimal function of the photosynthetic apparatus. Thus, the objective of the present study was the analysis of the interaction of NTRC and 2-Cys PRX in vivo and the identification of proteins interacting with them with the aim of identifying chloroplast processes regulated by this redox system. To assess this objective, we generated Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing either an NTRC-tandem affinity purification (TAP)-Tag or a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-TAP-Tag, which served as a negative control. The presence of 2-Cys PRX and NTRC in complexes isolated from NTRC-TAP-Tag-expressing plants confirmed the interaction of these proteins in vivo. The identification of proteins co-purified in these complexes by MS revealed the relevance of the NTRC-2-Cys PRX system in the redox regulation of multiple chloroplast processes. The interaction of NTRC with selected targets was confirmed in vivo by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricruz González
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Víctor Delgado-Requerey
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Julia Ferrández
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Javier Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Zaffagnini M, Fermani S, Marchand CH, Costa A, Sparla F, Rouhier N, Geigenberger P, Lemaire SD, Trost P. Redox Homeostasis in Photosynthetic Organisms: Novel and Established Thiol-Based Molecular Mechanisms. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:155-210. [PMID: 30499304 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Redox homeostasis consists of an intricate network of reactions in which reactive molecular species, redox modifications, and redox proteins act in concert to allow both physiological responses and adaptation to stress conditions. Recent Advances: This review highlights established and novel thiol-based regulatory pathways underlying the functional facets and significance of redox biology in photosynthetic organisms. In the last decades, the field of redox regulation has largely expanded and this work is aimed at giving the right credit to the importance of thiol-based regulatory and signaling mechanisms in plants. Critical Issues: This cannot be all-encompassing, but is intended to provide a comprehensive overview on the structural/molecular mechanisms governing the most relevant thiol switching modifications with emphasis on the large genetic and functional diversity of redox controllers (i.e., redoxins). We also summarize the different proteomic-based approaches aimed at investigating the dynamics of redox modifications and the recent evidence that extends the possibility to monitor the cellular redox state in vivo. The physiological relevance of redox transitions is discussed based on reverse genetic studies confirming the importance of redox homeostasis in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Future Directions: In conclusion, we can firmly assume that redox biology has acquired an established significance that virtually infiltrates all aspects of plant physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Zaffagnini
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Fermani
- 2 Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Christophe H Marchand
- 3 Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, UMR8226, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Alex Costa
- 4 Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Sparla
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Peter Geigenberger
- 6 Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, LMU Biozentrum, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stéphane D Lemaire
- 3 Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, UMR8226, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Trost
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Kang Z, Qin T, Zhao Z. Thioredoxins and thioredoxin reductase in chloroplasts: A review. Gene 2019; 706:32-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Cejudo FJ, Ojeda V, Delgado-Requerey V, González M, Pérez-Ruiz JM. Chloroplast Redox Regulatory Mechanisms in Plant Adaptation to Light and Darkness. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:380. [PMID: 31019520 PMCID: PMC6458286 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Light is probably the most important environmental stimulus for plant development. As sessile organisms, plants have developed regulatory mechanisms that allow the rapid adaptation of their metabolism to changes in light availability. Redox regulation based on disulfide-dithiol exchange constitutes a rapid and reversible post-translational modification, which affects protein conformation and activity. This regulatory mechanism was initially discovered in chloroplasts when it was identified that enzymes of the Calvin-Benson cycle (CBC) are reduced and active during the day and become rapidly inactivated by oxidation in the dark. At present, the large number of redox-sensitive proteins identified in chloroplasts extend redox regulation far beyond the CBC. The classic pathway of redox regulation in chloroplasts establishes that ferredoxin (Fdx) reduced by the photosynthetic electron transport chain fuels reducing equivalents to the large set of thioredoxins (Trxs) of this organelle via the activity of a Fdx-dependent Trx reductase (FTR), hence linking redox regulation to light. In addition, chloroplasts harbor an NADPH-dependent Trx reductase with a joint Trx domain, termed NTRC. The presence in chloroplasts of this NADPH-dependent redox system raises the question of the functional relationship between NTRC and the Fdx-FTR-Trx pathways. Here, we update the current knowledge of these two redox systems focusing on recent evidence showing their functional interrelationship through the action of the thiol-dependent peroxidase, 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (2-Cys Prx). The relevant role of 2-Cys Prxs in chloroplast redox homeostasis suggests that hydrogen peroxide may exert a key function to control the redox state of stromal enzymes. Indeed, recent reports have shown the participation of 2-Cys Prxs in enzyme oxidation in the dark, thus providing an explanation for the long-lasting question of photosynthesis deactivation during the light-dark transition.
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Ojeda V, Pérez-Ruiz JM, Cejudo FJ. 2-Cys Peroxiredoxins Participate in the Oxidation of Chloroplast Enzymes in the Dark. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:1377-1388. [PMID: 30292682 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Most redox-regulated chloroplast enzymes are reduced during the day and oxidized during the night. While the reduction mechanism of light-dependent enzymes is well known, the mechanism mediating their oxidation in the dark remains unknown. The thiol-dependent peroxidases, 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (Prxs), play a key role in light-dependent reduction of chloroplast enzymes. Prxs transfer reducing equivalents of thiols to hydrogen peroxide, suggesting the participation of these peroxidases in enzyme oxidation in the dark. Here, we have addressed this issue by analyzing the redox state of well-known redox-regulated chloroplast enzymes in response to darkness in Arabidopsis thaliana mutants deficient in chloroplast-localized Prxs (2-Cys Prxs A and B, Prx IIE, and Prx Q). Mutant plants lacking 2-Cys Prxs A and B, and plants overexpressing NADPH-dependent thioredoxin (Trx) reductase C showed delayed oxidation of chloroplast enzymes in the dark. In contrast, the deficiencies of Prx IIE or Prx Q exerted no effect. In vitro assays allowed the reconstitution of the pathway of reducing equivalents from reduced fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase to hydrogen peroxide mediated by Trxs and 2-Cys Prxs. Taken together, these results suggest that 2-Cys Prxs participate in the short-term oxidation of chloroplast enzymes in the dark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valle Ojeda
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Pérez-Ruiz
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Francisco Javier Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
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17
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Tognetti VB, Bielach A, Hrtyan M. Redox regulation at the site of primary growth: auxin, cytokinin and ROS crosstalk. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2586-2605. [PMID: 28708264 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To maintain the activity of meristems is an absolute requirement for plant growth and development, and the role of the plant hormones auxin and cytokinin in apical meristem function is well established. Only little attention has been given, however, to the function of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) gradient along meristematic tissues and its interplay with hormonal regulatory networks. The interdependency between auxin-related, cytokinin-related and ROS-related circuits controls primary growth and development while modulating plant morphology in response to detrimental environmental factors. Because ROS interaction with redox-active compounds significantly affects the cellular redox gradient, the latter constitutes an interface for crosstalk between hormone and ROS signalling pathways. This review focuses on the mechanisms underlying ROS-dependent interactions with redox and hormonal components in shoot and root apical meristems which are crucial for meristems maintenance when plants are exposed to environmental hardships. We also emphasize the importance of cell type and the subcellular compartmentalization of ROS and redox networks to obtain a holistic understanding of how apical meristems adapt to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa B Tognetti
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Agnieszka Bielach
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mónika Hrtyan
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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18
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Nájera VA, González MC, Pérez-Ruiz JM, Cejudo FJ. An event of alternative splicing affects the expression of the NTRC gene, encoding NADPH-thioredoxin reductase C, in seed plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 258:21-28. [PMID: 28330560 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The NTRC gene encodes a NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase with a joint thioredoxin domain, exclusive of photosynthetic organisms. An updated search shows that although most species harbor a single copy of the NTRC gene, two copies were identified in different species of the genus Solanum, Glycine max and the moss Physcomitrella patens. The phylogenetic analysis of NTRCs from different sources produced a tree with the major groups of photosynthetic organisms: cyanobacteria, algae and land plants, indicating the evolutionary success of the NTRC gene among photosynthetic eukaryotes. An event of alternative splicing affecting the expression of the NTRC gene was identified, which is conserved in seed plants but not in algae, bryophytes and lycophytes. The alternative splicing event results in a transcript with premature stop codon, which would produce a truncated form of the enzyme. The standard splicing/alternative splicing (SS/AS) transcripts ratio was higher in photosynthetic tissues from Arabidopsis, Brachypodium and tomato, in line with the higher content of the NTRC polypeptide in these tissues. Moreover, environmental stresses such as cold or high salt affected the SS/AS ratio of the NTRC gene transcripts in Brachypodium seedlings. These results suggest that the alternative splicing of the NTRC gene might be an additional mechanism for modulating the content of NTRC in photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic tissues of seed plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Nájera
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Avda Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - María Cruz González
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Avda Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Juan Manuel Pérez-Ruiz
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Avda Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Francisco Javier Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Avda Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
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19
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Gütle DD, Roret T, Hecker A, Reski R, Jacquot JP. Dithiol disulphide exchange in redox regulation of chloroplast enzymes in response to evolutionary and structural constraints. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 255:1-11. [PMID: 28131337 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Redox regulation of chloroplast enzymes via disulphide reduction is believed to control the rates of CO2 fixation. The study of the thioredoxin reduction pathways and of various target enzymes lead to the following guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desirée D Gütle
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres Microorganismes, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres Microorganismes, F-54280 Champenoux, France; Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Roret
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres Microorganismes, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres Microorganismes, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Arnaud Hecker
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres Microorganismes, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres Microorganismes, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre Jacquot
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres Microorganismes, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres Microorganismes, F-54280 Champenoux, France.
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20
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Two distinct redox cascades cooperatively regulate chloroplast functions and sustain plant viability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E3967-76. [PMID: 27335455 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604101113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The thiol-based redox regulation system is believed to adjust chloroplast functions in response to changes in light environments. A redox cascade via the ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase (FTR)/thioredoxin (Trx) pathway has been traditionally considered to serve as a transmitter of light signals to target enzymes. However, emerging data indicate that chloroplasts have a complex redox network composed of diverse redox-mediator proteins and target enzymes. Despite extensive research addressing this system, two fundamental questions are still unresolved: How are redox pathways orchestrated within chloroplasts, and why are chloroplasts endowed with a complicated redox network? In this report, we show that NADPH-Trx reductase C (NTRC) is a key redox-mediator protein responsible for regulatory functions distinct from those of the classically known FTR/Trx system. Target screening and subsequent biochemical assays indicated that NTRC and the Trx family differentially recognize their target proteins. In addition, we found that NTRC is an electron donor to Trx-z, which is a key regulator of gene expression in chloroplasts. We further demonstrate that cooperative control of chloroplast functions via the FTR/Trx and NTRC pathways is essential for plant viability. Arabidopsis double mutants impaired in FTR and NTRC expression displayed lethal phenotypes under autotrophic growth conditions. This severe growth phenotype was related to a drastic loss of photosynthetic performance. These combined results provide an expanded map of the chloroplast redox network and its biological functions.
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21
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Ishiga Y, Ishiga T, Ikeda Y, Matsuura T, Mysore KS. NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase C plays a role in nonhost disease resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pathogens by regulating chloroplast-generated reactive oxygen species. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1938. [PMID: 27168965 PMCID: PMC4860297 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroplasts are cytoplasmic organelles for photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells. In addition, recent studies have shown that chloroplasts have a critical role in plant innate immunity against invading pathogens. Hydrogen peroxide is a toxic by-product from photosynthesis, which also functions as a signaling compound in plant innate immunity. Therefore, it is important to regulate the level of hydrogen peroxide in response to pathogens. Chloroplasts maintain components of the redox detoxification system including enzymes such as 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (2-Cys Prxs), and NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC). However, the significance of 2-Cys Prxs and NTRC in the molecular basis of nonhost disease resistance is largely unknown. We evaluated the roles of Prxs and NTRC using knock-out mutants of Arabidopsis in response to nonhost Pseudomonas syringae pathogens. Plants lacking functional NTRC showed localized cell death (LCD) accompanied by the elevated accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in response to nonhost pathogens. Interestingly, the Arabidopsis ntrc mutant showed enhanced bacterial growth and disease susceptibility of nonhost pathogens. Furthermore, the expression profiles of the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated signaling pathways and phytohormone analyses including SA and JA revealed that the Arabidopsis ntrc mutant shows elevated JA-mediated signaling pathways in response to nonhost pathogen. These results suggest the critical role of NTRC in plant innate immunity against nonhost P. syringae pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Ishiga
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Plant Biology, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, USA
| | - Takako Ishiga
- Plant Biology, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation , Ardmore, OK , USA
| | - Yoko Ikeda
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University , Kurashiki , Japan
| | - Takakazu Matsuura
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University , Kurashiki , Japan
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22
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Naranjo B, Mignée C, Krieger-Liszkay A, Hornero-Méndez D, Gallardo-Guerrero L, Cejudo FJ, Lindahl M. The chloroplast NADPH thioredoxin reductase C, NTRC, controls non-photochemical quenching of light energy and photosynthetic electron transport in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:804-22. [PMID: 26476233 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
High irradiances may lead to photooxidative stress in plants, and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) contributes to protection against excess excitation. One of the NPQ mechanisms, qE, involves thermal dissipation of the light energy captured. Importantly, plants need to tune down qE under light-limiting conditions for efficient utilization of the available quanta. Considering the possible redox control of responses to excess light implying enzymes, such as thioredoxins, we have studied the role of the NADPH thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC). Whereas Arabidopsis thaliana plants lacking NTRC tolerate high light intensities, these plants display drastically elevated qE, have larger trans-thylakoid ΔpH and have 10-fold higher zeaxanthin levels under low and medium light intensities, leading to extremely low linear electron transport rates. To test the impact of the high qE on plant growth, we generated an ntrc-psbs double-knockout mutant, which is devoid of qE. This double mutant grows faster than the ntrc mutant and has a higher chlorophyll content. The photosystem II activity is partially restored in the ntrc-psbs mutant, and linear electron transport rates under low and medium light intensities are twice as high as compared with plants lacking ntrc alone. These data uncover a new role for NTRC in the control of photosynthetic yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Naranjo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad de Sevilla, 410 92, Seville, Spain
| | - Clara Mignée
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) Saclay, Institut de Biologie et de Technologie de Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) Saclay, Institut de Biologie et de Technologie de Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Dámaso Hornero-Méndez
- Departamento de Fitoquímica de los Alimentos, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Javier Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad de Sevilla, 410 92, Seville, Spain
| | - Marika Lindahl
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad de Sevilla, 410 92, Seville, Spain
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23
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Kang ZH, Wang GX. Redox regulation in the thylakoid lumen. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 192:28-37. [PMID: 26812087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants need to balance the efficiency of light energy absorption and dissipative photo-protection when exposed to fluctuations in light quantity and quality. This aim is partially realized through redox regulation within the chloroplast, which occurs in all chloroplast compartments except the envelope intermembrane space. In contrast to the chloroplast stroma, less attention has been paid to the thylakoid lumen, an inner, continuous space enclosed by the thylakoid membrane in which redox regulation is also essential for photosystem biogenesis and function. This sub-organelle compartment contains at least 80 lumenal proteins, more than 30 of which are known to contain disulfide bonds. Thioredoxins (Trx) in the chloroplast stroma are photo-reduced in the light, transferring reducing power to the proteins in the thylakoid membrane and ultimately the lumen through a trans-thylakoid membrane-reduced, equivalent pathway. The discovery of lumenal thiol oxidoreductase highlights the importance of the redox regulation network in the lumen for controlling disulfide bond formation, which is responsible for protein activity and folding and even plays a role in photo-protection. In addition, many lumenal members involved in photosystem assembly and non-photochemical quenching are likely required for reduction and/or oxidation to maintain their proper efficiency upon changes in light intensity. In light of recent findings, this review summarizes the multiple redox processes that occur in the thylakoid lumen in great detail, highlighting the essential auxiliary roles of lumenal proteins under fluctuating light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hui Kang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Gui-Xue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
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24
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Bernal-Bayard P, Ojeda V, Hervás M, Cejudo FJ, Navarro JA, Velázquez-Campoy A, Pérez-Ruiz JM. Molecular recognition in the interaction of chloroplast 2-Cys peroxiredoxin with NADPH-thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC) and thioredoxinx. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:4342-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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25
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Geigenberger P, Fernie AR. Metabolic control of redox and redox control of metabolism in plants. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1389-421. [PMID: 24960279 PMCID: PMC4158967 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reduction-oxidation (Redox) status operates as a major integrator of subcellular and extracellular metabolism and is simultaneously itself regulated by metabolic processes. Redox status not only dominates cellular metabolism due to the prominence of NAD(H) and NADP(H) couples in myriad metabolic reactions but also acts as an effective signal that informs the cell of the prevailing environmental conditions. After relay of this information, the cell is able to appropriately respond via a range of mechanisms, including directly affecting cellular functioning and reprogramming nuclear gene expression. RECENT ADVANCES The facile accession of Arabidopsis knockout mutants alongside the adoption of broad-scale post-genomic approaches, which are able to provide transcriptomic-, proteomic-, and metabolomic-level information alongside traditional biochemical and emerging cell biological techniques, has dramatically advanced our understanding of redox status control. This review summarizes redox status control of metabolism and the metabolic control of redox status at both cellular and subcellular levels. CRITICAL ISSUES It is becoming apparent that plastid, mitochondria, and peroxisome functions influence a wide range of processes outside of the organelles themselves. While knowledge of the network of metabolic pathways and their intraorganellar redox status regulation has increased in the last years, little is known about the interorganellar redox signals coordinating these networks. A current challenge is, therefore, synthesizing our knowledge and planning experiments that tackle redox status regulation at both inter- and intracellular levels. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Emerging tools are enabling ever-increasing spatiotemporal resolution of metabolism and imaging of redox status components. Broader application of these tools will likely greatly enhance our understanding of the interplay of redox status and metabolism as well as elucidating and characterizing signaling features thereof. We propose that such information will enable us to dissect the regulatory hierarchies that mediate the strict coupling of metabolism and redox status which, ultimately, determine plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Geigenberger
- 1 Department of Biology I, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich , Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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Lindahl M, Cejudo FJ. Comparative Analysis of Cyanobacterial and Plant Peroxiredoxins and Their Electron Donors. Methods Enzymol 2013; 527:257-73. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405882-8.00014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Puerto-Galán L, Pérez-Ruiz JM, Ferrández J, Cano B, Naranjo B, Nájera VA, González M, Lindahl AM, Cejudo FJ. Overoxidation of chloroplast 2-Cys peroxiredoxins: balancing toxic and signaling activities of hydrogen peroxide. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:310. [PMID: 23967002 PMCID: PMC3746178 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis, the primary source of biomass and oxygen into the biosphere, involves the transport of electrons in the presence of oxygen and, therefore, chloroplasts constitute an important source of reactive oxygen species, including hydrogen peroxide. If accumulated at high level, hydrogen peroxide may exert a toxic effect; however, it is as well an important second messenger. In order to balance the toxic and signaling activities of hydrogen peroxide its level has to be tightly controlled. To this end, chloroplasts are equipped with different antioxidant systems such as 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (2-Cys Prxs), thiol-based peroxidases able to reduce hydrogen and organic peroxides. At high peroxide concentrations the peroxidase function of 2-Cys Prxs may become inactivated through a process of overoxidation. This inactivation has been proposed to explain the signaling function of hydrogen peroxide in eukaryotes, whereas in prokaryotes, the 2-Cys Prxs of which were considered to be insensitive to overoxidation, the signaling activity of hydrogen peroxide is less relevant. Here we discuss the current knowledge about the mechanisms controlling 2-Cys Prx overoxidation in chloroplasts, organelles with an important signaling function in plants. Given the prokaryotic origin of chloroplasts, we discuss the occurrence of 2-Cys Prx overoxidation in cyanobacteria with the aim of identifying similarities between chloroplasts and their ancestors regarding their response to hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Puerto-Galán
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
| | - Juan M. Pérez-Ruiz
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
| | - Julia Ferrández
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
| | - Beatriz Cano
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
| | - Belén Naranjo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
| | - Victoria A. Nájera
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
| | - Maricruz González
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
| | - Anna M. Lindahl
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasSevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
- *Correspondence: Francisco J. Cejudo, Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain e-mail:
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Toivola J, Nikkanen L, Dahlström KM, Salminen TA, Lepistö A, Vignols HF, Rintamäki E. Overexpression of chloroplast NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase in Arabidopsis enhances leaf growth and elucidates in vivo function of reductase and thioredoxin domains. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:389. [PMID: 24115951 PMCID: PMC3792407 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant chloroplasts have versatile thioredoxin systems including two thioredoxin reductases and multiple types of thioredoxins. Plastid-localized NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase (NTRC) contains both reductase (NTRd) and thioredoxin (TRXd) domains in a single polypeptide and forms homodimers. To study the action of NTRC and NTRC domains in vivo, we have complemented the ntrc knockout line of Arabidopsis with the wild type and full-length NTRC genes, in which 2-Cys motifs either in NTRd, or in TRXd were inactivated. The ntrc line was also transformed either with the truncated NTRd or TRXd alone. Overexpression of wild-type NTRC promoted plant growth by increasing leaf size and biomass yield of the rosettes. Complementation of the ntrc line with the full-length NTRC gene containing an active reductase but an inactive TRXd, or vice versa, recovered wild-type chloroplast phenotype and, partly, rosette biomass production, indicating that the NTRC domains are capable of interacting with other chloroplast thioredoxin systems. Overexpression of truncated NTRd or TRXd in ntrc background did not restore wild-type phenotype. Modeling of the three-dimensional structure of the NTRC dimer indicates extensive interactions between the NTR domains and the TRX domains further stabilize the dimeric structure. The long linker region between the NTRd and TRXd, however, allows flexibility for the position of the TRXd in the dimer. Supplementation of the TRXd in the NTRC homodimer model by free chloroplast thioredoxins indicated that TRXf is the most likely partner to interact with NTRC. We propose that overexpression of NTRC promotes plant biomass yield both directly by stimulation of chloroplast biosynthetic and protective pathways controlled by NTRC and indirectly via free chloroplast thioredoxins. Our data indicate that overexpression of chloroplast thiol redox-regulator has a potential to increase biofuel yield in plant and algal species suitable for sustainable bioenergy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jouni Toivola
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Lauri Nikkanen
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Käthe M. Dahlström
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi UniversityTurku, Finland
| | - Tiina A. Salminen
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi UniversityTurku, Finland
| | - Anna Lepistö
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - hb Florence Vignols
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Laboratoire Résistance des Plantes aux Bio-agresseurs, UMR186 IRD-University of Montpellier2-CIRAD, Institut de Recherche pour le DéveloppementMontpellier, France
| | - Eevi Rintamäki
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Eevi Rintamäki, Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland e-mail:
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