1
|
Zhou X, Zhang X, Wang D, Luo R, Qin Z, Lin F, Xia X, Liu X, Hu G. Efficient Biosynthesis of Salidroside via Artificial in Vivo enhanced UDP-Glucose System Using Cheap Sucrose as Substrate. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:22386-22397. [PMID: 38799314 PMCID: PMC11112596 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Salidroside, a valuable phenylethanoid glycoside, is obtained from plants belonging to the Rhodiola genus, known for its diverse biological properties. At present, salidroside is still far from large-scale industrial production due to its lower titer and higher process cost. In this study, we have for the first time increased salidroside production by enhancing UDP-glucose supply in situ. We constructed an in vivo UDP-glucose regeneration system that works in conjunction with UDP-glucose transferase from Rhodiola innovatively to improve UDP-glucose availability. And a coculture was formed in order to enable de novo salidroside synthesis. Confronted with the influence of tyrosol on strain growth, an adaptive laboratory evolution strategy was implemented to enhance the strain's tolerance. Similarly, salidroside production was optimized through refinement of the fermentation medium, the inoculation ratio of the two microbes, and the inoculation size. The final salidroside titer reached 3.8 g/L. This was the highest titer achieved at the shake flask level in the existing reports. And this marked the first successful synthesis of salidroside in an in situ enhanced UDP-glucose system using sucrose. The cost was reduced by 93% due to the use of inexpensive substrates. This accomplishment laid a robust foundation for further investigations into the synthesis of other notable glycosides and natural compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Zhou
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- AgroParisTech, 22 place de l’Agronomie, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Dan Wang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Ruoshi Luo
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Qin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Fanzhen Lin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Xue Xia
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Ge Hu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Seibold PS, Dörner S, Fricke J, Schäfer T, Beemelmanns C, Hoffmeister D. Genetic regulation of L-tryptophan metabolism in Psilocybe mexicana supports psilocybin biosynthesis. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2024; 11:4. [PMID: 38664850 PMCID: PMC11046786 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-024-00173-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Basidiomycota produce pharmaceutically and ecologically relevant natural products, knowledge of how they coordinate their primary and secondary metabolism is virtually non-existent. Upon transition from vegetative mycelium to carpophore formation, mushrooms of the genus Psilocybe use L-tryptophan to supply the biosynthesis of the psychedelic tryptamine alkaloid psilocybin with the scaffold, leading to a strongly increased demand for this particular amino acid as this alkaloid may account for up to 2% of the dry mass. Using Psilocybe mexicana as our model and relying on genetic, transcriptomic, and biochemical methods, this study investigated if L-tryptophan biosynthesis and degradation in P. mexicana correlate with natural product formation. RESULTS A comparative transcriptomic approach of gene expression in P. mexicana psilocybin non-producing vegetative mycelium versus producing carpophores identified the upregulation of L-tryptophan biosynthesis genes. The shikimate pathway genes trpE1, trpD, and trpB (encoding anthranilate synthase, anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase, and L-tryptophan synthase, respectively) were upregulated in carpophores. In contrast, genes idoA and iasA, encoding indole-2,3-dioxygenase and indole-3-acetaldehyde synthase, i.e., gateway enzymes for L-tryptophan-consuming pathways, were massively downregulated. Subsequently, IasA was heterologously produced in Escherichia coli and biochemically characterized in vitro. This enzyme represents the first characterized microbial L-tryptophan-preferring acetaldehyde synthase. A comparison of transcriptomic data collected in this study with prior data of Psilocybe cubensis showed species-specific differences in how L-tryptophan metabolism genes are regulated, despite the close taxonomic relationship. CONCLUSIONS The upregulated L-tryptophan biosynthesis genes and, oppositely, the concomitant downregulated genes encoding L-tryptophan-consuming enzymes reflect a well-adjusted cellular system to route this amino acid toward psilocybin production. Our study has pilot character beyond the genus Psilocybe and provides, for the first time, insight in the coordination of mushroom primary and secondary metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sophie Seibold
- Institute for Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 23, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dörner
- Institute for Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Janis Fricke
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 23, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Chemical Biology of Microbe-Host Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Tim Schäfer
- Institute for Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Beemelmanns
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 23, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Chemical Biology of Microbe-Host Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Institute for Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany.
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 23, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cui Q, Liu Q, Fan Y, Wang C, Li Y, Li S, Zhang J, Rao G. Functional differentiation of olive PLP_deC genes: insights into metabolite biosynthesis and genetic improvement at the whole-genome level. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:127. [PMID: 38652203 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE This study identified 16 pyridoxal phosphate-dependent decarboxylases in olive at the whole-genome level, conducted analyses on their physicochemical properties, evolutionary relationships and characterized their activity. Group II pyridoxal phosphate-dependent decarboxylases (PLP_deC II) mediate the biosynthesis of characteristic olive metabolites, such as oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol. However, there have been no report on the functional differentiation of this gene family at the whole-genome level. This study conducted an exploration of the family members of PLP_deC II at the whole-genome level, identified 16 PLP_deC II genes, and analyzed their gene structure, physicochemical properties, cis-acting elements, phylogenetic evolution, and gene expression patterns. Prokaryotic expression and enzyme activity assays revealed that OeAAD2 and OeAAD4 could catalyze the decarboxylation reaction of tyrosine and dopa, resulting in the formation of their respective amine compounds, but it did not catalyze phenylalanine and tryptophan. Which is an important step in the synthetic pathway of hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein. This finding established the foundational data at the molecular level for studying the functional aspects of the olive PLP_deC II gene family and provided essential gene information for genetic improvement of olive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qizhen Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yutong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Chenhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yufei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Shuyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Guodong Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang DQ, Liu XY, Qiu LF, Liu ZR, Yang YP, Huang L, Wang SY, Zhang JQ. Two chromosome-level genome assemblies of Rhodiola shed new light on genome evolution in rapid radiation and evolution of the biosynthetic pathway of salidroside. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:464-482. [PMID: 37872890 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Rhodiola L. is a genus that has undergone rapid radiation in the mid-Miocene and may represent a typic case of adaptive radiation. Many species of Rhodiola have also been widely used as an important adaptogen in traditional medicines for centuries. However, a lack of high-quality chromosome-level genomes hinders in-depth study of its evolution and biosynthetic pathway of secondary metabolites. Here, we assembled two chromosome-level genomes for two Rhodiola species with different chromosome number and sexual system. The assembled genome size of R. chrysanthemifolia (2n = 14; hermaphrodite) and R. kirilowii (2n = 22; dioecious) were of 402.67 and 653.62 Mb, respectively, with approximately 57.60% and 69.22% of transposable elements (TEs). The size difference between the two genomes was mostly due to proliferation of long terminal repeat-retrotransposons (LTR-RTs) in the R. kirilowii genome. Comparative genomic analysis revealed possible gene families responsible for high-altitude adaptation of Rhodiola, including a homolog of plant cysteine oxidase 2 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPCO2), which is part of the core molecular reaction to hypoxia and contributes to the stability of Group VII ethylene response factors (ERF-VII). We found extensive chromosome fusion/fission events and structural variations between the two genomes, which might have facilitated the initial rapid radiation of Rhodiola. We also identified candidate genes in the biosynthetic pathway of salidroside. Overall, our results provide important insights into genome evolution in plant rapid radiations, and possible roles of chromosome fusion/fission and structure variation played in rapid speciation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Qing Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Lin-Feng Qiu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Zhao-Rui Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Ya-Peng Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Long Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Shi-Yu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Daniel-Ivad PG, Van Lanen S, Ryan KS. Structure of the Oxygen, Pyridoxal Phosphate-Dependent Capuramycin Biosynthetic Protein Cap15. Biochemistry 2023; 62:2611-2621. [PMID: 37556254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes able to use oxygen as a co-substrate have emerged in multiple protein families. Here, we use crystallography to solve the 2.40 Å resolution crystal structure of Cap15, a nucleoside biosynthetic enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of glycyl uridine. Our structural study captures the internal aldimine, pinpointing the active site lysine as K230 and showing the site of phosphate binding. Our docking studies reveal how Cap15 is able to catalyze a stereoselective deprotonation reaction, and bioinformatic analysis reveals active site residues that distinguish Cap15 from the structurally related d-glucosaminate-6-phosphate ammonia lyase and l-seryl-tRNA(Sec) selenium transferase (SelA). Our work provides the structural basis for further mechanistic investigation of a unique biosynthetic enzyme and provides a blueprint for understanding how oxygen reactivity emerged in the SelA-like protein family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip G Daniel-Ivad
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Steven Van Lanen
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Katherine S Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ouyang W, Yu Y, Wang H, Jiang Y, Hua J, Ning J, Yuan H. Analysis of volatile metabolite variations in strip green tea during processing and effect of rubbing degree using untargeted and targeted metabolomics. Food Res Int 2022; 162:112099. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
7
|
Liu Y, Song D, Hu H, Yang R, Lyu X. De Novo Production of Hydroxytyrosol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae-Escherichia coli Coculture Engineering. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:3067-3077. [PMID: 35952699 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol is a valuable plant-derived phenolic compound with excellent pharmacological activities for application in the food and health care industries. Microbial biosynthesis provides a promising approach for sustainable production of hydroxytyrosol via metabolic engineering. However, its efficient production is limited by the machinery and resources available in the commonly used individual microbial platform, for example, Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, a S. cerevisiae-E. coli coculture system was designed for de novo biosynthesis of hydroxytyrosol by taking advantage of their inherent metabolic properties, whereby S. cerevisiae was engineered for de novo production of tyrosol based on an endogenous Ehrlich pathway, and E. coli was dedicated to converting tyrosol to hydroxytyrosol by use of native hydroxyphenylacetate 3-monooxygenase (EcHpaBC). To enhance hydroxytyrosol production, intra- and intermodule engineering was employed in this microbial consortium: (I) in the upstream S. cerevisiae strain, multipath regulations combining with a glucose-sensitive GAL regulation system were engineered to enhance the precursor supply, resulting in significant increase of tyrosol production (from 17.60 mg/L to 461.07 mg/L); (II) Echpabc was overexpressed in the downstream E. coli strain, improving the conversion rate of tyrosol to hydroxytyrosol from 0.03% to 86.02%; (III) and last, intermodule engineering with this coculture system was performed by optimization of the initial inoculation ratio of each population and fermentation conditions, achieving 435.32 mg/L of hydroxytyrosol. This S. cerevisiae-E. coli coculture strategy provides a new opportunity for de novo production of hydroxytyrosol from inexpensive feedstock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Dong Song
- Jiangxi Baiyue Food Co. Ltd, Pingxiang, Jiangxi 337000, P. R. China
| | - Haitao Hu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Ruijin Yang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, P. R. China.,Jiangnan University (Rugao) Institute of Food Biotechnology, 226503, Nantong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomei Lyu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, P. R. China.,Jiangnan University (Rugao) Institute of Food Biotechnology, 226503, Nantong, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rattan S, Kumar P, Kaur E, Sood A, Acharya V, Warghat AR. Comparative transcriptome and tissue-specific expression analysis of genes reveal tissue-cultured plants as an alternative source for phenylethanoids and phenylpropanoids in Rhodiola imbricata (Edgew.). Gene X 2022; 836:146672. [PMID: 35714804 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodiola imbricata (Crassulaceae) is a traditional trans-Himalayan endangered medicinal herb with immense therapeutic applications. Over the years, over-exploitation, un-managed harvesting, and lack of captive cultivation procedures persuaded threat to its wild habitat. Plant tissue culture and RNA-Seq-based molecular bioprospection of key regulatory genes aid the understanding of molecular dynamics involved in specialized metabolites (phenylethanoids and phenylpropanoids) biosynthesis and its sustainable production. Hence, comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed using leaf and root tissues from the wild and tissue-cultured plants, revealing tissue-specific production of salidroside and rosavin. The transcriptome profiling resulted in 345 million high-quality reads yielding 92,380 unique transcripts with an N50 of 1260 bp. Tissue-specific gene expression analysis revealed that both phenylethanoids and phenylpropanoids biosynthesis are predominantly associated with the shikimate pathway. In addition to RNA-Seq data, the downstream biosynthesis pathways genes viz., phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxyheptonate aldolase (DAHPS), 3-dehydroquinate synthase (DHQS), shikimate kinase (SK), chorismate mutase (CM), arogenate dehydrogenase (TYRAAT), aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase (TDC), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4-CL), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) showed higher expression pattern in wild plant tissues compared to tissue-cultured plants. The transcript fold expression determined by RT-qPCR results followed similar patterns as those observed in RNA-seq and targeted metabolite profiling data. Salidroside and rosavin content in wild plants exhibited 2.40 fold and 1.77 fold increase accumulation compared to the tissue-cultured plant. The present investigation explained the tissue and condition-specific significant differences between the expression of proposed biosynthetic pathway genes and salidroside and rosavin content. Additionally, NAC, bHLH, and ARF were the most abundant transcription factor families found in the transcriptomic analysis of R. imbricata. The generated transcriptome dataset provides a valuable gene(s)/transcription factors hub that can be used for the sustainable production of salidroside and rosavin in R. imbricata under tissue culture conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Rattan
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ekjot Kaur
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Archit Sood
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vishal Acharya
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ashish R Warghat
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Machine learning discovery of missing links that mediate alternative branches to plant alkaloids. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1405. [PMID: 35296652 PMCID: PMC8927377 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28883-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineering the microbial production of secondary metabolites is limited by the known reactions of correctly annotated enzymes. Therefore, the machine learning discovery of specialized enzymes offers great potential to expand the range of biosynthesis pathways. Benzylisoquinoline alkaloid production is a model example of metabolic engineering with potential to revolutionize the paradigm of sustainable biomanufacturing. Existing bacterial studies utilize a norlaudanosoline pathway, whereas plants contain a more stable norcoclaurine pathway, which is exploited in yeast. However, committed aromatic precursors are still produced using microbial enzymes that remain elusive in plants, and additional downstream missing links remain hidden within highly duplicated plant gene families. In the current study, machine learning is applied to predict and select plant missing link enzymes from homologous candidate sequences. Metabolomics-based characterization of the selected sequences reveals potential aromatic acetaldehyde synthases and phenylpyruvate decarboxylases in reconstructed plant gene-only benzylisoquinoline alkaloid pathways from tyrosine. Synergistic application of the aryl acetaldehyde producing enzymes results in enhanced benzylisoquinoline alkaloid production through hybrid norcoclaurine and norlaudanosoline pathways. Producing plant secondary metabolites by microbes is limited by the known enzymatic reactions. Here, the authors apply machine learning to predict missing link enzymes of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA) biosynthesis in Papaver somniferum, and validate the specialized activities through heterologous production.
Collapse
|
10
|
Identification and Functional Characterization of Tyrosine Decarboxylase from Rehmannia glutinosa. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051634. [PMID: 35268735 PMCID: PMC8912026 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rehmannia glutinosa is an important medicinal plant that has long been used in Chinese traditional medicine. Acteoside, one of the bioactive components from R. glutinosa, possessed various pharmacological activities for human health; however, the molecular mechanism of acteoside formation is not fully understood. In the current study, a novel tyrosine decarboxylase (designated as RgTyDC2) was identified from the R. glutinosa transcriptome. Biochemical analysis of RgTyDC2 showed RgTyDC2 uses tyrosine and dopa as the substrate to produce tyramine and dopamine, respectively, and it displays higher catalytic efficiency toward tyrosine than dopa. Moreover, the transcript level of RgTyDC2 was consistent with the accumulation pattern of acteoside in R. glutinosa, supporting its possible role in the biosynthesis of acteoside in vivo.
Collapse
|
11
|
Kardashliev T, Weingartner A, Romero E, Schwaneberg U, Fraaije M, Panke S, Held M. Whole-cell screening of oxidative enzymes using genetically encoded sensors. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14766-14772. [PMID: 34820092 PMCID: PMC8597865 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02578c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocatalysis is increasingly used for synthetic purposes in the chemical and especially the pharmaceutical industry. Enzyme discovery and optimization which is frequently needed to improve biocatalytic performance rely on high-throughput methods for activity determination. These methods should ideally be generic and applicable to entire enzyme families. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a product of several biocatalytic oxidations and its formation can serve as a proxy for oxidative activity. We designed a genetically encoded sensor for activity measurement of oxidative biocatalysts via the amount of intracellularly-formed H2O2. A key component of the sensor is an H2O2-sensitive transcriptional regulator, OxyR, which is used to control the expression levels of fluorescent proteins. We employed the OxyR sensor to monitor the oxidation of glycerol to glyceraldehyde and of toluene to o-cresol catalysed by recombinant E. coli expressing an alcohol oxidase and a P450 monooxygenase, respectively. In case of the P450 BM3-catalysed reaction, we additionally monitored o-cresol formation via a second genetically encoded sensor based on the phenol-sensitive transcriptional activator, DmpR, and an orthogonal fluorescent reporter protein. Single round screens of mutant libraries by flow cytometry or by visual inspection of colonies on agar plates yielded significantly improved oxidase and oxygenase variants thus exemplifying the suitability of the sensor system to accurately assess whole-cell oxidations in a high-throughput manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsvetan Kardashliev
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26 4058 Basel Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Weingartner
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 3 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Elvira Romero
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 3 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Marco Fraaije
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Sven Panke
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26 4058 Basel Switzerland
| | - Martin Held
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26 4058 Basel Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Negri S, Commisso M, Avesani L, Guzzo F. The case of tryptamine and serotonin in plants: a mysterious precursor for an illustrious metabolite. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5336-5355. [PMID: 34009335 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Indolamines are tryptophan-derived specialized metabolites belonging to the huge and ubiquitous indole alkaloids group. Serotonin and melatonin are the best-characterized members of this family, given their many hormonal and physiological roles in animals. Following their discovery in plants, the study of plant indolamines has flourished and their involvement in important processes, including stress responses, growth and development, and reproduction, has been proposed, leading to their classification as a new category of phytohormones. However, the complex indolamine puzzle is far from resolved, particularly the biological roles of tryptamine, the early serotonin precursor representing the central hub of many downstream indole alkaloids. Tryptophan decarboxylase, which catalyzes the synthesis of tryptamine, strictly regulates the flux of carbon and nitrogen from the tryptophan pool into the indolamine pathway. Furthermore, tryptamine accumulates to high levels in the reproductive organs of many plant species and therefore cannot be classed as a mere intermediate but rather as an end product with potentially important functions in fruits and seeds. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of tryptamine and its close relative serotonin, emphasizing the need for a clear understanding of the functions of, and mutual relations between, these indolamines and their biosynthesis pathways in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Negri
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Commisso
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, Verona, Italy
| | - Linda Avesani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, Verona, Italy
| | - Flavia Guzzo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Okawa A, Shiba T, Hayashi M, Onoue Y, Murota M, Sato D, Inagaki J, Tamura T, Harada S, Inagaki K. Structural basis for substrate specificity of l-methionine decarboxylase. Protein Sci 2021; 30:663-677. [PMID: 33452696 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
l -Methionine decarboxylase (MetDC) from Streptomyces sp. 590 is a vitamin B6 -dependent enzyme and catalyzes the non-oxidative decarboxylation of l -methionine to produce 3-methylthiopropylamine and carbon dioxide. We present here the crystal structures of the ligand-free form of MetDC and of several enzymatic reaction intermediates. Group II amino acid decarboxylases have many residues in common around the active site but the residues surrounding the side chain of the substrate differ. Based on information obtained from the crystal structure, and mutational and biochemical experiments, we propose a key role for Gln64 in determining the substrate specificity of MetDC, and for Tyr421 as the acid catalyst that participates in protonation after the decarboxylation reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Okawa
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomoo Shiba
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan.,The Center for Advanced Insect Research Promotion (CAIRP), Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaya Hayashi
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuki Onoue
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaki Murota
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Dan Sato
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junko Inagaki
- Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamura
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Harada
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Inagaki
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Back K. Melatonin metabolism, signaling and possible roles in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:376-391. [PMID: 32645752 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a multifunctional biomolecule found in both animals and plants. In this review, the biosynthesis, levels, signaling, and possible roles of melatonin and its metabolites in plants is summarized. Tryptamine 5-hydroxylase (T5H), which catalyzes the conversion of tryptamine into serotonin, has been proposed as a target to create a melatonin knockout mutant presenting a lesion-mimic phenotype in rice. With a reduced anabolic capacity for melatonin biosynthesis and an increased catabolic capacity for melatonin metabolism, all plants generally maintain low melatonin levels. Some plants, including Arabidopsis and Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), do not possess tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC), the first committed step enzyme required for melatonin biosynthesis. Major melatonin metabolites include cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin (3-OHM) and 2-hydroxymelatonin (2-OHM). Other melatonin metabolites such as N1 -acetyl-N2 -formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK), N-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AMK) and 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT) are also produced when melatonin is applied to Oryza sativa (rice). The signaling pathways of melatonin and its metabolites act via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, possibly with Cand2 acting as a melatonin receptor, although the integrity of Cand2 remains controversial. Melatonin mediates many important functions in growth stimulation and stress tolerance through its potent antioxidant activity and function in activating the MAPK cascade. The concentration distribution of melatonin metabolites appears to be species specific because corresponding enzymes such as M2H, M3H, catalases, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and N-acetylserotonin deacetylase (ASDAC) are differentially expressed among plant species and even among different tissues within species. Differential levels of melatonin and its metabolites can lead to differential physiological effects among plants when melatonin is either applied exogenously or overproduced through ectopic overexpression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungwhan Back
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
A single amino acid substitution converts a histidine decarboxylase to an imidazole acetaldehyde synthase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 693:108551. [PMID: 32871134 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Histidine decarboxylase (HDC; EC 4.1.1.22), an enzyme that catalyzes histamine synthesis with high substrate specificity, is a member of the group II pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) -dependent decarboxylase family. Tyrosine is a conserved residue among group II PLP-dependent decarboxylases. Human HDC has a Y334 located on a catalytically important loop at the active site. In this study, we demonstrated that a HDC Y334F mutant is capable of catalyzing the decarboxylation-dependent oxidative deamination of histidine to yield imidazole acetaldehyde. Replacement of the active-site Tyr with Phe in group II PLP-dependent decarboxylases, including mammalian aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, plant tyrosine/DOPA decarboxylase, and plant tryptophan decarboxylase, is expected to result in the same functional change, given that a Y-to-F substitution at the corresponding residue (number 260) in the HDC of Morganella morganii, another group II PLP-dependent decarboxylase, yielded the same effect. Thus, it was suggested that the loss of the OH moiety from the active-site Tyr residue of decarboxylase uniquely converts the enzyme to an aldehyde synthase.
Collapse
|
16
|
Oxygen reactivity with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate enzymes: biochemical implications and functional relevance. Amino Acids 2020; 52:1089-1105. [PMID: 32844248 PMCID: PMC7497351 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02885-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The versatility of reactions catalyzed by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) enzymes is largely due to the chemistry of their extraordinary catalyst. PLP is necessary for many reactions involving amino acids. Reaction specificity is controlled by the orientation of the external aldimine intermediate that is formed upon addition of the amino acidic substrate to the coenzyme. The breakage of a specific bond of the external aldimine gives rise to a carbanionic intermediate. From this point, the different reaction pathways diverge leading to multiple activities: transamination, decarboxylation, racemization, elimination, and synthesis. A significant novelty appeared approximately 30 years ago when it was reported that some PLP-dependent decarboxylases are able to consume molecular oxygen transforming an amino acid into a carbonyl compound. These side paracatalytic reactions could be particularly relevant for human health, also considering that some of these enzymes are responsible for the synthesis of important neurotransmitters such as γ-aminobutyric acid, dopamine, and serotonin, whose dysregulation under oxidative conditions could have important implications in neurodegenerative states. However, the reactivity of PLP enzymes with dioxygen is not confined to mammals/animals. In fact, some plant PLP decarboxylases have been reported to catalyze oxidative reactions producing carbonyl compounds. Moreover, other recent reports revealed the existence of new oxidase activities catalyzed by new PLP enzymes, MppP, RohP, Ind4, CcbF, PvdN, Cap15, and CuaB. These PLP enzymes belong to the bacterial and fungal kingdoms and are present in organisms synthesizing bioactive compounds. These new PLP activities are not paracatalytic and could only scratch the surface on a wider and unexpected catalytic capability of PLP enzymes.
Collapse
|
17
|
Structural basis for divergent and convergent evolution of catalytic machineries in plant aromatic amino acid decarboxylase proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10806-10817. [PMID: 32371491 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920097117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation of the plant pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) family has yielded an array of paralogous enzymes exhibiting divergent substrate preferences and catalytic mechanisms. Plant AAADs catalyze either the decarboxylation or decarboxylation-dependent oxidative deamination of aromatic l-amino acids to produce aromatic monoamines or aromatic acetaldehydes, respectively. These compounds serve as key precursors for the biosynthesis of several important classes of plant natural products, including indole alkaloids, benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, hydroxycinnamic acid amides, phenylacetaldehyde-derived floral volatiles, and tyrosol derivatives. Here, we present the crystal structures of four functionally distinct plant AAAD paralogs. Through structural and functional analyses, we identify variable structural features of the substrate-binding pocket that underlie the divergent evolution of substrate selectivity toward indole, phenyl, or hydroxyphenyl amino acids in plant AAADs. Moreover, we describe two mechanistic classes of independently arising mutations in AAAD paralogs leading to the convergent evolution of the derived aldehyde synthase activity. Applying knowledge learned from this study, we successfully engineered a shortened benzylisoquinoline alkaloid pathway to produce (S)-norcoclaurine in yeast. This work highlights the pliability of the AAAD fold that allows change of substrate selectivity and access to alternative catalytic mechanisms with only a few mutations.
Collapse
|
18
|
Xu JJ, Fang X, Li CY, Yang L, Chen XY. General and specialized tyrosine metabolism pathways in plants. ABIOTECH 2020; 1:97-105. [PMID: 36304719 PMCID: PMC9590561 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-019-00006-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The tyrosine metabolism pathway serves as a starting point for the production of a variety of structurally diverse natural compounds in plants, such as tocopherols, plastoquinone, ubiquinone, betalains, salidroside, benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, and so on. Among these, tyrosine-derived metabolites, tocopherols, plastoquinone, and ubiquinone are essential to plant survival. In addition, this pathway provides us essential micronutrients (e.g., vitamin E and ubiquinone) and medicine (e.g., morphine, salidroside, and salvianolic acid B). However, our knowledge of the plant tyrosine metabolism pathway remains rudimentary, and genes encoding the pathway enzymes have not been fully defined. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent advances in the tyrosine metabolism pathway, key enzymes, and important tyrosine-derived metabolites in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen-Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ya Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hoffarth ER, Rothchild KW, Ryan KS. Emergence of oxygen- and pyridoxal phosphate-dependent reactions. FEBS J 2020; 287:1403-1428. [PMID: 32142210 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) is an organic cofactor employed by ~ 4% of enzymes. The structure of the PLP cofactor allows for the stabilization of carbanions through resonance. A small number of PLP-dependent enzymes employ molecular oxygen as a cosubstrate. Here, we review the biological roles and possible mechanisms of these enzymes, and we observe that these enzymes are found in multiple protein families, suggesting that reaction with oxygen might have emerged de novo in several protein families and thus could be directed to emerge again through laboratory evolution experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elesha R Hoffarth
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Katherine S Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang L, Jiao C, Cao Y, Cheng X, Wang J, Jin Q, Cai Y. Comparative Analysis and Expression Patterns of the PLP_deC Genes in Dendrobium officinale. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E54. [PMID: 31861760 PMCID: PMC6981363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that the type II pyridoxal phosphate-dependent decarboxylase (PLP_deC) genes produce secondary metabolites and flavor volatiles in plants, and TDC (tryptophan decarboxylase), a member of the PLP_deC family, plays an important role in the biosynthesis of terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs). In this study, we identified eight PLP_deC genes in Dendrobium officinale (D. officinale) and six in Phalaenopsis equestris (P. equestris), and their structures, physicochemical properties, response elements, evolutionary relationships, and expression patterns were preliminarily predicted and analyzed. The results showed that PLP_deC genes play important roles in D. officinale and respond to different exogenous hormone treatments; additionally, the results support the selection of appropriate candidates for further functional characterization of PLP_deC genes in D. officinale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.Z.); (C.J.); (X.C.)
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Reserach Center for Development & Utilization of Regional Characteristic Plants, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chunyan Jiao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.Z.); (C.J.); (X.C.)
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Reserach Center for Development & Utilization of Regional Characteristic Plants, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yunpeng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China;
- Key Lab of Non-wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.Z.); (C.J.); (X.C.)
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Reserach Center for Development & Utilization of Regional Characteristic Plants, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.Z.); (C.J.); (X.C.)
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Reserach Center for Development & Utilization of Regional Characteristic Plants, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Qing Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.Z.); (C.J.); (X.C.)
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Reserach Center for Development & Utilization of Regional Characteristic Plants, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yongping Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.Z.); (C.J.); (X.C.)
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Reserach Center for Development & Utilization of Regional Characteristic Plants, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Torrens-Spence MP, Liu CT, Weng JK. Engineering New Branches of the Kynurenine Pathway To Produce Oxo-(2-aminophenyl) and Quinoline Scaffolds in Yeast. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:2735-2745. [PMID: 31714755 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway, named after its nonproteinogenic amino acid precursor l-kynurenine, is responsible for the de novo biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in eukaryotes. Oxo-(2-aminophenyl) and quinoline molecules downstream from l-kynurenine also serve as antagonists of several receptors of the central nervous system in mammals. In this study, we engineered new biosynthetic routes in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce a suite of l-kynurenine-derived natural products. Overexpression of Homo sapiens l-tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (HsTDO2) in S. cerevisiae led to a marked increase in the production of l-kynurenine and downstream metabolites. Using this background, new branch points to the kynurenine pathway were added through the incorporation of a Psilocybe cubensis noncanonical L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (PcncAAAD) capable of catalyzing both decarboxylation and decarboxylation-dependent oxidative-deamination reactions of l-kynurenine and 3-hydroxy-l-kynurenine to yield their corresponding monoamines, aldehydes, and downstream nonenzymatically cyclized quinolines. The PcncAAAD-catalyzed decarboxylation products, kynuramine and 3-hydroxykynuramine, could further be converted to quinoline scaffolds through the addition of H. sapiens monoamine oxidase A (HsMAO-A). Finally, by incorporating upstream regiospecific l-tryptophan halogenases into the engineering scheme, we produced a number of halogenated oxo-(2-aminophenyl) and quinoline compounds. This work illustrates a synthetic biology approach to expand primary metabolic pathways in the production of novel natural-product-like scaffolds amenable for downstream functionalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chun-Ting Liu
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jing-Ke Weng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
An Aromatic Aldehyde Synthase Controls the Synthesis of Hydroxytyrosol Derivatives Present in Virgin Olive Oil. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8090352. [PMID: 31480559 PMCID: PMC6770214 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8090352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenolic composition of virgin olive oil (VOO) is strongly determined by the content and distribution of secoiridoid phenolic glucosides present in the olive fruit. Among them, oleuropein is the most abundant in olive mesocarp and is characterized by containing an hydroxytyrosol residue in its chemical structure. Hydroxytyrosol-containing molecules are those that exhibit the most important biological activities in virgin olive oil. In this regard, we identified an aromatic aldehyde synthase gene (OeAAS) from an olive transcriptome, which was synthesized, expressed in Eschrichia coli, and purified its encoded protein. The recombinant OeAAS is a bifunctional enzyme catalyzing decarboxylation and amine-oxidation reactions in a single step. OeAAS displays strict substrate specificity for l-DOPA to form 2,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, the immediate precursor of hydroxytyrosol. In addition to the biochemical characterization of the enzyme, the expression analysis carried out in different olive cultivars and ripening stages indicate that OeAAS gene is temporally regulated in a cultivar-dependent manner. High correlation coefficients were found between OeAAS expression levels and the phenolic content of olive fruits and oils, which supports a key role for OeAAS in the accumulation of hydroxytyrosol-derived secoiridoid compounds in olive fruit and virgin olive oil.
Collapse
|
23
|
Contente ML, Paradisi F. Transaminase‐Catalyzed Continuous Synthesis of Biogenic Aldehydes. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2830-2833. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina L. Contente
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Guo W, Huang Q, Liu H, Hou S, Niu S, Jiang Y, Bao X, Shen Y, Fang X. Rational Engineering of Chorismate-Related Pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Improving Tyrosol Production. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:152. [PMID: 31334226 PMCID: PMC6616077 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosol is extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry as an important natural product from plants. In this study, an exogenous pathway involved in catalyzing tyrosine to tyrosol was introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Furthermore, The pyruvate decarboxylase gene pdc1 was deleted to redirect the flux distribution at the pyruvate node, and a bifunctional NAD+-dependent fused chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydrogenase from E. coli (EcTyrA) and its' tyrosine inhibition resistant mutant (EcTyrAM53I/A354V) were heterologously expression in S. cerevisiae to tuning up the chorismate metabolism effectively directed the metabolic flux toward tyrosol production. Finally, the tyrosol yield of the engineered strain GFT-4 was improved to 126.74 ± 6.70 mg/g DCW at 48 h, increased 440 times compared with that of the control strain GFT-0 (0.28 ± 0.01 mg/g DCW). The new synergetic engineering strategy developed in this study can be further applied to increase the production of high value-added aromatic compounds derived from aromatic amino acid or shikimate in S. cerevisiae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiulan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaoli Hou
- Shandong Henglu Biological Technology Co. Ltd, Jinan, China
| | - Suhao Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoming Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Günther J, Lackus ND, Schmidt A, Huber M, Stödtler HJ, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, Köllner TG. Separate Pathways Contribute to the Herbivore-Induced Formation of 2-Phenylethanol in Poplar. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:767-782. [PMID: 30846485 PMCID: PMC6548255 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Upon herbivory, the tree species western balsam poplar (Populus trichocarpa) produces a variety of Phe-derived metabolites, including 2-phenylethylamine, 2-phenylethanol, and 2-phenylethyl-β-d-glucopyranoside. To investigate the formation of these potential defense compounds, we functionally characterized aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylases (AADCs) and aromatic aldehyde synthases (AASs), which play important roles in the biosynthesis of specialized aromatic metabolites in other plants. Heterologous expression in Escherichia coli and Nicotiana benthamiana showed that all five AADC/AAS genes identified in the P trichocarpa genome encode active enzymes. However, only two genes, PtAADC1 and PtAAS1, were significantly upregulated after leaf herbivory. Despite a sequence similarity of ∼96%, PtAADC1 and PtAAS1 showed different enzymatic functions and converted Phe into 2-phenylethylamine and 2-phenylacetaldehyde, respectively. The activities of both enzymes were interconvertible by switching a single amino acid residue in their active sites. A survey of putative AADC/AAS gene pairs in the genomes of other plants suggests an independent evolution of this function-determining residue in different plant families. RNA interference -mediated-downregulation of AADC1 in gray poplar (Populus × canescens) resulted in decreased accumulation of 2-phenylethylamine and 2-phenylethyl-β-d-glucopyranoside, whereas the emission of 2-phenylethanol was not influenced. To investigate the last step of 2-phenylethanol formation, we identified and characterized two P trichocarpa short-chain dehydrogenases, PtPAR1 and PtPAR2, which were able to reduce 2-phenylacetaldehyde to 2-phenylethanol in vitro. In summary, 2-phenylethanol and its glucoside may be formed in multiple ways in poplar. Our data indicate that PtAADC1 controls the herbivore-induced formation of 2-phenylethylamine and 2-phenylethyl-β-d-glucopyranoside in planta, whereas PtAAS1 likely contributes to the herbivore-induced emission of 2-phenylethanol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Günther
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Axel Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Meret Huber
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Michael Reichelt
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Tobias G Köllner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nagel R. Do All Roads Lead to 2-Phenylethanol in Populus? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:693-694. [PMID: 31160522 PMCID: PMC6548258 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Nagel
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mechanism-based tuning of insect 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde synthase for synthetic bioproduction of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2015. [PMID: 31043610 PMCID: PMC6494836 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09610-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have utilized monoamine oxidase (MAO) and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase (DDC) for microbe-based production of tetrahydropapaveroline (THP), a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA) precursor to opioid analgesics. In the current study, a phylogenetically distinct Bombyx mori 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde synthase (DHPAAS) is identified to bypass MAO and DDC for direct production of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DHPAA) from L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). Structure-based enzyme engineering of DHPAAS results in bifunctional switching between aldehyde synthase and decarboxylase activities. Output of dopamine and DHPAA products is fine-tuned by engineered DHPAAS variants with Phe79Tyr, Tyr80Phe and Asn192His catalytic substitutions. Balance of dopamine and DHPAA products enables improved THP biosynthesis via a symmetrical pathway in Escherichia coli. Rationally engineered insect DHPAAS produces (R,S)-THP in a single enzyme system directly from L-DOPA both in vitro and in vivo, at higher yields than that of the wild-type enzyme. However, DHPAAS-mediated downstream BIA production requires further improvement. Bioproduction of tetrahydropapaveroline (THP) is limited by the specificity of monoamine oxidase (MAO). Here, the authors identify an insect 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde synthase (DHPAAS) that can bypass MAO for direct aldehyde production and demonstrate bifunctional switching of DHPAAS for efficient THP production.
Collapse
|
28
|
Liang J, Han Q, Tan Y, Ding H, Li J. Current Advances on Structure-Function Relationships of Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate-Dependent Enzymes. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:4. [PMID: 30891451 PMCID: PMC6411801 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) functions as a coenzyme in many enzymatic processes, including decarboxylation, deamination, transamination, racemization, and others. Enzymes, requiring PLP, are commonly termed PLP-dependent enzymes, and they are widely involved in crucial cellular metabolic pathways in most of (if not all) living organisms. The chemical mechanisms for PLP-mediated reactions have been well elaborated and accepted with an emphasis on the pure chemical steps, but how the chemical steps are processed by enzymes, especially by functions of active site residues, are not fully elucidated. Furthermore, the specific mechanism of an enzyme in relation to the one for a similar class of enzymes seems scarcely described or discussed. This discussion aims to link the specific mechanism described for the individual enzyme to the same types of enzymes from different species with aminotransferases, decarboxylases, racemase, aldolase, cystathionine β-synthase, aromatic phenylacetaldehyde synthase, et al. as models. The structural factors that contribute to the reaction mechanisms, particularly active site residues critical for dictating the reaction specificity, are summarized in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Qian Han
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yang Tan
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haizhen Ding
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Roccia A, Hibrand-Saint Oyant L, Cavel E, Caissard JC, Machenaud J, Thouroude T, Jeauffre J, Bony A, Dubois A, Vergne P, Szécsi J, Foucher F, Bendahmane M, Baudino S. Biosynthesis of 2-Phenylethanol in Rose Petals Is Linked to the Expression of One Allele of RhPAAS. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1064-1079. [PMID: 30622153 PMCID: PMC6393788 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Floral scent is one of the most important characters in horticultural plants. Roses (Rosa spp.) have been cultivated for their scent since antiquity. However, probably by selecting for cultivars with long vase life, breeders have lost the fragrant character in many modern roses, especially the ones bred for the cut flower market. The genetic inheritance of scent characters has remained elusive so far. In-depth knowledge of this quantitative trait is thus very much needed to breed more fragrant commercial cultivars. Furthermore, rose hybrids harbor a composite genomic structure, which complexifies quantitative trait studies. To understand rose scent inheritance, we characterized a segregating population from two diploid cultivars, Rosa × hybrida cv H190 and Rosa wichurana, which have contrasting scent profiles. Several quantitative trait loci for the major volatile compounds in this progeny were identified. One among these loci contributing to the production of 2-phenylethanol, responsible for the characteristic odor of rose, was found to be colocalized with a candidate gene belonging to the 2-phenylethanol biosynthesis pathway: the PHENYLACETALDEHYDE SYNTHASE gene RhPAAS An in-depth allele-specific expression analysis in the progeny demonstrated that only one allele was highly expressed and was responsible for the production of 2-phenylethanol. Unexpectedly, its expression was found to start early during flower development, before the production of the volatile 2-phenylethanol, leading to the accumulation of glycosylated compounds in petals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Roccia
- Université Lyon, Université Saint-Etienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales appliquées aux Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales, FRE 3727, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Laurence Hibrand-Saint Oyant
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université d'Angers, Structure Fédérative de Recherche 4207 Qualité et Santé du végétal, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Emilie Cavel
- Université Lyon, Université Saint-Etienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales appliquées aux Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales, FRE 3727, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Jean-Claude Caissard
- Université Lyon, Université Saint-Etienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales appliquées aux Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales, FRE 3727, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Jana Machenaud
- Université Lyon, Université Saint-Etienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales appliquées aux Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales, FRE 3727, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Tatiana Thouroude
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université d'Angers, Structure Fédérative de Recherche 4207 Qualité et Santé du végétal, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Julien Jeauffre
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université d'Angers, Structure Fédérative de Recherche 4207 Qualité et Santé du végétal, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Aurélie Bony
- Université Lyon, Université Saint-Etienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales appliquées aux Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales, FRE 3727, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Annick Dubois
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Vergne
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Judit Szécsi
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Fabrice Foucher
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université d'Angers, Structure Fédérative de Recherche 4207 Qualité et Santé du végétal, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Mohammed Bendahmane
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Baudino
- Université Lyon, Université Saint-Etienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales appliquées aux Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales, FRE 3727, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Melatonin: A Small Molecule but Important for Salt Stress Tolerance in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030709. [PMID: 30736409 PMCID: PMC6387279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt stress is one of the most serious limiting factors in worldwide agricultural production, resulting in huge annual yield loss. Since 1995, melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine)—an ancient multi-functional molecule in eukaryotes and prokaryotes—has been extensively validated as a regulator of plant growth and development, as well as various stress responses, especially its crucial role in plant salt tolerance. Salt stress and exogenous melatonin lead to an increase in endogenous melatonin levels, partly via the phyto-melatonin receptor CAND2/PMTR1. Melatonin plays important roles, as a free radical scavenger and antioxidant, in the improvement of antioxidant systems under salt stress. These functions improve photosynthesis, ion homeostasis, and activate a series of downstream signals, such as hormones, nitric oxide (NO) and polyamine metabolism. Melatonin also regulates gene expression responses to salt stress. In this study, we review recent literature and summarize the regulatory roles and signaling networks involving melatonin in response to salt stress in plants. We also discuss genes and gene families involved in the melatonin-mediated salt stress tolerance.
Collapse
|
31
|
Identification of a Novel Gene Encoding the Specialized Alanine Decarboxylase in Tea ( Camellia sinensis) Plants. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030540. [PMID: 30717241 PMCID: PMC6384637 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Theanine, a unique amino acid in Camellia sinensis, accounts for more than 50% of total free amino acids in tea and has a significant contribution to the quality of green tea. Previous research indicated that theanine is synthesized from glutamic acid (Glu) and ethylamine mainly in roots, and that theanine accumulation depends on the availability of ethylamine which is derived from alanine (Ala) decarboxylation catalyzed by alanine decarboxylase (AlaDC). However, the specific gene encoding AlaDC protein remains to be discovered in tea plants or in other species. To explore the gene of AlaDC in tea plants, the differences in theanine contents and gene expressions between pretreatment and posttreatment of long-time nitrogen starvation were analyzed in young roots of two tea cultivars. A novel gene annotated as serine decarboxylase (SDC) was noted for its expression levels, which showed high consistency with theanine content, and the expression was remarkably high in young roots under sufficient nitrogen condition. To verify its function, full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) of this candidate gene was cloned from young roots of tea seedlings, and the target protein was expressed and purified from Escherichia coli (E. coli). The enzymatic activity of the protein for Ala and Ser was measured in vitro using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). The results illustrated that the target protein could catalyze the decarboxylation of Ala despite of its high similarity with SDC from other species. Therefore, this novel gene was identified as AlaDC and named CsAlaDC. Furthermore, the gene expression levels of CsAlaDC in different tissues of tea plants were also quantified with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results suggest that transcription levels of CsAlaDC in root tissues are significantly higher than those in leaf tissues. That may explain why theanine biosynthesis preferentially occurs in the roots of tea plants. The expression of the gene was upregulated when nitrogen was present, suggesting that theanine biosynthesis is regulated by nitrogen supply and closely related to nitrogen metabolism for C. sinensis. The results of this study are significant supplements to the theanine biosynthetic pathway and provide evidence for the differential accumulation of theanine between C. sinensis and other species.
Collapse
|
32
|
Torrens-Spence MP, Liu CT, Pluskal T, Chung YK, Weng JK. Monoamine Biosynthesis via a Noncanonical Calcium-Activatable Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylase in Psilocybin Mushroom. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:3343-3353. [PMID: 30484626 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylases (AAADs) are a phylogenetically diverse group of enzymes responsible for the decarboxylation of aromatic amino acid substrates into their corresponding aromatic arylalkylamines. AAADs have been extensively studied in mammals and plants as they catalyze the first step in the production of neurotransmitters and bioactive phytochemicals, respectively. Unlike mammals and plants, the hallucinogenic psilocybin mushroom Psilocybe cubensis reportedly employs an unrelated phosphatidylserine-decarboxylase-like enzyme to catalyze l-tryptophan decarboxylation, the first step in psilocybin biosynthesis. To explore the origin of this chemistry in psilocybin mushroom, we generated the first de novo transcriptomes of P. cubensis and investigated several putative l-tryptophan-decarboxylase-like enzymes. We report the biochemical characterization of a noncanonical AAAD from P. cubensis ( PcncAAAD) that exhibits substrate permissiveness toward l-phenylalanine, l-tyrosine, and l-tryptophan, as well as chloro-tryptophan derivatives. The crystal structure of PcncAAAD revealed the presence of a unique C-terminal appendage domain featuring a novel double-β-barrel fold. This domain is required for PcncAAAD activity and regulates catalytic rate and thermal stability through calcium binding. PcncAAAD likely plays a role in psilocybin production in P. cubensis and offers a new tool for metabolic engineering of aromatic-amino-acid-derived natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chun-Ting Liu
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tomáš Pluskal
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Yin Kwan Chung
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing-Ke Weng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Schenck CA, Maeda HA. Tyrosine biosynthesis, metabolism, and catabolism in plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 149:82-102. [PMID: 29477627 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
L-Tyrosine (Tyr) is an aromatic amino acid (AAA) required for protein synthesis in all organisms, but synthesized de novo only in plants and microorganisms. In plants, Tyr also serves as a precursor of numerous specialized metabolites that have diverse physiological roles as electron carriers, antioxidants, attractants, and defense compounds. Some of these Tyr-derived plant natural products are also used in human medicine and nutrition (e.g. morphine and vitamin E). While the Tyr biosynthesis and catabolic pathways have been extensively studied in microbes and animals, respectively, those of plants have received much less attention until recently. Accumulating evidence suggest that the Tyr biosynthetic pathways differ between microbes and plants and even within the plant kingdom, likely to support the production of lineage-specific plant specialized metabolites derived from Tyr. The interspecies variations of plant Tyr pathway enzymes can now be used to enhance the production of Tyr and Tyr-derived compounds in plants and other synthetic biology platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Schenck
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Hiroshi A Maeda
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Torrens-Spence MP, Pluskal T, Li FS, Carballo V, Weng JK. Complete Pathway Elucidation and Heterologous Reconstitution of Rhodiola Salidroside Biosynthesis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:205-217. [PMID: 29277428 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Salidroside is a bioactive tyrosine-derived phenolic natural product found in medicinal plants under the Rhodiola genus. In addition to their anti-fatigue and anti-anoxia roles in traditional medicine, Rhodiola total extract and salidroside have also displayed medicinal properties as anti-cardiovascular diseases and anti-cancer agents. The resulting surge in global demand of Rhodiola plants and salidroside has driven some species close to extinction. Here, we report the full elucidation of the Rhodiola salidroside biosynthetic pathway utilizing the first comprehensive transcriptomics and metabolomics datasets for Rhodiola rosea. Unlike the previously proposed pathway involving separate decarboxylation and deamination enzymatic steps from tyrosine to the key intermediate 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (4-HPAA), Rhodiola contains a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent 4-HPAA synthase that directly converts tyrosine to 4-HPAA. We further identified genes encoding the subsequent 4-HPAA reductase and tyrosol:UDP-glucose 8-O-glucosyltransferase, respectively, to complete salidroside biosynthesis in Rhodiola. We show that heterologous production of salidroside can be achieved in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as well as the plant Nicotiana benthamiana through transgenic expression of Rhodiola salidroside biosynthetic genes. This study provides new tools for engineering sustainable production of salidroside in heterologous hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomáš Pluskal
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Fu-Shuang Li
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Valentina Carballo
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jing-Ke Weng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chung D, Kim SY, Ahn JH. Production of three phenylethanoids, tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, and salidroside, using plant genes expressing in Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2578. [PMID: 28566694 PMCID: PMC5451403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols, which include phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, and phenylethanoids, are generally known as useful antioxidants. Tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, and salidroside are typical phenylethanoids. Phenylethanoids are found in plants such as olive, green tea, and Rhodiola and have various biological activities, including the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and brain damage. We used Escherichia coli to synthesize three phenylethanoids, tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, and salidroside. To synthesize tyrosol, the aromatic aldehyde synthase (AAS) was expressed in E. coli. Hydroxytyrosol was synthesized using E. coli harboring AAS and HpaBC, which encodes hydroxylase. In order to synthesize salidroside, 12 uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) were screened and UGT85A1 was found to convert tyrosol to salidroside. Using E. coli harboring AAS and UGT85A1, salidroside was synthesized. Through the optimization of these three E. coli strains, we were able to synthesize 531 mg/L tyrosol, 208 mg/L hydroxytyrosol, and 288 mg/L salidroside, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daeun Chung
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Hoon Ahn
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Guan H, Song S, Robinson H, Liang J, Ding H, Li J, Han Q. Structural Basis of the Substrate Specificity and Enzyme Catalysis of a Papaver somniferum Tyrosine Decarboxylase. Front Mol Biosci 2017; 4:5. [PMID: 28232911 PMCID: PMC5299019 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine decarboxylase (TyDC), a type II pyridoxal 5′-phosphate decarboxylase, catalyzes the decarboxylation of tyrosine. Due to a generally high sequence identity to other aromatic amino acid decarboxylases (AAADs), primary sequence information is not enough to understand substrate specificities with structural information. In this study, we selected a typical TyDC from Papaver somniferum as a model to study the structural basis of AAAD substrate specificities. Analysis of the native P. somniferum TyDC crystal structure and subsequent molecular docking and dynamics simulation provide some structural bases that explain substrate specificity for tyrosine. The result confirmed the previous proposed mechanism for the enzyme selectivity of indolic and phenolic substrates. Additionally, this study yields the first crystal structure for a plant type II pyridoxal-5'-phosphate decarboxylase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huai Guan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan UniversityHainan, China; Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan UniversityHainan, China; Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, Hainan UniversityHaikou, Hainan, China
| | - Shuaibao Song
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan UniversityHainan, China; Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan UniversityHainan, China; Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, Hainan UniversityHaikou, Hainan, China
| | - Howard Robinson
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton New York, NY, USA
| | - Jing Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Haizhen Ding
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Qian Han
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan UniversityHainan, China; Hainan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan UniversityHainan, China; Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, Hainan UniversityHaikou, Hainan, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Koeduka T, Fujita Y, Furuta T, Suzuki H, Tsuge T, Matsui K. Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase is involved in volatile phenylacetaldehyde production in loquat ( Eriobotrya japonica) flowers. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2017; 34:193-198. [PMID: 31275027 PMCID: PMC6543696 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.17.0926a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Post anthesis, loquat flowers emit volatile benzenoids, including phenylacetaldehyde, phenylethyl alcohol, and 2-phenethyl benzoate. Previous studies have shown that pyridoxal phosphate-dependent aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) produces phenylacetaldehyde from L-phenylalanine. Here, two AADC genes (EjAADC1 and EjAADC2) were isolated from loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) flowers. The EjAADC1 and EjAADC2 proteins showed approximately 72% and 55% identity, respectively, to a rose AADC homolog that has phenylacetaldehyde synthase activity. Transcript analyses indicated that EjAADC1 was specifically expressed in petals, with the highest level of expression in fully opened flowers; the petals showed high levels of volatile benzenoids, including phenylacetaldehyde. In contrast, EjAADC2 was expressed at a lower level than EjAADC1 in all tested tissues, including leaves and developing flowers. Functional characterization of a recombinant EjAADC1 protein expressed in Escherichia coli showed that it catalyzes the formation of phenylacetaldehyde from L-phenylalanine in a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent manner. Our results suggest that EjAADC1 is mainly responsible for the biosynthesis of volatile benzenoids in loquat flowers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takao Koeduka
- Division of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, and Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
- E-mail: Tel: +81-83-933-5849 Fax: +81-83-933-5820
| | - Yoshiyuki Fujita
- Division of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, and Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Takumi Furuta
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Department of Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Tsuge
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsui
- Division of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, and Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hirata H, Ohnishi T, Watanabe N. Biosynthesis of floral scent 2-phenylethanol in rose flowers. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:1865-73. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1191333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Plants emit chemically diverse volatile compounds for attracting pollinators or putting up a chemical defense against herbivores. 2-Phenylethanol (2PE) is one of the abundantly emitted scent compounds in rose flowers. Feeding experiments with l-[2H8]phenylalanine into rose flowers and subsequent analysis using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis revealed the hypothetical biosynthetic intermediates to [2H8]-2PE, and the biochemical and genetic analyses elucidated the principal pathway to [2H8]-2PE. We recently found season-specific 2PE pathway producing [2H7]-2PE from l-[2H8]phenylalanine. This is a unique example where the dominant pathway to a specific compound changes with the seasons. This review focuses on the biosynthesis of floral volatiles and their regulation to adapt to the changes in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hirata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ohnishi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Naoharu Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kumar R. Evolutionary Trails of Plant Group II Pyridoxal Phosphate-Dependent Decarboxylase Genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1268. [PMID: 27602045 PMCID: PMC4993783 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Type II pyridoxal phosphate-dependent decarboxylase (PLP_deC) enzymes play important metabolic roles during nitrogen metabolism. Recent evolutionary profiling of these genes revealed a sharp expansion of histidine decarboxylase genes in the members of Solanaceae family. In spite of the high sequence homology shared by PLP_deC orthologs, these enzymes display remarkable differences in their substrate specificities. Currently, limited information is available on the gene repertoires and substrate specificities of PLP_deCs which renders their precise annotation challenging and offers technical challenges in the immediate identification and biochemical characterization of their full gene complements in plants. Herein, we explored their evolutionary trails in a comprehensive manner by taking advantage of high-throughput data accessibility and computational approaches. We discussed the premise that has enabled an improved reconstruction of their evolutionary lineage and evaluated the factors offering constraints in their rapid functional characterization, till date. We envisage that the synthesized information herein would act as a catalyst for the rapid exploration of their biochemical specificity and physiological roles in more plant species.
Collapse
|
40
|
Torrens-Spence MP, Fallon TR, Weng JK. A Workflow for Studying Specialized Metabolism in Nonmodel Eukaryotic Organisms. Methods Enzymol 2016; 576:69-97. [PMID: 27480683 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotes contain a diverse tapestry of specialized metabolites, many of which are of significant pharmaceutical and industrial importance to humans. Nevertheless, exploration of specialized metabolic pathways underlying specific chemical traits in nonmodel eukaryotic organisms has been technically challenging and historically lagged behind that of the bacterial systems. Recent advances in genomics, metabolomics, phylogenomics, and synthetic biology now enable a new workflow for interrogating unknown specialized metabolic systems in nonmodel eukaryotic hosts with greater efficiency and mechanistic depth. This chapter delineates such workflow by providing a collection of state-of-the-art approaches and tools, ranging from multiomics-guided candidate gene identification to in vitro and in vivo functional and structural characterization of specialized metabolic enzymes. As already demonstrated by several recent studies, this new workflow opens up a gateway into the largely untapped world of natural product biochemistry in eukaryotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Torrens-Spence
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - T R Fallon
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - J K Weng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hardeland R. Melatonin in Plants - Diversity of Levels and Multiplicity of Functions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:198. [PMID: 26925091 PMCID: PMC4759497 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin has been detected in numerous plant species. A particularly surprising finding concerns the highly divergent levels of melatonin that vary between species, organs and environmental conditions, from a few pg/g to over 20 μg/g, reportedly up to 200 μg/g. Highest values have been determined in oily seeds and in plant organs exposed to high UV radiation. The divergency of melatonin concentrations is discussed under various functional aspects and focused on several open questions. This comprises differences in precursor availability, catabolism, the relative contribution of isoenzymes of the melatonin biosynthetic pathway, and differences in rate limitation by either serotonin N-acetyltransferase or N-acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase. Other differences are related to the remarkable pleiotropy of melatonin, which exhibits properties as a growth regulator and morphogenetic factor, actually debated in terms of auxin-like effects, and as a signaling molecule that modulates pathways of ethylene, abscisic, jasmonic and salicylic acids and is involved in stress tolerance, pathogen defense and delay of senescence. In the context of high light/UV intensities, elevated melatonin levels exceed those required for signaling via stress-related phytohormones and may comprise direct antioxidant and photoprotectant properties, perhaps with a contribution of its oxidatively formed metabolites, such as N (1)-acetyl-N (2)-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine and its secondary products. High melatonin levels in seeds may also serve antioxidative protection and have been shown to promote seed viability and germination capacity.
Collapse
|
42
|
Moroz LL, Kohn AB. Unbiased View of Synaptic and Neuronal Gene Complement in Ctenophores: Are There Pan-neuronal and Pan-synaptic Genes across Metazoa? Integr Comp Biol 2015; 55:1028-49. [PMID: 26454853 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icv104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypotheses of origins and evolution of neurons and synapses are controversial, mostly due to limited comparative data. Here, we investigated the genome-wide distribution of the bilaterian "synaptic" and "neuronal" protein-coding genes in non-bilaterian basal metazoans (Ctenophora, Porifera, Placozoa, and Cnidaria). First, there are no recognized genes uniquely expressed in neurons across all metazoan lineages. None of the so-called pan-neuronal genes such as embryonic lethal abnormal vision (ELAV), Musashi, or Neuroglobin are expressed exclusively in neurons of the ctenophore Pleurobrachia. Second, our comparative analysis of about 200 genes encoding canonical presynaptic and postsynaptic proteins in bilaterians suggests that there are no true "pan-synaptic" genes or genes uniquely and specifically attributed to all classes of synapses. The majority of these genes encode receptive and secretory complexes in a broad spectrum of eukaryotes. Trichoplax (Placozoa) an organism without neurons and synapses has more orthologs of bilaterian synapse-related/neuron-related genes than do ctenophores-the group with well-developed neuronal and synaptic organization. Third, the majority of genes encoding ion channels and ionotropic receptors are broadly expressed in unicellular eukaryotes and non-neuronal tissues in metazoans. Therefore, they cannot be viewed as neuronal markers. Nevertheless, the co-expression of multiple types of ion channels and receptors does correlate with the presence of neural and synaptic organization. As an illustrative example, the ctenophore genomes encode a greater diversity of ion channels and ionotropic receptors compared with the genomes of the placozoan Trichoplax and the demosponge Amphimedon. Surprisingly, both placozoans and sponges have a similar number of orthologs of "synaptic" proteins as we identified in the genomes of two ctenophores. Ctenophores have a distinct synaptic organization compared with other animals. Our analysis of transcriptomes from 10 different ctenophores did not detect recognized orthologs of synthetic enzymes encoding several classical, low-molecular-weight (neuro)transmitters; glutamate signaling machinery is one of the few exceptions. Novel peptidergic signaling molecules were predicted for ctenophores, together with the diversity of putative receptors including SCNN1/amiloride-sensitive sodium channel-like channels, many of which could be examples of a lineage-specific expansion within this group. In summary, our analysis supports the hypothesis of independent evolution of neurons and, as corollary, a parallel evolution of synapses. We suggest that the formation of synaptic machinery might occur more than once over 600 million years of animal evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L Moroz
- *The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA; Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute and Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Andrea B Kohn
- *The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kumar M, Richa, Sharma S, Bhatt V, Kumar N. Iron(III) Chloride-Catalyzed Decarboxylative-Deaminative Functionalization of Phenylglycine: A Tandem Synthesis of Quinazolinones and Benzimidazoles. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
44
|
Hardeland R. Melatonin in plants and other phototrophs: advances and gaps concerning the diversity of functions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:627-46. [PMID: 25240067 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is synthesized in Alphaproteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Dinoflagellata, Euglenoidea, Rhodophyta, Phae ophyta, and Viridiplantae. The biosynthetic pathways have been identified in dinoflagellates and plants. Other than in dinoflagellates and animals, tryptophan is not 5-hydroxylated in plants but is first decarboxylated. Serotonin is formed by 5-hydroxylation of tryptamine. Serotonin N-acetyltransferase is localized in plastids and lacks homology to the vertebrate aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase. Melatonin content varies considerably among species, from a few picograms to several micrograms per gram, a strong hint for different actions of this indoleamine. At elevated levels, the common and presumably ancient property as an antioxidant may prevail. Although melatonin exhibits nocturnal maxima in some phototrophs, it is not generally a mediator of the signal 'darkness'. In various plants, its formation is upregulated by visible and/or UV light. Increases are often induced by high or low temperature and several other stressors including drought, salinity, and chemical toxins. In Arabidopsis, melatonin induces cold- and stress-responsive genes. It has been shown to support cold resistance and to delay experimental leaf senescence. Transcriptome data from Arabidopsis indicate upregulation of genes related to ethylene, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid. Auxin-like actions have been reported concerning root growth and inhibition, and hypocotyl or coleoptile lengthening, but effects caused by melatonin and auxins can be dissected. Assumptions on roles in flower morphogenesis and fruit ripening are based mainly on concentration changes. Whether or not melatonin will find a place in the phytohormone network depends especially on the identification of molecular signals regulating its synthesis, high-affinity binding sites, and signal transduction pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Strasse 28, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Torrens-Spence MP, Lazear M, von Guggenberg R, Ding H, Li J. Investigation of a substrate-specifying residue within Papaver somniferum and Catharanthus roseus aromatic amino acid decarboxylases. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 106:37-43. [PMID: 25107664 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant aromatic amino acid decarboxylases (AAADs) catalyze the decarboxylation of aromatic amino acids with either benzene or indole rings. Because the substrate selectivity of AAADs is intimately related to their physiological functions, primary sequence data and their differentiation could provide significant physiological insights. However, due to general high sequence identity, plant AAAD substrate specificities have been difficult to identify through primary sequence comparison. In this study, bioinformatic approaches were utilized to identify several active site residues within plant AAAD enzymes that may impact substrate specificity. Next a Papaver somniferum tyrosine decarboxylase (TyDC) was selected as a model to verify our putative substrate-dictating residues through mutation. Results indicated that mutagenesis of serine 372 to glycine enables the P. somniferum TyDC to use 5-hydroxytryptophan as a substrate, and reduces the enzyme activity toward 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (dopa). Additionally, the reverse mutation in a Catharanthus roseus tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) enables the mutant enzyme to utilize tyrosine and dopa as substrates with a reduced affinity toward tryptophan. Molecular modeling and molecular docking of the P. somniferum TyDC and the C. roseus TDC enzymes provided a structural basis to explain alterations in substrate specificity. Identification of an active site residue that impacts substrate selectivity produces a primary sequence identifier that may help differentiate the indolic and phenolic substrate specificities of individual plant AAADs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Lazear
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | | | - Haizhen Ding
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Torrens-Spence MP, von Guggenberg R, Lazear M, Ding H, Li J. Diverse functional evolution of serine decarboxylases: identification of two novel acetaldehyde synthases that uses hydrophobic amino acids as substrates. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:247. [PMID: 25230835 PMCID: PMC4177580 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type II pyridoxal 5'-phosphate decarboxylases are an important group of phylogenetically diverse enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism. Within plants, this group of enzymes is represented by aromatic amino acid decarboxylases, glutamate decarboxylases and serine decarboxylases. Additional evolutionary divergence of plant aromatic amino acid decarboxylases has resulted in further subcategories with distinct substrate specificities and enzymatic activities. Despite shared homology, no such evolutionary divergence has been characterized within glutamate decarboxylases or serine decarboxylases (SDC). RESULTS Comparative analysis of two previously characterized serine decarboxylase-like (SDC-like) enzymes demonstrates distinct substrate specificities despite their highly conserved primary sequence. The alternate substrate preference of these homologous SDC-like proteins indicated that functional divergence might have occurred with in SDC-like proteins. In an effort to identify additional SDC-like functional divergence, two uncharacterized SDC-like enzymes were recombinantly expressed and characterized. CONCLUSIONS An extensive biochemical analysis of two serine decarboxylases-like recombinant proteins led to an interesting discovery; both proteins catalyze the formation of acetaldehyde derivatives from select hydrophobic amino acids substrates. Specifically, Medicago truncatula [GenBank: XP_003592128] and Cicer arietinum [GenBank: XP_004496485] catalyze the decarboxylation and oxidative deamination of phenylalanine, methionine, leucine and tryptophan to generate their corresponding acetaldehydes. The promiscuous aldehyde synthase activity of these proteins yields novel products of 4-(methylthio) butanal, 3-methylbutanal (isovaleraldehyde) and indole-3-acetaldehyde from methionine, leucine and tryptophan respectively. A comparative biochemical analysis of the Medicago truncatula and Cicer arietinum enzymes against two previously characterized SDC-like enzymes further emphasizes the unusual substrate specificity and activity of these novel aldehyde synthases. Due to the strong substrate preference towards phenylalanine, it is likely that both enzymes function as phenylacetaldehyde synthesis in vivo. However, due to their significant sequence divergence and unusual substrate promiscuity these enzymes are functionally and evolutionary divergent from canonical phenylacetaldehyde synthesis enzymes. This work further elaborates on the functional complexity of plant type II PLP decarboxylases and their roles in secondary metabolite biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Torrens-Spence
- />Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia USA
- />Present address: Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts USA
| | | | - Michael Lazear
- />Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia USA
| | - Haizhen Ding
- />Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia USA
| | - Jianyong Li
- />Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Achmon Y, Ben-Barak Zelas Z, Fishman A. Cloning Rosa hybrid phenylacetaldehyde synthase for the production of 2-phenylethanol in a whole cell Escherichia coli system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:3603-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5269-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|