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Chen M, Li F, Qu M, Jin X, He T, He S, Chen S, Yao Q, Wang L, Chen D, Wu X, Xiao G. Pip5k1γ promotes anabolism of nucleus pulposus cells and intervertebral disc homeostasis by activating CaMKII-Ampk pathway in aged mice. Aging Cell 2024:e14237. [PMID: 38840443 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Degenerative disc disease (DDD) represents a significant global health challenge, yet its underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. This study aimed to investigate the role of type 1 phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase (Pip5k1) in intervertebral disc (IVD) homeostasis and disease. All three Pip5k1 isoforms, namely Pip5k1α, Pip5k1β, and Pip5k1γ, were detectable in mouse and human IVD tissues, with Pip5k1γ displaying a highest expression in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. The expression of Pip5k1γ was significantly down-regulated in the NP cells of aged mice and patients with severe DDD. To determine whether Pip5k1γ expression is required for disc homeostasis, we generated a Pip5k1γfl/fl; AggrecanCreERT2 mouse model for the conditional knockout of the Pip5k1γ gene in aggrecan-expressing IVD cells. Our findings revealed that the conditional deletion of Pip5k1γ did not affect the disc structure or cellular composition in 5-month-old adult mice. However, in aged (15-month-old) mice, this deletion led to several severe degenerative disc defects, including decreased NP cellularity, spontaneous fibrosis and cleft formation, and a loss of the boundary between NP and annulus fibrosus. At the molecular level, the absence of Pip5k1γ reduced the anabolism of NP cells without markedly affecting their catabolic or anti-catabolic activities. Moreover, the loss of Pip5k1γ significantly dampened the activation of the protective Ampk pathway in NP cells, thereby accelerating NP cell senescence. Notably, Pip5k1γ deficiency blunted the effectiveness of metformin, a potent Ampk activator, in activating the Ampk pathway and mitigating lumbar spine instability (LSI)-induced disc lesions in mice. Overall, our study unveils a novel role for Pip5k1γ in promoting anabolism and maintaining disc homeostasis, suggesting it as a potential therapeutic target for DDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjue Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feiyun Li
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Minghao Qu
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaowan Jin
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tailin He
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuangshuang He
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Yao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Di Chen
- Research Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaohao Wu
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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Lin S, Tao C, Yan Q, Gao H, Qin L, Zhong Y, Yao Q, Zhang P, Yang J, Zou X, Xiao G. Pip5k1c expression in osteocytes regulates bone remodeling in mice. J Orthop Translat 2024; 45:36-47. [PMID: 38495744 PMCID: PMC10943313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Research background The role of osteocytes in maintaining bone mass has been progressively emphasized. Pip5k1c is the most critical isoform among PIP5KIs, which can regulate cytoskeleton, biomembrane, and Ca2+ release of cells and participate in many processes, such as cell adhesion, differentiation, and apoptosis. However, its expression and function in osteocytes are still unclear. Materials and methods To determine the function of Pip5k1c in osteocytes, the expression of Pip5k1c in osteocytes was deleted by breeding the 10-kb mouse Dmp1-Cre transgenic mice with the Pip5k1cfl/fl mice. Bone histomorphometry, micro-computerized tomography analysis, immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were used to determine the effects of Pip5k1c loss on bone mass. In vitro, we explored the mechanism by siRNA knockdown of Pip5k1c in MLO-Y4 cells. Results Pip5k1c expression was decreased in osteocytes in senescent and osteoporotic tissues both in humans and mice. Loss of Pip5k1c in osteocytes led to a low bone mass in long bones and spines and impaired biomechanical properties in femur, without changes in calvariae. The loss of Pip5k1c resulted in the reduction of the protein level of type 1 collagen in tibiae and MLO-Y4 cells. Osteocyte Pip5k1c loss reduced the osteoblast and bone formation rate with high expression of sclerostin, impacting the osteoclast activities at the same time. Moreover, Pip5k1c loss in osteocytes reduced expression of focal adhesion proteins and promoted apoptosis. Conclusion Our studies demonstrate the critical role and mechanism of Pip5k1c in osteocytes in regulating bone remodeling. The translational potential of this article Osteocyte has been considered to a key role in regulating bone homeostasis. The present study has demonstrated that the significance of Pip5k1c in bone homeostasis by regulating the expression of collagen, sclerostin and focal adhesion expression, which provided a possible therapeutic target against human metabolic bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixiong Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chu Tao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qinnan Yan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Huanqing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Lei Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Yiming Zhong
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qing Yao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jiaming Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, China
| | - Xuenong Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Qu M, Chen M, Gong W, Huo S, Yan Q, Yao Q, Lai Y, Chen D, Wu X, Xiao G. Pip5k1c Loss in Chondrocytes Causes Spontaneous Osteoarthritic Lesions in Aged Mice. Aging Dis 2022; 14:502-514. [PMID: 37008048 PMCID: PMC10017150 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease affecting the older populations globally. Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase type-1 gamma (Pip5k1c), a lipid kinase catalyzing the synthesis of phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), is involved in various cellular processes, such as focal adhesion (FA) formation, cell migration, and cellular signal transduction. However, whether Pip5k1c plays a role in the pathogenesis of OA remains unclear. Here we show that inducible deletion of Pip5k1c in aggrecan-expressing chondrocytes (cKO) causes multiple spontaneous OA-like lesions, including cartilage degradation, surface fissures, subchondral sclerosis, meniscus deformation, synovial hyperplasia, and osteophyte formation in aged (15-month-old) mice, but not in adult (7-month-old) mice. Pip5k1c loss promotes extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, chondrocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis, and inhibits chondrocyte proliferation in the articular cartilage of aged mice. Pip5k1c loss dramatically downregulates the expressions of several key FA proteins, including activated integrin β1, talin, and vinculin, and thus impairs the chondrocyte adhesion and spreading on ECM. Collectively, these findings suggest that Pip5k1c expression in chondrocytes plays a critical role in maintaining articular cartilage homeostasis and protecting against age-related OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Qu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Mingjue Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Weiyuan Gong
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Shaochuan Huo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
- Shenzhen Hospital (Futian) of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Qinnan Yan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Qing Yao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yumei Lai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Di Chen
- Research Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xiaohao Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Guozhi Xiao () and Mr. Xiaohao Wu (), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Guozhi Xiao () and Mr. Xiaohao Wu (), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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Loss of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase type-1 gamma (Pip5k1c) in mesenchymal stem cells leads to osteopenia by impairing bone remodeling. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101639. [PMID: 35090892 PMCID: PMC8867119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase type-1 gamma (Pip5k1c) is a lipid kinase that plays a pivotal role in the regulation of receptor-mediated calcium signaling in multiple tissues; however, its role in the skeleton is not clear. Here, we show that while deleting Pip5k1c expression in the mesenchymal stem cells using Prx1-Cre transgenic mice does not impair the intramembranous and endochondral ossification during skeletal development, it does cause osteopenia in adult mice, but not rapidly growing young mice. We found Pip5k1c loss dramatically decreases osteoblast formation and osteoid and mineral deposition, leading to reduced bone formation. Furthermore, Pip5k1c loss inhibits osteoblastic, but promotes adipogenic, differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells. Pip5k1c deficiency also impairs cytoplasmic calcium influx and inactivates the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, which regulates levels of transcription factor Runx2 by modulating its stability and subsequent osteoblast and bone formation. In addition, Pip5k1c loss reduces levels of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, but not that of osteoprotegerin, its decoy receptor, in osteoblasts in bone and in sera. Finally, we found Pip5k1c loss impairs the ability of bone marrow stromal cells to support osteoclast formation of bone marrow monocytes and reduces the osteoclast precursor population in bone marrow, resulting in reduced osteoclast formation and bone resorption. We conclude Pip5k1c deficiency causes a low-turnover osteopenia in mice, with impairment of bone formation being greater than that of bone resorption. Collectively, we uncover a novel function and mechanism of Pip5k1c in the control of bone mass and identify a potential therapeutic target for osteoporosis.
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Zhao X, Cui P, Hu G, Wang C, Jiang L, Zhao J, Xu J, Zhang X. PIP5k1β controls bone homeostasis through modulating both osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 12:55-70. [PMID: 30986855 PMCID: PMC7052985 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjz028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PIP5k1β is crucial to the generation of phosphotidylinosotol (4, 5)P2. PIP5k1β participates in numerous cellular activities, such as B cell and platelet activation, cell phagocytosis and endocytosis, cell apoptosis, and cytoskeletal organization. In the present work, we aimed to examine the function of PIP5k1β in osteoclastogenesis and osteogenesis to provide promising strategies for osteoporosis prevention and treatment. We discovered that PIP5k1β deletion in mice resulted in obvious bone loss and that PIP5k1β was highly expressed during both osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation. Deletion of the gene was found to enhance the proliferation and migration of bone marrow-derived macrophage-like cells to promote osteoclast differentiation. PIP5k1β-/- osteoclasts exhibited normal cytoskeleton architecture but stronger resorption activity. PIP5k1β deficiency also promoted activation of mitogen-activated kinase and Akt signaling, enhanced TRAF6 and c-Fos expression, facilitated the expression and nuclear translocation of NFATC1, and upregulated Grb2 expression, thereby accelerating osteoclast differentiation and function. Finally, PIP5k1β enhanced osteoblast differentiation by upregulating master gene expression through triggering smad1/5/8 signaling. Therefore, PIP5k1β modulates bone homeostasis and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China.,The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Penglei Cui
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Guoli Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China.,The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chuandong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, China
| | - Jingyu Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China.,The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China.,The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200025, China
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Bolomini-Vittori M, Mennens SFB, Joosten B, Fransen J, Du G, van den Dries K, Cambi A. PLD-dependent phosphatidic acid microdomains are signaling platforms for podosome formation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3556. [PMID: 30837487 PMCID: PMC6401089 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Local membrane phospholipid enrichment serves as docking platform for signaling proteins involved in many processes including cell adhesion and migration. Tissue-resident dendritic cells (DCs) assemble actomyosin-based structures called podosomes, which mediate adhesion and degradation of extracellular matrix for migration and antigen sampling. Recent evidence suggested the involvement of phospholipase D (PLD) and its product phosphatidic acid (PA) in podosome formation, but the spatiotemporal control of this process is poorly characterized. Here we determined the role of PLD1 and PLD2 isoforms in regulating podosome formation and dynamics in human primary DCs by combining PLD pharmacological inhibition with a fluorescent PA sensor and fluorescence microscopy. We found that ongoing PLD2 activity is required for the maintenance of podosomes, whereas both PLD1 and PLD2 control the early stages of podosome assembly. Furthermore, we captured the formation of PA microdomains accumulating at the membrane cytoplasmic leaflet of living DCs, in dynamic coordination with nascent podosome actin cores. Finally, we show that both PLD1 and PLD2 activity are important for podosome-mediated matrix degradation. Our results provide novel insight into the isoform-specific spatiotemporal regulation of PLD activity and further our understanding of the role of cell membrane phospholipids in controlling localized actin polymerization and cell protrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bolomini-Vittori
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Svenja F B Mennens
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Joosten
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Microscopic Imaging Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jack Fransen
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Microscopic Imaging Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Guangwei Du
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Koen van den Dries
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Cambi
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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