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Yang Y, Song R, Gao Y, Yu H, Wang S. Regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic potential of JAB1 in neurological development and disorders. Mol Med 2023; 29:80. [PMID: 37365502 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00675-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
c-Jun activation domain binding protein-1 (JAB1) is a multifunctional regulator that plays vital roles in diverse cellular processes. It regulates AP-1 transcriptional activity and also acts as the fifth component of the COP9 signalosome complex. While JAB1 is considered an oncoprotein that triggers tumor development, recent studies have shown that it also functions in neurological development and disorders. In this review, we summarize the general features of the JAB1 gene and protein, and present recent updates on the regulation of JAB1 expression. Moreover, we also highlight the functional roles and regulatory mechanisms of JAB1 in neurodevelopmental processes such as neuronal differentiation, synaptic morphogenesis, myelination, and hair cell development and in the pathogenesis of some neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, neuropathic pain, and peripheral nerve injury. Furthermore, current challenges and prospects are discussed, including updates on drug development targeting JAB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, Jianshe South Road No. 45, Jining, Shandong, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Ruying Song
- Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, Jianshe South Road No. 45, Jining, Shandong, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Yiming Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, Jianshe South Road No. 45, Jining, Shandong, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, Jianshe South Road No. 45, Jining, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China.
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, Jianshe South Road No. 45, Jining, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China.
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Wang Y, Chen J, Meng W, Zhao R, Lin W, Mei P, Xiao H, Liao Y. A five-gene expression signature of centromeric proteins with prognostic value in lung adenocarcinoma. Transl Cancer Res 2023; 12:273-286. [PMID: 36915596 PMCID: PMC10007894 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-22-2166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Centromere proteins (CENPs) form a large protein family. Sixteen proteins in this family are positioned at the centromere throughout the cell cycle. The overexpression of CENPs is common in many cancers and predicts a poor prognosis. However, a comprehensive analysis of CENPs expression has not been conducted, and their clinical significance in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is unclear. Methods We investigated the expression differences of the CENP family in LUAD using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) cohorts. Kaplan-Meier curve survival analysis was performed to assess their independent prognostic values. We then tested 5 clinical LUAD specimens by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The risk model was constructed with least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO). Cox regression analyses were carried out to determine independent prognostic indicators. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) was employed to define the coexpression networks. Results The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of 15 differential CENP proteins was higher in LUAD than in normal lung tissues. Among them, 10 CENP proteins had significant prognostic value. The risk model comprising CENPF, CENPU, CENPM, CENPH, and CENPW showed a significant correlation [hazard ratio (HR) 1.75, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3-2.35; P=2e-04]. However, the prognostic accuracy was not strong [1-year survival: area under curve (AUC) 0.63; 3-year survival: AUC 0.62; 5-year survival: AUC 0.6]. The qRT-PCR results showed that the 5 CENPs were upregulated in LUAD tissues compared to in normal lung tissues. A total of 441 hub genes coexpressed with the 5 CENPs were identified. Conclusions CENPF, CENPU, CENPM, CENPH, and CENPW have prognostic values and may be potential targets for LUAD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangwei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaping Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wangyang Meng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peiyuan Mei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongde Liao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Interaction between NSMCE4A and GPS1 links the SMC5/6 complex to the COP9 signalosome. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:36. [PMID: 32384871 PMCID: PMC7206739 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The SMC5/6 complex, cohesin and condensin are the three mammalian members of the structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) family, large ring-like protein complexes that are essential for genome maintenance. The SMC5/6 complex is the least characterized complex in mammals; however, it is known to be involved in homologous recombination repair (HRR) and chromosome segregation. Results In this study, a yeast two-hybrid screen was used to help elucidate novel interactions of the kleisin subunit of the SMC5/6 complex, NSMCE4A. This approach discovered an interaction between NSMCE4A and GPS1, a COP9 signalosome (CSN) component, and this interaction was further confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. Additionally, GPS1 and components of SMC5/6 complex colocalize during interphase and mitosis. CSN is a cullin deNEDDylase and is an important factor for HRR. Depletion of GPS1, which has been shown to negatively impact DNA end resection during HRR, caused an increase in SMC5/6 levels at sites of laser-induced DNA damage. Furthermore, inhibition of the dennedylation function of CSN increased SMC5/6 levels at sites of laser-induced DNA damage. Conclusion Taken together, these data demonstrate for the first time that the SMC5/6 and CSN complexes interact and provides evidence that the CSN complex influences SMC5/6 functions during cell cycle progression and response to DNA damage.
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Wang Y, Li J, Dong F, Yue W, Ouyang YC, Wang ZB, Hou Y, Schatten H, Sun QY. CENP-T regulates both the G2/M transition and anaphase entry by acting through CDH1 in meiotic oocytes. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs238105. [PMID: 31964702 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.238105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oocyte meiotic maturation failure is one of the major causes for female infertility. Meiotic resumption (the G2/M transition) and progression through metaphase I (MI) are two critical stages of oocyte meiotic maturation. Here, we report that centromere protein T (CENP-T), an internal kinetochore protein, plays a critical role in meiotic resumption of mouse oocytes. Depletion of CENP-T by siRNA injection increased the CDH1 (also known as FZR1) level, resulting in increased activity of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC)-CDH1 complex, and further leading to decreased levels of the cyclin protein CCNB1, attenuated maturation-promoting factor (MPF) activity, and finally severely compromised meiotic resumption. The impaired meiotic resumption caused by CENP-T depletion could be rescued by overexpression of exogenous CCNB1 or knockdown of endogenous CDH1. Overexpression of exogenous CENP-T resulted in decreased CDH1 levels, which accelerated the progression of G2/M transition, and accelerated meiotic cell cycle progression after germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). Unexpectedly, spindle organization after GVBD was not affected by the overexpression, but the distribution of chromosomes was affected. Our findings reveal a novel role for CENP-T in regulating meiotic progression by acting through CDH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Feng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying-Chun Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhen-Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Heide Schatten
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MI 65211, USA
| | - Qing-Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Two major alternative splice variants of beta-TrCP1 interact with CENP-W with different binding preferences. Genes Genomics 2018; 41:167-174. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-018-0748-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Cheon Y, Lee S. CENP-W inhibits CDC25A degradation by destabilizing the SCF β-TrCP-1 complex at G 2/M. FASEB J 2018; 32:fj201701358RRR. [PMID: 29863914 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701358rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Skp, Cullin, F-box (SCF)β-TrCP-1 ubiquitin ligases play a central role in cell cycle regulation and tumorigenesis via proteolytic cleavage of many essential cell cycle regulators. In this study, we propose that centromere protein (CENP)-W, a newly identified kinetochore component, is a novel negative regulator of the SCFβ-TrCP-1 complex. CENP-W interacts with Cullin (CUL)-1 and β-Transducin repeat-containing protein (β-TrCP)-1 through highly overlapped binding sites with S-phase kinase-associated protein (SKP)-1. CENP-W is incorporated into the SCFβ-TrCP-1 complex to promote complex disassembly. Unlike other known regulators that increase SCFβ-TrCP-1 ubiquitin ligase activity by promoting complex reassociation, CENP-W-mediated complex disorganization induced β-TrCP1 degradation and consequently decreased its activity. The association between CENP-W and the SCFβ-TrCP-1 complex was prominent during the G2/M transition in the nucleus. Especially, CENP-W knockdown decreased the cell division cycle-25A protein level, leading to a delay in mitotic progression. We propose that CENP-W participates in cell cycle regulation by modulating SCFβ-TrCP-1 ubiquitin ligase activity.-Cheon, Y., Lee, S. CENP-W inhibits CDC25A degradation by destabilizing the SCFβ-TrCP-1 complex at G2/M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongmi Cheon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Soojin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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Jaing C, Rowland RRR, Allen JE, Certoma A, Thissen JB, Bingham J, Rowe B, White JR, Wynne JW, Johnson D, Gaudreault NN, Williams DT. Gene expression analysis of whole blood RNA from pigs infected with low and high pathogenic African swine fever viruses. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10115. [PMID: 28860602 PMCID: PMC5579198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a macrophage-tropic virus responsible for ASF, a transboundary disease that threatens swine production world-wide. Since there are no vaccines available to control ASF after an outbreak, obtaining an understanding of the virus-host interaction is important for developing new intervention strategies. In this study, a whole transcriptomic RNA-Seq method was used to characterize differentially expressed genes in pigs infected with a low pathogenic ASFV isolate, OUR T88/3 (OURT), or the highly pathogenic Georgia 2007/1 (GRG). After infection, pigs infected with OURT showed no or few clinical signs; whereas, GRG produced clinical signs consistent with acute ASF. RNA-Seq detected the expression of ASFV genes from the whole blood of the GRG, but not the OURT pigs, consistent with the pathotypes of these strains and the replication of GRG in circulating monocytes. Even though GRG and OURT possess different pathogenic properties, there was significant overlap in the most upregulated host genes. A small number of differentially expressed microRNAs were also detected in GRG and OURT pigs. These data confirm previous studies describing the response of macrophages and lymphocytes to ASFV infection, as well as reveal unique gene pathways upregulated in response to infection with GRG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Jaing
- Physical & Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America.
| | - Raymond R R Rowland
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Jonathan E Allen
- Computation Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Andrea Certoma
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - James B Thissen
- Physical & Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - John Bingham
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brenton Rowe
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - John R White
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - James W Wynne
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dayna Johnson
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natasha N Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - David T Williams
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Kim H, Chun Y, Che L, Kim J, Lee S, Lee S. The new obesity-associated protein, neuronal growth regulator 1 (NEGR1), is implicated in Niemann-Pick disease Type C (NPC2)-mediated cholesterol trafficking. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 482:1367-1374. [PMID: 27940359 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal growth regulator 1 (NEGR1) is a newly identified raft-associated protein, which has recently been spotlighted as a new locus related to human obesity. Niemann-Pick disease Type C2 (NPC2) protein functions as a key player in the intracellular cholesterol trafficking, and its defect is linked to a fatal human neurodegenerative disease, NPC. In this study, we identified that NEGR1 interacts with NPC2 and increases its protein stability. Ectopically expressed NEGR1 proteins relieved an abnormal cholesterol accumulation in endosomal compartments. Importantly, NEGR1-defective mouse embryonic fibroblast cells exhibit increased cholesterol levels and triglyceride contents. These findings provide the first insight into the role of NEGR1 in intracellular cholesterol homeostasis, possibly explaining the missing link between NEGR1 with human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghwa Chun
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Lihua Che
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongbeom Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjoong Lee
- Department of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Cheon Y, Jeon S, Lee S. Centromere protein W interacts with beta-transducin repeat-containing protein 1 and modulates its subcellular localization. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:4441-4452. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeongmi Cheon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology; Chungnam National University; Daejeon Korea
| | - Seyeong Jeon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology; Chungnam National University; Daejeon Korea
| | - Soojin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology; Chungnam National University; Daejeon Korea
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Exploring the intrinsic differences among breast tumor subtypes defined using immunohistochemistry markers based on the decision tree. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35773. [PMID: 27786176 PMCID: PMC5082366 DOI: 10.1038/srep35773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exploring the intrinsic differences among breast cancer subtypes is of crucial importance for precise diagnosis and therapeutic decision-making in diseases of high heterogeneity. The subtypes defined with several layers of information are related but not consistent, especially using immunohistochemistry markers and gene expression profiling. Here, we explored the intrinsic differences among the subtypes defined by the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 based on the decision tree. We identified 30 mRNAs and 7 miRNAs differentially expressed along the tree's branches. The final signature panel contained 30 mRNAs, whose performance was validated using two public datasets based on 3 well-known classifiers. The network and pathway analysis were explored for feature genes, from which key molecules including FOXQ1 and SFRP1 were revealed to be densely connected with other molecules and participate in the validated metabolic pathways. Our study uncovered the differences among the four IHC-defined breast tumor subtypes at the mRNA and miRNA levels, presented a novel signature for breast tumor subtyping, and identified several key molecules potentially driving the heterogeneity of such tumors. The results help us further understand breast tumor heterogeneity, which could be availed in clinics.
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Centromere Protein (CENP)-W Interacts with Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) U and May Contribute to Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachment in Mitotic Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149127. [PMID: 26881882 PMCID: PMC4755543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have shown that heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U (hnRNP U), a component of the hnRNP complex, contributes to stabilize the kinetochore-microtubule interaction during mitosis. CENP-W was identified as an inner centromere component that plays crucial roles in the formation of a functional kinetochore complex. Results We report that hnRNP U interacts with CENP-W, and the interaction between hnRNP U and CENP-W mutually increased each other’s protein stability by inhibiting the proteasome-mediated degradation. Further, their co-localization was observed chiefly in the nuclear matrix region and at the microtubule-kinetochore interface during interphase and mitosis, respectively. Both microtubule-stabilizing and microtubule-destabilizing agents significantly decreased the protein stability of CENP-W. Furthermore, loss of microtubules and defects in microtubule organization were observed in CENP-W-depleted cells. Conclusion Our data imply that CENP-W plays an important role in the attachment and interaction between microtubules and kinetochore during mitosis.
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Westhorpe FG, Straight AF. The centromere: epigenetic control of chromosome segregation during mitosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 7:a015818. [PMID: 25414369 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental challenge for the survival of all organisms is maintaining the integrity of the genome in all cells. Cells must therefore segregate their replicated genome equally during each cell division. Eukaryotic organisms package their genome into a number of physically distinct chromosomes, which replicate during S phase and condense during prophase of mitosis to form paired sister chromatids. During mitosis, cells form a physical connection between each sister chromatid and microtubules of the mitotic spindle, which segregate one copy of each chromatid to each new daughter cell. The centromere is the DNA locus on each chromosome that creates the site of this connection. In this review, we present a brief history of centromere research and discuss our current knowledge of centromere establishment, maintenance, composition, structure, and function in mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick G Westhorpe
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Aaron F Straight
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California 94305
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Integrating gene expression and protein interaction data for signaling pathway prediction of Alzheimer's disease. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2014; 2014:340758. [PMID: 24812571 PMCID: PMC4000644 DOI: 10.1155/2014/340758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Discovering the signaling pathway and regulatory network would provide significant advance in genome-wide understanding of pathogenesis of human diseases. Despite the rich transcriptome data, the limitation for microarray data is unable to detect changes beyond transcriptional level and insufficient in reconstructing pathways and regulatory networks. In our study, protein-protein interaction (PPI) data is introduced to add molecular biological information for predicting signaling pathway of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Combining PPI with gene expression data, significant genes are selected by modified linear regression model firstly. Then, according to the biological researches that inflammation reaction plays an important role in the generation and deterioration of AD, NF-κB (nuclear factor-kappa B), as a significant inflammatory factor, has been selected as the beginning gene of the predicting signaling pathway. Based on that, integer linear programming (ILP) model is proposed to reconstruct the signaling pathway between NF-κB and AD virulence gene APP (amyloid precursor protein). The results identify 6 AD virulence genes included in the predicted inflammatory signaling pathway, and a large amount of molecular biological analysis shows the great understanding of the underlying biological process of AD.
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