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Margolis EB, Moulton MG, Lambeth PS, O'Meara MJ. The life and times of endogenous opioid peptides: Updated understanding of synthesis, spatiotemporal dynamics, and the clinical impact in alcohol use disorder. Neuropharmacology 2023; 225:109376. [PMID: 36516892 PMCID: PMC10548835 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The opioid G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) strongly modulate many of the central nervous system structures that contribute to neurological and psychiatric disorders including pain, major depressive disorder, and substance use disorders. To better treat these and related diseases, it is essential to understand the signaling of their endogenous ligands. In this review, we focus on what is known and unknown about the regulation of the over two dozen endogenous peptides with high affinity for one or more of the opioid receptors. We briefly describe which peptides are produced, with a particular focus on the recently proposed possible synthesis pathways for the endomorphins. Next, we describe examples of endogenous opioid peptide expression organization in several neural circuits and how they appear to be released from specific neural compartments that vary across brain regions. We discuss current knowledge regarding the strength of neural activity required to drive endogenous opioid peptide release, clues about how far peptides diffuse from release sites, and their extracellular lifetime after release. Finally, as a translational example, we discuss the mechanisms of action of naltrexone (NTX), which is used clinically to treat alcohol use disorder. NTX is a synthetic morphine analog that non-specifically antagonizes the action of most endogenous opioid peptides developed in the 1960s and FDA approved in the 1980s. We review recent studies clarifying the precise endogenous activity that NTX prevents. Together, the works described here highlight the challenges and opportunities the complex opioid system presents as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyssa B Margolis
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Madelyn G Moulton
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Philip S Lambeth
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew J O'Meara
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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2
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Skopál A, Kéki T, Tóth PÁ, Csóka B, Koscsó B, Németh ZH, Antonioli L, Ivessa A, Ciruela F, Virág L, Haskó G, Kókai E. Cathepsin D interacts with adenosine A 2A receptors in mouse macrophages to modulate cell surface localization and inflammatory signaling. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101888. [PMID: 35367412 PMCID: PMC9065627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR)–dependent signaling in macrophages plays a key role in the regulation of inflammation. However, the processes regulating A2AR targeting to the cell surface and degradation in macrophages are incompletely understood. For example, the C-terminal domain of the A2AR and proteins interacting with it are known to regulate receptor recycling, although it is unclear what role potential A2AR-interacting partners have in macrophages. Here, we aimed to identify A2AR-interacting partners in macrophages that may effect receptor trafficking and activity. To this end, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen using the C-terminal tail of A2AR as the “bait” and a macrophage expression library as the “prey.” We found that the lysosomal protease cathepsin D (CtsD) was a robust hit. The A2AR–CtsD interaction was validated in vitro and in cellular models, including RAW 264.7 and mouse peritoneal macrophage (IPMΦ) cells. We also demonstrated that the A2AR is a substrate of CtsD and that the blockade of CtsD activity increases the density and cell surface targeting of A2AR in macrophages. Conversely, we demonstrate that A2AR activation prompts the maturation and enzymatic activity of CtsD in macrophages. In summary, we conclude that CtsD is a novel A2AR-interacting partner and thus describe molecular and functional interplay that may be crucial for adenosine-mediated macrophage regulation in inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienn Skopál
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kéki
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Á Tóth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Balázs Csóka
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Balázs Koscsó
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zoltán H Németh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; Department of Surgery, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, New Jersey, USA
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andreas Ivessa
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - László Virág
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
| | - Endre Kókai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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3
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Reduced level of docosahexaenoic acid shifts GPCR neuroreceptors to less ordered membrane regions. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007033. [PMID: 31107861 PMCID: PMC6544328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) control cellular signaling and responses. Many of these GPCRs are modulated by cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) which have been shown to co-exist with saturated lipids in ordered membrane domains. However, the lipid compositions of such domains extracted from the brain cortex tissue of individuals suffering from GPCR-associated neurological disorders show drastically lowered levels of PUFAs. Here, using free energy techniques and multiscale simulations of numerous membrane proteins, we show that the presence of the PUFA DHA helps helical multi-pass proteins such as GPCRs partition into ordered membrane domains. The mechanism is based on hybrid lipids, whose PUFA chains coat the rough protein surface, while the saturated chains face the raft environment, thus minimizing perturbations therein. Our findings suggest that the reduction of GPCR partitioning to their native ordered environments due to PUFA depletion might affect the function of these receptors in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, where the membrane PUFA levels in the brain are decreased. We hope that this work inspires experimental studies on the connection between membrane PUFA levels and GPCR signaling. Our current picture of cellular membranes depicts them as laterally heterogeneous sheets of lipids crowded with membrane proteins. These proteins often require a specific lipid environment to efficiently perform their functions. Certain neuroreceptor proteins are regulated by membrane cholesterol that is considered to be enriched in ordered membrane domains. In the brain, these very same domains also contain a fair amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that have also been discovered to interact favorably with many receptor proteins. However, certain neurological diseases—associated with the inadequate functioning of the neuroreceptors—seem to result in the decrease of brain PUFA levels. We hypothesized that this decrease in PUFA levels somehow inhibits receptor partitioning to cholesterol-rich domains, which could further compromise their function. We verified our hypothesis by an extensive set of computer simulations. They demonstrated that the PUFA–receptor interaction indeed leads to favorable partitioning of the receptors in the cholesterol-rich ordered domains. Moreover, the underlying mechanism based on the shielding of the rough protein surface by the PUFAs seems to be exclusive for multi-helical protein structures, of which neuroreceptors are a prime example.
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4
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Ma X, Xiong Y, Lee LTO. Application of Nanoparticles for Targeting G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2006. [PMID: 29996469 PMCID: PMC6073629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted unequivocal attention in recent years due to their potential applications in therapeutics, bio-imaging and material sciences. For drug delivery, NP-based carrier systems offer several advantages over conventional methods. When conjugated with ligands and drugs (or other therapeutic molecules), administrated NPs are able to deliver cargo to targeted sites through ligand-receptor recognition. Such targeted delivery is especially important in cancer therapy. Through this targeted cancer nanotherapy, cancer cells are killed with higher specificity, while the healthy cells are spared. Furthermore, NP drug delivery leads to improved drug load, enhanced drug solubility and stability, and controlled drug release. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a superfamily of cell transmembrane receptors. They regulate a plethora of physiological processes through ligand-receptor-binding-induced signaling transduction. With recent evidence unveiling their roles in cancer, GPCR agonists and antagonists have quickly become new targets in cancer therapy. This review focuses on the application of some notable nanomaterials, such as dendrimers, quantum dots, gold nanoparticles, and magnetic nanoparticles, in GPCR-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ma
- Centre of Reproduction Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.
| | - Yunfang Xiong
- Centre of Reproduction Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.
| | - Leo Tsz On Lee
- Centre of Reproduction Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.
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5
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Moretto E, Murru L, Martano G, Sassone J, Passafaro M. Glutamatergic synapses in neurodevelopmental disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:328-342. [PMID: 28935587 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a group of diseases whose symptoms arise during childhood or adolescence and that impact several higher cognitive functions such as learning, sociability and mood. Accruing evidence suggests that a shared pathogenic mechanism underlying these diseases is the dysfunction of glutamatergic synapses. We summarize present knowledge on autism spectrum disorders (ASD), intellectual disability (ID), Down syndrome (DS), Rett syndrome (RS) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), highlighting the involvement of glutamatergic synapses and receptors in these disorders. The most commonly shared defects involve α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl- 4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors (AMPARs), N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), whose functions are strongly linked to synaptic plasticity, affecting both cell-autonomous features as well as circuit formation. Moreover, the major scaffolding proteins and, thus, the general structure of the synapse are often deregulated in neurodevelopmental disorders, which is not surprising considering their crucial role in the regulation of glutamate receptor positioning and functioning. This convergence of defects supports the definition of neurodevelopmental disorders as a continuum of pathological manifestations, suggesting that glutamatergic synapses could be a therapeutic target to ameliorate patient symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Moretto
- CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Murru
- CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Martano
- CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Jenny Sassone
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Passafaro
- CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy.
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6
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Conformational transitions and interactions underlying the function of membrane embedded receptor protein kinases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1417-1429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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7
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Joensuu M, Padmanabhan P, Durisic N, Bademosi ATD, Cooper-Williams E, Morrow IC, Harper CB, Jung W, Parton RG, Goodhill GJ, Papadopulos A, Meunier FA. Subdiffractional tracking of internalized molecules reveals heterogeneous motion states of synaptic vesicles. J Cell Biol 2016; 215:277-292. [PMID: 27810917 PMCID: PMC5080683 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201604001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Joensuu et al. describe a tool for subdiffractional tracking of internalized molecules. They reveal that synaptic vesicles exhibit stochastic switching between heterogeneous diffusive and transport states in live hippocampal nerve terminals. Our understanding of endocytic pathway dynamics is severely restricted by the diffraction limit of light microscopy. To address this, we implemented a novel technique based on the subdiffractional tracking of internalized molecules (sdTIM). This allowed us to image anti–green fluorescent protein Atto647N-tagged nanobodies trapped in synaptic vesicles (SVs) from live hippocampal nerve terminals expressing vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP2)–pHluorin with 36-nm localization precision. Our results showed that, once internalized, VAMP2–pHluorin/Atto647N–tagged nanobodies exhibited a markedly lower mobility than on the plasma membrane, an effect that was reversed upon restimulation in presynapses but not in neighboring axons. Using Bayesian model selection applied to hidden Markov modeling, we found that SVs oscillated between diffusive states or a combination of diffusive and transport states with opposite directionality. Importantly, SVs exhibiting diffusive motion were relatively less likely to switch to the transport motion. These results highlight the potential of the sdTIM technique to provide new insights into the dynamics of endocytic pathways in a wide variety of cellular settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja Joensuu
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Pranesh Padmanabhan
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Nela Durisic
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Adekunle T D Bademosi
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | | | - Isabel C Morrow
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Callista B Harper
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - WooRam Jung
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Geoffrey J Goodhill
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Andreas Papadopulos
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia .,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Frédéric A Meunier
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia .,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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8
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9
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Cunha RA. How does adenosine control neuronal dysfunction and neurodegeneration? J Neurochem 2016; 139:1019-1055. [PMID: 27365148 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The adenosine modulation system mostly operates through inhibitory A1 (A1 R) and facilitatory A2A receptors (A2A R) in the brain. The activity-dependent release of adenosine acts as a brake of excitatory transmission through A1 R, which are enriched in glutamatergic terminals. Adenosine sharpens salience of information encoding in neuronal circuits: high-frequency stimulation triggers ATP release in the 'activated' synapse, which is locally converted by ecto-nucleotidases into adenosine to selectively activate A2A R; A2A R switch off A1 R and CB1 receptors, bolster glutamate release and NMDA receptors to assist increasing synaptic plasticity in the 'activated' synapse; the parallel engagement of the astrocytic syncytium releases adenosine further inhibiting neighboring synapses, thus sharpening the encoded plastic change. Brain insults trigger a large outflow of adenosine and ATP, as a danger signal. A1 R are a hurdle for damage initiation, but they desensitize upon prolonged activation. However, if the insult is near-threshold and/or of short-duration, A1 R trigger preconditioning, which may limit the spread of damage. Brain insults also up-regulate A2A R, probably to bolster adaptive changes, but this heightens brain damage since A2A R blockade affords neuroprotection in models of epilepsy, depression, Alzheimer's, or Parkinson's disease. This initially involves a control of synaptotoxicity by neuronal A2A R, whereas astrocytic and microglia A2A R might control the spread of damage. The A2A R signaling mechanisms are largely unknown since A2A R are pleiotropic, coupling to different G proteins and non-canonical pathways to control the viability of glutamatergic synapses, neuroinflammation, mitochondria function, and cytoskeleton dynamics. Thus, simultaneously bolstering A1 R preconditioning and preventing excessive A2A R function might afford maximal neuroprotection. The main physiological role of the adenosine modulation system is to sharp the salience of information encoding through a combined action of adenosine A2A receptors (A2A R) in the synapse undergoing an alteration of synaptic efficiency with an increased inhibitory action of A1 R in all surrounding synapses. Brain insults trigger an up-regulation of A2A R in an attempt to bolster adaptive plasticity together with adenosine release and A1 R desensitization; this favors synaptotocity (increased A2A R) and decreases the hurdle to undergo degeneration (decreased A1 R). Maximal neuroprotection is expected to result from a combined A2A R blockade and increased A1 R activation. This article is part of a mini review series: "Synaptic Function and Dysfunction in Brain Diseases".
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,FMUC-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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10
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Tian H, Fürstenberg A, Huber T. Labeling and Single-Molecule Methods To Monitor G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dynamics. Chem Rev 2016; 117:186-245. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- He Tian
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York
Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Alexandre Fürstenberg
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York
Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Thomas Huber
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York
Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
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11
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Bernstein J, Fricks J. Analysis of single particle diffusion with transient binding using particle filtering. J Theor Biol 2016; 401:109-21. [PMID: 27107737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Diffusion with transient binding occurs in a variety of biophysical processes, including movement of transmembrane proteins, T cell adhesion, and caging in colloidal fluids. We model diffusion with transient binding as a Brownian particle undergoing Markovian switching between free diffusion when unbound and diffusion in a quadratic potential centered around a binding site when bound. Assuming the binding site is the last position of the particle in the unbound state and Gaussian observational error obscures the true position of the particle, we use particle filtering to predict when the particle is bound and to locate the binding sites. Maximum likelihood estimators of diffusion coefficients, state transition probabilities, and the spring constant in the bound state are computed with a stochastic Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Bernstein
- Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - John Fricks
- Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
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12
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Veya L, Piguet J, Vogel H. Single Molecule Imaging Deciphers the Relation between Mobility and Signaling of a Prototypical G Protein-coupled Receptor in Living Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:27723-35. [PMID: 26363070 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.666677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lateral diffusion enables efficient interactions between membrane proteins, leading to signal transmission across the plasma membrane. An open question is how the spatiotemporal distribution of cell surface receptors influences the transmembrane signaling network. Here we addressed this issue by studying the mobility of a prototypical G protein-coupled receptor, the neurokinin-1 receptor, during its different phases of cellular signaling. Attaching a single quantum dot to individual neurokinin-1 receptors enabled us to follow with high spatial and temporal resolution over long time regimes the fate of individual receptors at the plasma membrane. Single receptor trajectories revealed a very heterogeneous mobility distribution pattern with diffusion constants ranging from 0.0005 to 0.1 μm(2)/s comprising receptors freely diffusing and others confined in 100-600-nm-sized membrane domains as well as immobile receptors. A two-dimensional representation of mobility and confinement resolved two major, broadly distributed receptor populations, one showing high mobility and low lateral restriction and the other showing low mobility and high restriction. We found that about 40% of the receptors in the basal state are already confined in membrane domains and are associated with clathrin. After stimulation with an agonist, an additional 30% of receptors became further confined. Using inhibitors of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, we found that the fraction of confined receptors at the basal state depends on the quantity of membrane-associated clathrin and is correlated to a significant decrease of the canonical pathway activity of the receptors. This shows that the high plasticity of receptor mobility is of central importance for receptor homeostasis and fine regulation of receptor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Veya
- From the Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Piguet
- From the Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Horst Vogel
- From the Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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Chen JF, Lee CF, Chern Y. Adenosine receptor neurobiology: overview. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 119:1-49. [PMID: 25175959 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801022-8.00001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a naturally occurring nucleoside that is distributed ubiquitously throughout the body as a metabolic intermediary. In the brain, adenosine functions as an important upstream neuromodulator of a broad spectrum of neurotransmitters, receptors, and signaling pathways. By acting through four G-protein-coupled receptors, adenosine contributes critically to homeostasis and neuromodulatory control of a variety of normal and abnormal brain functions, ranging from synaptic plasticity, to cognition, to sleep, to motor activity to neuroinflammation, and cell death. This review begun with an overview of the gene and genome structure and the expression pattern of adenosine receptors (ARs). We feature several new developments over the past decade in our understanding of AR functions in the brain, with special focus on the identification and characterization of canonical and noncanonical signaling pathways of ARs. We provide an update on functional insights from complementary genetic-knockout and pharmacological studies on the AR control of various brain functions. We also highlight several novel and recent developments of AR neurobiology, including (i) recent breakthrough in high resolution of three-dimension structure of adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) in several functional status, (ii) receptor-receptor heterodimerization, (iii) AR function in glial cells, and (iv) the druggability of AR. We concluded the review with the contention that these new developments extend and strengthen the support for A1 and A2ARs in brain as therapeutic targets for neurologic and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Fan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Chien-fei Lee
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Dunn HA, Ferguson SSG. PDZ Protein Regulation of G Protein–Coupled Receptor Trafficking and Signaling Pathways. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:624-39. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.098509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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15
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Petrini EM, Barberis A. Diffusion dynamics of synaptic molecules during inhibitory postsynaptic plasticity. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:300. [PMID: 25294987 PMCID: PMC4171989 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasticity of inhibitory transmission is expected to play a key role in the modulation of neuronal excitability and network function. Over the last two decades, the investigation of the determinants of inhibitory synaptic plasticity has allowed distinguishing presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms. While there has been a remarkable progress in the characterization of presynaptically-expressed plasticity of inhibition, the postsynaptic mechanisms of inhibitory long-term synaptic plasticity only begin to be unraveled. At postsynaptic level, the expression of inhibitory synaptic plasticity involves the rearrangement of the postsynaptic molecular components of the GABAergic synapse, including GABAA receptors, scaffold proteins and structural molecules. This implies a dynamic modulation of receptor intracellular trafficking and receptor surface lateral diffusion, along with regulation of the availability and distribution of scaffold proteins. This Review will focus on the mechanisms of the multifaceted molecular reorganization of the inhibitory synapse during postsynaptic plasticity, with special emphasis on the key role of protein dynamics to ensure prompt and reliable activity-dependent adjustments of synaptic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Maria Petrini
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Barberis
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Genoa, Italy
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Wan P, Chen H, Bai AP. Immunoregulatory effects of adenosine. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:2379-2384. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i17.2379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine, a purine nucleoside, is involved in local and systemic inflammatory responses. Adenosine plays a pivotal role in the modulation of differentiation, maturation and migration of immune cells (neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, etc.), as well as in the secretion of cytokines and chemokines by activating four G protein-coupled receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3) which are expressed by a variety of immune cells. The development of selective agonists and antagonists of adenosine receptors has advanced the current understanding on the multiple functions of adenosine in immunologic responses and related diseases. This article reviews the metabolism of adenosine and its effects on immune cells and inflammatory diseases via adenosine receptors.
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Lee CF, Chern Y. Adenosine receptors and Huntington's disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 119:195-232. [PMID: 25175968 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801022-8.00010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine regulates important pathophysiological functions via four distinct adenosine receptor subtypes (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3). The A1 and A2A adenosine receptors (A1R and A2AR) are major targets of caffeine and have been extensively investigated. Huntington's disease (HD) is a dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by an abnormal CAG expansion in the Huntingtin gene. Since the first genetic HD model was created almost two decades ago, tremendous progress regarding the function of the adenosine receptors in HD has been made. Chronic intake of caffeine was recently shown to be positively associated with the disease onset of HD. Moreover, genetic polymorphism of A2AR is believed to impact the age of onset. Given the importance of adenosine receptors as drug targets for human diseases, this review highlights the recent findings that delineate the roles of adenosine receptors in HD and discusses their potential for serving as drug targets and/or biomarkers for HD. Adenosine is a purine nucleoside that regulates important physiological functions via four different adenosine receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3). These adenosine receptors have seven transmembrane domains and belong to the G protein-coupled receptor family. The functions of the A1 adenosine receptor (A1R) and A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR) have been investigated relative to HD. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding the role of adenosine receptors in HD and discuss the potential application of adenosine receptors as drug targets and biomarkers for HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-fei Lee
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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