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Sinegubova MV, Kolesov DE, Dayanova LK, Vorobiev II, Orlova NA. Enhancing Human Glycoprotein Hormones Production in CHO Cells Using Heterologous Beta-Chain Signal Peptides. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2024; 514:1-5. [PMID: 38112968 PMCID: PMC11021241 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672923700576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
We studied the influence of heterologous signal peptides in the β-chains of glycoprotein hormones on the biosynthesis of these hormones in a transiently transfected culture of Chinese hamster ovary cells CHO S. When the natural signal peptides of the β-chains were replaced with the heterologous signal peptide of human serum albumin, cell productivity was increased 2-2.5 times for human luteinizing hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin, and human thyroid-stimulating hormone, but not for human follicle-stimulating hormone. No significant increase in cell productivity was observed for human azurocidin signal peptide and human glycoprotein hormone α-chain signal peptide. The used approach allows quick assessing the effect of heterologous signal peptides on the biosynthesis of heterodimeric proteins of various classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Sinegubova
- Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology," Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - D E Kolesov
- Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology," Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - L K Dayanova
- Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology," Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - I I Vorobiev
- Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology," Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - N A Orlova
- Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology," Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Casarini L, Santi D, Brigante G, Simoni M. Two Hormones for One Receptor: Evolution, Biochemistry, Actions, and Pathophysiology of LH and hCG. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:549-592. [PMID: 29905829 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
LH and chorionic gonadotropin (CG) are glycoproteins fundamental to sexual development and reproduction. Because they act on the same receptor (LHCGR), the general consensus has been that LH and human CG (hCG) are equivalent. However, separate evolution of LHβ and hCGβ subunits occurred in primates, resulting in two molecules sharing ~85% identity and regulating different physiological events. Pituitary, pulsatile LH production results in an ~90-minute half-life molecule targeting the gonads to regulate gametogenesis and androgen synthesis. Trophoblast hCG, the "pregnancy hormone," exists in several isoforms and glycosylation variants with long half-lives (hours) and angiogenic potential and acts on luteinized ovarian cells as progestational. The different molecular features of LH and hCG lead to hormone-specific LHCGR binding and intracellular signaling cascades. In ovarian cells, LH action is preferentially exerted through kinases, phosphorylated extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK1/2) and phosphorylated AKT (also known as protein kinase B), resulting in irreplaceable proliferative/antiapoptotic signals and partial agonism on progesterone production in vitro. In contrast, hCG displays notable cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated steroidogenic and proapoptotic potential, which is masked by estrogen action in vivo. In vitro data have been confirmed by a large data set from assisted reproduction, because the steroidogenic potential of hCG positively affects the number of retrieved oocytes, and LH affects the pregnancy rate (per oocyte number). Leydig cell in vitro exposure to hCG results in qualitatively similar cAMP/PKA and pERK1/2 activation compared with LH and testosterone. The supposed equivalence of LH and hCG has been disproved by such data, highlighting their sex-specific functions and thus deeming it an oversight caused by incomplete understanding of clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Casarini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniele Santi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Brigante
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
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Kleinau G, Kalveram L, Köhrle J, Szkudlinski M, Schomburg L, Biebermann H, Grüters-Kieslich A. Minireview: Insights Into the Structural and Molecular Consequences of the TSH-β Mutation C105Vfs114X. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 30:954-64. [PMID: 27387040 DOI: 10.1210/me.2016-1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring thyrotropin (TSH) mutations are rare, which is also the case for the homologous heterodimeric glycoprotein hormones (GPHs) follitropin (FSH), lutropin (LH), and choriogonadotropin (CG). Patients with TSH-inactivating mutations present with central congenital hypothyroidism. Here, we summarize insights into the most frequent loss-of-function β-subunit of TSH mutation C105Vfs114X, which is associated with isolated TSH deficiency. This review will address the following question. What is currently known on the molecular background of this TSH variant on a protein level? It has not yet been clarified how C105Vfs114X causes early symptoms in affected patients, which are comparably severe to those observed in newborns lacking any functional thyroid tissue (athyreosis). To better understand the mechanisms of this mutant, we have summarized published reports and complemented this information with a structural perspective on GPHs. By including the ancestral TSH receptor agonist thyrostimulin and pathogenic mutations reported for FSH, LH, and choriogonadotropin in the analysis, insightful structure function and evolutionary restrictions become apparent. However, comparisons of immunogenicity and bioactivity of different GPH variants is hindered by a lack of consensus for functional analysis and the diversity of used GPH assays. Accordingly, relevant gaps of knowledge concerning details of GPH mutation-related effects are identified and highlighted in this review. These issues are of general importance as several previous and recent studies point towards the high impact of GPH variants in differential signaling regulation at GPH receptors (GPHRs), both endogenously and under diseased conditions. Further improvement in this area is of decisive importance for the development of novel targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Kleinau
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology (G.K., L.K., H.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 13353 Germany; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology (J.K., L.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Germany; Trophogen, Inc (M.S.), Rockville, Maryland 20850; and Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.G.-K.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 13353 Germany
| | - Laura Kalveram
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology (G.K., L.K., H.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 13353 Germany; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology (J.K., L.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Germany; Trophogen, Inc (M.S.), Rockville, Maryland 20850; and Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.G.-K.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 13353 Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology (G.K., L.K., H.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 13353 Germany; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology (J.K., L.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Germany; Trophogen, Inc (M.S.), Rockville, Maryland 20850; and Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.G.-K.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 13353 Germany
| | - Mariusz Szkudlinski
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology (G.K., L.K., H.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 13353 Germany; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology (J.K., L.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Germany; Trophogen, Inc (M.S.), Rockville, Maryland 20850; and Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.G.-K.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 13353 Germany
| | - Lutz Schomburg
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology (G.K., L.K., H.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 13353 Germany; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology (J.K., L.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Germany; Trophogen, Inc (M.S.), Rockville, Maryland 20850; and Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.G.-K.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 13353 Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology (G.K., L.K., H.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 13353 Germany; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology (J.K., L.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Germany; Trophogen, Inc (M.S.), Rockville, Maryland 20850; and Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.G.-K.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 13353 Germany
| | - Annette Grüters-Kieslich
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology (G.K., L.K., H.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 13353 Germany; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology (J.K., L.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Germany; Trophogen, Inc (M.S.), Rockville, Maryland 20850; and Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.G.-K.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 13353 Germany
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Grzesik P, Kreuchwig A, Rutz C, Furkert J, Wiesner B, Schuelein R, Kleinau G, Gromoll J, Krause G. Differences in Signal Activation by LH and hCG are Mediated by the LH/CG Receptor's Extracellular Hinge Region. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:140. [PMID: 26441830 PMCID: PMC4585211 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The human lutropin (hLH)/choriogonadotropin (hCG) receptor (LHCGR) can be activated by binding two slightly different gonadotropic glycoprotein hormones, choriogonadotropin (CG) - secreted by the placenta, and lutropin (LH) - produced by the pituitary. They induce different signaling profiles at the LHCGR. This cannot be explained by binding to the receptor's leucine-rich-repeat domain (LRRD), as this binding is similar for the two hormones. We therefore speculate that there are previously unknown differences in the hormone/receptor interaction at the extracellular hinge region, which might help to understand functional differences between the two hormones. We have therefore performed a detailed study of the binding and action of LH and CG at the LHCGR hinge region. We focused on a primate-specific additional exon in the hinge region, which is located between LRRD and the serpentine domain. The segment of the hinge region encoded by exon10 was previously reported to be only relevant to hLH signaling, as the exon10-deletion receptor exhibits decreased hLH signaling, but unchanged hCG signaling. We designed an advanced homology model of the hormone/LHCGR complex, followed by experimental characterization of relevant fragments in the hinge region. In addition, we examined predictions of a helical exon10-encoded conformation by block-wise polyalanine (helix supporting) mutations. These helix preserving modifications showed no effect on hormone-induced signaling. However, introduction of a structure-disturbing double-proline mutant LHCGR-Q303P/E305P within the exon10-helix has, in contrast to exon10-deletion, no impact on hLH, but only on hCG signaling. This opposite effect on signaling by hLH and hCG can be explained by distinct sites of hormone interaction in the hinge region. In conclusion, our analysis provides details of the differences between hLH- and hCG-induced signaling that are mainly determined in the L2-beta loop of the hormones and in the hinge region of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Grzesik
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Kreuchwig
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Rutz
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Furkert
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkhard Wiesner
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Schuelein
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Kleinau
- Institute of Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joerg Gromoll
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Münster, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerd Krause
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Gerd Krause, Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, Berlin 13125, Germany,
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