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Zhang S, Cai Z, Li H. AHNAKs roles in physiology and malignant tumors. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1258951. [PMID: 38033502 PMCID: PMC10682155 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1258951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The AHNAK family currently consists of two members, namely AHNAK and AHNAK2, both of which have a molecular weight exceeding 600 kDa. Homologous sequences account for approximately 90% of their composition, indicating a certain degree of similarity in terms of molecular structure and biological functions. AHNAK family members are involved in the regulation of various biological functions, such as calcium channel modulation and membrane repair. Furthermore, with advancements in biological and bioinformatics technologies, research on the relationship between the AHNAK family and tumors has rapidly increased in recent years, and its regulatory role in tumor progression has gradually been discovered. This article briefly describes the physiological functions of the AHNAK family, and reviews and analyzes the expression and molecular regulatory mechanisms of the AHNAK family in malignant tumors using Pubmed and TCGA databases. In summary, AHNAK participates in various physiological and pathological processes in the human body. In multiple types of cancers, abnormal expression of AHNAK and AHNAK2 is associated with prognosis, and they play a key regulatory role in tumor progression by activating signaling pathways such as ERK, MAPK, Wnt, and MEK, as well as promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusen Zhang
- Hebei Province Xingtai People’s Hospital Postdoctoral Workstation, Xingtai, China
- Postdoctoral Mobile Station, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Xing Tai People Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Xingtai, China
- The First Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhigang Cai
- Postdoctoral Mobile Station, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- The First Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of surgery, Affiliated Xing Tai People Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Xingtai, China
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AHNAK Contributes to Hepatocellular Carcinoma Growth by Interacting with IGF-1R. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248680. [PMID: 36557813 PMCID: PMC9782793 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblast differentiation-associated protein AHNAK, a large structural scaffold protein, remains mysterious in biological processes. AHNAK plays a suppressive or progressive role in different types of cancers. To investigate the role of the AHNAK in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cell viability assays were performed to determine the cell proliferation of the stable AHNAK-knockdown HepG2 cell line; co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were performed on HCC and matched paracancerous (MPC) tissues. The Metascape platform was used for enrichment analyses; the "ComplexHeatmap" package was applied for cluster analyses and visualization. Co-IP, Western botting and immunofluorescence double staining were performed to assess the interactions between AHNAK and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R). AHNAK silencing reduced the viability of HepG2 cells; the interactome in HCC and MPC tissues enriched 204 pathways and processes, which partially reflected the signature of HCC field cancerization. AHNAK could co-localize and interact with IGF-1R. These results suggested that the AHNAK complex contributes to HCC growth, potentially by interacting with IGF-1R.
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Yang I, Son Y, Shin JH, Kim IY, Seong JK. Ahnak depletion accelerates liver regeneration by modulating the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. BMB Rep 2022. [PMID: 35880432 PMCID: PMC9442348 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2022.55.8.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Insook Yang
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yeri Son
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Shin
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, MI, USA
| | - Il Yong Kim
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioinformatics, Program for Cancer Biology and BIO-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Xu M, Cheng A, Yu L, Wei W, Li J, Cai C. AHNAK2 is a biomarker and a potential therapeutic target of adenocarcinomas. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2022; 54:1708-1719. [PMID: 36017889 PMCID: PMC9828698 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenocarcinoma is the second largest histological type of cervical cancer, second only to cervical squamous cell carcinoma. At present, despite the clinical treatment strategies of cervical adenocarcinoma and cervical squamous cell carcinoma being similar, the outcome and prognosis of cervical adenocarcinoma are significantly poor. Therefore, it is urgent to find specific biomarker and therapeutic target for cervical adenocarcinoma. In this study, we aim to reveal and verify the potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets of cervical adenocarcinoma. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) reveals the differentially-expressed genes significantly related to the histological characteristics of the two cervical cancer subtypes. We select the genes with the top 20 significance for further investigation. Through microarray and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses of a variety of tumor tissues, we find that among these 20 genes, AHNAK2 is highly expressed not only in cervical adenocarcinoma, but also in multiple of adenocarcinoma tissues, including esophagus, breast and colon, while not in normal gland tissues. In vitro, AHNAK2 knockdown significantly inhibits cell proliferation and migration of adenocarcinoma cell lines. In vivo, AHNAK2 knockdown significantly inhibits tumor progression and metastasis of various adenocarcinomas. RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analyses suggest that the inhibitory effect of AHNAK2 knockdown on tumor progression is achieved by regulating DNA replication and upregulating Bim expression. Together, we demonstrate that AHNAK2 is a biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast SurgeryZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Medical Research InstituteFrontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Anyi Cheng
- Department of Thyroid and Breast SurgeryZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Medical Research InstituteFrontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Liya Yu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast SurgeryZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Medical Research InstituteFrontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Thyroid and Breast SurgeryZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Medical Research InstituteFrontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Jinpeng Li
- Department of Thyroid and Breast SurgeryZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430071China,Correspondence address. Tel: +86-13917642692; (C.C.) / Tel: +86-18807162791; (J.L.) @126.com
| | - Cheguo Cai
- Department of Thyroid and Breast SurgeryZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Medical Research InstituteFrontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China,Correspondence address. Tel: +86-13917642692; (C.C.) / Tel: +86-18807162791; (J.L.) @126.com
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Yang I, Son Y, Shin JH, Kim IY, Seong JK. Ahnak depletion accelerates liver regeneration by modulating the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. BMB Rep 2022; 55:401-406. [PMID: 35880432 PMCID: PMC9442348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Ahnak, a large protein first identified as an inhibitor of TGF-β signaling in human neuroblastoma, was recently shown to promote TGF-β in some cancers. The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, various biological functions, and cancer growth and metastasis. In this study, we used Ahnak knockout (KO) mice that underwent a 70% partial hepatectomy (PH) to investigate the function of Ahnak in TGF-β signaling during liver regeneration. At the indicated time points after PH, we analyzed the mRNA and protein expression of the TGF -β/Smad signaling pathway and cell cycle-related factors, evaluated the cell cycle through proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunostaining, analyzed the mitotic index by hematoxylin and eosin staining. We also measured the ratio of liver tissue weight to body weight. Activation of TGF-β signaling was confirmed by analyzing the levels of phospho-Smad 2 and 3 in the liver at the indicated time points after PH and was lower in Ahnak KO mice than in WT mice. The expression levels of cyclin B1, D1, and E1; proteins in the Rb/E2F transcriptional pathway, which regulates the cell cycle; and the numbers of PCNA-positive cells were increased in Ahnak KO mice and showed tendencies opposite that of TGF-β expression. During postoperative regeneration, the liver weight to body weight ratio tended to increase faster in Ahnak KO mice. However, 7 days after PH, both groups of mice showed similar rates of regeneration, following which their active regeneration stopped. Analysis of hepatocytes undergoing mitosis showed that there were more mitotic cells in Ahnak KO mice, consistent with the weight ratio. Our findings suggest that Ahnak enhances TGF-β signaling during postoperative liver regeneration, resulting in cell cycle disruption; this highlights a novel role of Ahnak in liver regeneration. These results provide new insight into liver regeneration and potential treatment targets for liver diseases that require surgical treatment. [BMB Reports 2022; 55(8): 401-406].
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Affiliation(s)
- Insook Yang
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, USA
| | - Yeri Son
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, USA
| | - Jae Hoon Shin
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, MI, USA
| | - Il Yong Kim
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, USA
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, USA
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioinformatics, Program for Cancer Biology and BIO-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea, MI, USA
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Vinci M, Kursula P, Greco D, Elia M, Vetri L, Schepis C, Chiavetta V, Donadio S, Roccella M, Carotenuto M, Romano V, Calì F. Exome sequencing in a child with neurodevelopmental disorder and epilepsy: Variant analysis of the AHNAK2 gene. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 10:e2012. [PMID: 35789128 PMCID: PMC9482394 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The AHNAK2 gene encodes a large nucleoprotein expressed in several tissues, including brain, squamous epithelia, smooth muscle, and neuropil. Its role in calcium signaling has been suggested and to date, clear evidence about its involvement in the pathogenesis of clinical disorders is still lacking. Methods Here, we report a female 24‐year‐old patient diagnosed with a cardio‐facio‐cutaneous‐like phenotype (CFC‐like), characterized by epilepsy, psychomotor development delay, atopic dermatitis, congenital heart disease, hypotonia, and facial dysmorphism, who is compound heterozygote for two missense mutations in the AHNAK2 gene detected by exome sequencing. Results This patient had no detectable variant in any of the genes known to be associated with the cardio‐facio‐cutaneous syndrome. Moreover, the mode of inheritance does not appear to be autosomal dominant, as it is in typical CFC syndrome. We have performed in silico assessment of mutation severity separately for each missense mutation, but this analysis excludes a severe effect on protein function. Protein structure predictions indicate the mutations are located in flexible regions possibly involved in molecular interactions. Conclusion We discuss an alternative interpretation on the potential involvement of the two missense mutations in the AHNAK2 gene on the expression of CFC‐like phenotype in this patient based on inter‐allelic complementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petri Kursula
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Biocenter Oulu & Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | - Luigi Vetri
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | | | | | - Serena Donadio
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Michele Roccella
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Carotenuto
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Valentino Romano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Zardab M, Stasinos K, Grose RP, Kocher HM. The Obscure Potential of AHNAK2. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030528. [PMID: 35158796 PMCID: PMC8833689 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary AHNAK2 is a relatively newly discovered protein. It can interact with many other proteins. This protein is increased in cells of variety of different cancers. AHNAK2 may play a vital role in cancer formation. AHNAK2 may have a role in early detection of cancer. This obscure potential of AHNAK2 is being studied. Abstract AHNAK2 is a protein discovered in 2004, with a strong association with oncogenesis in various epithelial cancers. It has a large 616 kDa tripartite structure and is thought to take part in the formation of large multi-protein complexes. High expression is found in clear cell renal carcinoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, uveal melanoma, and lung adenocarcinoma, with a relation to poor prognosis. Little work has been done in exploring the function and relation AHNAK2 has with cancer, with early studies showing promising potential as a future biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Crystal and solution structures reveal oligomerization of individual capsid homology domains of Drosophila Arc. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251459. [PMID: 33989344 PMCID: PMC8121366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is vital for brain function and memory formation. One of the key proteins in long-term synaptic plasticity and memory is the activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc). Mammalian Arc forms virus-like capsid structures in a process requiring the N-terminal domain and contains two C-terminal lobes that are structural homologues to retroviral capsids. Drosophila has two isoforms of Arc, dArc1 and dArc2, with low sequence similarity to mammalian Arc, but lacking a large N-terminal domain. Both dArc isoforms are related to the Ty3/gypsy retrotransposon capsid, consisting of N- and C-terminal lobes. Structures of dArc1, as well as capsids formed by both dArc isoforms, have been recently determined. We carried out structural characterization of the four individual dArc lobe domains. As opposed to the corresponding mammalian Arc lobe domains, which are monomeric, the dArc lobes were all oligomeric in solution, indicating a strong propensity for homophilic interactions. A truncated N-lobe from dArc2 formed a domain-swapped dimer in the crystal structure, resulting in a novel dimer interaction that could be relevant for capsid assembly or other dArc functions. This domain-swapped structure resembles the dimeric protein C of flavivirus capsids, as well as the structure of histones dimers, domain-swapped transcription factors, and membrane-interacting BAK domains. The strong oligomerization properties of the isolated dArc lobe domains explain the ability of dArc to form capsids in the absence of any large N-terminal domain, in contrast to the mammalian protein.
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Wang DW, Zheng HZ, Cha N, Zhang XJ, Zheng M, Chen MM, Tian LX. Down-Regulation of AHNAK2 Inhibits Cell Proliferation, Migration and Invasion Through Inactivating the MAPK Pathway in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 19:1533033820957006. [PMID: 33000678 PMCID: PMC7533926 DOI: 10.1177/1533033820957006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AHNAK nucleoprotein 2 (AHNAK2) has been emerged as a crucial protein for neuroblast differentiation and cell migration, thereby involving in the development of various cancers. However, the specific molecular mechanism of AHNAK2 in lung adenocarcinoma is inconclusive. By accessing to the Oncomine dataset and GEPIA website, a higher expression level of AHNAK2 was observed in lung adenocarcinoma tissue samples. Overall survival (OS) curve plotted by Kaplan-Meier method showed that up-regulation of AHNAK2 was related with poor prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma patients. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis and western blot were conducted to examine the expression level of genes in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Through functional in vitro experiments, cell proliferation, migration and invasion were all suppressed after AHNAK2 knockdown using Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, wound-healing and transwell analysis. Reduction of AHNAK2 decreased the apoptosis rate using flow cytometry analysis. Moreover, the key markers of MAPK pathway, p-MEK, p-ERK and p-P90RSK were decreased due to the transfection of si-AHNAK2 in A549 cells. U0126, a MEK inhibitor, showed the similar effects on MAPK-related protein levels with si-AHNAK2. To sum up, AHNAK2 is significantly increased in lung adenocarcinoma and plays a carcinogenic role by activating the MAPK signaling pathway, providing a novel insight and raising possibility for lung adenocarcinoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Changchun Obstetrics-Gynecology Hospital, Nanguan District, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hai-Zheng Zheng
- Department of pathogen teaching and research of Changchun Medical College, Changchun Economic and Technological Development Zone, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Na Cha
- Department of Pathology, Changchun Obstetrics-Gynecology Hospital, Nanguan District, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changchun Obstetrics-Gynecology Hospital, Nanguan District, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changchun Obstetrics-Gynecology Hospital, Nanguan District, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ming-Ming Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changchun Obstetrics-Gynecology Hospital, Nanguan District, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Li-Xiang Tian
- Department of Pathology, Changchun Obstetrics-Gynecology Hospital, Nanguan District, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Xie Z, Lun Y, Li X, He Y, Wu S, Wang S, Sun J, He Y, Zhang J. Bioinformatics analysis of the clinical value and potential mechanisms of AHNAK2 in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:18163-18180. [PMID: 32966238 PMCID: PMC7585101 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AHNAK2 has been recently reported as a biomarker in many cancers. However, a systematic investigation of AHNAK2 in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has not been conducted. RESULTS AHNAK2 is overexpressed in PTC tissues and could be an independent prognostic factor. AHNAK2 expression was significantly high in patients with advanced stage, advanced T classification, lymph node metastasis, increased BRAF mutations and decreased RAS mutations. Cell adhesion-, cell junction-, and immune-related pathways were the most frequently noted in gene set enrichment analysis. AHNAK2 expression in PTC was positively correlated with immune infiltration and negatively correlated with AHNAK2 methylation. AHNAK2 expression was significantly positively correlated with tumor progression and poor overall survival (OS) in pan-cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS AHNAK2 is a good biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of PTC. AHNAK2 may promote thyroid cancer progression through cell adhesion-, cell junction-, and immune-related pathways. Methylation may act as an upstream regulator to inhibit the expression and biological function of AHNAK2. Additionally, AHNAK2 has broad prognostic value in pan-cancer. METHODS Based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data, we screened AHNAK2-related genes through weighted gene coexpression network analysis and explored the clinical value and the potential mechanism of AHNAK2 in PTC by multiomics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Xie
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Lun
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuzhen He
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Song Wu
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shiyue Wang
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianjian Sun
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuchen He
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Zhang S, Lu Y, Qi L, Wang H, Wang Z, Cai Z. AHNAK2 Is Associated with Poor Prognosis and Cell Migration in Lung Adenocarcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8571932. [PMID: 32904605 PMCID: PMC7456490 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8571932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), as the main subtype of lung cancer, is one of the common causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The AHNAK family is correlated with cell structure and migration, cardiac calcium channel signaling, and tumor metastasis. Previous studies showed AHNAK2 could promote tumor progression and cell migration in melanoma and renal clear cell carcinoma. However, the role of AHNAK2 in LUAD remains unknown. METHODS We examined the levels of AHNAK2 in pathological specimens and the database of Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium-Lung adenocarcinoma (CPTAC-LUAD), The Cancer Genome Atlas-Lung Adenocarcinoma (TCGA-LUAD), Gene Expression Omnibus dataset (GSE72094, GSE26939), and The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) of lung tissue samples. Univariate Cox regression, multivariate Cox regression, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were performed to reveal the relationship between AHNAK2 and prognosis. A nomogram was constructed to predict 2- or 3-year overall survival and validated via calibration curves, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, and decision curve analysis (DCA). Furthermore, Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were used to explore the functional role of AHNAK2 in lung adenocarcinoma. Finally, by transfecting siRNA, we examined the regulatory effect of AHNAK2 on cell migration. RESULTS The expression of AHNAK2 was upregulated in tumor samples and correlated with poor prognosis in LUAD patients. Nomogram with AHNAK2 and clinical parameters showed a good prediction in overall survival (OS), especially the 2-year OS. In addition, functional analyses and wound healing assay suggested that AHNAK2 might be involved in the regulation of migration in LUAD. CONCLUSION In summary, our study showed that AHNAK2 might be a novel biomarker in LUAD and revealed the potential mechanism of AHNAK2 in LUAD progression which could provide new insights for target therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusen Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Xing Tai People Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Xingtai, Hebei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Xing Tai People Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Xingtai, Hebei, China
| | - Lei Qi
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Xing Tai People Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Xingtai, Hebei, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Xing Tai People Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Xingtai, Hebei, China
| | - Zhigang Cai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Raasakka A, Kursula P. Flexible Players within the Sheaths: The Intrinsically Disordered Proteins of Myelin in Health and Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020470. [PMID: 32085570 PMCID: PMC7072810 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelin ensheathes selected axonal segments within the nervous system, resulting primarily in nerve impulse acceleration, as well as mechanical and trophic support for neurons. In the central and peripheral nervous systems, various proteins that contribute to the formation and stability of myelin are present, which also harbor pathophysiological roles in myelin disease. Many myelin proteins have common attributes, including small size, hydrophobic segments, multifunctionality, longevity, and regions of intrinsic disorder. With recent advances in protein biophysical characterization and bioinformatics, it has become evident that intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are abundant in myelin, and their flexible nature enables multifunctionality. Here, we review known myelin IDPs, their conservation, molecular characteristics and functions, and their disease relevance, along with open questions and speculations. We place emphasis on classifying the molecular details of IDPs in myelin, and we correlate these with their various functions, including susceptibility to post-translational modifications, function in protein–protein and protein–membrane interactions, as well as their role as extended entropic chains. We discuss how myelin pathology can relate to IDPs and which molecular factors are potentially involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Raasakka
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, NO-5009 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Petri Kursula
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, NO-5009 Bergen, Norway;
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7A, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland
- Correspondence:
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Ezrin interacts with L-periaxin by the "head to head and tail to tail" mode and influences the location of L-periaxin in Schwann cell RSC96. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129520. [PMID: 31931020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), Schwann cells (SCs) are required for the myelination of axons. Periaxin (PRX), one of the myelination proteins expressed in SCs, is critical for the normal development and maintenance of PNS. As a member of the ERM (ezrin-radxin-moesin) protein family, ezrin holds our attention since their link to the formation of the nodes of Ranvier. Furthermore, PRX and ezrin are co-expressed in cytoskeletal complexes with periplakin and desmoyokin in lens fiber cells. In the present study, we observed that L-periaxin and ezrin interacted in a "head to head and tail to tail" mode in SC RSC96 through NLS3 region of L-periaxin with F3 subdomain of ezrin interaction, and the region of L-periaxin (residues 1368-1461) with ezrin (residues 475-557) interaction. A phosphorylation-mimicking mutation of ezrin resulted in L-periaxin accumulation on SC RSC96 membrane. Ezrin could inhibit the self-association of L-periaxin, and ezrin overexpression in sciatic nerve injury rats could facilitate the repair of impaired myelin sheath. Therefore, the interaction between L-periaxin and ezrin may adopt a close form to complete protein accumulation and to participate in myelin sheath maintenance.
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Li M, Liu Y, Meng Y, Zhu Y. AHNAK Nucleoprotein 2 Performs a Promoting Role in the Proliferation and Migration of Uveal Melanoma Cells. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2019; 34:626-633. [PMID: 31621397 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2019.2778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AHNAK nucleoprotein 2 (AHNAK2) is supposed to participate in calcium signaling and cytoarchitecture by directly interacting with some proteins. Recently, it was identified as a novel candidate oncogene in human tumors. The author's present study aimed to investigate the expression and biological function of AHNAK2 in uveal melanoma (UM). Based on microarray data of 63 UM patients that were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database, the authors found that AHNAK2 expression is higher in UM primary tumor tissues from patients who developed metastases after enucleation than that in UM primary tumor tissues from patients without metastasis after enucleation. On the basis of the data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas database, they found that high AHNAK2 expression is closely associated with shorter overall survival time in UM patients. From quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses, they revealed that the mRNA expression level of AHNAK2 was significantly upregulated in M17 and SP6.5 cell lines compared with that in D78. Functionally, knockdown of AHNAK2 using small interfering RNA in M17 and SP6.5 cells dramatically suppressed cell proliferation, migratory and invasive abilities, as well as inhibited the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway. Taken together, their results illustrated that AHNAK2 was upregulated in UM and plays a promoting role in the proliferation and migration of UM cells possibly via regulating PI3K signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Qingzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanchen Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Qingzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Meng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Vascular Surgery, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Qingzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, People's Republic of China
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15
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Linkage analysis and whole exome sequencing reveals AHNAK2 as a novel genetic cause for autosomal recessive CMT in a Malaysian family. Neurogenetics 2019; 20:117-127. [DOI: 10.1007/s10048-019-00576-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Raasakka A, Linxweiler H, Brophy PJ, Sherman DL, Kursula P. Direct Binding of the Flexible C-Terminal Segment of Periaxin to β4 Integrin Suggests a Molecular Basis for CMT4F. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:84. [PMID: 31024253 PMCID: PMC6465933 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of myelination in the nervous system requires a coordinated formation of both transient and stable supramolecular complexes. Myelin-specific proteins play key roles in these assemblies, which may link membranes to each other or connect the myelinating cell cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. The myelin protein periaxin is known to play an important role in linking the Schwann cell cytoskeleton to the basal lamina through membrane receptors, such as the dystroglycan complex. Mutations that truncate periaxin from the C terminus cause demyelinating peripheral neuropathy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease type 4F, indicating a function for the periaxin C-terminal region in myelination. We identified the cytoplasmic domain of β4 integrin as a specific high-affinity binding partner for periaxin. The C-terminal region of periaxin remains unfolded and flexible when bound to the third fibronectin type III domain of β4 integrin. Our data suggest that periaxin is able to link the Schwann cell cytoplasm to the basal lamina through a two-pronged interaction via different membrane protein complexes, which bind close to the N and C terminus of this elongated, flexible molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Raasakka
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Peter J. Brophy
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Diane L. Sherman
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Petri Kursula
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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17
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Conic RZ, Arbesman J. Melanoma Tumor Characteristics: An Analysis of Mutational Burden and Copy Number Alterations by Patient Age and Stage. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 138:1218-1221. [PMID: 29221686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruzica Z Conic
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Joshua Arbesman
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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18
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Chen B, Wang J, Dai D, Zhou Q, Guo X, Tian Z, Huang X, Yang L, Tang H, Xie X. AHNAK suppresses tumour proliferation and invasion by targeting multiple pathways in triple-negative breast cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:65. [PMID: 28494797 PMCID: PMC5427595 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background AHNAK, also known as desmoyokin, is a giant protein with the molecular size of approximately 700 kDa and exerts diverse functions in different types of cancer. Results In the present study, we demonstrated that AHNAK mRNA levels were down-regulated in 7 out of 8 human breast cancer cell lines, especially in triple - negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines. Moreover, in patients with TNBC, the expression of AHNAK gene was inversely correlated with the tumor status (P = 0.015), lymph node status (P < 0.001), lymph node (LN) infiltration (P < 0.001) and TNM stage (P < 0.001). Moreover, down-regulated AHNAK expression was considered an independent prognostic factor associated with the poor survival of patients with TNBC. Overexpression of AHNAK in two TNBC cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and BT549, suppressed the in vitro TNBC cell proliferation and colony formation, and inhibited the in vivo TNBC xenograft growth and lung metastasis. The tumor suppressing effect of AHNAK in TNBC was associated with the AKT/MAPK signaling pathway and Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Consistent results were observed when AHNAK was knockdown in BT20 and MDA-MB-435 cells. Conclusions Taken together, our results suggest that AHNAK acts as a tumor suppressor that negatively regulates TNBC cell proliferation, TNBC xenograft growth and metastasis via different signaling pathways. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-017-0522-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 East Dongfeng Road, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 East Dongfeng Road, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Danian Dai
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 East Dongfeng Road, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyu Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, MD30, Tampa, FL, 33612-4749, USA
| | - Xiaofang Guo
- College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, MD30, Tampa, FL, 33612-4749, USA
| | - Zhi Tian
- College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, MD30, Tampa, FL, 33612-4749, USA
| | - Xiaojia Huang
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 East Dongfeng Road, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 East Dongfeng Road, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailin Tang
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 East Dongfeng Road, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoming Xie
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 East Dongfeng Road, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Crystallographic anomalous diffraction data for the experimental phasing of two myelin proteins, gliomedin and periaxin. Data Brief 2017; 11:552-556. [PMID: 28861438 PMCID: PMC5567927 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2017.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We present datasets that can be used for the experimental phasing of crystal structures of two myelin proteins. The structures were recently described in the articles “Periaxin and AHNAK nucleoprotein 2 form intertwined homodimers through domain swapping” (H. Han, P. Kursula, 2014) [1] and “The olfactomedin domain from gliomedin is a β-propeller with unique structural properties” (H. Han, P. Kursula, 2015) [2]. Crystals of periaxin were derivatized with tungsten and xenon prior to data collection, and diffraction data for these crystals are reported at 3 and 1 wavelengths, respectively. Crystallographic data for two different pressurizing times for xenon are provided. Gliomedin was derivatized with platinum, and data for single-wavelength anomalous dispersion are included. The data can be used to repeat the phasing experiments, to analyze heavy atom binding sites in proteins, as well as to optimize future derivatization experiments of protein crystals with these and other heavy-atom compounds.
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Yamanaka M, Hoshizumi M, Nagao S, Nakayama R, Shibata N, Higuchi Y, Hirota S. Formation and carbon monoxide-dependent dissociation of Allochromatium vinosum cytochrome c' oligomers using domain-swapped dimers. Protein Sci 2017; 26:464-474. [PMID: 27883268 PMCID: PMC5326568 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The number of artificial protein supramolecules has been increasing; however, control of protein oligomer formation remains challenging. Cytochrome c' from Allochromatium vinosum (AVCP) is a homodimeric protein in its native form, where its protomer exhibits a four-helix bundle structure containing a covalently bound five-coordinate heme as a gas binding site. AVCP exhibits a unique reversible dimer-monomer transition according to the absence and presence of CO. Herein, domain-swapped dimeric AVCP was constructed and utilized to form a tetramer and high-order oligomers. The X-ray crystal structure of oxidized tetrameric AVCP consisted of two monomer subunits and one domain-swapped dimer subunit, which exchanged the region containing helices αA and αB between protomers. The active site structures of the domain-swapped dimer subunit and monomer subunits in the tetramer were similar to those of the monomer subunits in the native dimer. The subunit-subunit interactions at the interfaces of the domain-swapped dimer and monomer subunits in the tetramer were also similar to the subunit-subunit interaction in the native dimer. Reduced tetrameric AVCP dissociated to a domain-swapped dimer and two monomers upon CO binding. Without monomers, the domain-swapped dimers formed tetramers, hexamers, and higher-order oligomers in the absence of CO, whereas the oligomers dissociated to domain-swapped dimers in the presence of CO, demonstrating that the domain-swapped dimer maintains the CO-induced subunit dissociation behavior of native ACVP. These results suggest that protein oligomer formation may be controlled by utilizing domain swapping for a dimer-monomer transition protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Yamanaka
- Graduate School of Materials ScienceNara Institute of Science and Technology8916‐5 Takayama, IkomaNara630‐0192Japan
| | - Makoto Hoshizumi
- Graduate School of Materials ScienceNara Institute of Science and Technology8916‐5 Takayama, IkomaNara630‐0192Japan
| | - Satoshi Nagao
- Graduate School of Materials ScienceNara Institute of Science and Technology8916‐5 Takayama, IkomaNara630‐0192Japan
| | - Ryoko Nakayama
- Graduate School of Materials ScienceNara Institute of Science and Technology8916‐5 Takayama, IkomaNara630‐0192Japan
| | - Naoki Shibata
- Department of Life ScienceGraduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo3‐2‐1 Koto, Kamigori‐cho, Ako‐gunHyogo678‐1297Japan
- RIKEN SPring‐8 Center1‐1‐1 Koto, Sayo‐cho, Sayo‐gunHyogo679‐5148Japan
| | - Yoshiki Higuchi
- Department of Life ScienceGraduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo3‐2‐1 Koto, Kamigori‐cho, Ako‐gunHyogo678‐1297Japan
- RIKEN SPring‐8 Center1‐1‐1 Koto, Sayo‐cho, Sayo‐gunHyogo679‐5148Japan
| | - Shun Hirota
- Graduate School of Materials ScienceNara Institute of Science and Technology8916‐5 Takayama, IkomaNara630‐0192Japan
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21
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Yang Y, Liang M, Shi Y. Retracted Article: Self-association of L-periaxin occurs via its acidic domain and NLS2/NLS3, and affects its trafficking in RSC96 cells. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06853k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Periaxin (PRX) protein was first identified in myelinating Schwann cells through the screening of cytoskeleton-associated proteins in peripheral nerve myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenan Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
| | - Min Liang
- Institute of Biotechnology
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
| | - Yawei Shi
- Institute of Biotechnology
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
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22
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Yang Y, Ren Y, Shi Y. Intermolecular disulfide bond in the dimerization of S-periaxin mediated by Cys88 and Cys139. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:326-33. [PMID: 26940996 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmw008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Periaxin is expressed in mammalian Schwann cells and lens fiber cells, and has been identified in a screen for cytoskeleton-associated proteins. Charcot-Marie-Tooth 4F is caused by losses or mutations of theperiaxingene. Theperiaxingene encodes two protein isoforms, namely, L-periaxin and S-periaxin.S-periaxin contains 147 amino acid residues and has an N-terminal PDZ domain. In this paper, S-periaxin was reported to be homodimerized through the formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds with its Cys88 and Cys139 residues under mild oxidation conditions. The covalent dimer of S-periaxin was also observed by western blot analysis and bimolecular fluorescence complementation analyses. S-periaxin dimerization formation could be regulated by cellular redox fluctuations. These results offer a possible mechanism to the formation of periaxin complexes, improvement of complex stability, and establishment of a link between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China Chemical and Biological Engineering College, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yemei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yawei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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23
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Bhargav SP, Vahokoski J, Kallio JP, Torda AE, Kursula P, Kursula I. Two independently folding units of Plasmodium profilin suggest evolution via gene fusion. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4193-203. [PMID: 26012696 PMCID: PMC11113795 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1932-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Gene fusion is a common mechanism of protein evolution that has mainly been discussed in the context of multidomain or symmetric proteins. Less is known about fusion of ancestral genes to produce small single-domain proteins. Here, we show with a domain-swapped mutant Plasmodium profilin that this small, globular, apparently single-domain protein consists of two foldons. The separation of binding sites for different protein ligands in the two halves suggests evolution via an ancient gene fusion event, analogous to the formation of multidomain proteins. Finally, the two fragments can be assembled together after expression as two separate gene products. The possibility to engineer both domain-swapped dimers and half-profilins that can be assembled back to a full profilin provides perspectives for engineering of novel protein folds, e.g., with different scaffolding functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juha Vahokoski
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5400, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Pekka Kallio
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- German Electron Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrew E Torda
- Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 43, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petri Kursula
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5400, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009, Bergen, Norway
| | - Inari Kursula
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5400, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
- German Electron Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009, Bergen, Norway.
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24
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Yang Y, Shi Y. L-periaxin interacts with S-periaxin through its PDZ domain. Neurosci Lett 2015; 609:23-9. [PMID: 26467811 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Periaxin was first identified as a protein in myelinating Schwann cells through a screen of novel cytoskeleton-associated proteins in peripheral nerve myelination. The periaxin gene encodes two isoforms, namely, L- and S-periaxin, which are 1461 and 147 residues in size, respectively. Several loss-of-function mutations linked to autosomal recessive Dejerine-Sottas neuropathy and demyelinating Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease in periaxin have been described. In this study, the colocolization of L- and S-periaxin in the cytoplasm of RSC96 cells was found by immunofluorescence assays. The interaction between these two isoforms was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation, fluorescence complementation experiment, and GST pull-down assay. Results also showed that the two periaxin isoforms interacted in the cytoplasm through the PDZ domain, and their interaction prevented the homodimerization of L-periaxin. S-periaxin may regulate the function of L-periaxin in Schwann cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenan Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China.
| | - Yawei Shi
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China.
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25
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Yamanaka M, Nagao S, Komori H, Higuchi Y, Hirota S. Change in structure and ligand binding properties of hyperstable cytochrome c555 from Aquifex aeolicus by domain swapping. Protein Sci 2015; 24:366-75. [PMID: 25586341 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome c555 from hyperthermophilic bacteria Aquifex aeolicus (AA cyt c555 ) is a hyperstable protein belonging to the cyt c protein family, which possesses a unique long 310 -α-310 helix containing the heme-ligating Met61. Herein, we show that AA cyt c555 forms dimers by swapping the region containing the extra 310 -α-310 helix and C-terminal α-helix. The asymmetric unit of the crystal of dimeric AA cyt c555 contained two dimer structures, where the structure of the hinge region (Val53-Lys57) was different among all four protomers. Dimeric AA cyt c555 dissociated to monomers at 92 ± 1°C according to DSC measurements, showing that the dimer was thermostable. According to CD measurements, the secondary structures of dimeric AA cyt c555 were maintained at pH 2.2-11.0. CN(-) and CO bound to dimeric AA cyt c555 in the ferric and ferrous states, respectively, owing to the flexibility of the hinge region close to Met61 in the dimer, whereas these ligands did not bind to the monomer under the same conditions. In addition, CN(-) and CO bound to the oxidized and reduced dimer at neutral pH and a wide range of pH (pH 2.2-11.0), respectively, in a wide range of temperature (25-85°C), owing to the thermostability and pH tolerance of the dimer. These results show that the ligand binding character of hyperstable AA cyt c555 changes upon dimerization by domain swapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Yamanaka
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
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26
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Davis TA, Loos B, Engelbrecht AM. AHNAK: the giant jack of all trades. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2683-93. [PMID: 25172424 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The nucleoprotein AHNAK is an unusual and somewhat mysterious scaffolding protein characterised by its large size of approximately 700 kDa. Several aspects of this protein remain uncertain, including its exact molecular function and regulation on both the gene and protein levels. Various studies have attempted to annotate AHNAK and, notably, protein interaction and expression analyses have contributed greatly to our current understanding of the protein. The implicated biological processes are, however, very diverse, ranging from a role in the formation of the blood-brain barrier, cell architecture and migration, to the regulation of cardiac calcium channels and muscle membrane repair. In addition, recent evidence suggests that AHNAK might be yet another accomplice in the development of tumour metastasis. This review will discuss the different functional roles of AHNAK, highlighting recent advancements that have added foundation to the proposed roles while identifying ties between them. Implications for related fields of research are noted and suggestions for future research that will assist in unravelling the function of AHNAK are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Davis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Mike de Vries Building, c/o Merriman Avenue and Bosman Street, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
| | - B Loos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Mike de Vries Building, c/o Merriman Avenue and Bosman Street, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - A-M Engelbrecht
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Mike de Vries Building, c/o Merriman Avenue and Bosman Street, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
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