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You Y, Kong H, Li C, Gu Z, Ban X, Li Z. Carbohydrate binding modules: Compact yet potent accessories in the specific substrate binding and performance evolution of carbohydrate-active enzymes. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 73:108365. [PMID: 38677391 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) are independent non-catalytic domains widely found in carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), and they play an essential role in the substrate binding process of CAZymes by guiding the appended catalytic modules to the target substrates. Owing to their precise recognition and selective affinity for different substrates, CBMs have received increasing research attention over the past few decades. To date, CBMs from different origins have formed a large number of families that show a variety of substrate types, structural features, and ligand recognition mechanisms. Moreover, through the modification of specific sites of CBMs and the fusion of heterologous CBMs with catalytic domains, improved enzymatic properties and catalytic patterns of numerous CAZymes have been achieved. Based on cutting-edge technologies in computational biology, gene editing, and protein engineering, CBMs as auxiliary components have become portable and efficient tools for the evolution and application of CAZymes. With the aim to provide a theoretical reference for the functional research, rational design, and targeted utilization of novel CBMs in the future, we systematically reviewed the function-related characteristics and potentials of CAZyme-derived CBMs in this review, including substrate recognition and binding mechanisms, non-catalytic contributions to enzyme performances, module modifications, and innovative applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxian You
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Haocun Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Caiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Zhengbiao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ban
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China.
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2
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Mao M, Ahrens L, Luka J, Contreras F, Kurkina T, Bienstein M, Sárria Pereira de Passos M, Schirinzi G, Mehn D, Valsesia A, Desmet C, Serra MÁ, Gilliland D, Schwaneberg U. Material-specific binding peptides empower sustainable innovations in plant health, biocatalysis, medicine and microplastic quantification. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6445-6510. [PMID: 38747901 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00991a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Material-binding peptides (MBPs) have emerged as a diverse and innovation-enabling class of peptides in applications such as plant-/human health, immobilization of catalysts, bioactive coatings, accelerated polymer degradation and analytics for micro-/nanoplastics quantification. Progress has been fuelled by recent advancements in protein engineering methodologies and advances in computational and analytical methodologies, which allow the design of, for instance, material-specific MBPs with fine-tuned binding strength for numerous demands in material science applications. A genetic or chemical conjugation of second (biological, chemical or physical property-changing) functionality to MBPs empowers the design of advanced (hybrid) materials, bioactive coatings and analytical tools. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview comprising naturally occurring MBPs and their function in nature, binding properties of short man-made MBPs (<20 amino acids) mainly obtained from phage-display libraries, and medium-sized binding peptides (20-100 amino acids) that have been reported to bind to metals, polymers or other industrially produced materials. The goal of this review is to provide an in-depth understanding of molecular interactions between materials and material-specific binding peptides, and thereby empower the use of MBPs in material science applications. Protein engineering methodologies and selected examples to tailor MBPs toward applications in agriculture with a focus on plant health, biocatalysis, medicine and environmental monitoring serve as examples of the transformative power of MBPs for various industrial applications. An emphasis will be given to MBPs' role in detecting and quantifying microplastics in high throughput, distinguishing microplastics from other environmental particles, and thereby assisting to close an analytical gap in food safety and monitoring of environmental plastic pollution. In essence, this review aims to provide an overview among researchers from diverse disciplines in respect to material-(specific) binding of MBPs, protein engineering methodologies to tailor their properties to application demands, re-engineering for material science applications using MBPs, and thereby inspire researchers to employ MBPs in their research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maochao Mao
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Leon Ahrens
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Julian Luka
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Francisca Contreras
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Tetiana Kurkina
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Marian Bienstein
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | | | | | - Dora Mehn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Andrea Valsesia
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Cloé Desmet
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Kuklewicz J, Zimmer J. Molecular insights into capsular polysaccharide secretion. Nature 2024; 628:901-909. [PMID: 38570679 PMCID: PMC11041684 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) fortify the cell boundaries of many commensal and pathogenic bacteria1. Through the ABC-transporter-dependent biosynthesis pathway, CPSs are synthesized intracellularly on a lipid anchor and secreted across the cell envelope by the KpsMT ABC transporter associated with the KpsE and KpsD subunits1,2. Here we use structural and functional studies to uncover crucial steps of CPS secretion in Gram-negative bacteria. We show that KpsMT has broad substrate specificity and is sufficient for the translocation of CPSs across the inner bacterial membrane, and we determine the cell surface organization and localization of CPSs using super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. Cryo-electron microscopy analyses of the KpsMT-KpsE complex in six different states reveal a KpsE-encaged ABC transporter, rigid-body conformational rearrangements of KpsMT during ATP hydrolysis and recognition of a glycolipid inside a membrane-exposed electropositive canyon. In vivo CPS secretion assays underscore the functional importance of canyon-lining basic residues. Combined, our analyses suggest a molecular model of CPS secretion by ABC transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremi Kuklewicz
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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4
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Mei X, Liu G, Chen G, Zhang Y, Xue C, Chang Y. Characterization and structural identification of a family 16 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM): First structural insights into porphyran-binding CBM. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:131041. [PMID: 38518929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Porphyran is a favorable functional polysaccharide widely distributed in Porphyra. It displays a linear structure majorly constituted by alternating 1,4-linked α-l-galactopyranose-6-sulfate (L6S) and 1,3-linked β-d-galactopyranose (G) units. Carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) are desired tools for the investigation and application of polysaccharides, including in situ visualization, on site and specific assay, and functionalization of biomaterials. However, only one porphyran-binding CBM has been hitherto reported, and its structural knowledge is lacking. Herein, a novel CBM16 family domain from a marine bacterium Aquimarina sp. BL5 was discovered and expressed. The recombinant protein AmCBM16 exhibited the desired specificity for porphyran. Bio-layer interferometry assay revealed that the protein binds to porphyran tetrasaccharide (L6S-G)2 with an association constant of 1.3 × 103 M-1. The structure of AmCBM16 was resolved by the X-ray crystallography, which displays a β-sandwich fold with two antiparallel β-sheets constituted by 10 β-strands. Site-directed mutagenesis analysis demonstrated that the residues Gly-30, Trp-31, Lys-88, Lys-123, Phe-125, and Phe-127 play dominant roles in AmCBM16 binding. This study provides the first structural insights into porphyran-binding CBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanwei Mei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Guanchen Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Guangning Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Yaoguang Chang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao 266404, China.
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Zhu L, Li S, Jiang JY, Yao ZY, Li Q, Lian SJ, Liu Q, Shi JS, Xu ZH, Gong JS. High-Level Extracellular Expression of Hyaluronate Lyase HylP in Bacillus subtilis for Hyaluronan Degradation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-024-04883-w. [PMID: 38411935 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04883-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Hyaluronate lyase (HA lyase) has potential in the industrial processing of hyaluronan. In this study, HylP, an HA lyase from Streptococcus pyogenes phage (SPB) was successfully expressed in Bacillus subtilis. To improve the extracellular enzyme activity of HylP in B. subtilis, signal peptide engineering systematic optimization was carried out, and cultured it from shake flasks and fermenters, followed by purification, characterization, and analysis of degradation products. The results showed that the replacement of the signal peptide increased the extracellular enzyme activity of HylP from 1.0 × 104 U/mL to 1.86 × 104 U/mL in the shake flask assay, and using a 20 L fermenter in a batch fermentation process, the extracellular enzyme activity achieved the level of 1.07 × 105 U/mL. HylP exhibited significant thermal and pH stability in the temperature range of 40 °C and pH range of 4-8, respectively. The enzyme showed optimum activity at 40 °C and pH 6, with significant activity in the presence of Na+, Mg2+, and Co2+ ions. Degradation analysis showed that HylP efficiently degraded hyaluronan as an endonuclease, releasing unsaturated disaccharides. These comprehensive findings underscore the substantial industrial potential of HylP for hyaluronan processing applications, offering valuable insights into enzyme characterization and optimization of expression for potential industrial utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lv Zhu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Daxue East Road No. 100, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue No. 1800, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Shubo Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Daxue East Road No. 100, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jia-Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue No. 1800, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue No. 1800, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Sodium Hyaluronate and its Derivatives, Shandong Focusfreda Biotech Co., Ltd, Qufu, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Jie Lian
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Sodium Hyaluronate and its Derivatives, Shandong Focusfreda Biotech Co., Ltd, Qufu, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Sodium Hyaluronate and its Derivatives, Shandong Focusfreda Biotech Co., Ltd, Qufu, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue No. 1800, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue No. 1800, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Shi Q, Abdel-Hamid AM, Sun Z, Cheng Y, Tu T, Cann I, Yao B, Zhu W. Carbohydrate-binding modules facilitate the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: Releasing reducing sugars and dissociative lignin available for producing biofuels and chemicals. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 65:108126. [PMID: 36921877 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
The microbial decomposition and utilization of lignocellulosic biomass present in the plant tissues are driven by a series of carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) acting in concert. As the non-catalytic domains widely found in the modular CAZymes, carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) are intimately associated with catalytic domains (CDs) that effect the diverse hydrolytic reactions. The CBMs function as auxiliary components for the recognition, adhesion, and depolymerization of the complex substrate mediated by the associated CDs. Therefore, CBMs are deemed as significant biotools available for enzyme engineering, especially to facilitate the enzymatic hydrolysis of dense and insoluble plant tissues to acquire more fermentable sugars. This review aims at presenting the taxonomies and biological properties of the CBMs currently curated in the CAZy database. The molecular mechanisms that CBMs use in assisting the enzymatic hydrolysis of plant polysaccharides and the regulatory factors of CBM-substrate interactions are outlined in detail. In addition, guidelines for the rational designs of CBM-fused CAZymes are proposed. Furthermore, the potential to harness CBMs for industrial applications, especially in enzymatic pretreatment of the recalcitrant lignocellulose, is evaluated. It is envisaged that the ideas outlined herein will aid in the engineering and production of novel CBM-fused enzymes to facilitate efficient degradation of lignocellulosic biomass to easily fermentable sugars for production of value-added products, including biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qicheng Shi
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ahmed M Abdel-Hamid
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Zhanying Sun
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanfen Cheng
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Tao Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Isaac Cann
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA; Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA; Center for East Asian and Pacific Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Bin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Mei X, Sun M, Zhang Y, Shen J, Li J, Xue C, Chang Y. Establishment of a carbohydrate binding module-based lateral flow immunoassay method for identifying hyaluronic acid. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:1180-1185. [PMID: 36395930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid is a commercially important polysaccharide with wide applications. Along with the rapid development of hyaluronic acid-based products, their authenticity has aroused considerable attention from consumers. In the present study, a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) SrCBM70 was cloned and expressed. The protein could specifically bind to hyaluronic acid with a strong affinity. A novel method for the identification of hyaluronic acid was subsequently established by integrating SrCBM70 into the lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA). Its detection limit for hyaluronic acid was approximately 0.1 μg/mL, and the assay could be completed in 5 min. The feasibility of this method in the authenticity identification of commercialized products containing hyaluronic acid was confirmed. The establishment of the SrCBM70-based LFIA method provided a solution for the on-site authenticity identification and would facilitate the market supervision of hyaluronic acid-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanwei Mei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Menghui Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jingjing Shen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jiajing Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yaoguang Chang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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8
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Goulet A, Mahony J, Cambillau C, van Sinderen D. Exploring Structural Diversity among Adhesion Devices Encoded by Lactococcal P335 Phages with AlphaFold2. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2278. [PMID: 36422348 PMCID: PMC9692632 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages, or phages, are the most abundant biological entities on Earth. They possess molecular nanodevices to package and store their genome, as well as to introduce it into the cytoplasm of their bacterial prey. Successful phage infection commences with specific recognition of, and adhesion to, a suitable host cell surface. Adhesion devices of siphophages infecting Gram-positive bacteria are very diverse and remain, for the majority, poorly understood. These assemblies often comprise long, flexible, and multi-domain proteins, which limit their structural analyses by experimental approaches. The protein structure prediction program AlphaFold2 is exquisitely adapted to unveil structural and functional details of such molecular machineries. Here, we present structure predictions of adhesion devices from siphophages belonging to the P335 group infecting Lactococcus spp., one of the most extensively applied lactic acid bacteria in dairy fermentations. The predictions of representative adhesion devices from types I-IV P335 phages illustrate their very diverse topology. Adhesion devices from types III and IV phages share a common topology with that of Skunavirus p2, with a receptor binding protein anchored to the virion by a distal tail protein loop. This suggests that they exhibit an activation mechanism similar to that of phage p2 prior to host binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Goulet
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires (LISM), Institut de Microbiologie, Bioénergies et Biotechnologie (IM2B), Aix-Marseille Université—CNRS, UMR 7255, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Jennifer Mahony
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland
| | - Christian Cambillau
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland
- AlphaGraphix, 24 Carrer d’Amont, 66210 Formiguères, France
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Pang B, Wang H, Huang H, Liao L, Wang Y, Wang M, Du G, Kang Z. Enzymatic Production of Low-Molecular-Weight Hyaluronan and Its Oligosaccharides: A Review and Prospects. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:14129-14139. [PMID: 36300844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a nonsulfated linear glycosaminoglycan with a negative charge. Different from the high-molecular-weight HAs, the low-molecular-weight HAs (LMW-HAs, 4-120 kDa) and hyaluronan oligosaccharides (O-HAs, <4 kDa) exhibit certain unique biological properties, owing to which these have a wide range of applications in the field of medicine. However, the chemical synthesis of high-purity LMW-HAs and O-HAs requires complex procedures, which renders this process difficult to achieve. The degradation of HA is achieved under the catalysis of hyaluronidases. In recent years, various hyaluronidase genes have been identified, and their enzymatic properties have been analyzed. In this context, the present review summarizes the hyaluronidases from different sources, which have been characterized. The review focuses on the crystal structure and the catalytic mechanism underlying the biological properties of hyaluronidases. In addition, the molecular weight distributions and the preparation approaches of the enzymatic products LMW-HAs and O-HAs are described. The general orientation of the research on hyaluronidases was speculated based on the existing literature. Accordingly, the efficient large-scale production of LMW-HAs and O-HAs using the green enzymatic approach was anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Bloomage Biotechnology Corp., Ltd., 678 Tianchen Avenue, Jinan 250010, China
| | - Hao Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lizhi Liao
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhen Kang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
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10
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Acoustic force spectroscopy reveals subtle differences in cellulose unbinding behavior of carbohydrate-binding modules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2117467119. [PMID: 36215467 PMCID: PMC9586272 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117467119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein adsorption to solid carbohydrate interfaces is critical to many biological processes, particularly in biomass deconstruction. To engineer more-efficient enzymes for biomass deconstruction into sugars, it is necessary to characterize the complex protein-carbohydrate interfacial interactions. A carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) is often associated with microbial surface-tethered cellulosomes or secreted cellulase enzymes to enhance substrate accessibility. However, it is not well known how CBMs recognize, bind, and dissociate from polysaccharides to facilitate efficient cellulolytic activity, due to the lack of mechanistic understanding and a suitable toolkit to study CBM-substrate interactions. Our work outlines a general approach to study the unbinding behavior of CBMs from polysaccharide surfaces using a highly multiplexed single-molecule force spectroscopy assay. Here, we apply acoustic force spectroscopy (AFS) to probe a Clostridium thermocellum cellulosomal scaffoldin protein (CBM3a) and measure its dissociation from nanocellulose surfaces at physiologically relevant, low force loading rates. An automated microfluidic setup and method for uniform deposition of insoluble polysaccharides on the AFS chip surfaces are demonstrated. The rupture forces of wild-type CBM3a, and its Y67A mutant, unbinding from nanocellulose surfaces suggests distinct multimodal CBM binding conformations, with structural mechanisms further explored using molecular dynamics simulations. Applying classical dynamic force spectroscopy theory, the single-molecule unbinding rate at zero force is extrapolated and found to agree with bulk equilibrium unbinding rates estimated independently using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. However, our results also highlight critical limitations of applying classical theory to explain the highly multivalent binding interactions for cellulose-CBM bond rupture forces exceeding 15 pN.
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Chang B, Morita M, Nariai A, Kasahara K, Kakutani A, Ogawa M, Ohnishi M, Oishi K. Invasive Streptococcus oralis Expressing Serotype 3 Pneumococcal Capsule, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1720-1722. [PMID: 35876607 PMCID: PMC9328907 DOI: 10.3201/eid2808.212176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We report 2 adult cases of invasive disease in Japan caused by Streptococcus oralis that expressed the serotype 3 pneumococcal capsule and formed mucoid colonies. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the identical serotype 3 pneumococcal capsule locus and hyl fragment were recombined into the genomes of 2 distinct S. oralis strains.
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12
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Zhang YS, Gong JS, Yao ZY, Jiang JY, Su C, Li H, Kang CL, Liu L, Xu ZH, Shi JS. Insights into the source, mechanism and biotechnological applications of hyaluronidases. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108018. [PMID: 35853550 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
It has long been found that hyaluronidases exist in a variety of organisms, playing their roles in various biological processes including infection, envenomation and metabolic regulation through degrading hyaluronan. However, exploiting them as a bioresource for specific applications had not been extensively studied until the latest decades. In recent years, new application scenarios have been developed, which extended the field of application, and emphasized the research value of hyaluronidase. This critical review comprehensively summarizes existing studies on hyaluronidase from different source, particularly in their structures, action patterns, and biological functions in human and mammals. Furthermore, we give in-depth insight into the resource mining and protein engineering process of hyaluronidase, as well as strategies for their high-level production, indicating that mixed strategies should be adopted to obtain well-performing hyaluronidase with efficiency. In addition, advances in application of hyaluronidase were summarized and discussed. Finally, prospects for future researches are proposed, highlighting the importance of further investigation into the characteristics of hyaluronidases, and the necessity of investigating their products for the development of their application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
| | - Zhi-Yuan Yao
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jia-Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Chang Su
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Chuan-Li Kang
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Sodium Hyaluronate and its Derivatives, Shandong Focusfreda Biotech Co., Ltd, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Lei Liu
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Sodium Hyaluronate and its Derivatives, Shandong Focusfreda Biotech Co., Ltd, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
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13
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Ward EM, Kizer ME, Imperiali B. Strategies and Tactics for the Development of Selective Glycan-Binding Proteins. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1795-1813. [PMID: 33497192 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The influences of glycans impact all biological processes, disease states, and pathogenic interactions. Glycan-binding proteins (GBPs), such as lectins, are decisive tools for interrogating glycan structure and function because of their ease of use and ability to selectively bind defined carbohydrate epitopes and glycosidic linkages. GBP reagents are prominent tools for basic research, clinical diagnostics, therapeutics, and biotechnological applications. However, the study of glycans is hindered by the lack of specific and selective protein reagents to cover the massive diversity of carbohydrate structures that exist in nature. In addition, existing GBP reagents often suffer from low affinity or broad specificity, complicating data interpretation. There have been numerous efforts to expand the GBP toolkit beyond those identified from natural sources through protein engineering, to improve the properties of existing GBPs or to engineer novel specificities and potential applications. This review details the current scope of proteins that bind carbohydrates and the engineering methods that have been applied to enhance the affinity, selectivity, and specificity of binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Ward
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Microbiology Graduate Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Megan E. Kizer
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Barbara Imperiali
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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14
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Gyapon-Quast F, Goicoechea de Jorge E, Malik T, Wu N, Yu J, Chai W, Feizi T, Liu Y, Pickering MC. Defining the Glycosaminoglycan Interactions of Complement Factor H-Related Protein 5. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:534-541. [PMID: 34193601 PMCID: PMC8313009 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Complement activation is an important mediator of kidney injury in glomerulonephritis. Complement factor H (FH) and FH-related protein 5 (FHR-5) influence complement activation in C3 glomerulopathy and IgA nephropathy by differentially regulating glomerular complement. FH is a negative regulator of complement C3 activation. Conversely, FHR-5 in vitro promotes C3 activation either directly or by competing with FH for binding to complement C3b. The FH-C3b interaction is enhanced by surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and the FH-GAG interaction is well-characterized. In contrast, the contributions of carbohydrates to the interaction of FHR-5 and C3b are unknown. Using plate-based and microarray technologies we demonstrate that FHR-5 interacts with sulfated GAGs and that this interaction is influenced by the pattern and degree of GAG sulfation. The FHR-5-GAG interaction that we identified has functional relevance as we could show that the ability of FHR-5 to prevent binding of FH to surface C3b is enhanced by surface kidney heparan sulfate. Our findings are important in understanding the molecular basis of the binding of FHR-5 to glomerular complement and the role of FHR-5 in complement-mediated glomerular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Gyapon-Quast
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom;,Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Elena Goicoechea de Jorge
- Department of Immunology, Complutense University and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Talat Malik
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Nian Wu
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jin Yu
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wengang Chai
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ten Feizi
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Liu
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C. Pickering
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
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15
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Blood‒Brain Barrier Pathology and CNS Outcomes in Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113555. [PMID: 30423890 PMCID: PMC6275034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major meningitis-causing pathogen globally, bringing about significant morbidity and mortality, as well as long-term neurological sequelae in almost half of the survivors. Subsequent to nasopharyngeal colonisation and systemic invasion, translocation across the blood‒brain barrier (BBB) by S. pneumoniae is a crucial early step in the pathogenesis of meningitis. The BBB, which normally protects the central nervous system (CNS) from deleterious molecules within the circulation, becomes dysfunctional in S. pneumoniae invasion due to the effects of pneumococcal toxins and a heightened host inflammatory environment of cytokines, chemokines and reactive oxygen species intracranially. The bacteria‒host interplay within the CNS likely determines not only the degree of BBB pathological changes, but also host survival and the extent of neurological damage. This review explores the relationship between S. pneumoniae bacteria and the host inflammatory response, with an emphasis on the BBB and its roles in CNS protection, as well as both the acute and long-term pathogenesis of meningitis.
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16
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Hobbs JK, Pluvinage B, Boraston AB. Glycan-metabolizing enzymes in microbe-host interactions: the Streptococcus pneumoniae paradigm. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3865-3897. [PMID: 29608212 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a frequent colonizer of the upper airways; however, it is also an accomplished pathogen capable of causing life-threatening diseases. To colonize and cause invasive disease, this bacterium relies on a complex array of factors to mediate the host-bacterium interaction. The respiratory tract is rich in functionally important glycoconjugates that display a vast range of glycans, and, thus, a key component of the pneumococcus-host interaction involves an arsenal of bacterial carbohydrate-active enzymes to depolymerize these glycans and carbohydrate transporters to import the products. Through the destruction of host glycans, the glycan-specific metabolic machinery deployed by S. pneumoniae plays a variety of roles in the host-pathogen interaction. Here, we review the processing and metabolism of the major host-derived glycans, including N- and O-linked glycans, Lewis and blood group antigens, proteoglycans, and glycogen, as well as some dietary glycans. We discuss the role of these metabolic pathways in the S. pneumoniae-host interaction, speculate on the potential of key enzymes within these pathways as therapeutic targets, and relate S. pneumoniae as a model system to glycan processing in other microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne K Hobbs
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Benjamin Pluvinage
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alisdair B Boraston
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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17
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The Molecular Basis of Polysaccharide Sulfatase Activity and a Nomenclature for Catalytic Subsites in this Class of Enzyme. Structure 2018; 26:747-758.e4. [PMID: 29681469 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sulfatases play a biologically important role by cleaving sulfate groups from molecules. They can be identified on the basis of signature sequences within their primary structures, and the largest family, S1, has predictable features that contribute specifically to the recognition and catalytic removal of sulfate groups. However, despite advances in the prediction and understanding of S1 sulfatases, a major question regards the molecular determinants that drive substrate recognition beyond the targeted sulfate group. Here, through analysis of an endo-4S-ι-carrageenan sulfatase (PsS1_19A) from Pseudoalteromonas sp. PS47, particularly X-ray crystal structures in complex with intact substrates, we show that specific recognition of the substrate leaving group components, in this case carbohydrate, provides the enzyme with specificity for its substrate. On the basis of these results we propose a catalytic subsite nomenclature that we anticipate will form a general foundation for understanding and describing the molecular basis of substrate recognition by sulfatases.
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18
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Armenta S, Moreno-Mendieta S, Sánchez-Cuapio Z, Sánchez S, Rodríguez-Sanoja R. Advances in molecular engineering of carbohydrate-binding modules. Proteins 2017; 85:1602-1617. [PMID: 28547780 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) are non-catalytic domains that are generally appended to carbohydrate-active enzymes. CBMs have a broadly conserved structure that allows recognition of a notable variety of carbohydrates, in both their soluble and insoluble forms, as well as in their alpha and beta conformations and with different types of bonds or substitutions. This versatility suggests a high functional plasticity that is not yet clearly understood, in spite of the important number of studies relating protein structure and function. Several studies have explored the flexibility of these systems by changing or improving their specificity toward substrates of interest. In this review, we examine the molecular strategies used to identify CBMs with novel or improved characteristics. The impact of the spatial arrangement of the functional amino acids of CBMs is discussed in terms of unexpected new functions that are not related to the original biological roles of the enzymes. Proteins 2017; 85:1602-1617. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Armenta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Mario de la Cueva s/n Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Silvia Moreno-Mendieta
- CONACYT, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Mario de la Cueva s/n Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Zaira Sánchez-Cuapio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Mario de la Cueva s/n Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Mario de la Cueva s/n Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Romina Rodríguez-Sanoja
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Mario de la Cueva s/n Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
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19
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Czjzek M, Ficko-Blean E. Probing the Complex Architecture of Multimodular Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes Using a Combination of Small Angle X-Ray Scattering and X-Ray Crystallography. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1588:239-253. [PMID: 28417374 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6899-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The various modules in multimodular carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) may function in catalysis, carbohydrate binding, protein-protein interactions or as linkers. Here, we describe how combining the biophysical techniques of Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) and macromolecular X-ray crystallography (XRC) provides a powerful tool for examination into questions related to overall structural organization of ultra multimodular CAZymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Czjzek
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Sorbonne Universite, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29688, Roscoff, Bretagne, France.
| | - Elizabeth Ficko-Blean
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Sorbonne Universite, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29688, Roscoff, Bretagne, France.
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