1
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Gorenflos López JL, Dornan GL, Boback N, Neuenschwander M, Oder A, Kemnitz-Hassanin K, Schmieder P, Specker E, Asikoglu HC, Oberdanner C, Seyffarth C, von Kries JP, Lauster D, Hinderlich S, Hackenberger CPR. Small Molecules Targeting Human UDP-GlcNAc 2-Epimerase. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300555. [PMID: 37769151 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase (GNE) is a key enzyme in the sialic acid biosynthesis pathway. Sialic acids are primarily terminal carbohydrates on glycans and play fundamental roles in health and disease. In search of effective GNE inhibitors not based on a carbohydrate scaffold, we performed a high-throughput screening campaign of 68,640 drug-like small molecules against recombinant GNE using a UDP detection assay. We validated nine of the primary actives with an orthogonal real-time NMR assay and verified their IC50 values in the low micromolar to nanomolar range manually. Stability and solubility studies revealed three compounds for further evaluation. Thermal shift assays, analytical size exclusion, and interferometric scattering microscopy demonstrated that the GNE inhibitors acted on the oligomeric state of the protein. Finally, hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) revealed which sections of GNE were shifted upon the addition of the inhibitors. In summary, we have identified three small molecules as GNE inhibitors with high potency in vitro, which serve as promising candidates to modulate sialic acid biosynthesis in more complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L Gorenflos López
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department Chemie, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gillian L Dornan
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nico Boback
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Pharmazie, Biopharmazeutika, Kelchstr. 31, 12169, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Neuenschwander
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Oder
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Kemnitz-Hassanin
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Schmieder
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edgar Specker
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hatice Ceyda Asikoglu
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Berliner Hochschule für Technik (BHT), Seestrasse 64, 13347, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Carola Seyffarth
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Peter von Kries
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Lauster
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Pharmazie, Biopharmazeutika, Kelchstr. 31, 12169, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Hinderlich
- Berliner Hochschule für Technik (BHT), Seestrasse 64, 13347, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian P R Hackenberger
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department Chemie, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Scheper AF, Schofield J, Bohara R, Ritter T, Pandit A. Understanding glycosylation: Regulation through the metabolic flux of precursor pathways. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108184. [PMID: 37290585 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is how proteins and lipids are modified with complex carbohydrates known as glycans. The post-translational modification of proteins with glycans is not a template-driven process in the same way as genetic transcription or protein translation. Glycosylation is instead dynamically regulated by metabolic flux. This metabolic flux is determined by the concentrations and activities of the glycotransferase enzymes, which synthesise glycans, the metabolites that act as their precursors and transporter proteins. This review provides an overview of the metabolic pathways underlying glycan synthesis. Pathological dysregulation of glycosylation, particularly increased glycosylation occurring during inflammation, is also elucidated. The resulting inflammatory hyperglycosylation acts as a glycosignature of disease, and we report on the changes in the metabolic pathways which feed into glycan synthesis, revealing alterations to key enzymes. Finally, we examine studies in developing metabolic inhibitors targeting these critical enzymes. These results provide the tools for researchers investigating the role of glycan metabolism in inflammation and have helped to identify promising glycotherapeutic approaches to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aert F Scheper
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Ireland
| | - Jack Schofield
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Ireland
| | - Raghvendra Bohara
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Ireland
| | - Thomas Ritter
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Ireland; School of Medicine, University of Galway, Ireland; Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), University of Galway, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Ireland.
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3
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Kang Y, Shi Y, Xu S. Arbidol: The current demand, strategies, and antiviral mechanisms. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e984. [PMID: 37647451 PMCID: PMC10461429 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High morbidity and mortality of influenza virus infection have made it become one of the most lethal diseases threatening public health; the lack of drugs with strong antiviral activity against virus strains exacerbates the problem. METHODS Two independent researchers searched relevant studies using Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and MEDLINE databases from its inception to December 2022. RESULTS Based on the different antiviral mechanisms, current antiviral strategies can be mainly classified into virus-targeting approaches such as neuraminidase inhibitors, matrix protein 2 ion channel inhibitors, polymerase acidic protein inhibitors and other host-targeting antivirals. However, highly viral gene mutation has underscored the necessity of novel antiviral drug development. Arbidol (ARB) is a Russian-made indole-derivative small molecule licensed in Russia and China for the prevention and treatment of influenza and other respiratory viral infections. ARB also has inhibitory effects on many other viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Coxsackie virus, respiratory syncytial virus, Hantaan virus, herpes simplex virus, and hepatitis B and C viruses. ARB is a promising drug which can not only exert activity against virus at different steps of virus replication cycle, but also directly target on hosts before infection to prevent virus invasion. CONCLUSION ARB is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug that inhibits several viruses in vivo and in vitro, with high safety profile and low resistance; the antiviral mechanisms of ARB deserve to be further explored and more high-quality clinical studies are required to establish the efficacy and safety of ARB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of NeurodegenerationSchool of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Yin Shi
- Department of PharmacyJiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Silu Xu
- Department of PharmacyJiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
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4
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Hunter C, Gao Z, Chen HM, Thompson N, Wakarchuk W, Nitz M, Withers SG, Willis LM. Attenuation of Polysialic Acid Biosynthesis in Cells by the Small Molecule Inhibitor 8-Keto-sialic acid. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:41-48. [PMID: 36577399 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acids are key mediators of cell function, particularly with regard to cellular interactions with the surrounding environment. Reagents that modulate the display of specific sialyl glycoforms at the cell surface would be useful biochemical tools and potentially allow for therapeutic intervention in numerous challenging chronic diseases. While multiple strategies are being explored for the control of cell surface sialosides, none that shows high selectivity between sialyltransferases or that targets a specific sialyl glycoform has yet to emerge. Here, we describe a strategy to block the formation of α2,8-linked sialic acid chains (oligo- and polysialic acid) through the use of 8-keto-sialic acid as a chain-terminating metabolic inhibitor that, if incorporated, cannot be elongated. 8-Keto-sialic acid is nontoxic at effective concentrations and serves to block polysialic acid synthesis in cancer cell lines and primary immune cells, with minimal effects on other sialyl glycoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmanah Hunter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Zhizeng Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hong-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Nicole Thompson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Warren Wakarchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Mark Nitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Stephen G Withers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Lisa M Willis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada
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5
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Rossing E, Pijnenborg JFA, Boltje TJ. Chemical tools to track and perturb the expression of sialic acid and fucose monosaccharides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:12139-12150. [PMID: 36222364 PMCID: PMC9623448 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04275d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of glycans is a highly conserved biological process and found in all domains of life. The expression of cell surface glycans is increasingly recognized as a target for therapeutic intervention given the role of glycans in major pathologies such as cancer and microbial infection. Herein, we summarize our contributions to the development of unnatural monosaccharide derivatives to infiltrate and alter the expression of both mammalian and bacterial glycans and their therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiel Rossing
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Johan F A Pijnenborg
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Thomas J Boltje
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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6
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Glycomic Analysis Reveals That Sialyltransferase Inhibition Is Involved in the Antiviral Effects of Arbidol. J Virol 2022; 96:e0214121. [PMID: 35044216 PMCID: PMC8941891 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02141-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high mutation rate of influenza virus and the rapid increase of drug resistance, it is imperative to discover host-targeting antiviral agents with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Considering the discrepancy between the urgent demand of antiviral drugs during an influenza pandemic and the long-term process of drug discovery and development, it is feasible to explore host-based antiviral agents and strategies from antiviral drugs on the market. In the current study, the antiviral mechanism of arbidol (ARB), a broad-spectrum antiviral drug with potent activity at early stages of viral replication, was investigated from the aspect of hemagglutinin (HA) receptors of host cells. N-glycans that act as the potential binding receptors of HA on 16-human bronchial epithelial (16-HBE) cells were comprehensively profiled for the first time by using an in-depth glycomic approach based on TiO2-PGC chip-Q-TOF MS. Their relative levels upon the treatment of ARB and virus were carefully examined by employing an ultra-high sensitive qualitative method based on Chip LC-QQQ MS, showing that ARB treatment led to significant and extensive decrease of sialic acid (SA)-linked N-glycans (SA receptors), and thereby impaired the virus utilization on SA receptors for rolling and entry. The SA-decreasing effect of ARB was demonstrated to result from its inhibitory effect on sialyltransferases (ST), ST3GAL4 and ST6GAL1 of 16-HBE cells. Silence of STs, natural ST inhibitors, as well as sialidase treatment of 16-HBE cells, resulted in similar potent antiviral activity, whereas ST-inducing agent led to the diminished antiviral effect of ARB. These observations collectively suggesting the involvement of ST inhibition in the antiviral effect of ARB. IMPORTANCE This study revealed, for the first time, that ST inhibition and the resulted destruction of SA receptors of host cells may be an underlying mechanism for the antiviral activity of ARB. ST inhibition has been proposed as a novel host-targeting antiviral approach recently and several compounds are currently under exploration. ARB is the first antiviral drug on the market that was found to possess ST inhibiting function. This will provide crucial evidence for the clinical usages of ARB, such as in combination with neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors to exert optimized antiviral effect, etc. More importantly, as an agent that can inhibit the expression of STs, ARB can serve as a novel lead compound for the discovery and development of host-targeting antiviral drugs.
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7
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Anderluh M, Berti F, Bzducha‐Wróbel A, Chiodo F, Colombo C, Compostella F, Durlik K, Ferhati X, Holmdahl R, Jovanovic D, Kaca W, Lay L, Marinovic‐Cincovic M, Marradi M, Ozil M, Polito L, Reina‐Martin JJ, Reis CA, Sackstein R, Silipo A, Švajger U, Vaněk O, Yamamoto F, Richichi B, van Vliet SJ. Emerging glyco-based strategies to steer immune responses. FEBS J 2021; 288:4746-4772. [PMID: 33752265 PMCID: PMC8453523 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycan structures are common posttranslational modifications of proteins, which serve multiple important structural roles (for instance in protein folding), but also are crucial participants in cell-cell communications and in the regulation of immune responses. Through the interaction with glycan-binding receptors, glycans are able to affect the activation status of antigen-presenting cells, leading either to induction of pro-inflammatory responses or to suppression of immunity and instigation of immune tolerance. This unique feature of glycans has attracted the interest and spurred collaborations of glyco-chemists and glyco-immunologists to develop glycan-based tools as potential therapeutic approaches in the fight against diseases such as cancer and autoimmune conditions. In this review, we highlight emerging advances in this field, and in particular, we discuss on how glycan-modified conjugates or glycoengineered cells can be employed as targeting devices to direct tumor antigens to lectin receptors on antigen-presenting cells, like dendritic cells. In addition, we address how glycan-based nanoparticles can act as delivery platforms to enhance immune responses. Finally, we discuss some of the latest developments in glycan-based therapies, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells to achieve targeting of tumor-associated glycan-specific epitopes, as well as the use of glycan moieties to suppress ongoing immune responses, especially in the context of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Anderluh
- Chair of Pharmaceutical ChemistryFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of LjubljanaSlovenia
| | | | - Anna Bzducha‐Wróbel
- Department of Biotechnology and Food MicrobiologyWarsaw University of Life Sciences‐SGGWPoland
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and ImmunologyCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam Infection and Immunity InstituteAmsterdam UMCVrije Universiteit AmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Cinzia Colombo
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo)University of MilanItaly
| | - Federica Compostella
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational MedicineUniversity of MilanItaly
| | - Katarzyna Durlik
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyJan Kochanowski UniversityKielcePoland
| | - Xhenti Ferhati
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’University of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Division of Medical Inflammation ResearchDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Dragana Jovanovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences ‐ National Institute of the Republic of SerbiaUniversity of BelgradeSerbia
| | - Wieslaw Kaca
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyJan Kochanowski UniversityKielcePoland
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo)University of MilanItaly
| | - Milena Marinovic‐Cincovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences ‐ National Institute of the Republic of SerbiaUniversity of BelgradeSerbia
| | - Marco Marradi
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’University of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Musa Ozil
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Arts and SciencesRecep Tayyip Erdogan University RizeTurkey
| | | | | | - Celso A. Reis
- I3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdeUniversidade do PortoPortugal
- IPATIMUP‐Institute of Molecular Pathology and ImmunologyInstituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel SalazarUniversity of PortoPortugal
| | - Robert Sackstein
- Department of Translational Medicinethe Translational Glycobiology InstituteHerbert Wertheim College of MedicineFlorida International UniversityMiamiFLUSA
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Naples Federico IIComplesso Universitario Monte Sant’AngeloNapoliItaly
| | - Urban Švajger
- Blood Transfusion Center of SloveniaLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Ondřej Vaněk
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Fumiichiro Yamamoto
- Immunohematology & Glycobiology LaboratoryJosep Carreras Leukaemia Research InstituteBadalonaSpain
| | - Barbara Richichi
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’University of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Sandra J. van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and ImmunologyCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam Infection and Immunity InstituteAmsterdam UMCVrije Universiteit AmsterdamNetherlands
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8
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Moons SJ, Adema GJ, Derks MT, Boltje TJ, Büll C. Sialic acid glycoengineering using N-acetylmannosamine and sialic acid analogs. Glycobiology 2020; 29:433-445. [PMID: 30913290 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids cap the glycans of cell surface glycoproteins and glycolipids. They are involved in a multitude of biological processes and aberrant sialic acid expression is associated with several pathologies. Sialic acids modulate the characteristics and functions of glycoproteins and regulate cell-cell as well as cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Pathogens such as influenza virus use sialic acids to infect host cells and cancer cells exploit sialic acids to escape from the host's immune system. The introduction of unnatural sialic acids with different functionalities into surface glycans enables the study of the broad biological functions of these sugars and presents a therapeutic option to intervene with pathological processes involving sialic acids. Multiple chemically modified sialic acid analogs can be directly utilized by cells for sialoglycan synthesis. Alternatively, analogs of the natural sialic acid precursor sugar N-Acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) can be introduced into the sialic acid biosynthesis pathway resulting in the intracellular conversion into the corresponding sialic acid analog. Both, ManNAc and sialic acid analogs, have been employed successfully for a large variety of glycoengineering applications such as glycan imaging, targeting toxins to tumor cells, inhibiting pathogen binding, or altering immune cell activity. However, there are significant differences between ManNAc and sialic acid analogs with respect to their chemical modification potential and cellular metabolism that should be considered in sialic acid glycoengineering experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam J Moons
- Cluster for Molecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gosse J Adema
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 32, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Max Tgm Derks
- Cluster for Molecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Boltje
- Cluster for Molecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Büll
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 32, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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9
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Abstract
Sialic acids are cytoprotectors, mainly localized on the surface of cell membranes with multiple and outstanding cell biological functions. The history of their structural analysis, occurrence, and functions is fascinating and described in this review. Reports from different researchers on apparently similar substances from a variety of biological materials led to the identification of a 9-carbon monosaccharide, which in 1957 was designated "sialic acid." The most frequently occurring member of the sialic acid family is N-acetylneuraminic acid, followed by N-glycolylneuraminic acid and O-acetylated derivatives, and up to now over about 80 neuraminic acid derivatives have been described. They appeared first in the animal kingdom, ranging from echinoderms up to higher animals, in many microorganisms, and are also expressed in insects, but are absent in higher plants. Sialic acids are masks and ligands and play as such dual roles in biology. Their involvement in immunology and tumor biology, as well as in hereditary diseases, cannot be underestimated. N-Glycolylneuraminic acid is very special, as this sugar cannot be expressed by humans, but is a xenoantigen with pathogenetic potential. Sialidases (neuraminidases), which liberate sialic acids from cellular compounds, had been known from very early on from studies with influenza viruses. Sialyltransferases, which are responsible for the sialylation of glycans and elongation of polysialic acids, are studied because of their significance in development and, for instance, in cancer. As more information about the functions in health and disease is acquired, the use of sialic acids in the treatment of diseases is also envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Schauer
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Johannis P Kamerling
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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10
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Wratil PR, Horstkorte R. Metabolic Glycoengineering of Sialic Acid Using N-acyl-modified Mannosamines. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29286437 DOI: 10.3791/55746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid (Sia) is a highly important constituent of glycoconjugates, such as N- and O-glycans or glycolipids. Due to its position at the non-reducing termini of oligo- and polysaccharides, as well as its unique chemical characteristics, sialic acid is involved in a multitude of different receptor-ligand interactions. By modifying the expression of sialic acid on the cell surface, sialic acid-dependent interactions will consequently be influenced. This can be helpful to investigate sialic acid-dependent interactions and has the potential to influence certain diseases in a beneficial way. Via metabolic glycoengineering (MGE), the expression of sialic acid on the cell surface can be modulated. Herein, cells, tissues, or even entire animals are treated with C2-modified derivatives of N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc). These amino sugars act as sialic acid precursor molecules and therefore are metabolized to the corresponding sialic acid species and expressed on glycoconjugates. Applying this method produces intriguing effects on various biological processes. For example, it can drastically reduce the expression of polysialic acid (polySia) in treated neuronal cells and thus affects neuronal growth and differentiation. Here, we show the chemical synthesis of two of the most common C2-modified N-acylmannosamine derivatives, N-propionylmannosamine (ManNProp) as well as N-butanoylmannosamine (ManNBut), and further show how these non-natural amino sugars can be applied in cell culture experiments. The expression of modified sialic acid species is quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and further analyzed via mass spectrometry. The effects on polysialic acid expression are elucidated via Western blot using a commercially available polysialic acid antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Wratil
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut & Genzentrum, Virologie, Nationales Referenzzentrum für Retroviren, Medizinische Fakultät, LMU München; Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Rüdiger Horstkorte
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg;
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11
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Hinderlich S, Neuenschwander M, Wratil PR, Oder A, Lisurek M, Nguyen LD, von Kries JP, Hackenberger CPR. Small Molecules Targeting Human N-Acetylmannosamine Kinase. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1279-1285. [PMID: 28346741 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
N-Acetylmannosamine kinase (MNK) plays a key role in the biosynthesis of sialic acids and glycosylation of proteins. Sialylated glycoconjugates affect a large number of biological processes, including immune modulation and cancer transformation. In search of effective inhibitors of MNK we applied high-throughput screening of drug-like small molecules. By applying different orthogonal assays for their validation we identified four potential MNK-specific inhibitors with IC50 values in the low-micromolar range. Molecular modelling of the inhibitors into the active site of MNK supports their binding to the sugar or the ATP-binding pocket of the enzyme or both. These compounds are promising for downregulation of the sialic acid content of glycoconjugates and for studying the functional contribution of sialic acids to disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Hinderlich
- Beuth Hochschule für Technik Berlin, Seestrasse 64, 13347, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Neuenschwander
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul R Wratil
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Arnimalee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Oder
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Lisurek
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Long D Nguyen
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Arnimalee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens P von Kries
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian P R Hackenberger
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.,Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department Chemie, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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12
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N-acetylglucosamine 2-Epimerase from Pedobacter heparinus: First Experimental Evidence of a Deprotonation/Reprotonation Mechanism. Catalysts 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/catal6120212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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13
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Aretz J, Wratil PR, Wamhoff EC, Nguyen HG, Reutter W, Rademacher C. Fragment screening of N-acetylmannosamine kinase reveals noncarbohydrate inhibitors. CAN J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2015-0603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many biological processes from infection to tumor immune evasion are controlled by cell surface sialylation. To gather further insight into these processes, methods to alter cell surface sialylation are required. One way to achieve this is inhibiting the key enzyme of sialic acid de novo biosynthesis, the intracellular bifunctional UDP-N-acetylglucosamine epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE/MNK). Here, we present low molecular weight inhibitors of MNK activity based on picolinic acid derivatives. They were identified in a fragment screening using 19F NMR and validated in a biochemical inhibition assay followed by a structure–activity relationship analysis and docking. The optimized compound 6-carbamoylpicolinic acid inhibits MNK with a double-digit micromolar affinity. Its low molecular weight (166 Da) renders this picolinic acid derivative an exquisite starting point for the development of high-affinity MNK inhibitors, which may serve as molecular probes or lead candidates in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Aretz
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam 14424, Germany
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Robin Wratil
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Eike-Christian Wamhoff
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam 14424, Germany
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hoang Giang Nguyen
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Reutter
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam 14424, Germany
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Wratil PR, Horstkorte R, Reutter W. Metabolic Glycoengineering with N-Acyl Side Chain Modified Mannosamines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9482-512. [PMID: 27435524 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In metabolic glycoengineering (MGE), cells or animals are treated with unnatural derivatives of monosaccharides. After entering the cytosol, these sugar analogues are metabolized and subsequently expressed on newly synthesized glycoconjugates. The feasibility of MGE was first discovered for sialylated glycans, by using N-acyl-modified mannosamines as precursor molecules for unnatural sialic acids. Prerequisite is the promiscuity of the enzymes of the Roseman-Warren biosynthetic pathway. These enzymes were shown to tolerate specific modifications of the N-acyl side chain of mannosamine analogues, for example, elongation by one or more methylene groups (aliphatic modifications) or by insertion of reactive groups (bioorthogonal modifications). Unnatural sialic acids are incorporated into glycoconjugates of cells and organs. MGE has intriguing biological consequences for treated cells (aliphatic MGE) and offers the opportunity to visualize the topography and dynamics of sialylated glycans in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo (bioorthogonal MGE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Wratil
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Rüdiger Horstkorte
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystrasse 1, 06114, Halle, Germany.
| | - Werner Reutter
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Wratil PR, Horstkorte R, Reutter W. Metabolisches Glykoengineering mitN-Acyl-Seiten- ketten-modifizierten Mannosaminen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Wratil
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Rüdiger Horstkorte
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Hollystraße 1 06114 Halle Deutschland
| | - Werner Reutter
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Deutschland
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16
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Nieto-Garcia O, Wratil PR, Nguyen LD, Böhrsch V, Hinderlich S, Reutter W, Hackenberger CPR. Inhibition of the key enzyme of sialic acid biosynthesis by C6-Se modified N-acetylmannosamine analogs. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3928-3933. [PMID: 30155038 PMCID: PMC6013775 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04082e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetically accessible C6-analogs of N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) were tested as potential inhibitors of the bifunctional UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE/MNK), the key enzyme of sialic acid biosynthesis. Enzymatic experiments revealed that the modification introduced at the C6 saccharide position strongly influences the inhibitory potency. A C6-ManNAc diselenide dimer showed the strongest kinase inhibition in the low μM range among all the substrates tested and successfully reduced cell surface sialylation in Jurkat cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaia Nieto-Garcia
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie , Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10 , 13125 Berlin , Germany
| | - Paul R Wratil
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin , Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie , Charié-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Arnimalee 22 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Long D Nguyen
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin , Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie , Charié-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Arnimalee 22 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Verena Böhrsch
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie , Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10 , 13125 Berlin , Germany
| | - Stephan Hinderlich
- Beuth Hochschule für Technik Berlin , Department Life Sciences & Technology , Seestrase 64 , 13347 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Werner Reutter
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin , Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie , Charié-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Arnimalee 22 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Christian P R Hackenberger
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie , Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10 , 13125 Berlin , Germany
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin , Department Chemie , Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 , 12489 , Berlin , Germany .
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17
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Mechanism and inhibition of human UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase, the key enzyme in sialic acid biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23274. [PMID: 26980148 PMCID: PMC4793188 DOI: 10.1038/srep23274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The bifunctional enzyme UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc kinase (GNE) plays a key role in sialic acid production. It is different from the non-hydrolyzing enzymes for bacterial cell wall biosynthesis, and it is feed-back inhibited by the downstream product CMP-Neu5Ac. Here the complex crystal structure of the N-terminal epimerase part of human GNE shows a tetramer in which UDP binds to the active site and CMP-Neu5Ac binds to the dimer-dimer interface. The enzyme is locked in a tightly closed conformation. By comparing the UDP-binding modes of the non-hydrolyzing and hydrolyzing UDP-GlcNAc epimerases, we propose a possible explanation for the mechanistic difference. While the epimerization reactions of both enzymes are similar, Arg113 and Ser302 of GNE are likely involved in product hydrolysis. On the other hand, the CMP-Neu5Ac binding mode clearly elucidates why mutations in Arg263 and Arg266 can cause sialuria. Moreover, full-length modelling suggests a channel for ManNAc trafficking within the bifunctional enzyme.
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18
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Erikson E, Wratil PR, Frank M, Ambiel I, Pahnke K, Pino M, Azadi P, Izquierdo-Useros N, Martinez-Picado J, Meier C, Schnaar RL, Crocker PR, Reutter W, Keppler OT. Mouse Siglec-1 Mediates trans-Infection of Surface-bound Murine Leukemia Virus in a Sialic Acid N-Acyl Side Chain-dependent Manner. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:27345-27359. [PMID: 26370074 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.681338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Siglec-1 (sialoadhesin, CD169) is a surface receptor on human cells that mediates trans-enhancement of HIV-1 infection through recognition of sialic acid moieties in virus membrane gangliosides. Here, we demonstrate that mouse Siglec-1, expressed on the surface of primary macrophages in an interferon-α-responsive manner, captures murine leukemia virus (MLV) particles and mediates their transfer to proliferating lymphocytes. The MLV infection of primary B-cells was markedly more efficient than that of primary T-cells. The major structural protein of MLV particles, Gag, frequently co-localized with Siglec-1, and trans-infection, primarily of surface-bound MLV particles, efficiently occurred. To explore the role of sialic acid for MLV trans-infection at a submolecular level, we analyzed the potential of six sialic acid precursor analogs to modulate the sialylated ganglioside-dependent interaction of MLV particles with Siglec-1. Biosynthetically engineered sialic acids were detected in both the glycolipid and glycoprotein fractions of MLV producer cells. MLV released from cells carrying N-acyl-modified sialic acids displayed strikingly different capacities for Siglec-1-mediated capture and trans-infection; N-butanoyl, N-isobutanoyl, N-glycolyl, or N-pentanoyl side chain modifications resulted in up to 92 and 80% reduction of virus particle capture and trans-infection, respectively, whereas N-propanoyl or N-cyclopropylcarbamyl side chains had no effect. In agreement with these functional analyses, molecular modeling indicated reduced binding affinities for non-functional N-acyl modifications. Thus, Siglec-1 is a key receptor for macrophage/lymphocyte trans-infection of surface-bound virions, and the N-acyl side chain of sialic acid is a critical determinant for the Siglec-1/MLV interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Erikson
- Institute of Medical Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, University of Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany,; Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul R Wratil
- the Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ina Ambiel
- Institute of Medical Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, University of Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katharina Pahnke
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Pino
- the AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigatio en Ciencies de la Salut Germans Trias I Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Nuria Izquierdo-Useros
- the AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigatio en Ciencies de la Salut Germans Trias I Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- the AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigatio en Ciencies de la Salut Germans Trias I Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain,; the Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronald L Schnaar
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Paul R Crocker
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Werner Reutter
- the Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver T Keppler
- Institute of Medical Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, University of Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany,; Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany,.
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