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Sriramulu S, Malayaperumal S, Banerjee A, Anbalagan M, Kumar MM, Radha RKN, Liu X, Zhang H, Hu G, Sun XF, Pathak S. AEG-1 as a Novel Therapeutic Target in Colon Cancer: A Study from Silencing AEG-1 in BALB/c Mice to Large Data Analysis. Curr Gene Ther 2024; 24:307-320. [PMID: 38783530 DOI: 10.2174/0115665232273077240104045022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) is overexpressed in various malignancies. Exostosin-1 (EXT-1), a tumor suppressor, is an intermediate for malignant tumors. Understanding the mechanism behind the interaction between AEG-1 and EXT-1 may provide insights into colon cancer metastasis. METHODS AOM/DSS was used to induce tumor in BALB/c mice. Using an in vivo-jetPEI transfection reagent, transient transfection of AEG-1 and EXT-1 siRNAs were achieved. Histological scoring, immunohistochemical staining, and gene expression studies were performed from excised tissues. Data from the Cancer Genomic Atlas and GEO databases were obtained to identify the expression status of AEG-1 and itsassociation with the survival. RESULTS In BALB/c mice, the AOM+DSS treated mice developed necrotic, inflammatory and dysplastic changes in the colon with definite clinical symptoms such as loss of goblet cells, colon shortening, and collagen deposition. Administration of AEG-1 siRNA resulted in a substantial decrease in the disease activity index. Mice treated with EXT-1 siRNA showed diffusely reduced goblet cells. In vivo investigations revealed that PTCH-1 activity was influenced by upstream gene AEG-1, which in turn may affect EXT-1 activity. Data from The Cancer Genomic Atlas and GEO databases confirmed the upregulation of AEG-1 and downregulation of EXT-1 in cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that AEG-1 silencing might alter EXT-1 expression indirectly through PTCH-1, influencing cell-ECM interactions, and decreasing dysplastic changes, proliferation and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmitha Sriramulu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, India
| | - Sarubala Malayaperumal
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, India
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, India
| | - Muralidharan Anbalagan
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Makalakshmi Murali Kumar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, India
| | - Rajesh Kanna Nandagopal Radha
- Department of Pathology, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, India
| | - Xingyi Liu
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Orebro University, SE-701 82 Orebro, Sweden
| | - Guang Hu
- School of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Orebro University, SE-701 82 Orebro, Sweden
| | - Xiao-Feng Sun
- Department of Oncology and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, India
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Cengiz Winter N, Karakaya M, Mosen P, Brusius I, Anlar B, Haliloglu G, Winter D, Wirth B. Proteomic Investigation of Differential Interactomes of Glypican 1 and a Putative Disease-Modifying Variant of Ataxia. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:3081-3095. [PMID: 37585105 PMCID: PMC10476613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
In a currently 13-year-old girl of consanguineous Turkish parents, who developed unsteady gait and polyneuropathy at the ages of 3 and 6 years, respectively, we performed whole genome sequencing and identified a biallelic missense variant c.424C>T, p.R142W in glypican 1 (GPC1) as a putative disease-associated variant. Up to date, GPC1 has not been associated with a neuromuscular disorder, and we hypothesized that this variant, predicted as deleterious, may be causative for the disease. Using mass spectrometry-based proteomics, we investigated the interactome of GPC1 WT and the missense variant. We identified 198 proteins interacting with GPC1, of which 16 were altered for the missense variant. This included CANX as well as vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) and the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) complex members, whose dysregulation could have a potential impact on disease severity in the patient. Importantly, these proteins are novel interaction partners of GPC1. At 10.5 years, the patient developed dilated cardiomyopathy and kyphoscoliosis, and Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) was suspected. Given the unusually severe phenotype in a patient with FRDA carrying only 104 biallelic GAA repeat expansions in FXN, we currently speculate that disturbed GPC1 function may have exacerbated the disease phenotype. LC-MS/MS data are accessible in the ProteomeXchange Consortium (PXD040023).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Cengiz Winter
- Institute
of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center
for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University
of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mert Karakaya
- Institute
of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center
for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University
of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center
for Rare Diseases Cologne, University Hospital
of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Mosen
- Institute
for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Isabell Brusius
- Institute
of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Banu Anlar
- Department
of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Goknur Haliloglu
- Department
of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dominic Winter
- Institute
for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Brunhilde Wirth
- Institute
of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center
for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University
of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center
for Rare Diseases Cologne, University Hospital
of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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3
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Marques C, Poças J, Gomes C, Faria-Ramos I, Reis CA, Vivès RR, Magalhães A. Glycosyltransferases EXTL2 and EXTL3 cellular balance dictates Heparan Sulfate biosynthesis and shapes gastric cancer cell motility and invasion. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102546. [PMID: 36181793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs) are abundant glycoconjugates in cells' glycocalyx and Extracellular Matrix (ECM). By acting as scaffolds for protein-protein interactions, HSPGs modulate extracellular ligand gradients, cell signaling networks, and cell-ECM crosstalk. Aberrant expression of HSPGs and enzymes involved in HSPG biosynthesis and processing has been reported in tumors, with impact in cancer cell behavior and tumor microenvironment properties. However, the roles of specific glycosyltransferases in the deregulated biosynthesis of HSPGs are not fully understood. In this study, we established glycoengineered gastric cancer cell models lacking either Exostosin Like glycosyltransferase 2 (EXTL2) or EXTL3, and revealed their regulatory roles in both Heparan Sulfate (HS) and Chondroitin Sulfate (CS) biosynthesis and structural features. We showed that EXTL3 is key for initiating the synthesis of HS chains in detriment of CS biosynthesis, intervening in the fine-tuned balance of the HS/CS ratio in cells, while EXTL2 functions as a negative regulator of HS biosynthesis, with impact over the glycoproteome of gastric cancer cells. We demonstrated that knock-out of EXTL2 enhanced HS levels along with concomitant upregulation of Syndecan-4, which is a major cell-surface carrier of HS. This aberrant HS expression profile promoted a more aggressive phenotype, characterized by higher cellular motility and invasion, and impaired activation of Ephrin type-A 4 cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase. Our findings uncover the biosynthetic roles of EXTL2 and EXTL3 in the regulation of cancer cell GAGosylation and proteoglycans expression, and unravel the functional consequences of aberrant HS/CS balance in cellular malignant features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Marques
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Programa Doutoral em Biologia Molecular e Celular (MCbiology), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Juliana Poças
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Gomes
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Faria-Ramos
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A Reis
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Ana Magalhães
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Association of protein function-altering variants with cardiometabolic traits: the strong heart study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9317. [PMID: 35665752 PMCID: PMC9167281 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12866-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and biomarker phenotypic associations for carriers of protein function-altering variants may help to elucidate gene function and health effects in populations. We genotyped 1127 Strong Heart Family Study participants for protein function-altering single nucleotide variants (SNV) and indels selected from a low coverage whole exome sequencing of American Indians. We tested the association of each SNV/indel with 35 cardiometabolic traits. Among 1206 variants (average minor allele count = 20, range of 1 to 1064), ~ 43% were not present in publicly available repositories. We identified seven SNV-trait significant associations including a missense SNV at ABCA10 (rs779392624, p = 8 × 10-9) associated with fasting triglycerides, which gene product is involved in macrophage lipid homeostasis. Among non-diabetic individuals, missense SNVs at four genes were associated with fasting insulin adjusted for BMI (PHIL, chr6:79,650,711, p = 2.1 × 10-6; TRPM3, rs760461668, p = 5 × 10-8; SPTY2D1, rs756851199, p = 1.6 × 10-8; and TSPO, rs566547284, p = 2.4 × 10-6). PHIL encoded protein is involved in pancreatic β-cell proliferation and survival, and TRPM3 protein mediates calcium signaling in pancreatic β-cells in response to glucose. A genetic risk score combining increasing insulin risk alleles of these four genes was associated with 53% (95% confidence interval 1.09, 2.15) increased odds of incident diabetes and 83% (95% confidence interval 1.35, 2.48) increased odds of impaired fasting glucose at follow-up. Our study uncovered novel gene-trait associations through the study of protein-coding variants and demonstrates the advantages of association screenings targeting diverse and high-risk populations to study variants absent in publicly available repositories.
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5
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Lei J, Deng H, Ran Y, Lv Y, Amhare AF, Wang L, Guo X, Han J, Lammi MJ. Altered Expression of Aggrecan, FAM20B, B3GALT6, and EXTL2 in Patients with Osteoarthritis and Kashin-Beck Disease. Cartilage 2021; 13:818S-828S. [PMID: 32517548 PMCID: PMC8808786 DOI: 10.1177/1947603520932199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of enzymes involved in synthesis and modification of chondroitin sulfate (CS) in knee cartilage tissue of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and Kashin-Beck disease (KBD). METHODS The knee articular cartilage samples were obtained from 18 age- and gender-matched donors with 6 each in KBD, OA, and control groups. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, toluidine blue (TB) staining, and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining were performed to estimate the expression level and localization of aggrecan, along with FAM20B, GalT-II, and EXTL2, which are associated with CS synthesis and modification. Rank-based analyses of variance test was used for the multiple comparisons of discrepancy in the positive staining rate among the 3 groups. RESULTS In HE and TB staining results, damaged morphology, decreased chondrocyte numbers and proteoglycans were observed in OA and KBD groups compared with the control group. In line with these trends, the positive staining rates of aggrecan were lower in KBD and OA groups than in the control group. Meanwhile, the positive staining rates of CS chain modifying enzymes FAM20B, GalT-II, and EXTL2 decreased in OA and KBD groups. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, it was demonstrated that altered expression of CS chain modifying enzymes in OA and KBD groups influenced the synthesis procession of CS and could contribute to the damage of cartilage. Further investigation of these enzymes can provide new theoretical and experimental targets for OA and KBD pathogenesis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lei
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory
of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China,Shenzhen Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Deng
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory
of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Ran
- Department of Gastroenterology, the
First Affiliated Hospital, Health Science Center of Xi’an Jiaotong University,
Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yizhen Lv
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory
of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Abebe Feyissa Amhare
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory
of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liyun Wang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory
of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China,Shenzhen Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiong Guo
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory
of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Han
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory
of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China,Shenzhen Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China,Jing Han, School of Public Health, Key
Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Health Science Center,
Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 76 West Yanta Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710049,
People’s Republic of China.
| | - Mikko J. Lammi
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory
of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China,Department of Integrative Medical
Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Biosynthesis and Post Synthesis Mechanisms Combine Few Enzymes and Few Core Proteins to Generate Extensive Structural and Functional Diversity. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184215. [PMID: 32937952 PMCID: PMC7570499 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a common and widespread post-translational modification that affects a large majority of proteins. Of these, a small minority, about 20, are specifically modified by the addition of heparan sulfate, a linear polysaccharide from the glycosaminoglycan family. The resulting molecules, heparan sulfate proteoglycans, nevertheless play a fundamental role in most biological functions by interacting with a myriad of proteins. This large functional repertoire stems from the ubiquitous presence of these molecules within the tissue and a tremendous structural variety of the heparan sulfate chains, generated through both biosynthesis and post synthesis mechanisms. The present review focusses on how proteoglycans are “gagosylated” and acquire structural complexity through the concerted action of Golgi-localized biosynthesis enzymes and extracellular modifying enzymes. It examines, in particular, the possibility that these enzymes form complexes of different modes of organization, leading to the synthesis of various oligosaccharide sequences.
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Swart M, Troeberg L. Effect of Polarization and Chronic Inflammation on Macrophage Expression of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans and Biosynthesis Enzymes. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 67:9-27. [PMID: 30205019 DOI: 10.1369/0022155418798770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans on immune cells have the ability to bind to and regulate the bioactivity more than 400 bioactive protein ligands, including many chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors. This makes them important regulators of the phenotype and behavior of immune cells. Here we review how HS biosynthesis in macrophages is regulated during polarization and in chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obesity, by analyzing published micro-array data and mechanistic studies in this area. We describe that macrophage expression of many HS biosynthesis and core proteins is strongly regulated by macrophage polarization, and that these expression patterns are recapitulated in chronic inflammation. Such changes in HS biosynthetic enzyme expression are likely to have a significant impact on the phenotype of macrophages in chronic inflammatory diseases by altering their interactions with chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Swart
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Troeberg
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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The exostosin family of glycosyltransferases: mRNA expression profiles and heparan sulphate structure in human breast carcinoma cell lines. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180770. [PMID: 30054430 PMCID: PMC6117623 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women. In recent years, regulation of genes involved in heparan sulphate (HS) biosynthesis have received increased interest as regulators of breast cancer cell adhesion and invasion. The exostosin (EXT) proteins are glycosyltransferases involved in elongation of HS, a regulator of intracellular signaling, cell–cell interactions, and tissue morphogenesis. The EXT family contains five members: EXT1, EXT2, and three EXT-like (EXTL) members: EXTL1, EXTL2, and EXTL3. While the expression levels of these enzymes change in tumor cells, little is known how this changes the structure and function of HS. In the present study, we investigated gene expression profiles of the EXT family members, their glycosyltransferase activities and HS structure in the estrogen receptor (ER), and progesterone receptor (PR) positive MCF7 cells, and the ER, PR, and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) negative MDA-MB-231 and HCC38 epithelial breast carcinoma cell lines. The gene expression profiles for MDA-MB-231 and HCC38 cells were very similar. In both cell lines EXTL2 was found to be up-regulated whereas EXT2 was down-regulated. Interestingly, despite having similar expression of HS elongation enzymes the two cell lines synthesized HS chains of significantly different lengths. Furthermore, both MDA-MB-231 and HCC38 exhibited markedly decreased levels of HS 6-O-sulphated disaccharides. Although the gene expression profiles of the elongation enzymes did not correlate with the length of HS chains, our results indicated specific differences in EXT enzyme levels and HS fine structure characteristic of the carcinogenic properties of the breast carcinoma cells.
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Nadanaka S, Kitagawa H. Exostosin-like 2 regulates FGF2 signaling by controlling the endocytosis of FGF2. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:791-799. [PMID: 29305908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are ubiquitously expressed on cell surfaces and in extracellular matrices, and are engaged in heparin-binding growth factor-related signal transduction. Thus, changes in the amounts, structures, and chain lengths of heparan sulfate have profound effects on aspects of cell growth controlled by heparin-binding growth factors such as FGF2. Exostosin glycosyltransferases (EXT1, EXT2, EXTL1, EXTL2, and EXTL3) control heparan sulfate biosynthesis, and the expression levels of their genes regulate the amounts, chain lengths, and sulfation patterns of heparan sulfate. Unlike EXT1, EXT2, and EXTL3, EXTL2 functions chain termination of heparan sulfate. Here, we examined the importance of EXTL2 in FGF2-dependent signaling. METHODS We investigated heparan sulfate biosynthesis and FGF2 signaling using four cell lines, EXT1-deficient cells, EXT2-, EXTL2-, or EXTL3-knockdown cells, by HPLC, qRT-PCR, flow cytometry, and western blotting. RESULTS Reduced expression of either EXT1, EXT2, or EXTL3 decreased heparan sulfate biosynthesis, and consequently suppressed the FGF2-dependent proliferation of mouse L fibroblasts. In contrast, although knockdown of EXTL2 increased the amounts of heparan sulfate, FGF2-dependent proliferation was significantly inhibited because the increased heparan sulfate enhanced the incorporation of FGF2 into the cells. CONCLUSIONS EXTL2 controls FGF2 signaling through regulation of heparan sulfate biosynthesis in a manner distinct from that of other exostosins. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study provides new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of FGF2 signaling by EXTL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Nadanaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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10
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Epigenetic Regulation of the Biosynthesis & Enzymatic Modification of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans: Implications for Tumorigenesis and Cancer Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071361. [PMID: 28672878 PMCID: PMC5535854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway for the synthesis of heparan sulfate moieties of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are epigenetically regulated at many levels. As the exact composition of the heparan sulfate portion of the resulting HSPG molecules is critical to the broad spectrum of biological processes involved in oncogenesis, the epigenetic regulation of heparan sulfate biosynthesis has far-reaching effects on many cellular activities related to cancer progression. Given the current focus on developing new anti-cancer therapeutics focused on epigenetic targets, it is important to understand the effects that these emerging therapeutics may have on the synthesis of HSPGs as alterations in HSPG composition may have profound and unanticipated effects. As an introduction, this review will briefly summarize the variety of important roles which HSPGs play in a wide-spectrum of cancer-related cellular and physiological functions and then describe the biosynthesis of the heparan sulfate chains of HSPGs, including how alterations observed in cancer cells serve as potential biomarkers. This review will then focus on detailing the multiple levels of epigenetic regulation of the enzymes in the heparan sulfate synthesis pathway with a particular focus on regulation by miRNA and effects of epigenetic therapies on HSPGs. We will also explore the use of lectins to detect differences in heparan sulfate composition and preview their potential diagnostic and prognostic use in the clinic.
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11
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Fang J, Song T, Lindahl U, Li JP. Enzyme overexpression - an exercise toward understanding regulation of heparan sulfate biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31242. [PMID: 27511124 PMCID: PMC4980632 DOI: 10.1038/srep31242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS) involves conversion of D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) to L-iduronic acid (IdoA) units catalyzed by glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Hsepi). IdoA units are the favored substrate for 2-O-sulfotransferase (2OST). We used HEK293 cells as a model to investigate the effects of overexpression of these enzymes on HS structure. Overexpression of Hsepi alone resulted in an unexpected increase in HS chain length. A Hsepi point-mutant (Y168A), devoid of catalytic activity, failed to affect chain length. Moreover, the effect of Hsepi overexpression on HS chain length was abolished by simultaneous overexpression of 2OST. These findings raise novel aspects on regulation of HS biosynthesis. We propose a hypothetical enzyme-binding protein (EBP) with distinct, specific and partly overlapping binding sites, the interactions of which will determine levels of enzymes available to the biosynthetic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Fang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tianyi Song
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Lindahl
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.,SciLifeLab, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
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