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Akgun-Dogan O, Díaz-González F, de Lima Jorge AA, Onenli-Mungan N, Menezes Andrade NL, de Polli Cellin L, Ceylaner S, Barcellos Rosa Modkovski M, Alanay Y, Heath KE. Two new patients with acromesomelic dysplasia, PRKG2 type-identification and characterization of the first missense variant. Eur J Hum Genet 2023:10.1038/s41431-023-01472-z. [PMID: 37789084 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-023-01472-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acromesomelic dysplasia, PRKG2 type (AMDP, MIM 619636), is an extremely rare autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia characterized by severe disproportionate short stature presenting with acromesomelia, mild metaphyseal widening of the long bones and mild spondylar dysplasia. To date, only four variants have been reported; one nonsense, one splice-site, and two frameshifts in five AMDP families. Here, we report the first missense variant and a second splice-site variant in PRKG2 in two patients with clinical and radiological features of acromesomelic dysplasia. Furthermore, functional studies of the novel missense variant, p.Val470Gly, revealed that it was unable to down-regulate FGF2-induced MAPK signaling and, thus, would be predicted to cause growth delay. Hence, this report expands the mutational spectrum in skeletal dysplasias associated with PRKG2 variants. In addition, we propose recognizable facial features with acromesomelic dysplasia, PRKG2 type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Akgun-Dogan
- Pediatric Genetics Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Rare Diseases and Orphan Drugs Application and Research Center (ACURARE), Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Francisca Díaz-González
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
- Skeletal Dysplasia Multidisciplinary Unit (UMDE) and ERN-BOND, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexander Augusto de Lima Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica (LIM 25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Neslihan Onenli-Mungan
- Pediatric Metabolism Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Balcali Hospital, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | | | - Laurana de Polli Cellin
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica (LIM 25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Yasemin Alanay
- Pediatric Genetics Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Rare Diseases and Orphan Drugs Application and Research Center (ACURARE), Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Karen E Heath
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
- Skeletal Dysplasia Multidisciplinary Unit (UMDE) and ERN-BOND, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Huang J, Byun JA, VanSchouwen B, Henning P, Herberg FW, Kim C, Melacini G. Dynamical Basis of Allosteric Activation for the Plasmodium falciparum Protein Kinase G. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:6532-6542. [PMID: 34115498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Plasmodium falciparum cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PfPKG) is required for the progression of the Plasmodium's life cycle and is therefore a promising malaria drug target. PfPKG includes four cGMP-binding domains (CBD-A to CBD-D). CBD-D plays a crucial role in PfPKG regulation as it is the primary determinant for the inhibition and cGMP-dependent activation of the catalytic domain. Hence, it is critical to understand how CBD-D is allosterically regulated by cGMP. Although the apo versus holo conformational changes of CBD-D have been reported, information on the intermediates of the activation pathway is currently lacking. Here, we employed molecular dynamics simulations to model four key states along the thermodynamic cycle for the cGMP-dependent activation of the PfPKG CBD-D domain. The simulations were compared to NMR data, and they revealed that the PfPKG CBD-D activation pathway samples a compact intermediate in which the N- and C-terminal helices approach the central β-barrel. In addition, by comparing the cGMP-bound active and inactive states, the essential binding interactions that differentiate these states were identified. The identification of structural and dynamical features unique to the cGMP-bound inactive state provides a promising basis to design PfPKG-selective allosteric inhibitors as a viable treatment for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Jung Ah Byun
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Bryan VanSchouwen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Philipp Henning
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Friedrich W Herberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Choel Kim
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States.,Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Giuseppe Melacini
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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3
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Klein F, Sardi F, Machado MR, Ortega C, Comini MA, Pantano S. CUTie2: The Attack of the Cyclic Nucleotide Sensor Clones. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:629773. [PMID: 33778003 PMCID: PMC7991088 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.629773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of small molecules in living cells using genetically encoded FRET sensors has revolutionized our understanding of signaling pathways at the sub-cellular level. However, engineering fluorescent proteins and specific binding domains to create new sensors remains challenging because of the difficulties associated with the large size of the polypeptides involved, and their intrinsically huge conformational variability. Indeed, FRET sensors’ design still relies on vague structural notions, and trial and error combinations of linkers and protein modules. We recently designed a FRET sensor for the second messenger cAMP named CUTie (Cyclic nucleotide Universal Tag for imaging experiments), which granted sub-micrometer resolution in living cells. Here we apply a combination of sequence/structure analysis to produce a new-generation FRET sensor for the second messenger cGMP based on Protein kinase G I (PKGI), which we named CUTie2. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations achieved an exhaustive sampling of the relevant spatio-temporal coordinates providing a quasi-quantitative prediction of the FRET efficiency, as confirmed by in vitro experiments. Moreover, biochemical characterization showed that the cGMP binding module maintains virtually the same affinity and selectivity for its ligand thant the full-length protein. The computational approach proposed here is easily generalizable to other allosteric protein modules, providing a cost effective-strategy for the custom design of FRET sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Klein
- BioMolecular Simulation Group, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Graduate Program in Chemistry, Facultad de Química, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Sardi
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Matías R Machado
- BioMolecular Simulation Group, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Claudia Ortega
- Recombinant Protein Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marcelo A Comini
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sergio Pantano
- BioMolecular Simulation Group, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Identification of Novel Substrates for cGMP Dependent Protein Kinase (PKG) through Kinase Activity Profiling to Understand Its Putative Role in Inherited Retinal Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031180. [PMID: 33503999 PMCID: PMC7865299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal degenerative diseases (IRDs), which ultimately lead to photoreceptor cell death, are characterized by high genetic heterogeneity. Many IRD-associated genetic defects affect 3′,5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels. cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGI and PKGII) have emerged as novel targets, and their inhibition has shown functional protection in IRDs. The development of such novel neuroprotective compounds warrants a better understanding of the pathways downstream of PKGs that lead to photoreceptor degeneration. Here, we used human recombinant PKGs in combination with PKG activity modulators (cGMP, 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), PKG activator, and PKG inhibitors) on a multiplex peptide microarray to identify substrates for PKGI and PKGII. In addition, we applied this technology in combination with PKG modulators to monitor kinase activity in a complex cell system, i.e. the retinal cell line 661W, which is used as a model system for IRDs. The high-throughput method allowed quick identification of bona fide substrates for PKGI and PKGII. The response to PKG modulators helped us to identify, in addition to ten known substrates, about 50 novel substrates for PKGI and/or PKGII which are either specific for one enzyme or common to both. Interestingly, both PKGs are able to phosphorylate the regulatory subunit of PKA, whereas only PKGII can phosphorylate the catalytic subunit of PKA. In 661W cells, the results suggest that PKG activators cause minor activation of PKG, but a prominent increase in the activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). However, the literature suggests an important role for PKG in IRDs. This conflicting information could be reconciled by cross-talk between PKG and PKA in the retinal cells. This must be explored further to elucidate the role of PKGs in IRDs.
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5
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Kim C, Sharma R. Cyclic nucleotide selectivity of protein kinase G isozymes. Protein Sci 2020; 30:316-327. [PMID: 33271627 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsic activity of the C-terminal catalytic (C) domain of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinases (PKG) is inhibited by interactions with the N-terminal regulatory (R) domain. Selective binding of cGMP to cyclic nucleotide binding (CNB) domains within the R-domain disrupts the inhibitory R-C interaction, leading to the release and activation of the C-domain. Affinity measurements of mammalian and plasmodium PKG CNB domains reveal different degrees of cyclic nucleotide affinity and selectivity; the CNB domains adjacent to the C-domain are more cGMP selective and therefore critical for cGMP-dependent activation. Crystal structures of isolated CNB domains in the presence and absence of cyclic nucleotides reveal isozyme-specific contacts that explain cyclic nucleotide selectivity and conformational changes that accompany CNB. Crystal structures of tandem CNB domains identify two types of CNB-mediated dimeric contacts that indicate cGMP-driven reorganization of domain-domain interfaces that include large conformational changes. Here, we review the available structural and functional information of PKG CNB domains that further advance our understanding of cGMP mediated regulation and activation of PKG isozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choel Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rajesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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6
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Díaz-González F, Wadhwa S, Rodriguez-Zabala M, Kumar S, Aza-Carmona M, Sentchordi-Montané L, Alonso M, Ahmad I, Zahra S, Kumar D, Kushwah N, Shamim U, Sait H, Kapoor S, Roldán B, Nishimura G, Offiah AC, Faruq M, Heath KE. Biallelic cGMP-dependent type II protein kinase gene (PRKG2) variants cause a novel acromesomelic dysplasia. J Med Genet 2020; 59:28-38. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2020-107177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundC-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), its endogenous receptor, natriuretic peptide receptor-B (NPR-B), as well as its downstream mediator, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) dependent protein kinase II (cGKII), have been shown to play a pivotal role in chondrogenic differentiation and endochondral bone growth. In humans, biallelic variants in NPR2, encoding NPR-B, cause acromesomelic dysplasia, type Maroteaux, while heterozygous variants in NPR2 (natriuretic peptide receptor 2) and NPPC (natriuretic peptide precursor C), encoding CNP, cause milder phenotypes. In contrast, no variants in cGKII, encoded by the protein kinase cGMP-dependent type II gene (PRKG2), have been reported in humans to date, although its role in longitudinal growth has been clearly demonstrated in several animal models.MethodsExome sequencing was performed in two girls with severe short stature due to acromesomelic limb shortening, brachydactyly, mild to moderate platyspondyly and progressively increasing metaphyseal alterations of the long bones. Functional characterisation was undertaken for the identified variants.ResultsTwo homozygous PRKG2 variants, a nonsense and a frameshift, were identified. The mutant transcripts are exposed to nonsense-mediated decay and the truncated mutant cGKII proteins, partially or completely lacking the kinase domain, alter the downstream mitogen activation protein kinase signalling pathway by failing to phosphorylate c-Raf 1 at Ser43 and subsequently reduce ERK1/2 activation in response to fibroblast growth factor 2. They also downregulate COL10A1 and upregulate COL2A1 expression through SOX9.ConclusionIn conclusion, we have clinically and molecularly characterised a new acromesomelic dysplasia, acromesomelic dysplasia, PRKG2 type (AMDP).
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7
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Active PKG II inhibited the growth and migration of ovarian cancer cells through blocking Raf/MEK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190405. [PMID: 31350342 PMCID: PMC6692568 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in chemotherapy, ovarian cancer (OC) is still the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. So, it is imperative to explore its mechanism and find novel targets to improve the outcome. Type II cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKG II) has been recently reported to inhibit proliferation and metastasis in several tumors. The present study is to clarify the effect of PKG II combined with l-arginine (l-Arg) on OC cells. SKOV3 and A2780 cells were infected with adenovirus coding cDNA of PKG II to increase PKG II expression and l-Arg was applied to activate this kinase. CCK8 assay, Transwell migration and TUNEL assay were applied to detect the proliferation, migration and apoptosis of the OC cells, respectively. Western blotting was used to detect the level of total and phosphorylated proteins. Our results showed that co-treatment with PKG II and l-Arg inhibited EGF-induced proliferation and the expression of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), Cyclin E and N-Cadherin, whereas up-regulated the expression of E-Cadherin, abolished the anti-apoptotic effect of EGF, prevented the process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as well as blocked EGF-triggered Raf-MEK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathways. Our results suggested that PKG II activated by l-Arg could inhibit proliferation and migration and promote the apoptosis of OC cells. Based on the above results and our previous data, it is speculated that PKG II is an inhibitor of cancer with extensive effects.
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8
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Jia T, Wang YN, Zhang J, Hao X, Zhang D, Xu X. Cinaciguat in combination with insulin induces a favorable effect on implant osseointegration in type 2 diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109216. [PMID: 31319371 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The osseointegration process of implant is seriously impaired in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) that causes high failure rate, and insufficiency exists in current insulin therapy, creating a demand for new bone-synergistic agent. Cinaciguat, a novel type of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) activator, plays a vital role in glucose metabolism, inflammation control and bone regeneration. We hypothesized that the combined application of cinaciguat and insulin could reverse poor implant osseointegration in diabetes. To test this hypothesis, streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were placed implants in the femur, and divided into five groups: control, T2DM, cinaciguat-treated T2DM (7 μg/kg), insulin-treated T2DM (12 IU/kg), cinaciguat plus insulin combination-treated T2DM (7 μg/kg and 12 IU/kg respectively), according to different treatment received. The weight and glucose levels of rats were evaluated at fixed times, and plasma level of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) was determined before euthanasia. Three months after therapy, the femurs were isolated for pull-out test, environmental scanning electron microscope observation, microscopic computerized tomography evaluation and various histology analysis. Results revealed that diabetic rats showed the highest blood glucose level and lowest cGMP content, which led to the worst structural damage and least osseointegration. Combined treatment could attenuate the diabetes induced hyperglycemia to be normal, restore the cGMP content, protein kinase G II (PKG II) expression, phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) activity and ameliorate the mechanical strength, the impaired bone microarchitecture and osseointegration to the highest level. Meanwhile, monotreatment (insulin or cinaciguat) also showed restorative effect, but less. Our findings demonstrated that the cGMP/PKG II signaling pathway activated by cinaciguat mediated the favorable effects of the combined application on improving implant fixation under T2DM condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Jia
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China; Department of Implantology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ya-Nan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China; Department of Implantology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China; Department of Implantology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xinyu Hao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Dongjiao Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China; Department of Implantology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Xin Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China; Department of Implantology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
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9
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Structures of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase in malaria parasites reveal a unique structural relay mechanism for activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14164-14173. [PMID: 31239348 PMCID: PMC6628679 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905558116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic guanosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKG) was identified >25 y ago; however, efforts to obtain a structure of the entire PKG enzyme or catalytic domain from any species have failed. In malaria parasites, cooperative activation of PKG triggers crucial developmental transitions throughout the complex life cycle. We have determined the cGMP-free crystallographic structures of PKG from Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, revealing how key structural components, including an N-terminal autoinhibitory segment (AIS), four predicted cyclic nucleotide-binding domains (CNBs), and a kinase domain (KD), are arranged when the enzyme is inactive. The four CNBs and the KD are in a pentagonal configuration, with the AIS docked in the substrate site of the KD in a swapped-domain dimeric arrangement. We show that although the protein is predominantly a monomer (the dimer is unlikely to be representative of the physiological form), the binding of the AIS is necessary to keep Plasmodium PKG inactive. A major feature is a helix serving the dual role of the N-terminal helix of the KD as well as the capping helix of the neighboring CNB. A network of connecting helices between neighboring CNBs contributes to maintaining the kinase in its inactive conformation. We propose a scheme in which cooperative binding of cGMP, beginning at the CNB closest to the KD, transmits conformational changes around the pentagonal molecule in a structural relay mechanism, enabling PKG to orchestrate rapid, highly regulated developmental switches in response to dynamic modulation of cGMP levels in the parasite.
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10
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Gerlits O, Campbell JC, Blakeley MP, Kim C, Kovalevsky A. Neutron Crystallography Detects Differences in Protein Dynamics: Structure of the PKG II Cyclic Nucleotide Binding Domain in Complex with an Activator. Biochemistry 2018. [PMID: 29517905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As one of the main receptors of a second messenger, cGMP, cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) isoforms I and II regulate distinct physiological processes. The design of isoform-specific activators is thus of great biomedical importance and requires detailed structural information about PKG isoforms bound with activators, including accurate positions of hydrogen atoms and a description of the hydrogen bonding and water architecture. Here, we determined a 2.2 Å room-temperature joint X-ray/neutron (XN) structure of the human PKG II carboxyl cyclic nucleotide binding (CNB-B) domain bound with a potent PKG II activator, 8-pCPT-cGMP. The XN structure directly visualizes intermolecular interactions and reveals changes in hydrogen bonding patterns upon comparison to the X-ray structure determined at cryo-temperatures. Comparative analysis of the backbone hydrogen/deuterium exchange patterns in PKG II:8-pCPT-cGMP and previously reported PKG Iβ:cGMP XN structures suggests that the ability of these agonists to activate PKG is related to how effectively they quench dynamics of the cyclic nucleotide binding pocket and the surrounding regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Gerlits
- Bredesen Center , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996 , United States
| | - James C Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , Texas 77030 , United States
| | - Matthew P Blakeley
- Large-Scale Structures Group , Institut Laue Langevin , 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Choel Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , Texas 77030 , United States.,Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , Texas 77030 , United States
| | - Andrey Kovalevsky
- Neutron Scattering Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
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11
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Wu Y, Liu Y, Cai Z, Qin H, Li H, Su W, Wang Y, Qian H, Jiang L, Wu M, Pang J, Chen Y. Protein Kinases Type II (PKG II) Combined with L-Arginine Significantly Ameliorated Xenograft Tumor Development: Is L-Arginine a Potential Alternative in PKG II Activation? Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:736-742. [PMID: 29401205 PMCID: PMC5810367 DOI: 10.12659/msm.906213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mammalian cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinases type II (PKG II) plays critical physiological or pathological functions in different tissues. However, the biological effects of PKG II are dependent on cGMP. Published data indicated that L-arginine (L-Arg) promoted NO production, NO can activate soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), and catalyzes guanosine triphosphate (GTP) into cGMP, which suggested L-Arg could activate PKG II. Therefore, the present work was performed to address: (i) whether L-Arg could be a potential alternative in PKG II activation, and (ii) whether L-Arg also contributes to PKG II against cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS Nude BALB/c mice were inoculated with human MCF-7, HepG2, and SW480 cell lines via subcutaneous (s.c.) injecting. After 7 days of inoculation, Ad-PKG II was injected into the cancer tissues every 4 days, and the next day 10 μmol/mouse L-Arg was administered. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to assess protein expression. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that L-Arg significantly activated PKG II and effectively ameliorated xenograft tumor development through inhibiting cancer growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis, which was partially dependent on blocking of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activity, as well as downstream signaling pathways such as Erk1/2. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide an exciting new insight: L-Arg is a potential alternative to PKG II activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China (mainland).,The Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Zhensheng Cai
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Huijuan Qin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Hongfan Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Wenbin Su
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Hai Qian
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Ji Pang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Yongchang Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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12
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He D, Lorenz R, Kim C, Herberg FW, Lim CJ. Switching Cyclic Nucleotide-Selective Activation of Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate-Dependent Protein Kinase Holoenzyme Reveals Distinct Roles of Tandem Cyclic Nucleotide-Binding Domains. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:3057-3066. [PMID: 29111666 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)- and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinases (PKA and PKG) are key effectors of cyclic nucleotide signaling. Both share structural features that include tandem cyclic nucleotide-binding (CNB) domains, CNB-A and CNB-B, yet their functions are separated through preferential activation by either cAMP or cGMP. Based on structural studies and modeling, key CNB contact residues have been identified for both kinases. In this study, we explored the requirements for conversion of PKA activation from cAMP-dependent to cGMP-dependent. The consequences of the residue substitutions T192R/A212T within CNB-A or G316R/A336T within CNB-B of PKA-RIα on cyclic nucleotide binding and holoenzyme activation were assessed in vitro using purified recombinant proteins, and ex vivo using RIα-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts genetically reconstituted with wild-type or mutant PKA-RIα. In vitro, a loss of binding and activation selectivity was observed when residues in either one of the CNB domains were mutated, while mutations in both CNB domains resulted in a complete switch of selectivity from cAMP to cGMP. The switch in selectivity was also recapitulated ex vivo, confirming their functional roles in cells. Our results highlight the importance of key cyclic nucleotide contacts within each CNB domain and suggest that these domains may have evolved from an ancestral gene product to yield two distinct cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel He
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Michael
Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Robin Lorenz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Choel Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | | | - Chinten James Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Michael
Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
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Campbell JC, Henning P, Franz E, Sankaran B, Herberg FW, Kim C. Structural Basis of Analog Specificity in PKG I and II. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2388-2398. [PMID: 28793191 PMCID: PMC5896746 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP analogs, 8-Br, 8-pCPT, and PET-cGMP, have been widely used for characterizing cellular functions of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) I and II isotypes. However, interpreting results obtained using these analogs has been difficult due to their low isotype specificity. Additionally, each isotype has two binding sites with different cGMP affinities and analog selectivities, making understanding the molecular basis for isotype specificity of these compounds even more challenging. To determine isotype specificity of cGMP analogs and their structural basis, we generated the full-length regulatory domains of PKG I and II isotypes with each binding site disabled, determined their affinities for these analogs, and obtained cocrystal structures of both isotypes bound with cGMP analogs. Our affinity and activation measurements show that PET-cGMP is most selective for PKG I, whereas 8-pCPT-cGMP is most selective for PKG II. Our structures of cyclic nucleotide binding (CNB) domains reveal that the B site of PKG I is more open and forms a unique π/π interaction through Arg285 at β4 with the PET moiety, whereas the A site of PKG II has a larger β5/β6 pocket that can better accommodate the bulky 8-pCPT moiety. Our structural and functional results explain the selectivity of these analogs for each PKG isotype and provide a starting point for the rational design of isotype selective activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Campbell
- Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Philipp Henning
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Hesse, Germany
| | - Eugen Franz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Hesse, Germany
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States
| | | | - Choel Kim
- Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
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14
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Sharma S, Visweswariah SS. Illuminating Cyclic Nucleotides: Sensors for cAMP and cGMP and Their Application in Live Cell Imaging. J Indian Inst Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-016-0014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Kamemura N, Murakami S, Komatsu H, Sawanoi M, Miyamoto K, Ishidoh K, Kishimoto K, Tsuji A, Yuasa K. Type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase negatively regulates fibroblast growth factor signaling by phosphorylating Raf-1 at serine 43 in rat chondrosarcoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 483:82-87. [PMID: 28057484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Although type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKGII) is a major downstream effector of cGMP in chondrocytes and attenuates the FGF receptor 3/ERK signaling pathway, its direct target proteins have not been fully explored. In the present study, we attempted to identify PKGII-targeted proteins, which are associated with the inhibition of FGF-induced MAPK activation. Although FGF2 stimulation induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, MEK1/2, and Raf-1 at Ser-338 in rat chondrosarcoma cells, pretreatment with a cell-permeable cGMP analog strongly inhibited their phosphorylation. On the other hand, Ser-43 of Raf-1 was phosphorylated by cGMP in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, we examined the direct phosphorylation of Raf-1 by PKGII. Wild-type PKGII phosphorylated Raf-1 at Ser-43 in a cGMP-dependent manner, but a PKGII D412A/R415A mutant, which has a low affinity for cGMP, did not. Finally, we found that a phospho-mimic mutant, Raf-1 S43D, suppressed FGF2-induced MAPK pathway. These results suggest that PKGII counters FGF-induced MEK/ERK activation through the phosphorylation of Raf-1 at Ser-43 in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Kamemura
- Department of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University Graduate School, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Sara Murakami
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokushima University Graduate School, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Komatsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokushima University Graduate School, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sawanoi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokushima University Graduate School, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyamoto
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokushima University Graduate School, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazumi Ishidoh
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute for Health Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Koji Kishimoto
- Department of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University Graduate School, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akihiko Tsuji
- Department of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University Graduate School, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, Japan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokushima University Graduate School, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Keizo Yuasa
- Department of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University Graduate School, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, Japan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokushima University Graduate School, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, Japan.
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