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Siragusa M, Thöle J, Bibli SI, Luck B, Loot AE, de Silva K, Wittig I, Heidler J, Stingl H, Randriamboavonjy V, Kohlstedt K, Brüne B, Weigert A, Fisslthaler B, Fleming I. Nitric oxide maintains endothelial redox homeostasis through PKM2 inhibition. EMBO J 2019; 38:e100938. [PMID: 31328803 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and oxidative stress are hallmarks of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases. Although numerous proteins are S-nitrosated, whether and how changes in protein S-nitrosation influence endothelial function under pathophysiological conditions remains unknown. We report that active endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) interacts with and S-nitrosates pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), which reduces PKM2 activity. PKM2 inhibition increases substrate flux through the pentose phosphate pathway to generate reducing equivalents (NADPH and GSH) and protect against oxidative stress. In mice, the Tyr656 to Phe mutation renders eNOS insensitive to inactivation by oxidative stress and prevents the decrease in PKM2 S-nitrosation and reducing equivalents, thereby delaying cardiovascular disease development. These findings highlight a novel mechanism linking NO bioavailability to antioxidant responses in endothelial cells through S-nitrosation and inhibition of PKM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Siragusa
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Janina Thöle
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sofia-Iris Bibli
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bert Luck
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Annemarieke E Loot
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kevin de Silva
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ilka Wittig
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Functional Proteomics, SFB 815 Core Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Juliana Heidler
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Functional Proteomics, SFB 815 Core Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Heike Stingl
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Voahanginirina Randriamboavonjy
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karin Kohlstedt
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Beate Fisslthaler
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Chhetri A, Chittiboyina S, Atrian F, Bai Y, Delisi DA, Rahimi R, Garner J, Efremov Y, Park K, Talhouk R, Lelièvre SA. Cell Culture and Coculture for Oncological Research in Appropriate Microenvironments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 11:e65. [PMID: 31166658 DOI: 10.1002/cpch.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
With the increase in knowledge on the importance of the tumor microenvironment, cell culture models of cancers can be adapted to better recapitulate physiologically relevant situations. Three main microenvironmental factors influence tumor phenotype: the biochemical components that stimulate cells, the fibrous molecules that influence the stiffness of the extracellular matrix, and noncancerous cells like epithelial cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells. Here we present methods for the culture of carcinomas in the presence of a matrix of specific stiffness, and for the coculture of tumors and fibroblasts as well as epithelial cells in the presence of matrix. Information is provided to help with choice and assessment of the matrix support and in working with serum-free medium. Using the example of a tissue chip recapitulating the environmental geometry of carcinomas, we also highlight the development of engineered platforms that provide exquisite control of cell culture parameters necessary in research and development. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apekshya Chhetri
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Shirisha Chittiboyina
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana.,3D Cell Culture Core (3D3C) Facility, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Farzaneh Atrian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Yunfeng Bai
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Davide A Delisi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Rahim Rahimi
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.,Birck Nanotechnology Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | | | - Yuri Efremov
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Kinam Park
- Akina, Inc., West Lafayette, Indiana.,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.,Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Rabih Talhouk
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sophie A Lelièvre
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana.,3D Cell Culture Core (3D3C) Facility, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.,Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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Subbaramaiah K, Iyengar NM, Morrow M, Elemento O, Zhou XK, Dannenberg AJ. Prostaglandin E 2 down-regulates sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), leading to elevated levels of aromatase, providing insights into the obesity-breast cancer connection. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:361-371. [PMID: 30409902 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity increases the risk of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Levels of aromatase, the rate-limiting enzyme in estrogen biosynthesis, are increased in the breast tissue of obese women. Both prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) contribute to the induction of aromatase in adipose stromal cells (ASCs). Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) binds, deacetylates, and thereby inactivates HIF-1α. Here, we sought to determine whether SIRT1 also plays a role in regulating aromatase expression. We demonstrate that reduced SIRT1 levels are associated with elevated levels of acetyl-HIF-1α, HIF-1α, and aromatase in breast tissue of obese compared with lean women. To determine whether these changes were functionally linked, ASCs were utilized. In ASCs, treatment with PGE2, which is increased in obese individuals, down-regulated SIRT1 levels, leading to elevated acetyl-HIF-1α and HIF-1α levels and enhanced aromatase gene transcription. Chemical SIRT1 activators (SIRT1720 and resveratrol) suppressed the PGE2-mediated induction of acetyl-HIF-1α, HIF-1α, and aromatase. Silencing of p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF), which acetylates HIF-1α, blocked PGE2-mediated increases in acetyl-HIF-1α, HIF-1α, and aromatase. SIRT1 overexpression or PCAF silencing inhibited the interaction between HIF-1α and p300, a coactivator of aromatase expression, and suppressed p300 binding to the aromatase promoter. PGE2 acted via prostaglandin E2 receptor 2 (EP2) and EP4 to induce activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a repressive transcription factor, which bound to a CREB site within the SIRT1 promoter and reduced SIRT1 levels. These findings suggest that reduced SIRT1-mediated deacetylation of HIF-1α contributes to the elevated levels of aromatase in breast tissues of obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotha Subbaramaiah
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065.
| | - Neil M Iyengar
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Monica Morrow
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065; Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Xi Kathy Zhou
- Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Andrew J Dannenberg
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065.
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Gérard C, Brown KA. Obesity and breast cancer - Role of estrogens and the molecular underpinnings of aromatase regulation in breast adipose tissue. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 466:15-30. [PMID: 28919302 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
One in eight women will develop breast cancer over their lifetime making it the most common female cancer. The cause of breast cancer is multifactorial and includes hormonal, genetic and environmental cues. Obesity is now an accepted risk factor for breast cancer in postmenopausal women, particularly for the hormone-dependent subtype of breast cancer. Obesity, which is characterized by an excess accumulation of body fat, is at the origin of chronic inflammation of white adipose tissue and is associated with dramatic changes in the biology of adipocytes leading to their dysfunction. Inflammatory factors found in the breast of obese women considerably impact estrogen signaling, mainly by driving changes in aromatase expression the enzyme responsible for estrogen production, and therefore promote tumor formation and progression. There is thus a strong link between adipose inflammation and estrogen biosynthesis and their signaling pathways converge in obese patients. This review describes how obesity-related factors can affect the risk of hormone-dependent breast cancer, highlighting the different molecular mechanisms and metabolic pathways involved in aromatase regulation, estrogen production and breast malignancy in the context of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Gérard
- Metabolism & Cancer Laboratory, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kristy A Brown
- Metabolism & Cancer Laboratory, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Zahid H, Subbaramaiah K, Iyengar NM, Zhou XK, Chen IC, Bhardwaj P, Gucalp A, Morrow M, Hudis CA, Dannenberg AJ, Brown KA. Leptin regulation of the p53-HIF1α/PKM2-aromatase axis in breast adipose stromal cells: a novel mechanism for the obesity-breast cancer link. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:711-720. [PMID: 29104286 PMCID: PMC5936686 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Obesity (body mass index (BMI)⩾30 kg m-2) is associated with an increased risk of estrogen-dependent breast cancer after menopause. Levels of aromatase, the rate-limiting enzyme in estrogen biosynthesis, are elevated in breast tissue of obese women. Recently, the regulation of aromatase by the p53-hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α)/pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) axis was characterized in adipose stromal cells (ASCs) of women with Li-Fraumeni Syndrome, a hereditary cancer syndrome that predisposes to estrogen-dependent breast cancer. The current study aimed to determine whether stimulation of aromatase by obesity-associated adipokine leptin involves the regulation of the p53-HIF1α/PKM2 axis. SUBJECTS/METHODS Human breast ASCs were used to characterize the p53-HIF1α/PKM2-aromatase axis in response to leptin. The effect of pharmacological or genetic modulation of protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p53, Aha1, Hsp90, HIF1α and PKM2 on aromatase promoter activity, expression and enzyme activity was examined. Semiquantitative immunofluorescence and confocal imaging were used to assess ASC-specific protein expression in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections of breast of women and mammary tissue of mice following a low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) diet for 17 weeks. RESULTS Leptin-mediated induction of aromatase was dependent on PKC/MAPK signaling and the suppression of p53. This, in turn, was associated with an increase in Aha1 protein expression, activation of Hsp90 and the stabilization of HIF1α and PKM2, known stimulators of aromatase expression. Consistent with these findings, ASC-specific immunoreactivity for p53 was inversely associated with BMI in breast tissue, while HIF1α, PKM2 and aromatase were positively correlated with BMI. In mice, HF feeding was associated with significantly lower p53 ASC-specific immunoreactivity compared with LF feeding, while immunoreactivity for HIF1α, PKM2 and aromatase were significantly higher. CONCLUSIONS Overall, findings demonstrate a novel mechanism for the obesity-associated increase in aromatase in ASCs of the breast and support the study of lifestyle interventions, including weight management, which may reduce breast cancer risk via effects on this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Zahid
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Neil M. Iyengar
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Xi Kathy Zhou
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - I-Chun Chen
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Priya Bhardwaj
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Ayca Gucalp
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Monica Morrow
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Clifford A. Hudis
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | | | - Kristy A. Brown
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Zahid H, Simpson ER, Brown KA. Inflammation, dysregulated metabolism and aromatase in obesity and breast cancer. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 31:90-96. [PMID: 27875786 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with an increased risk of estrogen-dependent breast cancer after menopause. Adipose tissue undergoes important changes in obesity due to excess storage of lipids, leading to adipocyte cell death and the recruitment of macrophages. The resultant state of chronic low-grade inflammation is associated with the activation of NFkB signaling and elevated levels of aromatase, the rate-limiting enzyme in estrogen biosynthesis. This occurs not only in the visceral and subcutaneous fat, but also in the breast fat. The regulation of aromatase in the breast adipose stromal cell in response to inflammatory mediators is under the control of complex signaling pathways, including metabolic pathways involving LKB1/AMPK, p53, HIF1α and PKM2. Interventions aimed at modifying weight, including diet and exercise, are associated with changes in adipose tissue inflammation and estrogen production that are likely to impact breast cancer risk. This review will present an overview of these topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Zahid
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia; Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Evan R Simpson
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute for Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kristy A Brown
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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