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Ramdas P, Sahu AK, Mishra T, Bhardwaj V, Chande A. From Entry to Egress: Strategic Exploitation of the Cellular Processes by HIV-1. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:559792. [PMID: 33343516 PMCID: PMC7746852 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.559792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 employs a rich arsenal of viral factors throughout its life cycle and co-opts intracellular trafficking pathways. This exquisitely coordinated process requires precise manipulation of the host microenvironment, most often within defined subcellular compartments. The virus capitalizes on the host by modulating cell-surface proteins and cleverly exploiting nuclear import pathways for post entry events, among other key processes. Successful virus–cell interactions are indeed crucial in determining the extent of infection. By evolving defenses against host restriction factors, while simultaneously exploiting host dependency factors, the life cycle of HIV-1 presents a fascinating montage of an ongoing host–virus arms race. Herein, we provide an overview of how HIV-1 exploits native functions of the host cell and discuss recent findings that fundamentally change our understanding of the post-entry replication events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavitra Ramdas
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Amit Kumar Sahu
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Tarun Mishra
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Vipin Bhardwaj
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Ajit Chande
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, India
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Wang Y, Zhang H, Na L, Du C, Zhang Z, Zheng YH, Wang X. ANP32A and ANP32B are key factors in the Rev-dependent CRM1 pathway for nuclear export of HIV-1 unspliced mRNA. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15346-15357. [PMID: 31444273 PMCID: PMC6802516 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear export receptor CRM1 is an important regulator involved in the shuttling of various cellular and viral RNAs between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. HIV-1 Rev interacts with CRM1 in the late phase of HIV-1 replication to promote nuclear export of unspliced and single spliced HIV-1 transcripts. However, other cellular factors involved in the CRM1-dependent viral RNA nuclear export remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that ANP32A and ANP32B mediate the export of unspliced or partially spliced viral mRNA via interactions with Rev and CRM1. We found that a double, but not single, knockout of ANP32A and ANP32B significantly decreased the expression of gag protein. Reconstitution of either ANP32A or ANP32B restored the viral production equally. Disruption of both ANP32A and ANP32B expression led to a dramatic accumulation of unspliced viral mRNA in the nucleus. We further identified that ANP32A and ANP32B interact with both Rev and CRM1 to promote RNA transport. Our data strongly suggest that ANP32A and ANP32B play an important role in the Rev-CRM1 pathway, which is essential for HIV-1 replication, and our findings provide a candidate therapeutic target for host defense against retroviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Haili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Lei Na
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Cheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yong-Hui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
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Ma L, Sun L, Jin X, Xiong SD, Wang JH. Scaffold attachment factor B suppresses HIV-1 infection of CD4 + T cells by preventing binding of RNA polymerase II to HIV-1's long terminal repeat. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12177-12185. [PMID: 29887524 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5' end of the HIV, type 1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter plays an essential role in driving viral transcription and productive infection. Multiple host and viral factors regulate LTR activity and modulate HIV-1 latency. Manipulation of the HIV-1 LTR provides a potential therapeutic strategy for combating HIV-1 persistence. In this study, we identified an RNA/DNA-binding protein, scaffold attachment factor B (SAFB1), as a host cell factor that represses HIV-1 transcription. We found that SAFB1 bound to the HIV-1 5' LTR and significantly repressed 5' LTR-driven viral transcription and HIV-1 infection of CD4+ T cells. Mechanistically, SAFB1-mediated repression of HIV-1 transcription and infection was independent of its RNA- and DNA-binding capacities. Instead, by binding to phosphorylated RNA polymerase II, SAFB1 blocked its recruitment to the HIV-1 LTR. Of note, SAFB1-mediated repression of HIV-1 transcription from proviral DNA maintained HIV-1 latency in CD4+ T cells. In summary, our findings reveal that SAFB1 binds to the HIV-1 LTR and physically interacts with phosphorylated RNA polymerase II, repressing HIV-1 transcription initiation and elongation. Our findings improve our understanding of host modulation of HIV-1 transcription and latency and provide a new host cell target for improved anti-HIV-1 therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Li Sun
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xia Jin
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Si-Dong Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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Chen S, Yang X, Cheng W, Ma Y, Shang Y, Cao L, Chen S, Chen Y, Wang M, Guo D. Immune regulator ABIN1 suppresses HIV-1 transcription by negatively regulating the ubiquitination of Tat. Retrovirology 2017; 14:12. [PMID: 28193275 PMCID: PMC5304394 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0338-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A20-binding inhibitor of NF-κB activation (ABIN1), an important immune regulator, was previously shown to be involved in HIV-1 replication. However, the reported studies done with overexpressed ABIN1 provided controversial results. RESULTS Here we identified ABIN1 as a suppressor of HIV-1 transcription since transient knockdown of ABIN1 led to increased HIV-1 replication both in transformed Jurkat T cell line and in primary human CD4+ T lymphocytes. Depletion of ABIN1 specifically enhanced the HIV-1 transcription from the integrated genome during viral life cycle, but not the earlier steps such as reverse transcription or integration. Immunoprecipitation assays revealed that ABIN1 specifically inhibits the proto-oncogene HDM2 catalyzed K63-linked polyubiquitination of Tat at Lys71, which is critical for the transactivation activity of Tat. The ubiquitin chain binding activity of ABIN1 carried by UBAN domain turned out to be essential for the inhibitory role of ABIN1. The results of immunofluorescence localization experiments suggested that ABIN1 may obstruct Tat ubiquitination by redistributing some of HDM2 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. CONCLUSIONS Our findings have revealed ABIN1 as intrinsic suppressor of HIV-1 mRNA transcription by regulating the ubiquitination of Tat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijia Cheng
- Clinical Laboratory, General Hospital of the Yangtze River Shipping, Wuhan, 430010, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafang Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuliang Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Deyin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China. .,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China. .,School of Basic Medicine (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
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Naf1 Regulates HIV-1 Latency by Suppressing Viral Promoter-Driven Gene Expression in Primary CD4+ T Cells. J Virol 2016; 91:JVI.01830-16. [PMID: 27795436 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01830-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 latency is characterized by reversible silencing of viral transcription driven by the long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter of HIV-1. Cellular and viral factors regulating LTR activity contribute to HIV-1 latency, and certain repressive cellular factors modulate viral transcription silencing. Nef-associated factor 1 (Naf1) is a host nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein that regulates multiple cellular signaling pathways and HIV-1 production. We recently reported that nuclear Naf1 promoted nuclear export of unspliced HIV-1 gag mRNA, leading to increased Gag production. Here we demonstrate new functions of Naf1 in regulating HIV-1 persistence. We found that Naf1 contributes to the maintenance of HIV-1 latency by inhibiting LTR-driven HIV-1 gene transcription in a nuclear factor kappa B-dependent manner. Interestingly, Naf1 knockdown significantly enhanced viral reactivation in both latently HIV-1-infected Jurkat T cells and primary central memory CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, Naf1 knockdown in resting CD4+ T cells from HIV-1-infected individuals treated with antiretroviral therapy significantly increased viral reactivation upon T-cell activation, suggesting an important role of Naf1 in modulating HIV-1 latency in vivo Our findings provide new insights for a better understanding of HIV-1 latency and suggest that inhibition of Naf1 activity to activate latently HIV-1-infected cells may be a potential therapeutic strategy. IMPORTANCE HIV-1 latency is characterized mainly by a reversible silencing of LTR promoter-driven transcription of an integrated provirus. Cellular and viral proteins regulating LTR activity contribute to the modulation of HIV-1 latency. In this study, we found that the host protein Naf1 inhibited HIV-1 LTR-driven transcription of HIV genes and contributed to the maintenance of HIV-1 latency. Our findings provide new insights into the effects of host modulation on HIV-1 latency, which may lead to a potential therapeutic strategy for HIV persistence by targeting the Naf1 protein.
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A computational approach for nuclear export signals identification using spiking neural P systems. Neural Comput Appl 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00521-016-2489-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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