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Crlz-1 Homozygous Null Knockout Mouse Embryos Are Lethally Stopped in Their Early Development. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030511. [PMID: 35328065 PMCID: PMC8951461 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the conditional gene knockout (KO) is a better choice for observing its phenotype in a specific cell, tissue, and/or organ, the simple null gene KO could nevertheless be attempted initially to scan its overall phenotypes at the level of the whole-body system, especially for a new gene such as Crlz-1. Therefore, with a hope to glean phenotypic clues for Crlz-1 at the whole-body system, we attempted to generate its null KO mice. Contrary to our original desire, Crlz-1 homozygous null KO mice were not born. However, in the chasing of their homozygous KO embryos, they were found to be lethally impaired from early development, remaining in a state of small globular mass without ever leading to a body shape, indicating the critical role of Crlz-1 as a Wnt target gene for the proliferation and/or differentiation of cells during early mouse embryonic development.
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Xu T, Shao L, Wang A, Liang R, Lin Y, Wang G, Zhao Y, Hu J, Liu S. CD248 as a novel therapeutic target in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e175. [PMID: 32997414 PMCID: PMC7507048 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary vascular remodeling is the most important pathological characteristic of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). No effective treatment for PAH is currently available because the mechanism underlying vascular remodeling is not completely clear. CD248, also known as endosialin, is a transmembrane protein that is highly expressed in pericytes and fibroblasts. Here, we evaluated the role of CD248 in pulmonary vascular remodeling and the processes of PAH pathogenesis. Activation of CD248 in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) was found to be proportional to the severity of PAH. CD248 contributed to platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)-induced PASMC proliferation and migration along with the shift to more synthetic phenotypes. In contrast, treatment with Cd248 siRNA or the anti-CD248 therapeutic antibody (ontuxizumab) significantly inhibited the PDGF signaling pathway, obstructed NF-κB p65-mediated transcription of Nox4, and decreased reactive oxygen species production induced by PDGF-BB in PAMSCs. In addition, knockdown of CD248 alleviated pulmonary vascular remodeling in rat PAH models. This study provides novel insights into the dysfunction of PASMCs leading to pulmonary vascular remodeling, and provides evidence for anti-remodeling treatment for PAH via the immediate targeting of CD248.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- Life Science InstituteJinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhouP. R. China
| | - Lei Shao
- Department of CardiologyFirst Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjinP. R. China
| | - Aimei Wang
- Department of PhysiologyJinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhouP. R. China
| | - Rui Liang
- Department of PhysiologyJinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhouP. R. China
| | - Yuhan Lin
- Department of PhysiologyJinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhouP. R. China
| | - Guan Wang
- Life Science InstituteJinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhouP. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Life Science InstituteJinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhouP. R. China
| | - Jing Hu
- Life Science InstituteJinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhouP. R. China
| | - Shuangyue Liu
- Department of PhysiologyJinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhouP. R. China
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Zheng Y, Zong MM, Chen BY, Zhou XH, Liu ZN, Zhou GF, Chen PY, Feng XL. The Roles of Bursal Nonapeptide (BP9) on AIV Vaccine Immune Response in Chick Immunization and on Avian Immature B Cell. Protein Pept Lett 2020; 26:940-948. [PMID: 31362650 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190730101455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bursa of Fabricius plays the vital functions on B cell development and antibody production in poultry. The bursal-derived peptide plays the essential roles on avian immature B cell development. OBJECTIVES Here we explored the functions of the recently reported bursal nonapeptide (BP9) on the antibody production and the molecular basis of BP9 on avian immature B cell. METHODS Chicken were twice immunized with Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) inactivated vaccine plus with BP9 at three dosages, respectively. On two weeks after the second immunization, sera samples were collected from all experimental groups to measure AIV-specific Agglutination Inhibition (HI) antibody titers. Also, on 7th day after the second immunization, spleen lymphocytes were isolated from the immunized chicken to detect the lymphocyte viabilities. DT40 cells were treated with BP9 from 0.02 to 2 μg/mL for 4 and 20h to detect sIgM mRNA levels, and total RNAs from BP9-treated DT40 cells were collected to investigate the gene expression profiles of DT40 cells, and to analyze the enriched pathways and functional biological processes. Finally, nine gene expressions were validated with quantitative PCR (qPCR). RESULTS Our investigation proved the strong regulatory roles of BP9 on AIV-specific HI antibody titers and lymphocyte viabilities. BP9 promoted sIgM mRNA levels in DT40 cells, and upregulated 598 gene expressions and downregulated 395 gene expressions in DT40 cells with 0.2μg/mL BP9 treatment. Moreover, our findings verified the significantly enriched six pathways and various the biological functional processes of BP9 on avian immature B cell. Also, we found eight signaling pathways in the enriched biological processes of BP9-treated DT40 cells, and the expressions of nine selected genes with qPCR were identical to that of microarray data. CONCLUSION BP9 promoted the antibody production in the 21-old-day chicken immunization, and stimulated the sIgM expression in DT40 cells. Furthermore, we analyzed the gene expression profile and immune-related biological processes of DT40 cells treated with BP9, which provided some new insights into the mechanism on immature B cell development, and provided important references for adjuvant development on vaccine improvement and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Man M Zong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bo Y Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiao H Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zi N Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guang F Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Pu Y Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiu L Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Increased O-GlcNAcylation of c-Myc Promotes Pre-B Cell Proliferation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010158. [PMID: 31936366 PMCID: PMC7016991 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification regulates the activity of hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as gene expression, signaling, and cell growth; however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of B cell development and function by O-GlcNAcylation remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that changes in cellular O-GlcNAc levels significantly affected the growth of pre-B cells, which rapidly proliferate to allow expansion of functional clones that express successfully rearranged heavy chains at the pro-B stage during early B cell development. In our study, the overall O-GlcNAc levels in these proliferative pre-B cells, which are linked to the glucose uptake rate, were highly induced when compared with those in pro-B cells. Thus, pharmacologically, genetically, or nutritionally, inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation in pre-B cells markedly downregulated c-Myc expression, resulting in cell cycle arrest via blockade of cyclin expression. Importantly, the population of B cells after the pro-B cell stage in mouse bone marrow was severely impaired by the administration of an O-GlcNAc inhibitor. These results strongly suggest that O-GlcNAcylation-dependent expression of c-Myc represents a new regulatory component of pre-B cell proliferation, as well as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pre-B cell-derived leukemia.
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Choi SY, Pi JH, Park SK, Kang CJ. Crlz-1 Controls Germinal Center Reaction by Relaying a Wnt Signal to the Bcl-6 Expression in Centroblasts during Humoral Immune Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2630-2643. [PMID: 31586036 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Crlz-1 was expressed along with Wnt3a in the rapidly proliferating centroblasts within the dark zone of germinal center (GC) during humoral immune responses. Significantly, Crlz-1 relayed a Wnt/β-catenin signal to the expression of Bcl-6, the master regulator of centroblasts, by mobilizing the cytoplasmic CBFβ into the nucleus to allow Runx/CBFβ heterodimerization and its subsequent binding to the Bcl-6 promoter. The knockdown of Crlz-1 or β-catenin, as well as inhibition of Wnt signaling in the centroblasts, led to the decreased expression of Bcl-6 and, thereby, the altered expression of its various target genes, resulting in their diminished proliferation. Consistently, the administration of Wnt inhibitors into the immunized mice impaired or abolished GC reaction, with concomitant decreases of Crlz-1 and Bcl-6 expression and, thus, centroblastic proliferation. Our observation that Wnt/β-catenin signaling via Crlz-1 regulates GC reaction would suggest developmental strategies for vaccine adjuvants and cancer therapeutics because both immune efficacy and accidental lymphoma depend on GC reaction. Our studies of Crlz-1 were performed using human cell lines, mice, and their primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Young Choi
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Giheung, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Joo Hyun Pi
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Giheung, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Sung-Kyun Park
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Joong Kang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Giheung, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Republic of Korea; and
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