1
|
Qin B, Lu G, Chen X, Zheng C, Lin H, Liu Q, Shang J, Feng G. H2B oncohistones cause homologous recombination defect and genomic instability through reducing H2B monoubiquitination in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107345. [PMID: 38718864 PMCID: PMC11167522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Canonical oncohistones are histone H3 mutations in the N-terminal tail associated with tumors and affect gene expression by altering H3 post-translational modifications (PTMs) and the epigenetic landscape. Noncanonical oncohistone mutations occur in both tails and globular domains of all four core histones and alter gene expression by perturbing chromatin remodeling. However, the effects and mechanisms of noncanonical oncohistones remain largely unknown. Here we characterized 16 noncanonical H2B oncohistones in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We found that seven of them exhibited temperature sensitivities and 11 exhibited genotoxic sensitivities. A detailed study of two of these onco-mutants H2BG52D and H2BP102L revealed that they were defective in homologous recombination (HR) repair with compromised histone eviction and Rad51 recruitment. Interestingly, their genotoxic sensitivities and HR defects were rescued by the inactivation of the H2BK119 deubiquitination function of Ubp8 in the Spt-Ada-Gcn5-Acetyltransferase (SAGA) complex. The levels of H2BK119 monoubiquitination (H2Bub) in the H2BG52D and H2BP102L mutants are reduced in global genome and at local DNA break sites presumably due to enhanced recruitment of Ubp8 onto nucleosomes and are recovered upon loss of H2B deubiquitination function of the SAGA complex. Moreover, H2BG52D and H2BP102L heterozygotes exhibit genotoxic sensitivities and reduced H2Bub in cis. We therefore conclude that H2BG52D and H2BP102L oncohistones affect HR repair and genome stability via the reduction of H2Bub and propose that other noncanonical oncohistones may also affect histone PTMs to cause diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangchun Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuejin Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chenhua Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huanteng Lin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinjie Shang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu S, Li X, Liu X, Wang J, Li L, Kong D. RNA polymerase III directly participates in DNA homologous recombination. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:988-995. [PMID: 35811227 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A recent study showed that RNA transcription is directly involved in DNA homologous recombination (HR). The first step in HR is end resection, which degrades a few kilobases or more from the 5'-end strand at DNA breaks, but the 3'-end strand remains strictly intact. Such protection of the 3'-end strand is achieved by the transient formation of an RNA-DNA hybrid structure. The RNA strand in the hybrid is newly synthesized by RNA polymerase III. The revelation of the existence of an RNA-DNA hybrid intermediate should further help resolve several long-standing questions of HR. In this article, we also put forward our views on some controversial issues related to RNA-DNA hybrids, RNA polymerases, and the protection of 3'-end strands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Liu
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, The National Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xizhou Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, The National Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China
| | - Jingna Wang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, The National Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lingyan Li
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, The National Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Daochun Kong
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, The National Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
He D, Du Z, Xu H, Bao X. Chl1, an ATP-Dependent DNA Helicase, Inhibits DNA:RNA Hybrids Formation at DSB Sites to Maintain Genome Stability in S. pombe. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126631. [PMID: 35743069 PMCID: PMC9224301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As an ATP-dependent DNA helicase, human ChlR1/DDX11 (Chl1 in yeast) can unwind both DNA:RNA and DNA:DNA substrates in vitro. Studies have demonstrated that ChlR1 plays a vital role in preserving genome stability by participating in DNA repair and sister chromatid cohesion, whereas the ways in which the biochemical features of ChlR1 function in DNA metabolism are not well understood. Here, we illustrate that Chl1 localizes to double-strand DNA break (DSB) sites and restrains DNA:RNA hybrid accumulation at these loci. Mutation of Chl1 strongly impairs DSB repair capacity by homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathways, and deleting RNase H further reduces DNA repair efficiency, which indicates that the enzymatic activities of Chl1 are needed in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In addition, we found that the Rpc37 subunit of RNA polymerase III (RNA Pol III) interacts directly with Chl1 and that deletion of Chl1 has no influence on the localization of Rpc37 at DSB site, implying the role of Rpc37 in the recruitment of Chl1 to this site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deyun He
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China; (Z.D.); (H.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
- Correspondence: (D.H.); (X.B.)
| | - Zhen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China; (Z.D.); (H.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Huiling Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China; (Z.D.); (H.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Xiaoming Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China; (Z.D.); (H.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
- Correspondence: (D.H.); (X.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
De Falco M, Porritiello A, Rota F, Scognamiglio V, Antonacci A, del Monaco G, De Felice M. The Finely Coordinated Action of SSB and NurA/HerA Complex Strictly Regulates the DNA End Resection Process in Saccharolobus solfataricus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052582. [PMID: 35269725 PMCID: PMC8910471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of the 3' overhang is a critical step during homologous recombination (HR) and replication fork rescue processes. This event is usually performed by a series of DNA nucleases and/or helicases. The nuclease NurA and the ATPase HerA, together with the highly conserved MRE11/RAD50 proteins, play an important role in generating 3' single-stranded DNA during archaeal HR. Little is known, however, about HerA-NurA function and activation of this fundamental and complicated DNA repair process. Herein, we analyze the functional relationship among NurA, HerA and the single-strand binding protein SSB from Saccharolubus solfataricus. We demonstrate that SSB clearly inhibits NurA endonuclease activity and its exonuclease activities also when in combination with HerA. Moreover, we show that SSB binding to DNA is greatly stimulated by the presence of either NurA or NurA/HerA. In addition, if on the one hand NurA binding is not influenced, on the other hand, HerA binding is reduced when SSB is present in the reaction. In accordance with what has been observed, we have shown that HerA helicase activity is not stimulated by SSB. These data suggest that, in archaea, the DNA end resection process is governed by the strictly combined action of NurA, HerA and SSB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria De Falco
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.P.); (F.R.); (G.d.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.F.); (M.D.F.)
| | - Alessandra Porritiello
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.P.); (F.R.); (G.d.M.)
| | - Federica Rota
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.P.); (F.R.); (G.d.M.)
| | - Viviana Scognamiglio
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Materials Technologies, Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, Via Salaria Km 29,300, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy; (V.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Amina Antonacci
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Materials Technologies, Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, Via Salaria Km 29,300, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy; (V.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Giovanni del Monaco
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.P.); (F.R.); (G.d.M.)
| | - Mariarita De Felice
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.P.); (F.R.); (G.d.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.F.); (M.D.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu S, Kong D. A direct role of RNA polymerase III and RNA in DNA homologous recombination. Mol Cell Oncol 2021; 8:1935173. [PMID: 34616870 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2021.1935173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
End resection excises several thousand bases from the 5'-ended strand during DNA double-strand break repair, creating 3'-end single-stranded DNA overhangs. This overhang requires strict protection from DNA2 or other nucleases digestion. A recent finding showed that the 3'-end overhangs are protected by the transient formation of RNA-DNA hybrids, and RNA polymerase III is an essential factor for homologous recombination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Liu
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, the National Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Daochun Kong
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, the National Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu S, Hua Y, Wang J, Li L, Yuan J, Zhang B, Wang Z, Ji J, Kong D. RNA polymerase III is required for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination. Cell 2021; 184:1314-1329.e10. [PMID: 33626331 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
End resection in homologous recombination (HR) and HR-mediated repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) removes several kilobases from 5' strands of DSBs, but 3' strands are exempted from degradation. The mechanism by which the 3' overhangs are protected has not been determined. Here, we established that the protection of 3' overhangs is achieved through the transient formation of RNA-DNA hybrids. The DNA strand in the hybrids is the 3' ssDNA overhang, while the RNA strand is newly synthesized. RNA polymerase III (RNAPIII) is responsible for synthesizing the RNA strand. Furthermore, RNAPIII is actively recruited to DSBs by the MRN complex. CtIP and MRN nuclease activity is required for initiating the RNAPIII-mediated RNA synthesis at DSBs. A reduced level of RNAPIII suppressed HR, and genetic loss > 30 bp increased at DSBs. Thus, RNAPIII is an essential HR factor, and the RNA-DNA hybrid is an essential repair intermediate for protecting the 3' overhangs in DSB repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Liu
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, The National Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Hua
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, The National Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jingna Wang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, The National Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lingyan Li
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, The National Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junjie Yuan
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, The National Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, The National Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ziyang Wang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, The National Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianguo Ji
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, The National Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Daochun Kong
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, The National Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pohl TJ, Zakian VA. Pif1 family DNA helicases: A helpmate to RNase H? DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 84:102633. [PMID: 31231063 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
An R-loop is a structure that forms when an RNA transcript stays bound to the DNA strand that encodes it and leaves the complementary strand exposed as a loop of single stranded DNA. R-loops accumulate when the processing of RNA transcripts is impaired. The failure to remove these RNA-DNA hybrids can lead to replication fork stalling and genome instability. Resolution of R-loops is thought to be mediated mainly by RNase H enzymes through the removal and degradation of the RNA in the hybrid. However, DNA helicases can also dismantle R-loops by displacing the bound RNA. In particular, the Pif1 family DNA helicases have been shown to regulate R-loop formation at specific genomic loci, such as tRNA genes and centromeres. Here we review the roles of Pif1 family helicases in vivo and in vitro and discuss evidence that Pif1 family helicases act on RNA-DNA hybrids and highlight their potential roles in complementing RNase H for R-loop resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Pohl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, United States
| | - Virginia A Zakian
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Barnum KJ, Nguyen YT, O'Connell MJ. XPG-related nucleases are hierarchically recruited for double-stranded rDNA break resection. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:7632-7643. [PMID: 30885940 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
dsDNA breaks (DSBs) are resected in a 5'→3' direction, generating single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). This promotes DNA repair by homologous recombination and also assembly of signaling complexes that activate the DNA damage checkpoint effector kinase Chk1. In fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), genetic screens have previously uncovered a family of three xeroderma pigmentosum G (XPG)-related nucleases (XRNs), known as Ast1, Exo1, and Rad2. Collectively, these XRNs are recruited to a euchromatic DSB and are required for ssDNA production and end resection across the genome. Here, we studied why there are three related but distinct XRN enzymes that are all conserved across a range of species, including humans, whereas all other DSB response proteins are present as single species. Using S. pombe as a model, ChIP and DSB resection analysis assays, and highly efficient I-PpoI-induced DSBs in the 28S rDNA gene, we observed a hierarchy of recruitment for each XRN, with a progressive compensatory recruitment of the other XRNs as the responding enzymes are deleted. Importantly, we found that this hierarchy reflects the requirement for different XRNs to effect efficient DSB resection in the rDNA, demonstrating that the presence of three XRN enzymes is not a simple division of labor. Furthermore, we uncovered a specificity of XRN function with regard to the direction of transcription. We conclude that the DSB-resection machinery is complex, is nonuniform across the genome, and has built-in fail-safe mechanisms, features that are in keeping with the highly pathological nature of DSB lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Barnum
- From the Department of Oncological Sciences and.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Y Tram Nguyen
- From the Department of Oncological Sciences and.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Matthew J O'Connell
- From the Department of Oncological Sciences and .,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
DNA Replication Through Strand Displacement During Lagging Strand DNA Synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10020167. [PMID: 30795600 PMCID: PMC6409922 DOI: 10.3390/genes10020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This review discusses a set of experimental results that support the existence of extended strand displacement events during budding yeast lagging strand DNA synthesis. Starting from introducing the mechanisms and factors involved in leading and lagging strand DNA synthesis and some aspects of the architecture of the eukaryotic replisome, we discuss studies on bacterial, bacteriophage and viral DNA polymerases with potent strand displacement activities. We describe proposed pathways of Okazaki fragment processing via short and long flaps, with a focus on experimental results obtained in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that suggest the existence of frequent and extended strand displacement events during eukaryotic lagging strand DNA synthesis, and comment on their implications for genome integrity.
Collapse
|
10
|
Paudyal SC, Li S, Yan H, Hunter T, You Z. Dna2 initiates resection at clean DNA double-strand breaks. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:11766-11781. [PMID: 28981724 PMCID: PMC5714177 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleolytic resection of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is essential for both checkpoint activation and homology-mediated repair; however, the precise mechanism of resection, especially the initiation step, remains incompletely understood. Resection of blocked ends with protein or chemical adducts is believed to be initiated by the MRN complex in conjunction with CtIP through internal cleavage of the 5' strand DNA. However, it is not clear whether resection of clean DSBs with free ends is also initiated by the same mechanism. Using the Xenopus nuclear extract system, here we show that the Dna2 nuclease directly initiates the resection of clean DSBs by cleaving the 5' strand DNA ∼10-20 nucleotides away from the ends. In the absence of Dna2, MRN together with CtIP mediate an alternative resection initiation pathway where the nuclease activity of MRN apparently directly cleaves the 5' strand DNA at more distal sites. MRN also facilitates resection initiation by promoting the recruitment of Dna2 and CtIP to the DNA substrate. The ssDNA-binding protein RPA promotes both Dna2- and CtIP-MRN-dependent resection initiation, but a RPA mutant can distinguish between these pathways. Our results strongly suggest that resection of blocked and clean DSBs is initiated via distinct mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharad C. Paudyal
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hong Yan
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Tony Hunter
- Salk Institute, 10010 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zhongsheng You
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|