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Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang F, Zhang J, Jiao J, Hou M, Qian N, Zhao D, Zheng X, Tan X. ASFV transcription reporter screening system identifies ailanthone as a broad antiviral compound. Virol Sin 2023; 38:459-469. [PMID: 36948461 PMCID: PMC10311270 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, highly contagious and deadly viral disease in swine that jeopardizes the worldwide pig industry. Unfortunately, there are no authoritative vaccine and antiviral drug available for ASF control. African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of ASF. Among the ASFV proteins, p72 is the most abundant component in the virions and thus a potential target for anti-ASFV drug design. Here, we constructed a luciferase reporter system driven by the promoter of p72, which is transcribed by the co-transfected ASFV RNA polymerase complex. Using this system, we screened over 3200 natural product compounds and obtained three potent candidates against ASFV. We further evaluated the anti-ASFV effects and proved that among the three candidates, ailanthone (AIL) inhibits the replication of ASFV at the nanomolar concentration (IC50 = 15 nmol/L). Our in vitro experiments indicated that the antiviral effect of AIL is associated with its inhibition of the HSP90-p23 cochaperone. Finally, we showed the antiviral activity of AIL on Zika virus and hepatitis B virus (HBV), which supports that AIL is a potential broad-spectrum antiviral agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhenjiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150009, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150009, China
| | - Jun Jiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Min Hou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Nianchao Qian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dongming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150009, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Xu Tan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230601 China.
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2
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Chand K, Barman MK, Ghosh P, Mitra D. DNAJB8 facilitates autophagic-lysosomal degradation of viral Vif protein and restricts HIV-1 virion infectivity by rescuing APOBEC3G expression in host cells. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22793. [PMID: 36723955 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201738r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
HSP40/DNAJ family of proteins is the most diverse chaperone family, comprising about 49 isoforms in humans. Several reports have demonstrated the functional role of a few of these isoforms in the pathogenesis of various viruses, including HIV-1. Our earlier study has shown that several isoforms of HSP40 get significantly modulated at the mRNA level during HIV-1 infection in T cells. To explore the biological role of these significantly modulated isoforms, we analyzed their effect on HIV-1 gene expression and virus production using knockdown and overexpression studies. Among these isoforms, DNAJA3, DNAJB1, DNAJB7, DNAJC4, DNAJC5B, DNAJC5G, DNAJC6, DNAJC22, and DNAJC30 seem to positively regulate virus replication, whereas DNAJB3, DNAJB6, DNAJB8, and DNAJC5 negatively regulate virus replication. Further investigation on the infectivity of the progeny virion demonstrated that only DNAJB8 negatively regulates the progeny virion infectivity. It was further identified that DNAJB8 protein is involved in the downregulation of Vif protein, required for the infectivity of HIV-1 virions. DNAJB8 seems to direct Vif protein for autophagic-lysosomal degradation, leading to rescue of the cellular restriction factor APOBEC3G from Vif-mediated proteasomal degradation, resulting in enhanced packaging of APOBEC3G in budding virions and release of less infective progeny virion particles. Finally, our results also indicate that during the early stage of HIV-1 infection, enhanced expression of DNAJB8 promotes the production of less infective progeny virions, but at the later stage or at the peak of infection, reduced expression of DNJAB8 protein allows the HIV-1 to replicate and produce more infective progeny virion particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Chand
- National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | | | - Payel Ghosh
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Debashis Mitra
- National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, India
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3
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Wang ZL, Zheng JR, Yang RF, Huang LX, Chen HS, Feng B. An Ideal Hallmark Closest to Complete Cure of Chronic Hepatitis B Patients: High-sensitivity Quantitative HBsAg Loss. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2023; 11:197-206. [PMID: 36406318 PMCID: PMC9647097 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2022.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the era of antiviral therapy, the main goal of treatment has shifted from the persistent inhibition of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication to the pursuit of serological clearance of HBs surface antigen (HBsAg). Based on the life cycle of HBV, HBsAg originates from covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) and integrated HBV DNA, thus reflecting their transcriptional activity. Complete HBsAg loss may mean elimination or persistent inactivity of the HBV genome including cccDNA and integrated HBV DNA. HBsAg loss improves the recovery of abnormal immune function, which in turn, may further promote the clearance of residual viruses. Combined with functional cure and the great improvement of clinical outcomes, the continuous seroclearance of high-sensitivity quantitative HBsAg may represent the complete cure of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). For many other risk factors besides HBV itself, patients with HBsAg loss still need regular monitoring. In this review, we summarized the evolution of CHB treatment, the origin of serum HBsAg, the pattern of HBsAg seroclearance, and the effect of HBsAg loss on immune function and disease outcomes. In addition, we discuss the significance of high-sensitivity HBsAg detection and its possibility as a surrogate of complete cure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bo Feng
- Correspondence to: Bo Feng, Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5084-6715. Tel: +1-381-025-4109, Fax: +86-10-66515490, E-mail:
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4
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Manjunath L, Oh S, Ortega P, Bouin A, Bournique E, Sanchez A, Martensen PM, Auerbach AA, Becker JT, Seldin M, Harris RS, Semler BL, Buisson R. APOBEC3B drives PKR-mediated translation shutdown and protects stress granules in response to viral infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:820. [PMID: 36781883 PMCID: PMC9925369 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36445-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA produced during viral replication and transcription activates both protein kinase R (PKR) and ribonuclease L (RNase L), which limits viral gene expression and replication through host shutoff of translation. In this study, we find that APOBEC3B forms a complex with PABPC1 to stimulate PKR and counterbalances the PKR-suppressing activity of ADAR1 in response to infection by many types of viruses. This leads to translational blockage and the formation of stress granules. Furthermore, we show that APOBEC3B localizes to stress granules through the interaction with PABPC1. APOBEC3B facilitates the formation of protein-RNA condensates with stress granule assembly factor (G3BP1) by protecting mRNA associated with stress granules from RNAse L-induced RNA cleavage during viral infection. These results not only reveal that APOBEC3B is a key regulator of different steps of the innate immune response throughout viral infection but also highlight an alternative mechanism by which APOBEC3B can impact virus replication without editing viral genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Manjunath
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sunwoo Oh
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Pedro Ortega
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alexis Bouin
- Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Elodie Bournique
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ambrocio Sanchez
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Pia Møller Martensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ashley A Auerbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jordan T Becker
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Marcus Seldin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Reuben S Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Bert L Semler
- Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rémi Buisson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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5
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IFIT3 Is Increased in Serum from Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection and Promotes the Anti-HBV Effect of Interferon Alpha via JAK-STAT2 In Vitro. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0155722. [PMID: 36314949 PMCID: PMC9769971 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01557-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that interferon alpha (IFN-α) therapy is an effective treatment option for a subgroup of patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. It has been confirmed that interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3 (IFIT3), a member of the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), could inhibit the replication of various viruses. However, its effect on HBV replication is unclear. The present study sought to explore the role and mechanism of IFIT3 in IFN-α antiviral activities against HBV. IFIT3 mRNA levels in the peripheral blood of 108 treatment-naive patients and 70 healthy controls were analyzed first. The effect of IFIT3 on the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway under the dual intervention of IFN-α and HBV was also explored in vitro. Treatment-naive individuals exhibited elevated levels of IFIT3 mRNA compared to the controls (P < 0.0001). Mechanistically, the knockdown of IFIT3 inhibited the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2), whereas the overexpression of IFIT3 produced the opposite effect in vitro. Meanwhile, the overexpression of IFIT3 enhanced the expression of IFN-α-triggered ISGs, including myxovirus resistance A (MxA), 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1), and double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR), while a weaker induction of IFN-α-triggered ISGs was observed in ruxolitinib-treated cells. After decreasing IFIT3 expression by validated small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), the levels of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), and HBV DNA secreted by HepG2 cells transiently transfected with the pHBV1.2 plasmid were increased. Our findings suggest that IFIT3 works in a STAT2-dependent manner to promote the antiviral effect of IFN-α through the JAK-STAT pathway in HBV infection in both human hepatocytes and hepatocarcinoma cells. IMPORTANCE Our study contributes new insights into the understanding of the functions and roles of interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3 (IFIT3), which is one of the interferon-stimulated genes induced by hepatitis B virus infection in human hepatocytes and hepatocarcinoma cells, and may help to identify targeted genes promoting the efficacy of interferon alpha.
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6
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Chen Z, Eggerman TL, Bocharov AV, Baranova IN, Vishnyakova TG, Patterson AP. APOBEC3-induced mutation of the hepatitis virus B DNA genome occurs during its viral RNA reverse transcription into (-)-DNA. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100889. [PMID: 34181944 PMCID: PMC8321922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
APOBEC3s are innate single-stranded DNA cytidine-to-uridine deaminases that catalyze mutations in both pathogen and human genomes with significant roles in human disease. However, how APOBEC3s mutate a single-stranded DNA that is available momentarily during DNA transcription or replication in vivo remains relatively unknown. In this study, utilizing hepatitis B virus (HBV) viral mutations, we evaluated the mutational characteristics of individual APOBEC3s with reference to the HBV replication process through HBV whole single-strand (-)-DNA genome mutation analyses. We found that APOBEC3s induced C-to-T mutations from the HBV reverse transcription start site continuing through the whole (-)-DNA transcript to the termination site with variable efficiency, in an order of A3B >> A3G > A3H-II or A3C. A3B had a 3-fold higher mutation efficiency than A3H-II or A3C with up to 65% of all HBV genomic cytidines being converted into uridines in a single mutation event, consistent with the A3B localized hypermutation signature in cancer, namely, kataegis. On the other hand, A3C expression led to a 3-fold higher number of mutation-positive HBV genome clones, although each individual clone had a lower number of C-to-T mutations. Like A3B, A3C preferred both 5'-TC and 5'-CC sequences, but to a lesser degree. The APOBEC3-induced HBV mutations were predominantly detected in the HBV rcDNA but were not detectable in other intermediates including HBV cccDNA and pgRNA by primer extension of their PCR amplification products. These data demonstrate that APOBEC3-induced HBV genome mutations occur predominantly when the HBV RNA genome was reversely transcribed into (-)-DNA in the viral capsid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas L Eggerman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander V Bocharov
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Irina N Baranova
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tatyana G Vishnyakova
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy P Patterson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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7
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Ren F, Li W, Zhao S, Wang L, Wang Q, Li M, Xiang A, Guo Y. A3G-induced mutations show a low prevalence and exhibit plus-strand regional distribution in hepatitis B virus DNA from patients with non-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and HCC. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3672-3678. [PMID: 32779759 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
APOBEC3G (A3G) cytidine deaminase is an innate immune restriction factor that can edit and inhibit hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication. The preferred target of A3G is deamination of the third cytosine of 5'CCC to form a mutant marker 5'CC C → K. However, the distribution of A3G-induced mutations on HBV DNA during infection is not well characterized. To provide clarity, we obtained the HBV DNA sequences from HBV infected individuals with and without hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC and non-HCC, respectively), from the NCBI database, and calculated the r values of A3G-induced 5'CC C → K mutation prevalence in HBV DNA. A3G-induced mutations were weakly prevalent and mainly distributed in the plus strand of HBV DNA (r = 1.407). The mutations on the minus strand were weaker (r = .8189). There were A3G-induced mutation regions in the 1200 to 2000 nt region of the plus strand and the 1600 to 1500 nt region of the minus strand. There was no significant difference in the r values of A3G-induced mutations in HBV DNA between the HCC and non-HCC groups. However, the rvalue of the plus strand 2400 to 2800 nt regions of HCC derived HBV DNA (r = 4.2) was significantly higher than that of the same regions of non-HCC derived HBV DNA (r = 1.21). These findings clarify the weak prevalence and preferred plus-strand distribution of A3G-induced mutations on HBV DNA from HCC and non-HCC. These findings may provide valuable clues regarding the interaction mechanism between A3G and HBV DNA and inform HCC screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- FengLing Ren
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - WeiNa Li
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - ShuDong Zhao
- YinChuan Women and Children Healthcare Hospital, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - An Xiang
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - YanHai Guo
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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8
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Wang G, Guan J, Khan NU, Li G, Shao J, Zhou Q, Xu L, Huang C, Deng J, Zhu H, Chen Z. Potential capacity of interferon-α to eliminate covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in hepatocytes infected with hepatitis B virus. Gut Pathog 2021; 13:22. [PMID: 33845868 PMCID: PMC8040234 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-021-00421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) and nucleot(s)ide analogs (NAs) are first-line drugs for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections. Generally, NAs target the reverse transcription of HBV pregenomic RNA, but they cannot eliminate covalently-closed-circular DNA (cccDNA). Although effective treatment with NAs can dramatically decrease HBV proteins and DNA loads, and even promote serological conversion, cccDNA persists in the nucleus of hepatocytes due to the lack of effective anti-cccDNA drugs. Of the medications currently available, only IFN-α can potentially target cccDNA. However, the clinical effects of eradicating cccDNA using IFN-α in the hepatocytes of patients with HBV are not proficient as well as expected and are not well understood. Herein, we review the anti-HBV mechanisms of IFN-α involving cccDNA modification as the most promising approaches to cure HBV infection. We expect to find indications of promising areas of research that require further study to eliminate cccDNA of HBV in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nazif U Khan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guojun Li
- Institute for Hepatology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen, 518112, Guangdong, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518112, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junwei Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qihui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lichen Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunhong Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingwen Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haihong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
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9
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Retroviral Restriction Factors and Their Viral Targets: Restriction Strategies and Evolutionary Adaptations. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121965. [PMID: 33322320 PMCID: PMC7764263 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary conflict between retroviruses and their vertebrate hosts over millions of years has led to the emergence of cellular innate immune proteins termed restriction factors as well as their viral antagonists. Evidence accumulated in the last two decades has substantially increased our understanding of the elaborate mechanisms utilized by these restriction factors to inhibit retroviral replication, mechanisms that either directly block viral proteins or interfere with the cellular pathways hijacked by the viruses. Analyses of these complex interactions describe patterns of accelerated evolution for these restriction factors as well as the acquisition and evolution of their virus-encoded antagonists. Evidence is also mounting that many restriction factors identified for their inhibition of specific retroviruses have broader antiviral activity against additional retroviruses as well as against other viruses, and that exposure to these multiple virus challenges has shaped their adaptive evolution. In this review, we provide an overview of the restriction factors that interfere with different steps of the retroviral life cycle, describing their mechanisms of action, adaptive evolution, viral targets and the viral antagonists that evolved to counter these factors.
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10
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The Role of APOBECs in Viral Replication. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121899. [PMID: 33266042 PMCID: PMC7760323 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like (APOBEC) proteins are a diverse and evolutionarily conserved family of cytidine deaminases that provide a variety of functions from tissue-specific gene expression and immunoglobulin diversity to control of viruses and retrotransposons. APOBEC family expansion has been documented among mammalian species, suggesting a powerful selection for their activity. Enzymes with a duplicated zinc-binding domain often have catalytically active and inactive domains, yet both have antiviral function. Although APOBEC antiviral function was discovered through hypermutation of HIV-1 genomes lacking an active Vif protein, much evidence indicates that APOBECs also inhibit virus replication through mechanisms other than mutagenesis. Multiple steps of the viral replication cycle may be affected, although nucleic acid replication is a primary target. Packaging of APOBECs into virions was first noted with HIV-1, yet is not a prerequisite for viral inhibition. APOBEC antagonism may occur in viral producer and recipient cells. Signatures of APOBEC activity include G-to-A and C-to-T mutations in a particular sequence context. The importance of APOBEC activity for viral inhibition is reflected in the identification of numerous viral factors, including HIV-1 Vif, which are dedicated to antagonism of these deaminases. Such viral antagonists often are only partially successful, leading to APOBEC selection for viral variants that enhance replication or avoid immune elimination.
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Meng Z, Chen Y, Lu M. Advances in Targeting the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems to Cure Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3127. [PMID: 32117201 PMCID: PMC7018702 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
“Functional cure” is being pursued as the ultimate endpoint of antiviral treatment in chronic hepatitis B (CHB), which is characterized by loss of HBsAg whether or not anti-HBs antibodies are present. “Functional cure” can be achieved in <10% of CHB patients with currently available therapeutic agents. The dysfunction of specific immune responses to hepatitis B virus (HBV) is considered the major cause of persistent HBV infection. Thus, modulating the host immune system to strengthen specific cellular immune reactions might help eliminate HBV. Strategies are needed to restore/enhance innate immunity and induce HBV-specific adaptive immune responses in a coordinated way. Immune and resident cells express pattern recognition receptors like TLRs and RIG I/MDA5, which play important roles in the induction of innate immunity through sensing of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and bridging to adaptive immunity for pathogen-specific immune control. TLR/RIG I agonists activate innate immune responses and suppress HBV replication in vitro and in vivo, and are being investigated in clinical trials. On the other hand, HBV-specific immune responses could be induced by therapeutic vaccines, including protein (HBsAg/preS and HBcAg), DNA, and viral vector-based vaccines. More than 50 clinical trials have been performed to assess therapeutic vaccines in CHB treatment, some of which display potential effects. Most recently, using genetic editing technology to generate CAR-T or TCR-T, HBV-specific T cells have been produced to efficiently clear HBV. This review summarizes the progress in basic and clinical research investigating immunomodulatory strategies for curing chronic HBV infection, and critically discusses the rather disappointing results of current clinical trials and future strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongji Meng
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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12
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Brown WL, Law EK, Argyris PP, Carpenter MA, Levin-Klein R, Ranum AN, Molan AM, Forster CL, Anderson BD, Lackey L, Harris RS. A Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody against the Antiviral and Cancer Genomic DNA Mutating Enzyme APOBEC3B. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8030047. [PMID: 31544853 PMCID: PMC6783943 DOI: 10.3390/antib8030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA cytosine deaminase APOBEC3B (A3B) is normally an antiviral factor in the innate immune response. However, A3B has been implicated in cancer mutagenesis, particularly in solid tumors of the bladder, breast, cervix, head/neck, and lung. Here, we report data on the generation and characterization of a rabbit monoclonal antibody (mAb) for human A3B. One mAb, 5210-87-13, demonstrates utility in multiple applications, including ELISA, immunoblot, immunofluorescence microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. In head-to-head tests with commercial reagents, 5210-87-13 was the only rabbit monoclonal suitable for detecting native A3B and for immunohistochemical quantification of A3B in tumor tissues. This novel mAb has the potential to enable a wide range of fundamental and clinical studies on A3B in human biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Emily K Law
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Prokopios P Argyris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Michael A Carpenter
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rena Levin-Klein
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Alison N Ranum
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Amy M Molan
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Colleen L Forster
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Brett D Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lela Lackey
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Reuben S Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Ceccin ADF, Souza APD, Hilário GT, Muller DM, Romão PRT, Rodrigues Junior LC. HspBP1 and anti-HspBP1 levels in the serum of HIV-infected individuals are associated to the disease progression. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:576-585. [PMID: 30786116 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this research was to quantify the levels of circulating HspBP1 and anti-HspBP1 IgG in HIV-infected individuals and to correlate them with CD4 T cell counts and viral load, as well as to determine the kinetics of those proteins during acute phase. METHODS AND RESULTS Sixty serum samples from HIV-positive outpatients, thirty with high viral load and thirty with low viral load were analysed. The HspBP1 and anti-HspBP1 were quantified by ELISA. To investigate the kinetic of HspBP1 and anti-HspBp1 during the acute phase, these proteins and antibodies were quantified in samples of a commercial seroconverting HIV panel. All dosages were compared with the CD4 and CD8 T cell counts and HIV viral load. The results indicated that HIV positive outpatients presented significant increase in HspBP1 and anti-HspBP1 serum levels, compared with uninfected healthy. HspBP1 and anti-HspBP1 were negatively correlated with CD4 counts and CD4:CD8 ratio. In the acute phase, HspBP1 became significantly elevated 15 days after HIV infection. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the quantification of HspBP1 can be associated to others well-established parameters of the HIV progression. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The discovery that HspBp1 and anti-HspBp1 are associated with progression of HIV infection is new and corroborates to validate the quantification of these proteins as an additional strategy in the management of the HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D F Ceccin
- Hemocenter of Santa Maria - Alameda Santiago de Chile Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - A P D Souza
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica e Experimental, Escola de Ciências. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Av. Ipiranga, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - G T Hilário
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA). Av. Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - D M Muller
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA). Av. Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - P R T Romão
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA). Av. Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - L C Rodrigues Junior
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA). Av. Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Liu W, Wu J, Yang F, Ma L, Ni C, Hou X, Wang L, Xu A, Song J, Deng Y, Xian L, Li Z, Wang S, Chen X, Yin J, Han X, Li C, Zhao J, Cao G. Genetic Polymorphisms Predisposing the Interleukin 6-Induced APOBEC3B-UNG Imbalance Increase HCC Risk via Promoting the Generation of APOBEC-Signature HBV Mutations. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:5525-5536. [PMID: 31152021 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE APOBEC3-UNG imbalance contributes to hepatitis B virus (HBV) inhibition and somatic mutations. We aimed to explore the associations between hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk and genetic polymorphisms predisposing the imbalance.Experimental Design: Genetic polymorphisms at APOBEC3 promoter and UNG enhancer regions were genotyped in 5,621 participants using quantitative PCR. HBV mutations (nt.1600-nt.1945, nt.2848-nt.155) were determined by Sanger sequencing. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was applied to detect the transcriptional activity. Effects of APOBEC3B/UNG SNPs and expression levels on HCC prognosis were evaluated with a cohort of 400 patients with HCC and public databases, respectively. RESULTS APOBEC3B rs2267401-G allele and UNG rs3890995-C allele significantly increased HCC risk. rs2267401-G allele was significantly associated with the generation of APOBEC-signature HBV mutation whose frequency consecutively increased from asymptomatic HBV carriers to patients with HCC. Multiplicative interaction of rs2267401-G allele with rs3890995-C allele increased HCC risk, with an adjusted OR (95% confidence interval) of 1.90 (1.34-2.81). rs2267401 T-to-G and rs3890995 T-to-C conferred increased activities of APOBEC3B promoter and UNG enhancer, respectively. IL6 significantly increased APOBEC3B promoter activity and inhibited UNG enhancer activity, and these effects were more evident in those carrying rs2267401-G and rs3890995-C, respectively. APOBEC3B rs2267401-GG genotype, higher APOBEC3B expression, and higher APOBEC3B/UNG expression ratio in HCCs indicated poor prognosis. APOBEC-signature somatic mutation predicts poor prognosis in HBV-free HCCs rather than in HBV-positive ones. CONCLUSIONS Polymorphic genotypes predisposing the APOBEC3B-UNG imbalance in IL6-presenting microenvironment promote HCC development, possibly via promoting the generation of high-risk HBV mutations. This can be transformed into specific prophylaxis of HBV-caused HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Longteng Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Ni
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomei Hou
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aijing Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahui Song
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linfeng Xian
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zixiong Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Yin
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Han
- Division of Chronic Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengzhong Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Liver Cancer Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangwen Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver Cancer, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Tumor Biology, Shanghai, China
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15
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Vlachostergios PJ, Faltas BM. Treatment resistance in urothelial carcinoma: an evolutionary perspective. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 15:495-509. [PMID: 29720713 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-018-0026-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of treatment-resistant clones is a critical barrier to cure in patients with urothelial carcinoma. Setting the stage for the evolution of resistance, urothelial carcinoma is characterized by extensive mutational heterogeneity, which is detectable even in patients with early stage disease. Chemotherapy and immunotherapy both act as selective pressures that shape the evolutionary trajectory of urothelial carcinoma throughout the course of the disease. A detailed understanding of the dynamics of evolutionary drivers is required for the rational development of curative therapies. Herein, we describe the molecular basis of the clonal evolution of urothelial carcinomas and the use of genomic approaches to predict treatment responses. We discuss various mechanisms of resistance to chemotherapy with a focus on the mutagenic effects of the DNA dC->dU-editing enzymes APOBEC3 family of proteins. We also review the evolutionary mechanisms underlying resistance to immunotherapy, such as the loss of clonal tumour neoantigens. By dissecting treatment resistance through an evolutionary lens, the field will advance towards true precision medicine for urothelial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis J Vlachostergios
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bishoy M Faltas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center at Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Abstract
The stability and function of many oncogenic mutant proteins depend on heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). This unique activity has inspired the exploration of HSP90 as an anticancer target for over two decades. Unfortunately, while clinical trials of highly optimized HSP90 inhibitors have demonstrated modest benefit for patients with advanced cancers, most commonly stabilization of disease, no HSP90 inhibitor has demonstrated sufficient efficacy to achieve FDA approval to date. This review discusses potential reasons for the limited success of these agents and how our increasingly sophisticated understanding of HSP90 suggests alternative, potentially more effective strategies for targeting it to treat cancers. First, we focus on insights gained from model organisms that suggest a fundamental role for HSP90 in supporting the adaptability and heterogeneity of cancers, key factors underlying their ability to evolve and acquire drug resistance. Second, we examine how HSP90’s role in promoting the stability of mutant proteins might be targeted in genetically unstable tumor cells to reveal their aberrant, foreign proteome to the immune system. Both of these emerging aspects of HSP90 biology suggest that the most effective use of HSP90 inhibitors may not be at high doses with the intent to kill cancer cells, but rather in combination with other molecularly targeted therapies at modest, non-heat shock-inducing exposures that limit the adaptive capacity of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M. Jaeger
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Luke Whitesell
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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17
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Gao J, Choudhry H, Cao W. Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like family genes activation and regulation during tumorigenesis. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:2375-2382. [PMID: 29856501 PMCID: PMC6113426 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is currently viewed as a disease of evolving genomic instability and abnormal epigenomic modifications. Most solid cancers harbor oncogenic gene mutations driven by both extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing catalytic polypeptide‐like family (APOBEC) enzymes have an intrinsic deamination activity to convert cytosine to uracil during RNA editing and retrovirus or retrotransposon restriction. Beyond their natural defense in innate immunity, compelling evidence showed that a subclass of APOBEC3 can cause high mutation burden in various types of cancer genomes, and high expression subtypes of APOBEC3 may contribute to drug resistance and associate with clinical outcomes. The underlying molecular mechanisms of APOBEC‐mediated hypermutation phenotype are poorly understood. In this review, we discuss the linkage of activation‐induced deaminase (AID)/APOBEC3 enzymes to tumorigenesis, highlight the dysregulatory mechanisms of APOBEC3 activities during cancer development, and propose potential approaches to targeting APOBEC3‐mediated mutagenesis for cancer interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei Cao
- Translational Medical Center, Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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18
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Salter JD, Smith HC. Modeling the Embrace of a Mutator: APOBEC Selection of Nucleic Acid Ligands. Trends Biochem Sci 2018; 43:606-622. [PMID: 29803538 PMCID: PMC6073885 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The 11-member APOBEC (apolipoprotein B mRNA editing catalytic polypeptide-like) family of zinc-dependent cytidine deaminases bind to RNA and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and, in specific contexts, modify select (deoxy)cytidines to (deoxy)uridines. In this review, we describe advances made through high-resolution co-crystal structures of APOBECs bound to mono- or oligonucleotides that reveal potential substrate-specific binding sites at the active site and non-sequence-specific nucleic acid binding sites distal to the active site. We also discuss the effect of APOBEC oligomerization on functionality. Future structural studies will need to address how ssDNA binding away from the active site may enhance catalysis and the mechanism by which RNA binding may modulate catalytic activity on ssDNA. APOBEC proteins catalyze deamination of cytidine or deoxycytidine in either a sequence-specific or semi-specific manner on either DNA or RNA. APOBECs each possess the cytidine deaminase core fold, but sequence and structural differences among loops surrounding the zinc-dependent active site impart differences in sequence-dependent target preferences, binding affinity, catalytic rate, and regulation of substrate access to the active site among the 11 family members. APOBECs also regulate the deamination reaction through additional nucleic acid substrate binding sites located within surface grooves or patches of positive electrostatic potential that are distal to the active site but may do so nonspecifically. Binding of nonsubstrate RNA and RNA-mediated oligomerization by APOBECs that deaminate ssDNA downregulates catalytic activity but also controls APOBEC subcellular or virion localization. The presence of a second, though noncatalytic, cytidine deaminase domain for some APOBECs and the ability of some APOBECs to oligomerize add additional molecular surfaces for positive or negative regulation of catalysis through nucleic acid binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Salter
- OyaGen, Inc., 77 Ridgeland Road, Rochester, NY 14623, USA.
| | - Harold C Smith
- OyaGen, Inc., 77 Ridgeland Road, Rochester, NY 14623, USA; University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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