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Radman K, Jelić Matošević Z, Žilić D, Crnolatac I, Bregović N, Kveder M, Piantanida I, Fernandes PA, Ašler IL, Bertoša B. Structural and dynamical changes of the Streptococcus gordonii metalloregulatory ScaR protein induced by Mn 2+ ion binding. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127572. [PMID: 37866578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Divalent metal ions are essential micronutrients for many intercellular reactions. Maintaining their homeostasis is necessary for the survival of bacteria. In Streptococcus gordonii, one of the primary colonizers of the tooth surface, the cellular concentration of manganese ions (Mn2+) is regulated by the manganese-sensing transcriptional factor ScaR which controls the expression of proteins involved in manganese homeostasis. To resolve the molecular mechanism through which the binding of Mn2+ ions increases the binding affinity of ScaR to DNA, a variety of computational (QM and MD) and experimental (ITC, DSC, EMSA, EPR, and CD) methods were applied. The computational results showed that Mn2+ binding induces a conformational change in ScaR that primarily affects the position of the DNA binding domains and, consequently, the DNA binding affinity of the protein. In addition, experimental results revealed a 1:4 binding stoichiometry between ScaR dimer and Mn2+ ions, while the computational results showed that the binding of Mn2+ ions in the primary binding sites is sufficient to induce the observed conformational change of ScaR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Radman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Zoe Jelić Matošević
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Dijana Žilić
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivo Crnolatac
- Division of Organic Chemistry & Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nikola Bregović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marina Kveder
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivo Piantanida
- Division of Organic Chemistry & Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Pedro A Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ivana Leščić Ašler
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Branimir Bertoša
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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2
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Cruz-Samperio R, Hicks CL, Scott A, Gispert Contamina I, Elani Y, Richardson RJ, Perriman AW. Modular Bioorthogonal Lipid Nanoparticle Modification Platforms for Cardiac Homing. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22659-22670. [PMID: 37812759 PMCID: PMC10591475 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are becoming widely adopted as vectors for the delivery of therapeutic payloads but generally lack intrinsic tissue-homing properties. These extracellular vesicle (EV) mimetics can be targeted toward the liver, lung, or spleen via charge modification of their lipid headgroups. Homing to other tissues has only been achieved via covalent surface modification strategies using small-molecule ligands, peptides, or monoclonal antibodies─methods that are challenging to couple with large-scale manufacturing. Herein, we design a novel modular artificial membrane-binding protein (AMBP) platform for the modification of LNPs postformation. The system is composed of two protein modules that can be readily coupled using bioorthogonal chemistry to yield the AMBP. The first is a membrane anchor module comprising a supercharged green fluorescent protein (scGFP) electrostatically conjugated to a dynamic polymer surfactant corona. The second is a functional module containing a cardiac tissue fibronectin homing sequence from the bacterial adhesin CshA. We demonstrate that LNPs modified using the AMBP exhibit a 20-fold increase in uptake by fibronectin-rich C2C12 cells under static conditions and a 10-fold increase under physiologically relevant shear stresses, with no loss of cell viability. Moreover, we show targeted localization of the AMBP-modified LNPs in zebrafish hearts, highlighting their therapeutic potential as a vector for the treatment of cardiac disease and, more generally, as a smart vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Cruz-Samperio
- School
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University
of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K.
| | - Corrigan L. Hicks
- School
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University
of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K.
| | - Aaron Scott
- School
of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K.
| | | | - Yuval Elani
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Rebecca J. Richardson
- School
of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K.
| | - Adam W. Perriman
- School
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University
of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K.
- Research
School of Chemistry, Australian National
University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
- John
Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian
National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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3
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Barringer R, Parnell AE, Lafita A, Monzon V, Back CR, Madej M, Potempa J, Nobbs AH, Burston SG, Bateman A, Race PR. Domain shuffling of a highly mutable ligand-binding fold drives adhesin generation across the bacterial kingdom. Proteins 2023; 91:1007-1020. [PMID: 36912614 PMCID: PMC10952558 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial fibrillar adhesins are specialized extracellular polypeptides that promote the attachment of bacteria to the surfaces of other cells or materials. Adhesin-mediated interactions are critical for the establishment and persistence of stable bacterial populations within diverse environmental niches and are important determinants of virulence. The fibronectin (Fn)-binding fibrillar adhesin CshA, and its paralogue CshB, play important roles in host colonization by the oral commensal and opportunistic pathogen Streptococcus gordonii. As paralogues are often catalysts for functional diversification, we have probed the early stages of structural and functional divergence in Csh proteins by determining the X-ray crystal structure of the CshB adhesive domain NR2 and characterizing its Fn-binding properties in vitro. Despite sharing a common fold, CshB_NR2 displays an ~1.7-fold reduction in Fn-binding affinity relative to CshA_NR2. This correlates with reduced electrostatic charge in the Fn-binding cleft. Complementary bioinformatic studies reveal that homologues of CshA/B_NR2 domains are widely distributed in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, where they are found housed within functionally cryptic multi-domain polypeptides. Our findings are consistent with the classification of Csh adhesins and their relatives as members of the recently defined polymer adhesin domain (PAD) family of bacterial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Barringer
- School of BiochemistryUniversity of Bristol, University WalkBristolBS8 1TDUK
| | - Alice E. Parnell
- School of BiochemistryUniversity of Bristol, University WalkBristolBS8 1TDUK
- BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research CentreUniversity of Bristol, Life Sciences BuildingTyndall AvenueBristolBS8 1TQUK
| | - Aleix Lafita
- European Molecular Biology LaboratoryEuropean Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL‐EBI)Wellcome Genome CampusHinxtonCB10 1SDUK
| | - Vivian Monzon
- European Molecular Biology LaboratoryEuropean Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL‐EBI)Wellcome Genome CampusHinxtonCB10 1SDUK
| | - Catherine R. Back
- School of BiochemistryUniversity of Bristol, University WalkBristolBS8 1TDUK
- BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research CentreUniversity of Bristol, Life Sciences BuildingTyndall AvenueBristolBS8 1TQUK
| | - Mariusz Madej
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and BiotechnologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and BiotechnologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Louisville School of DentistryLouisvilleKentuckyUSA
| | - Angela H. Nobbs
- Bristol Dental School, University of BristolLower Maudlin StreetBristolBS1 2LYUK
| | - Steven G. Burston
- School of BiochemistryUniversity of Bristol, University WalkBristolBS8 1TDUK
| | - Alex Bateman
- European Molecular Biology LaboratoryEuropean Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL‐EBI)Wellcome Genome CampusHinxtonCB10 1SDUK
| | - Paul R. Race
- School of BiochemistryUniversity of Bristol, University WalkBristolBS8 1TDUK
- BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research CentreUniversity of Bristol, Life Sciences BuildingTyndall AvenueBristolBS8 1TQUK
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4
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Kim SK, Im J, Ko EB, Lee D, Seo HS, Yun CH, Han SH. Lipoteichoic acid of Streptococcus gordonii as a negative regulator of human dendritic cell activation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1056949. [PMID: 37056772 PMCID: PMC10086370 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1056949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii, an opportunistic Gram-positive bacterium, causes an infective endocarditis that could be fatal to human health. Dendritic cells (DCs) are known to be involved in disease progression and immune responses in S. gordonii infection. Since lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is a representative virulence factor of S. gordonii, we here investigated its role in the activation of human DCs stimulated with LTA-deficient (ΔltaS) S. gordonii or S. gordonii LTA. DCs were differentiated from human blood-derived monocytes in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4 for 6 days. DCs treated with heat-killed ΔltaS S. gordonii (ΔltaS HKSG) showed relatively higher binding and phagocytic activities than those treated with heat-killed wild-type S. gordonii (wild-type HKSG). Furthermore, ΔltaS HKSG was superior to wild-type HKSG in inducing phenotypic maturation markers including CD80, CD83, CD86, PD-L1, and PD-L2, antigen-presenting molecule MHC class II, and proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6. Concomitantly, DCs treated with the ΔltaS HKSG induced better T cell activities, including proliferation and activation marker (CD25) expression, than those treated with the wild-type. LTA, but not lipoproteins, isolated from S. gordonii weakly activated TLR2 and barely affected the expression of phenotypic maturation markers or cytokines in DCs. Collectively, these results demonstrated that LTA is not a major immuno-stimulating agent of S. gordonii but rather it interferes with bacteria-induced DC maturation, suggesting its potential role in immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Kyung Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jintaek Im
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Byeol Ko
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Seong Seo
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institutes of Green-bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Programs in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Seung Hyun Han,
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5
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Vasconcelos BM, Pereira AMG, Coelho PAT, Cavalcante RMB, Carneiro-Torres DS, Bandeira PN, da Silva FF, Rodrigues THS, Gomes GA, Carneiro VA. Enhancement of chlorhexidine activity against planktonic and biofilm forms of oral streptococci by two Croton spp. essential oils from the Caatinga biome. BIOFOULING 2023; 38:1-10. [PMID: 36597191 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2159393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the ability of two Croton spp. essential oils (EO) to enhance chlorhexidine (CHX) activity against oral streptococci. EO's chemical composition of Croton argyrophyllus and C. pluriglandulosus was determined by GC-MS/FID. The microbial growth kinetics and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of EOs and CHX were determined, followed by their synergism against S. mutans UA159 and ATCC 25175, S. salivarius ATCC 7073 and S. sp. ATCC 15300. The microplate-based method was used to determine the EO/CHX activity against 24-h-old biofilms. The major compounds were α-pinene (54.74%) and bicyclogermacrene (16.08%) for EOAr and 1,8-cineole (17.41%), methyleugenol (16.06%) and elemicin (15.99%) for EOPg. Both EO had MIC around 16,000 µg/mL. EOs/CHX presented a synergistic effect against most strains (FICi from 0.133 to 0.375), and OE/CHX-treated biofilms showed a reduction in biomass and cell viability compared to CHX, only (p < 0.01). Thus, the EOs works as natural adjuvants for CHX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendda Miranda Vasconcelos
- Center of Molecular Bioprospecting and Applied Experimentation (NUBEM), University Center INTA - UNINTA, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Antônio Mateus Gomes Pereira
- Center of Molecular Bioprospecting and Applied Experimentation (NUBEM), University Center INTA - UNINTA, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Paulo Adenes Teixeira Coelho
- Center of Molecular Bioprospecting and Applied Experimentation (NUBEM), University Center INTA - UNINTA, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paulo Nogueira Bandeira
- Center of Exact Science and Technology, Vale of Acaraú State University, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Geovany Amorim Gomes
- Center of Exact Science and Technology, Vale of Acaraú State University, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Victor Alves Carneiro
- Center of Molecular Bioprospecting and Applied Experimentation (NUBEM), University Center INTA - UNINTA, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biofilms and Antimicrobial Agents (LaBAM), Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Brazil
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6
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The long and the short of Periscope Proteins. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1293-1302. [PMID: 36196877 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria sense, interact with, and modify their environmental niche by deploying a molecular ensemble at the cell surface. The changeability of this exposed interface, combined with extreme changes in the functional repertoire associated with lifestyle switches from planktonic to adherent and biofilm states necessitate dynamic variability. Dynamic surface changes include chemical modifications to the cell wall; export of diverse extracellular biofilm components; and modulation of expression of cell surface proteins for adhesion, co-aggregation and virulence. Local enrichment for highly repetitive proteins with high tandem repeat identity has been an enigmatic phenomenon observed in diverse bacterial species. Preliminary observations over decades of research suggested these repeat regions were hypervariable, as highly related strains appeared to express homologues with diverse molecular mass. Long-read sequencing data have been interrogated to reveal variation in repeat number; in combination with structural, biophysical and molecular dynamics approaches, the Periscope Protein class has been defined for cell surface attached proteins that dynamically expand and contract tandem repeat tracts at the population level. Here, I review the diverse high-stability protein folds and coherent interdomain linkages culminating in the formation of highly anisotropic linear repeat arrays, so-called rod-like protein 'stalks', supporting roles in bacterial adhesion, biofilm formation, cell surface spatial competition, and immune system modulation. An understanding of the functional impacts of dynamic changes in repeat arrays and broader characterisation of the unusual protein folds underpinning this variability will help with the design of immunisation strategies, and contribute to synthetic biology approaches including protein engineering and microbial consortia construction.
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7
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In Silico Approach Gives Insights into Ig-like Fold Containing Proteins in Vibrio parahaemolyticus: A Focus on the Fibrillar Adhesins. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020133. [PMID: 35202160 PMCID: PMC8877628 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin-like (Ig-like) fold domains are abundant on the surface of bacteria, where they are required for cell-to-cell recognition, adhesion, biofilm formation, and conjugative transfer. Fibrillar adhesins are proteins with Ig-like fold(s) that have filamentous structures at the cell surface, being thinner and more flexible than pili. While the roles of fibrillar adhesins have been proposed in bacteria overall, their characterization in Vibrio parahaemolyticus has not been established and, therefore, understanding about fibrillar adhesins remain limited in V. parahaemolyticus. This in silico analysis can aid in the systematic identification of Ig-like-folded and fibrillar adhesin-like proteins in V. parahaemolyticus, opening new avenues for disease prevention by interfering in microbial interaction between V. parahaemolyticus and the host.
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8
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Park T, Im J, Kim AR, Lee D, Jeong S, Yun CH, Han SH. Short-chain fatty acids inhibit the biofilm formation of Streptococcus gordonii through negative regulation of competence-stimulating peptide signaling pathway. J Microbiol 2021; 59:1142-1149. [PMID: 34865199 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-1576-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii, a Gram-positive commensal bacterium, is an opportunistic pathogen closely related to initiation and progression of various oral diseases, such as periodontitis and dental caries. Its biofilm formation is linked with the development of such diseases by enhanced resistance against antimicrobial treatment or host immunity. In the present study, we investigated the effect of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on the biofilm formation of S. gordonii. SCFAs, including sodium acetate (NaA), sodium propionate (NaP), and sodium butyrate (NaB), showed an effective inhibitory activity on the biofilm formation of S. gordonii without reduction in bacterial growth. SCFAs suppressed S. gordonii biofilm formation at early time points whereas SCFAs did not affect its preformed biofilm. A quorum-sensing system mediated by competence-stimulating peptide (CSP) is known to regulate biofilm formation of streptococci. Interestingly, SCFAs substantially decreased mRNA expression of comD and comE, which are CSP-sensor and its response regulator responsible for CSP pathway, respectively. Although S. gordonii biofilm formation was enhanced by exogenous synthetic CSP treatment, such effect was not observed in the presence of SCFAs. Collectively, these results suggest that SCFAs have an anti-biofilm activity on S. gordonii through inhibiting comD and comE expression which results in negative regulation of CSP quorum-sensing system. SCFAs could be an effective anti-biofilm agent against S. gordonii for the prevention of oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehwan Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jintaek Im
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - A Reum Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungho Jeong
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Novel Virulent Bacteriophage ΦSG005, Which Infects Streptococcus gordonii, Forms a Distinct Clade among Streptococcus Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101964. [PMID: 34696394 PMCID: PMC8537203 DOI: 10.3390/v13101964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages are viruses that specifically infect bacteria and are classified as either virulent phages or temperate phages. Despite virulent phages being promising antimicrobial agents due to their bactericidal effects, the implementation of phage therapy depends on the availability of virulent phages against target bacteria. Notably, virulent phages of Streptococcus gordonii, which resides in the oral cavity and is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause periodontitis and endocarditis have previously never been found. We thus attempted to isolate virulent phages against S. gordonii. In the present study, we report for the first time a virulent bacteriophage against S. gordonii, ΦSG005, discovered from drainage water. ΦSG005 is composed of a short, non-contractile tail and a long head, revealing Podoviridae characteristics via electron microscopic analysis. In turbidity reduction assays, ΦSG005 showed efficient bactericidal effects on S. gordonii. Whole-genome sequencing showed that the virus has a DNA genome of 16,127 bp with 21 coding sequences. We identified no prophage-related elements such as integrase in the ΦSG005 genome, demonstrating that the virus is a virulent phage. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that ΦSG005 forms a distinct clade among the streptococcus viruses and is positioned next to streptococcus virus C1. Molecular characterization revealed the presence of an anti-CRISPR (Acr) IIA5-like protein in the ΦSG005 genome. These findings facilitate our understanding of streptococcus viruses and advance the development of phage therapy against S. gordonii infection.
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10
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Wu J, Yang Q, Jiang X, Fan Y, Zhang Y, Huang R. Oxyresveratrol promotes biofilm formation, cell attachment and aggregation of Streptococcus gordonii in the presence of sucrose. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 367:5854190. [PMID: 32504487 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii is a commensal colonizer of oral cavity that initiates the formation of dental plaque. Oxyresveratrol is a natural purification from plants with antibacterial effects on various oral bacteria including Streptococcus mutans. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of oxyresveratrol on S. gordonii. The basic viability, biofilm formation and cell aggregation of S. gordonii treated with oxyresveratrol were investigated. Oxyresveratrol dose-dependently inhibited the growth of S. gordonii in the absence of sucrose. However, in the presence of sucrose, it promoted biofilm formation under MIC. Both the biofilm formation and extracellular polysaccharides synthesis reached the maximum level at ½ MIC (250 μg/mL) oxyresveratrol. The gene expressions of abpA, abpB, scaA, gtfG, hsa, cshA, cshB, ccpA, srtA and sspB were upregulated when treated with 62.5 and 125 μg/mL oxyresveratrol. A total eight of the ten genes were significantly upregulated at 250 μg/mL oxyresveratrol except abpB and sspB, which were downregulated at 250 μg/mL without significance. In conclusion, oxyresveratrol has dual-effects on S. gordonii. Considering its specific biofilm suppressive effect on S. mutans, it might be a candidate for bacterial interspecies modulator applied in caries prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Endodontics Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoge Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ruijie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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11
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Gaytán MO, Singh AK, Woodiga SA, Patel SA, An SS, Vera-Ponce de León A, McGrath S, Miller AR, Bush JM, van der Linden M, Magrini V, Wilson RK, Kitten T, King SJ. A novel sialic acid-binding adhesin present in multiple species contributes to the pathogenesis of Infective endocarditis. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009222. [PMID: 33465168 PMCID: PMC7846122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial binding to platelets is a key step in the development of infective endocarditis (IE). Sialic acid, a common terminal carbohydrate on host glycans, is the major receptor for streptococci on platelets. So far, all defined interactions between streptococci and sialic acid on platelets are mediated by serine-rich repeat proteins (SRRPs). However, we identified Streptococcus oralis subsp. oralis IE-isolates that bind sialic acid but lack SRRPs. In addition to binding sialic acid, some SRRP- isolates also bind the cryptic receptor β-1,4-linked galactose through a yet unknown mechanism. Using comparative genomics, we identified a novel sialic acid-binding adhesin, here named AsaA (associated with sialic acid adhesion A), present in IE-isolates lacking SRRPs. We demonstrated that S. oralis subsp. oralis AsaA is required for binding to platelets in a sialic acid-dependent manner. AsaA comprises a non-repeat region (NRR), consisting of a FIVAR/CBM and two Siglec-like and Unique domains, followed by 31 DUF1542 domains. When recombinantly expressed, Siglec-like and Unique domains competitively inhibited binding of S. oralis subsp. oralis and directly interacted with sialic acid on platelets. We further demonstrated that AsaA impacts the pathogenesis of S. oralis subsp. oralis in a rabbit model of IE. Additionally, we found AsaA orthologues in other IE-causing species and demonstrated that the NRR of AsaA from Gemella haemolysans blocked binding of S. oralis subsp. oralis, suggesting that AsaA contributes to the pathogenesis of multiple IE-causing species. Finally, our findings provide evidence that sialic acid is a key factor for bacterial-platelets interactions in a broader range of species than previously appreciated, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target. Infective endocarditis (IE) is typically a bacterial infection of the heart valves that causes high mortality. Infective endocarditis can affect people with preexisting lesions on their heart valves (Subacute IE). These lesions contain platelets and other host factors to which bacteria can bind. Growth of bacteria and accumulation of host factors results in heart failure. Therefore, the ability of bacteria to bind platelets is key to the development of IE. Here, we identified a novel bacterial protein, AsaA, which helps bacteria bind to platelets and contributes to the development of disease. Although this virulence factor was characterized in Streptococcus oralis, a leading cause of IE, we demonstrated that AsaA is also present in several other IE-causing bacterial species and is likely relevant to their ability to cause disease. We showed that AsaA binds to sialic acid, a terminal sugar present on platelets, thereby demonstrating that sialic acid serves as a receptor for a wider range of IE-causing bacteria than previously appreciated, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meztlli O. Gaytán
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Anirudh K. Singh
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Shireen A. Woodiga
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Surina A. Patel
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Seon-Sook An
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Arturo Vera-Ponce de León
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sean McGrath
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Anthony R. Miller
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jocelyn M. Bush
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mark van der Linden
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, German National Reference Center for Streptococci, University Hospital (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
| | - Vincent Magrini
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Richard K. Wilson
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Todd Kitten
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Samantha J. King
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Uncovering Roles of Streptococcus gordonii SrtA-Processed Proteins in the Biofilm Lifestyle. J Bacteriol 2020; 203:JB.00544-20. [PMID: 33106345 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00544-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii is a commensal oral organism. Harmless in the oral cavity, S. gordonii is an opportunistic pathogen. S. gordonii adheres to body surfaces using surface adhesive proteins (adhesins), which are critical to subsequent formation of biofilm communities. As in most Gram-positive bacteria, S. gordonii surface proteins containing the C-terminal LPXTG motif cleavage sequence are processed by sortase A (SrtA) to become covalently attached to the cell wall. To characterize the functional diversity and redundancy in the family of SrtA-processed proteins, an S. gordonii DL1 markerless deletion mutant library was constructed of each of the 26 putative SrtA-processed proteins. Each library member was evaluated for growth in rich medium, biofilm formation on plastic, saliva and salivary fractions, cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), hemagglutination, and integration into an ex vivo plaque biofilm community. Library members were compared to the non-SrtA-processed adhesins AbpA and AbpB. While no major growth differences in rich medium were observed, many S. gordonii LPXTG/A proteins impacted biofilm formation on one or more of the substrates. Several mutants showed significant differences in hemagglutination, hydrophobicity, or fitness in the ex vivo plaque model. From the identification of redundant and unique functions in these in vitro and ex vivo systems, functional stratification among the LPXTG/A proteins is apparent.IMPORTANCE S. gordonii interactions with its environment depend on the complement of cell wall proteins. A subset of these cell wall proteins requires processing by the enzyme sortase A (SrtA). The identification of SrtA-processed proteins and their functional characterization will help the community to better understand how S. gordonii engages with its surroundings, including other microbes, integrates into the plaque community, adheres to the tooth surface, and hematogenously disseminates to cause blood-borne infections. This study identified 26 putative SrtA-processed proteins through creation of a markerless deletion mutant library. The library was subject to functional screens that were chosen to better understand key aspects of S. gordonii physiology and pathogenesis.
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Park OJ, Kwon Y, Park C, So YJ, Park TH, Jeong S, Im J, Yun CH, Han SH. Streptococcus gordonii: Pathogenesis and Host Response to Its Cell Wall Components. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121852. [PMID: 33255499 PMCID: PMC7761167 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii, a Gram-positive bacterium, is a commensal bacterium that is commonly found in the skin, oral cavity, and intestine. It is also known as an opportunistic pathogen that can cause local or systemic diseases, such as apical periodontitis and infective endocarditis. S. gordonii, an early colonizer, easily attaches to host tissues, including tooth surfaces and heart valves, forming biofilms. S. gordonii penetrates into root canals and blood streams, subsequently interacting with various host immune and non-immune cells. The cell wall components of S. gordonii, which include lipoteichoic acids, lipoproteins, serine-rich repeat adhesins, peptidoglycans, and cell wall proteins, are recognizable by individual host receptors. They are involved in virulence and immunoregulatory processes causing host inflammatory responses. Therefore, S.gordonii cell wall components act as virulence factors that often progressively develop diseases through overwhelming host responses. This review provides an overview of S. gordonii, and how its cell wall components could contribute to the pathogenesis and development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok-Jin Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (O.-J.P.); (Y.K.); (C.P.); (Y.J.S.); (T.H.P.); (S.J.); (J.I.)
| | - Yeongkag Kwon
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (O.-J.P.); (Y.K.); (C.P.); (Y.J.S.); (T.H.P.); (S.J.); (J.I.)
| | - Chaeyeon Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (O.-J.P.); (Y.K.); (C.P.); (Y.J.S.); (T.H.P.); (S.J.); (J.I.)
| | - Yoon Ju So
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (O.-J.P.); (Y.K.); (C.P.); (Y.J.S.); (T.H.P.); (S.J.); (J.I.)
| | - Tae Hwan Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (O.-J.P.); (Y.K.); (C.P.); (Y.J.S.); (T.H.P.); (S.J.); (J.I.)
| | - Sungho Jeong
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (O.-J.P.); (Y.K.); (C.P.); (Y.J.S.); (T.H.P.); (S.J.); (J.I.)
| | - Jintaek Im
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (O.-J.P.); (Y.K.); (C.P.); (Y.J.S.); (T.H.P.); (S.J.); (J.I.)
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
- Institute of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (O.-J.P.); (Y.K.); (C.P.); (Y.J.S.); (T.H.P.); (S.J.); (J.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-880-2310
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Sterzenbach T, Helbig R, Hannig C, Hannig M. Bioadhesion in the oral cavity and approaches for biofilm management by surface modifications. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:4237-4260. [PMID: 33111157 PMCID: PMC7666681 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03646-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND All soft and solid surface structures in the oral cavity are covered by the acquired pellicle followed by bacterial colonization. This applies for natural structures as well as for restorative or prosthetic materials; the adherent bacterial biofilm is associated among others with the development of caries, periodontal diseases, peri-implantitis, or denture-associated stomatitis. Accordingly, there is a considerable demand for novel materials and coatings that limit and modulate bacterial attachment and/or propagation of microorganisms. OBJECTIVES AND FINDINGS The present paper depicts the current knowledge on the impact of different physicochemical surface characteristics on bioadsorption in the oral cavity. Furthermore, it was carved out which strategies were developed in dental research and general surface science to inhibit bacterial colonization and to delay biofilm formation by low-fouling or "easy-to-clean" surfaces. These include the modulation of physicochemical properties such as periodic topographies, roughness, surface free energy, or hardness. In recent years, a large emphasis was laid on micro- and nanostructured surfaces and on liquid repellent superhydrophic as well as superhydrophilic interfaces. Materials incorporating mobile or bound nanoparticles promoting bacteriostatic or bacteriotoxic properties were also used. Recently, chemically textured interfaces gained increasing interest and could represent promising solutions for innovative antibioadhesion interfaces. Due to the unique conditions in the oral cavity, mainly in vivo or in situ studies were considered in the review. CONCLUSION Despite many promising approaches for modulation of biofilm formation in the oral cavity, the ubiquitous phenomenon of bioadsorption and adhesion pellicle formation in the challenging oral milieu masks surface properties and therewith hampers low-fouling strategies. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Improved dental materials and surface coatings with easy-to-clean properties have the potential to improve oral health, but extensive and systematic research is required in this field to develop biocompatible and effective substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Sterzenbach
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ralf Helbig
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Hannig
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital, Saarland University, Building 73, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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15
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Back CR, Higman VA, Le Vay K, Patel VV, Parnell AE, Frankel D, Jenkinson HF, Burston SG, Crump MP, Nobbs AH, Race PR. The streptococcal multidomain fibrillar adhesin CshA has an elongated polymeric architecture. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6689-6699. [PMID: 32229583 PMCID: PMC7212634 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell surfaces of many bacteria carry filamentous polypeptides termed adhesins that enable binding to both biotic and abiotic surfaces. Surface adherence is facilitated by the exquisite selectivity of the adhesins for their cognate ligands or receptors and is a key step in niche or host colonization and pathogenicity. Streptococcus gordonii is a primary colonizer of the human oral cavity and an opportunistic pathogen, as well as a leading cause of infective endocarditis in humans. The fibrillar adhesin CshA is an important determinant of S. gordonii adherence, forming peritrichous fibrils on its surface that bind host cells and other microorganisms. CshA possesses a distinctive multidomain architecture comprising an N-terminal target-binding region fused to 17 repeat domains (RDs) that are each ∼100 amino acids long. Here, using structural and biophysical methods, we demonstrate that the intact CshA repeat region (CshA_RD1-17, domains 1-17) forms an extended polymeric monomer in solution. We recombinantly produced a subset of CshA RDs and found that they differ in stability and unfolding behavior. The NMR structure of CshA_RD13 revealed a hitherto unreported all β-fold, flanked by disordered interdomain linkers. These findings, in tandem with complementary hydrodynamic studies of CshA_RD1-17, indicate that this polypeptide possesses a highly unusual dynamic transitory structure characterized by alternating regions of order and disorder. This architecture provides flexibility for the adhesive tip of the CshA fibril to maintain bacterial attachment that withstands shear forces within the human host. It may also help mitigate deleterious folding events between neighboring RDs that share significant structural identity without compromising mechanical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine R Back
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, United Kingdom
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
- BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria A Higman
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Kristian Le Vay
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Viren V Patel
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Alice E Parnell
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
- BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Frankel
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Howard F Jenkinson
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, United Kingdom
| | - Steven G Burston
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
- BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew P Crump
- BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Angela H Nobbs
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Race
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
- BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
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16
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Fibronectin and Its Role in Human Infective Diseases. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121516. [PMID: 31779172 PMCID: PMC6952806 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin is a multidomain glycoprotein ubiquitously detected in extracellular fluids and matrices of a variety of animal and human tissues where it functions as a key link between matrices and cells. Fibronectin has also emerged as the target for a large number of microorganisms, particularly bacteria. There are clear indications that the binding of microorganism’ receptors to fibronectin promotes attachment to and infection of host cells. Each bacterium may use different receptors which recognize specific fibronectin domains, mostly the N-terminal domain and the central cell-binding domain. In many cases, fibronectin receptors have actions over and above that of simple adhesion: In fact, adhesion is often the prerequisite for invasion and internalization of microorganisms in the cells of colonized tissues. This review updates the current understanding of fibronectin receptors of several microorganisms with emphasis on their biochemical and structural properties and the role they can play in the onset and progression of host infection diseases. Furthermore, we describe the antigenic profile and discuss the possibility of designing adhesion inhibitors based on the structure of the fibronectin-binding site in the receptor or the receptor-binding site in fibronectin.
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17
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Veerapandian R, Vediyappan G. Gymnemic Acids Inhibit Adhesive Nanofibrillar Mediated Streptococcus gordonii-Candida albicans Mono-Species and Dual-Species Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2328. [PMID: 31681200 PMCID: PMC6797559 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries and periodontitis are the most common oral disease of all age groups, affecting billions of people worldwide. These oral diseases are mostly associated with microbial biofilms in the oral cavity. Streptococcus gordonii, an early tooth colonizing bacterium and Candida albicans, an opportunistic pathogenic fungus, are the two abundant oral microbes that form mixed biofilms with augmented virulence, affecting oral health negatively. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of the pathogen interactions and identifying non-toxic compounds that block the growth of biofilms are important steps in the development of effective therapeutic approaches. In this in vitro study we report the inhibition of mono-species or dual-species biofilms of S. gordonii and C. albicans, and decreased levels of biofilm extracellular DNA (eDNA), when biofilms were grown in the presence of gymnemic acids (GAs), a non-toxic small molecule inhibitor of fungal hyphae. Scanning electron microscopic images of biofilms on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (sHA) surfaces revealed attachment of S. gordonii cells to C. albicans hyphae and to sHA surfaces via nanofibrils only in the untreated control, but not in the GAs-treated biofilms. Interestingly, C. albicans produced fibrillar adhesive structures from hyphae when grown with S. gordonii as a mixed biofilm; addition of GAs abrogated the nanofibrils and reduced the growth of both hyphae and the biofilm. To our knowledge, this is the first report that C. albicans produces adhesive fibrils from hyphae in response to S. gordonii mixed biofilm growth. Semi-quantitative PCR of selected genes related to biofilms from both microbes showed differential expression in control vs. treated biofilms. Further, GAs inhibited the activity of recombinant S. gordonii glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Taken together, our results suggest that S. gordonii stimulates the expression of adhesive materials in C. albicans by direct interaction and/or signaling, and the adhesive material expression can be inhibited by GAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Veerapandian
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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18
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Xiao W, Green TIP, Liang X, Delint RC, Perry G, Roberts MS, Le Vay K, Back CR, Ascione R, Wang H, Race PR, Perriman AW. Designer artificial membrane binding proteins to direct stem cells to the myocardium. Chem Sci 2019; 10:7610-7618. [PMID: 31588312 PMCID: PMC6764276 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02650a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a new cell membrane modification methodology where the inherent heart tissue homing properties of the infectious bacteria Streptococcus gordonii are transferred to human stem cells. This is achieved via the rational design of a chimeric protein-polymer surfactant cell membrane binding construct, comprising the cardiac fibronectin (Fn) binding domain of the bacterial adhesin protein CshA fused to a supercharged protein. Significantly, the protein-polymer surfactant hybrid spontaneously inserts into the plasma membrane of stem cells without cytotoxicity, instilling the cells with a high affinity for immobilized fibronectin. Moreover, we show that this cell membrane reengineering approach significantly improves retention and homing of stem cells delivered either intracardially or intravenously to the myocardium in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Xiao
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , University of Bristol , BS8 1TD , UK .
| | - Thomas I P Green
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , University of Bristol , BS8 1TD , UK .
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials , University of Bristol , BS8 1FD , UK
| | - Xiaowen Liang
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute , The University of Queensland , Translational Research Institute , Woolloongabba , QLD 4102 , Australia
| | - Rosalia Cuahtecontzi Delint
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , University of Bristol , BS8 1TD , UK .
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials , University of Bristol , BS8 1FD , UK
| | - Guillaume Perry
- Sorbonne Université , Laboratoire d'Electronique et d'Electromagnétisme, L2E , F-75005 , Paris , France
| | - Michael S Roberts
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute , The University of Queensland , Translational Research Institute , Woolloongabba , QLD 4102 , Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science , University of South Australia , Adelaide , SA 5001 , Australia
| | - Kristian Le Vay
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , University of Bristol , BS8 1TD , UK .
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials , University of Bristol , BS8 1FD , UK
| | - Catherine R Back
- School of Biochemistry , University of Bristol , BS8 1TD , UK
- BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research Centre , University of Bristol , BS8 1TQ , UK
| | - Raimomdo Ascione
- Translational Biomedical Research Centre and Bristol Heart Institute , University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
| | - Haolu Wang
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute , The University of Queensland , Translational Research Institute , Woolloongabba , QLD 4102 , Australia
| | - Paul R Race
- School of Biochemistry , University of Bristol , BS8 1TD , UK
- BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research Centre , University of Bristol , BS8 1TQ , UK
| | - Adam W Perriman
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , University of Bristol , BS8 1TD , UK .
- BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research Centre , University of Bristol , BS8 1TQ , UK
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The Group B Streptococcal surface antigen I/II protein, BspC, interacts with host vimentin to promote adherence to brain endothelium and inflammation during the pathogenesis of meningitis. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007848. [PMID: 31181121 PMCID: PMC6586375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) normally colonizes healthy adults but can cause invasive disease, such as meningitis, in the newborn. To gain access to the central nervous system, GBS must interact with and penetrate brain or meningeal blood vessels; however, the exact mechanisms are still being elucidated. Here, we investigate the contribution of BspC, an antigen I/II family adhesin, to the pathogenesis of GBS meningitis. Disruption of the bspC gene reduced GBS adherence to human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC), while heterologous expression of BspC in non-adherent Lactococcus lactis conferred bacterial attachment. In a murine model of hematogenous meningitis, mice infected with ΔbspC mutants exhibited lower mortality as well as decreased brain bacterial counts and inflammatory infiltrate compared to mice infected with WT GBS strains. Further, BspC was both necessary and sufficient to induce neutrophil chemokine expression. We determined that BspC interacts with the host cytoskeleton component vimentin and confirmed this interaction using a bacterial two-hybrid assay, microscale thermophoresis, immunofluorescent staining, and imaging flow cytometry. Vimentin null mice were protected from WT GBS infection and also exhibited less inflammatory cytokine production in brain tissue. These results suggest that BspC and the vimentin interaction is critical for the pathogenesis of GBS meningitis. Group B Streptococcus (GBS) typically colonizes healthy adults but can cause severe disease in immune-compromised individuals, including newborns. Despite wide-spread intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis given to pregnant women, GBS remains a leading cause of neonatal meningitis. To cause meningitis, GBS must interact with and penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which separates bacteria and immune cells in the blood from the brain. In order to develop targeted therapies to treat GBS meningitis, it is important to understand the mechanisms of BBB crossing. Here, we describe the role of the GBS surface factor, BspC, in promoting meningitis and discover the host ligand for BspC, vimentin, which is an intermediate filament protein that is constitutively expressed by endothelial cells. We determined that BspC interacts with the C-terminal domain of cell-surface vimentin to promote bacterial attachment to brain endothelial cells and that purified BspC protein can induce immune signaling pathways. In a mouse model of hematogenous meningitis, we observed that a GBS mutant lacking BspC was less virulent compared to WT GBS and resulted in less inflammatory disease. We also observed that mice lacking vimentin were protected from GBS infection. These results reveal the importance of the BspC-vimentin interaction in the progression of GBS meningitis disease.
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McNitt DH, Choi SJ, Keene DR, Van De Water L, Squeglia F, Berisio R, Lukomski S. Surface-exposed loops and an acidic patch in the Scl1 protein of group A Streptococcus enable Scl1 binding to wound-associated fibronectin. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7796-7810. [PMID: 29615492 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinized epidermis constitutes a powerful barrier of the mucosa and skin, effectively preventing bacterial invasion, unless it is wounded and no longer protective. Wound healing involves deposition of distinct extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins enriched in cellular fibronectin (cFn) isoforms containing extra domain A (EDA). The streptococcal collagen-like protein 1 (Scl1) is a surface adhesin of group A Streptococcus (GAS), which contains an N-terminal variable (V) domain and a C-terminally located collagen-like domain. During wound infection, Scl1 selectively binds EDA/cFn isoforms and laminin, as well as low-density lipoprotein (LDL), through its V domain. The trimeric V domain has a six-helical bundle fold composed of three pairs of anti-parallel α-helices interconnected by hypervariable loops, but the roles of these structures in EDA/cFn binding are unclear. Here, using recombinant Scl (rScl) constructs to investigate structure-function determinants of the Scl1-EDA/cFn interaction, we found that full-length rScl1, containing both the globular V and the collagen domains, is necessary for EDA/cFn binding. We established that the surface-exposed loops, interconnecting conserved α-helices, guide recognition and binding of Scl1-V to EDA and binding to laminin and LDL. Moreover, electrostatic surface potential models of the Scl1-V domains pointed to a conserved, negatively charged pocket, surrounded by positively charged and neutral regions, as a determining factor for the binding. In light of these findings, we propose an updated model of EDA/cFn recognition by the Scl1 adhesin from GAS, representing a significant step in understanding the Scl1-ECM interactions within the wound microenvironment that underlie GAS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dudley H McNitt
- From the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Soo Jeon Choi
- From the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Douglas R Keene
- the Micro-imaging Center, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Livingston Van De Water
- the Departments of Surgery and Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, and
| | - Flavia Squeglia
- the Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, Italian National Research Council, Via Mezzocannone 16, I-80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Berisio
- the Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, Italian National Research Council, Via Mezzocannone 16, I-80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Slawomir Lukomski
- From the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506,
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Gierasch LM, DeMartino G. The Herbert Tabor Young Investigator Awards: Meet the awardees! J Biol Chem 2018; 293:3468-3469. [PMID: 29500271 PMCID: PMC5836134 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.e118.002395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
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Wang Q, Da'dara AA, Skelly PJ. The human blood parasite Schistosoma mansoni expresses extracellular tegumental calpains that cleave the blood clotting protein fibronectin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12912. [PMID: 29018227 PMCID: PMC5635006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomes are intravascular, parasitic flatworms that cause debilitating disease afflicting >200 million people. Proteins expressed at the host-parasite interface likely play key roles in modifying the worm's local environment to ensure parasite survival. Proteomic analysis reveals that two proteases belonging to the calpain family (SmCalp1 and SmCalp2) are expressed in the Schistosoma mansoni tegument. We have cloned both; while highly conserved in domain organization they display just 31% amino acid sequence identity. Both display high relative expression in the parasite's intravascular life forms. Immunolocalization and activity based protein profiling experiments confirm the presence of the enzymes at the host-parasite interface. Living parasites exhibit surface calpain activity that is blocked in the absence of calcium and in the presence of calpain inhibitors (E64c, PD 150606 and calpastatin). While calpains are invariably reported to be exclusively intracellular (except in diseased or injured tissues), our data show that schistosomes display unique, constitutive, functional extracellular calpain activity. Furthermore we show that the worms are capable of cleaving the host blood clotting protein fibronectin and that this activity can be inhibited by E64c. We hypothesize that SmCalp1 and/or SmCalp2 perform this cleavage function to impede blood clot formation around the worms in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Molecular Helminthology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - Akram A Da'dara
- Molecular Helminthology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - Patrick J Skelly
- Molecular Helminthology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA.
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