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Adamoski D, M Dos Reis L, Mafra ACP, Corrêa-da-Silva F, Moraes-Vieira PMMD, Berindan-Neagoe I, Calin GA, Dias SMG. HuR controls glutaminase RNA metabolism. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5620. [PMID: 38965208 PMCID: PMC11224379 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49874-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutaminase (GLS) is directly related to cell growth and tumor progression, making it a target for cancer treatment. The RNA-binding protein HuR (encoded by the ELAVL1 gene) influences mRNA stability and alternative splicing. Overexpression of ELAVL1 is common in several cancers, including breast cancer. Here we show that HuR regulates GLS mRNA alternative splicing and isoform translation/stability in breast cancer. Elevated ELAVL1 expression correlates with high levels of the glutaminase isoforms C (GAC) and kidney-type (KGA), which are associated with poor patient prognosis. Knocking down ELAVL1 reduces KGA and increases GAC levels, enhances glutamine anaplerosis into the TCA cycle, and drives cells towards glutamine dependence. Furthermore, we show that combining chemical inhibition of GLS with ELAVL1 silencing synergistically decreases breast cancer cell growth and invasion. These findings suggest that dual inhibition of GLS and HuR offers a therapeutic strategy for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Adamoski
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa M Dos Reis
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Paschoalini Mafra
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, S. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Felipe Corrêa-da-Silva
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Manoel Mendes de Moraes-Vieira
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu-Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - George A Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for RNA Inference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sandra Martha Gomes Dias
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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2
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Feng S, Aplin C, Nguyen TTT, Milano SK, Cerione RA. Filament formation drives catalysis by glutaminase enzymes important in cancer progression. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1971. [PMID: 38438397 PMCID: PMC10912226 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46351-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The glutaminase enzymes GAC and GLS2 catalyze the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate, satisfying the 'glutamine addiction' of cancer cells. They are the targets of anti-cancer drugs; however, their mechanisms of activation and catalytic activity have been unclear. Here we demonstrate that the ability of GAC and GLS2 to form filaments is directly coupled to their catalytic activity and present their cryo-EM structures which provide a view of the conformational states essential for catalysis. Filament formation guides an 'activation loop' to assume a specific conformation that works together with a 'lid' to close over the active site and position glutamine for nucleophilic attack by an essential serine. Our findings highlight how ankyrin repeats on GLS2 regulate enzymatic activity, while allosteric activators stabilize, and clinically relevant inhibitors block, filament formation that enables glutaminases to catalyze glutaminolysis and support cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Cody Aplin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Thuy-Tien T Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Shawn K Milano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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3
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Lee KT, Liao HS, Hsieh MH. Glutamine Metabolism, Sensing and Signaling in Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:1466-1481. [PMID: 37243703 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine (Gln) is the first amino acid synthesized in nitrogen (N) assimilation in plants. Gln synthetase (GS), converting glutamate (Glu) and NH4+ into Gln at the expense of ATP, is one of the oldest enzymes in all life domains. Plants have multiple GS isoenzymes that work individually or cooperatively to ensure that the Gln supply is sufficient for plant growth and development under various conditions. Gln is a building block for protein synthesis and an N-donor for the biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleic acids, amino sugars and vitamin B coenzymes. Most reactions using Gln as an N-donor are catalyzed by Gln amidotransferase (GAT) that hydrolyzes Gln to Glu and transfers the amido group of Gln to an acceptor substrate. Several GAT domain-containing proteins of unknown function in the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana suggest that some metabolic fates of Gln have yet to be identified in plants. In addition to metabolism, Gln signaling has emerged in recent years. The N regulatory protein PII senses Gln to regulate arginine biosynthesis in plants. Gln promotes somatic embryogenesis and shoot organogenesis with unknown mechanisms. Exogenous Gln has been implicated in activating stress and defense responses in plants. Likely, Gln signaling is responsible for some of the new Gln functions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim-Teng Lee
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, The Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Sheng Liao
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsiun Hsieh
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, The Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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4
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Adamoski D, Dias MM, Quesñay JEN, Yang Z, Zagoriy I, Steyer AM, Rodrigues CT, da Silva Bastos AC, da Silva BN, Costa RKE, de Abreu FMO, Islam Z, Cassago A, van Heel MG, Consonni SR, Mattei S, Mahamid J, Portugal RV, Ambrosio ALB, Dias SMG. Molecular mechanism of glutaminase activation through filamentation and the role of filaments in mitophagy protection. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:1902-1912. [PMID: 37857822 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Glutaminase (GLS), which deaminates glutamine to form glutamate, is a mitochondrial tetrameric protein complex. Although inorganic phosphate (Pi) is known to promote GLS filamentation and activation, the molecular basis of this mechanism is unknown. Here we aimed to determine the molecular mechanism of Pi-induced mouse GLS filamentation and its impact on mitochondrial physiology. Single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy revealed an allosteric mechanism in which Pi binding at the tetramer interface and the activation loop is coupled to direct nucleophile activation at the active site. The active conformation is prone to enzyme filamentation. Notably, human GLS filaments form inside tubulated mitochondria following glutamine withdrawal, as shown by in situ cryo-electron tomography of cells thinned by cryo-focused ion beam milling. Mitochondria with GLS filaments exhibit increased protection from mitophagy. We reveal roles of filamentous GLS in mitochondrial morphology and recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Adamoski
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marilia Meira Dias
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jose Edwin Neciosup Quesñay
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zhengyi Yang
- EMBL Imaging Centre, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ievgeniia Zagoriy
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna M Steyer
- EMBL Imaging Centre, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Camila Tanimoto Rodrigues
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, Brazil
- Biological Sciences Department, School of Science, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alliny Cristiny da Silva Bastos
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bianca Novaes da Silva
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Renna Karoline Eloi Costa
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Zeyaul Islam
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alexandre Cassago
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Marin Gerard van Heel
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Sílvio Roberto Consonni
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Simone Mattei
- EMBL Imaging Centre, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Mahamid
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Villares Portugal
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra Martha Gomes Dias
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil.
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5
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Feng S, Aplin C, Nguyen TTT, Milano SK, Cerione RA. Filament formation drives catalysis by glutaminase enzymes important in cancer progression. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.16.528860. [PMID: 36824706 PMCID: PMC9949068 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.16.528860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The glutaminase enzymes GAC and GLS2 catalyze the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate, satisfying the 'glutamine addiction' of cancer cells. They are the targets of anti-cancer drugs; however, their mechanisms of activation and catalytic activity have been unclear. Here we demonstrate that the ability of GAC and GLS2 to form filaments is directly coupled to their catalytic activity and present their cryo-EM structures which provide an unprecedented view of the conformational states essential for catalysis. Filament formation guides an 'activation loop' to assume a specific conformation that works together with a 'lid' to close over the active site and position glutamine for nucleophilic attack by an essential serine. Our findings highlight how ankyrin repeats on GLS2 regulate enzymatic activity, while allosteric activators stabilize, and clinically relevant inhibitors block, filament formation that enables glutaminases to catalyze glutaminolysis and support cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York, 14853
| | - Cody Aplin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York, 14853
| | - Thuy-Tien T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York, 14853
| | - Shawn K. Milano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York, 14853
| | - Richard A. Cerione
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York, 14853
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York, 14853
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6
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Costa RK, Brancaglion GA, Pinheiro MP, Meira DA, da Silva BN, de V. Negrao CZ, de A. Gonçalves K, Rodrigues CT, Ambrósio AL, Guido RV, Pastre JC, Dias SM. Discovery of aminothiazole derivatives as a chemical scaffold for glutaminase inhibition. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2023.100842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
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7
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Zhou F, Sun L, Shao Y, Zhang X, Li C. AMPK-mediated glutaminolysis maintains coelomocytes redox homeostasis in Vibrio splendidus-challenged Apostichopus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 122:170-180. [PMID: 35150828 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glutaminolysis has been proved to play an irreplaceable role in vertebrate immunity, including effects on cytokine production, bacterial killing, and redox homeostasis maintenance. Our previous metabolomics analysis indicated that glutaminolysis metabolic substrates glutamine (Gln) and metabolites glutamate (Glu) were significantly lower in Skin ulceration syndrome (SUS)-diseased Apostichopus japonicus. To further delineate the role of glutaminolysis, we assayed the levels of Gln and Glu. We found that their contents in coelomocytes were decreased, accompanied by an increase in glutathione (GSH) in pathogen-challenged Apostichopus japonicus. Consistently, the mRNA transcripts of three key genes in glutaminolysis (AjASCT2, AjGOT, and AjGCS) were significantly induced. Moreover, the increased MDA and NADPH/NADP + levels in response to pathogen infection indicated that oxidative stress occurs during the immune response. The metabolic regulator AMPKβ could regulate glutaminolysis in vertebrates by inducing cells to take up extracellular Gln. To explore the underlying regulatory mechanism behind glutaminolysis that occurred in coelomocytes, the full-length cDNA of AMPKβ was identified from A. japonicus (designated as AjAMPKβ). AjAMPKβ expression was significantly induced in the coelomocytes after pathogen challenge, which was consistent with the expression of key genes of glutaminolysis. A functional assay indicated that AjAMPKβ silencing by siRNA transfection could increase the levels of Gln and Glu and depress the production of GSH. Moreover, the expression of glutaminolysis-related genes was significantly inhibited, and the reduction of redox homeostasis indexes (MDA and NADPH/NADP+) was also observed. Contrastingly, AjAMPKβ overexpression promoted redox homeostasis balance. Intracellular ROS is mostly responsible for breaking redox homeostasis and leading to oxidative stress, contributing to cell fate changes in immune cells. Exogenous Gln and GSH treatments could significantly reduce ROS level while the AjAMPKβ silencing induced the level of ROS and accelerated the necrosis rate. All these results collectively revealed that AjAMPKβ could modulate cellular redox homeostasis by affecting the glutaminolysis in A. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Yantai Marine Economic Research Institute, Yantai, 264034, PR China
| | - Lianlian Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; State-Province Joint Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Yina Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; State-Province Joint Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- Yantai Marine Economic Research Institute, Yantai, 264034, PR China
| | - Chenghua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, PR China; Yantai Marine Economic Research Institute, Yantai, 264034, PR China.
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8
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Amobonye A, Singh S, Mukherjee K, Jobichen C, Qureshi IA, Pillai S. Structural and functional insights into fungal glutaminase using a computational approach. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Shen Y, Zhang Y, Li W, Chen K, Xiang M, Ma H. Glutamine metabolism: from proliferating cells to cardiomyocytes. Metabolism 2021; 121:154778. [PMID: 33901502 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine is a major energy source for rapidly dividing cells, such as hematopoietic stem cells and cancer cells. Reliance on glutamine is therefore regarded as a metabolic hallmark of proliferating cells. Moreover, reprogramming glutamine metabolism by various factors, including tissue type, microenvironment, pro-oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes, can facilitate stem cell fate decisions, tumor recurrence, and drug resistance. However, the significance of glutamine metabolism in cardiomyocytes, an end-differentiated cell type, is not fully understood. Existing evidence suggests important roles of glutamine metabolism in the development of cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we have focused on glutaminolysis and its regulatory network in proliferating cells. We have summarized current findings about the role of glutamine utilization in cardiomyocytes and have discussed possibilities of targeting glutamine metabolism for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Shen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Wudi Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Kaijie Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Meixiang Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.
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10
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Ferreira IM, Quesñay JEN, Bastos AC, Rodrigues CT, Vollmar M, Krojer T, Strain-Damerell C, Burgess-Brown NA, von Delft F, Yue WW, Dias SM, Ambrosio AL. Structure and activation mechanism of the human liver-type glutaminase GLS2. Biochimie 2021; 185:96-104. [PMID: 33746066 PMCID: PMC8130709 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells exhibit an altered metabolic phenotype, consuming higher levels of the amino acid glutamine. This metabolic reprogramming depends on increased mitochondrial glutaminase activity to convert glutamine to glutamate, an essential precursor for bioenergetic and biosynthetic processes in cells. Mammals encode the kidney-type (GLS) and liver-type (GLS2) glutaminase isozymes. GLS is overexpressed in cancer and associated with enhanced malignancy. On the other hand, GLS2 is either a tumor suppressor or an oncogene, depending on the tumor type. The GLS structure and activation mechanism are well known, while the structural determinants for GLS2 activation remain elusive. Here, we describe the structure of the human glutaminase domain of GLS2, followed by the functional characterization of the residues critical for its activity. Increasing concentrations of GLS2 lead to tetramer stabilization, a process enhanced by phosphate. In GLS2, the so-called “lid loop” is in a rigid open conformation, which may be related to its higher affinity for phosphate and lower affinity for glutamine; hence, it has lower glutaminase activity than GLS. The lower affinity of GLS2 for glutamine is also related to its less electropositive catalytic site than GLS, as indicated by a Thr225Lys substitution within the catalytic site decreasing the GLS2 glutamine concentration corresponding to half-maximal velocity (K0.5). Finally, we show that the Lys253Ala substitution (corresponding to the Lys320Ala in the GLS “activation” loop, formerly known as the “gating” loop) renders a highly active protein in stable tetrameric form. We conclude that the “activation” loop, a known target for GLS inhibition, may also be a drug target for GLS2. A positive cooperative mechanism of activation is demonstrated for the liver-type glutaminase. The novel crystal structure for the glutaminase domain of human GLS2 is presented. Site-directed mutagenesis suggest the activation loop as a hotspot for inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor M Ferreira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Zip Code, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - José Edwin N Quesñay
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Zip Code, 13083-970, Brazil; Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Zip Code, 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Alliny Cs Bastos
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Zip Code, 13083-970, Brazil; Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila T Rodrigues
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Zip Code, 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Melanie Vollmar
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Tobias Krojer
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Claire Strain-Damerell
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK; Diamond Light Source Ltd., The Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Nicola A Burgess-Brown
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Frank von Delft
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK; Diamond Light Source Ltd., The Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa; Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Wyatt W Yue
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Sandra Mg Dias
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Zip Code, 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Andre Lb Ambrosio
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Zip Code, 13083-970, Brazil; Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Zip Code, 13563-120, Brazil.
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11
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The glutaminase (CgGLS-1) mediates anti-bacterial immunity by prompting cytokine synthesis and hemocyte apoptosis in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1281. [PMID: 33446806 PMCID: PMC7809476 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80552-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutaminase, an amidohydrolase enzyme that hydrolyzes glutamine to glutamate, plays crucial roles in various immunomodulatory processes such as cell apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and secretion of cytokines. In the present study, a glutaminase homologue (designated as CgGLS-1) was identified from Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, whose open reading frame was of 1836 bp. CgGLS-1 exhibited high sequence identity with vertebrate kidney-type GLS, and closely clustered with their homologues from mollusc C. virginica. The enzyme activity of recombinant CgGLS-1 protein (rCgGLS-1) was estimated to be 1.705 U/mg. CgGLS-1 mRNA was constitutively expressed in all the tested tissues of oysters, with the highest expression level in hemocytes. CgGLS-1 mRNA expression in hemocytes was significantly up-regulated and peaked at 6 h (2.07-fold, p < 0.01) after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. The CgGLS-1 protein was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm with a significant co-location with mitochondria in oyster hemocytes. The content of Glu in the oyster serum was significantly decreased after the inhibition of CgGLS-1 using specific inhibitor Bis-2- [5-(phenyl acetamido)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] ethyl sulfide (BPTES), and the expression levels of CgmGluR6, CgAP-1, cytokines CgIL17-5 and CgTNF-1 were significantly decreased after BPTES and LPS stimulation. The transcripts of CgCaspase3 as well as the apoptosis index of hemocytes were also decreased. These results collectively suggest that CgGLS-1 is the enzyme to synthesize Glu in oyster, which can modulate anti-bacterial immunity by regulating the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines CgIL17-5 and CgTNF-1, as well as hemocyte apoptosis.
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Matés JM, Campos-Sandoval JA, de Los Santos-Jiménez J, Segura JA, Alonso FJ, Márquez J. Metabolic Reprogramming of Cancer by Chemicals that Target Glutaminase Isoenzymes. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5317-5339. [PMID: 31038055 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190416165004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic reprogramming of tumours is a hallmark of cancer. Among the changes in the metabolic network of cancer cells, glutaminolysis is a key reaction altered in neoplasms. Glutaminase proteins control the first step in glutamine metabolism and their expression correlates with malignancy and growth rate of a great variety of cancers. The two types of glutaminase isoenzymes, GLS and GLS2, differ in their expression patterns and functional roles: GLS has oncogenic properties and GLS2 has been described as a tumour suppressor factor. RESULTS We have focused on glutaminase connections with key oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. Targeting glutaminase isoenzymes includes different strategies aimed at deactivating the rewiring of cancer metabolism. In addition, we found a long list of metabolic enzymes, transcription factors and signalling pathways dealing with glutaminase. On the other hand, a number of chemicals have been described as isoenzyme-specific inhibitors of GLS and/or GLS2 isoforms. These molecules are being characterized as synergic and therapeutic agents in many types of tumours. CONCLUSION This review states the metabolic pathways that are rewired in cancer, the roles of glutaminase isoforms in cancer, as well as the metabolic circuits regulated by glutaminases. We also show the plethora of anticancer drugs that specifically inhibit glutaminase isoenzymes for treating several sets of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Matés
- Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga (IBIMA), Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Canceromics Lab, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de Teatinos, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - José A Campos-Sandoval
- Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga (IBIMA), Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Canceromics Lab, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de Teatinos, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Juan de Los Santos-Jiménez
- Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga (IBIMA), Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Canceromics Lab, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de Teatinos, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Juan A Segura
- Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga (IBIMA), Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Canceromics Lab, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de Teatinos, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J Alonso
- Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga (IBIMA), Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Canceromics Lab, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de Teatinos, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Javier Márquez
- Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga (IBIMA), Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Canceromics Lab, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de Teatinos, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
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Kitamata M, Hotta M, Hamada‐Nakahara S, Suetsugu S. The membrane binding and deformation property of vaccinia virus K1 ankyrin repeat domain protein. Genes Cells 2020; 25:187-196. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Kitamata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology Nara Institute of Science and Technology Ikoma Japan
| | - Mitsukuni Hotta
- Graduate School of Science and Technology Nara Institute of Science and Technology Ikoma Japan
| | | | - Shiro Suetsugu
- Graduate School of Science and Technology Nara Institute of Science and Technology Ikoma Japan
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Wang L, Zhu L, Wu K, Chen Y, Lee DY, Gucek M, Sack MN. Mitochondrial General Control of Amino Acid Synthesis 5 Like 1 Regulates Glutaminolysis, Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Activity, and Murine Liver Regeneration. Hepatology 2020; 71:643-657. [PMID: 31344750 PMCID: PMC7465484 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The regenerative capacity of the liver plays a protective role against hepatotoxins and impaired regeneration exacerbates liver dysfunction in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Mitochondrial bioenergetic and -synthetic functions are important contributory factors in hepatic regeneration, and the control of mitochondrial protein acetylation is implicated in the mitochondrial susceptibility to liver stressors. Here, we evaluated the role of general control of amino acid synthesis 5 like 1 (GCN5L1), a mediator of mitochondrial metabolism and acetylation, in modulating murine liver regeneration (LR) in response to acute CCl4 -induced hepatotoxicity. APPROACH AND RESULTS Initial metabolomic screening found that liver GCN5L1 knockout (LKO) mice have augmented glutaminolysis. Absence of GCN5L1 modified enzyme activity of liver-enriched glutaminase enzyme (glutaminase 2; GLS2), and GCN5L1 levels modulated GLS2 oligomerization and acetylation. This metabolic remodeling resulted in the elevation of α-ketoglutarate levels, which are known to activate mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). This signaling pathway was induced with increased phosphorylation of S6 kinase in LKO hepatocytes, and inhibition of glutaminolysis reversed aberrant mTORC1 signaling. At the same time, glutaminolysis, activity of GLS2, and activation of mTORC1 signaling were reversed by the genetic reintroduction of the mitochondrial isoform of GCN5L1 into LKO primary hepatocytes. Finally, LKO mice had a more robust regenerative capacity in response to CCl4 hepatoxicity, and this response was blunted by both the mTORC1 inhibitor, rapamycin, and by pharmacological blunting of glutaminolysis. CONCLUSIONS These data point to a central role of glutaminolysis in modulating the regenerative capacity in the liver. Furthermore, inhibition of mitochondrial GCN5L1 to augment LR may be a useful strategy in disease states linked to hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingdi Wang
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,,Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Zhu
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kaiyuan Wu
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yong Chen
- Proteomics Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Duck-Yeon Lee
- Biochemistry Core, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marjan Gucek
- Proteomics Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael N. Sack
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Targeting glutaminase 1 attenuates stemness properties in hepatocellular carcinoma by increasing reactive oxygen species and suppressing Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. EBioMedicine 2018; 39:239-254. [PMID: 30555042 PMCID: PMC6355660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive malignant disease with poor prognosis. Recent advances suggest the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) within liver cancer, which are considered to be responsible for tumor relapse, metastasis, and chemoresistance. However, novel therapeutic approaches for eradicating CSCs are yet to be established. Here, we aimed to identify the role of glutaminase 1 (GLS1) in stemness, and the feasibility that GLS1 serves as a therapeutic target for elimination CSCs as well as the possible mechanism. Methods Publicly-available data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) was mined to unearth the association between GLS1 and stemness phenotype. Using big data, human tissues and multiple cell lines, we gained a general picture of GLS1 expression in HCC progression. We generated stable cell lines by lentiviral-mediated overexpression or CRISPR/Cas9-based knockout. Sphere formation assays and colony formation assays were employed to analyze the relationship between GLS1 and stemness. A series of bioinformatics analyses and molecular experiments including qRT-PCR, immunoblotting, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence were employed to investigate the role of GLS1 in regulating stemness in vitro and in vivo. Findings We observed GLS1 (both KGA and GAC isoform) is highly expressed in HCC, and that high expression of GAC predicts a poor prognosis. GLS1 is exclusively expressed in the mitochondrial matrix. Upregulation of GLS1 is positively associated with advanced clinicopathological features and stemness phenotype. Targeting GLS1 reduced the expression of stemness-related genes and suppressed CSC properties in vitro. We further found GLS1 regulates stemness properties via ROS/Wnt/β-catenin signaling and that GLS1 knockout inhibits tumorigenicity in vivo. Interpretation Targeting GLS1 attenuates stemness properties in HCC by increasing ROS accumulation and suppressing Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which implied that GLS1 could serve as a therapeutic target for elimination of CSCs.
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de Guzzi Cassago CA, Dias MM, Pinheiro MP, Pasquali CC, Bastos ACS, Islam Z, Consonni SR, de Oliveira JF, Gomes EM, Ascenção CFR, Honorato R, Pauletti BA, Indolfo NDC, Filho HVR, de Oliveira PSL, Figueira ACM, Paes Leme AF, Ambrosio ALB, Dias SMG. Glutaminase Affects the Transcriptional Activity of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ (PPARγ) via Direct Interaction. Biochemistry 2018; 57:6293-6307. [PMID: 30295466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Phosphate-activated glutaminases catalyze the deamidation of glutamine to glutamate and play key roles in several physiological and pathological processes. In humans, GLS encodes two multidomain splicing isoforms: KGA and GAC. In both isoforms, the canonical glutaminase domain is flanked by an N-terminal region that is folded into an EF-hand-like four-helix bundle. However, the splicing event replaces a well-structured three-repeat ankyrin domain in KGA with a shorter, unordered C-terminal stretch in GAC. The multidomain architecture, which contains putative protein-protein binding motifs, has led to speculation that glutaminases are involved in cellular processes other than glutamine metabolism; in fact, some proteins have been identified as binding partners of KGA and the isoforms of its paralogue gene, GLS2. Here, a yeast two-hybrid assay identified nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) as a new binding partner of the glutaminase. We show that KGA and GAC directly bind PPARγ with a low-micromolar dissociation constant; the interaction involves the N-terminal and catalytic domains of glutaminases as well as the ligand-binding domain of the nuclear receptor. The interaction occurs within the nucleus, and by sequestering PPARγ from its responsive element DR1, the glutaminases decreased nuclear receptor activity as assessed by a luciferase reporter assay. Altogether, our findings reveal an unexpected glutaminase-binding partner and, for the first time, directly link mitochondrial glutaminases to an unanticipated role in gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Aparecida de Guzzi Cassago
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio) , Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas , Sao Paulo 13083-970 , Brazil
| | - Marília Meira Dias
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio) , Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas , Sao Paulo 13083-970 , Brazil
| | - Matheus Pinto Pinheiro
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio) , Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas , Sao Paulo 13083-970 , Brazil
| | - Camila Cristina Pasquali
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio) , Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas , Sao Paulo 13083-970 , Brazil
| | - Alliny Cristiny Silva Bastos
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio) , Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas , Sao Paulo 13083-970 , Brazil.,Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology , University of Campinas (UNICAMP) , Campinas , Sao Paulo 13083-970 , Brazil
| | - Zeyaul Islam
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio) , Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas , Sao Paulo 13083-970 , Brazil
| | - Sílvio Roberto Consonni
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology , University of Campinas , Campinas , Sao Paulo 13083-872 , Brazil
| | - Juliana Ferreira de Oliveira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio) , Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas , Sao Paulo 13083-970 , Brazil
| | - Emerson Machi Gomes
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio) , Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas , Sao Paulo 13083-970 , Brazil
| | - Carolline Fernanda Rodrigues Ascenção
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio) , Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas , Sao Paulo 13083-970 , Brazil.,Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology , University of Campinas (UNICAMP) , Campinas , Sao Paulo 13083-970 , Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Honorato
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio) , Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas , Sao Paulo 13083-970 , Brazil
| | - Bianca Alves Pauletti
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio) , Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas , Sao Paulo 13083-970 , Brazil
| | - Nathalia de Carvalho Indolfo
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio) , Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas , Sao Paulo 13083-970 , Brazil
| | - Helder Veras Ribeiro Filho
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio) , Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas , Sao Paulo 13083-970 , Brazil
| | - Paulo Sergio Lopes de Oliveira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio) , Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas , Sao Paulo 13083-970 , Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Migliorini Figueira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio) , Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas , Sao Paulo 13083-970 , Brazil
| | - Adriana Franco Paes Leme
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio) , Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas , Sao Paulo 13083-970 , Brazil
| | - Andre Luis Berteli Ambrosio
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio) , Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas , Sao Paulo 13083-970 , Brazil
| | - Sandra Martha Gomes Dias
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio) , Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas , Sao Paulo 13083-970 , Brazil
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N-terminal phosphorylation of glutaminase C decreases its enzymatic activity and cancer cell migration. Biochimie 2018; 154:69-76. [PMID: 30092248 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial phosphate-activated glutaminase C (GAC) is produced by the alternative splicing of the GLS gene. Compared to the other GLS isoform, the kidney-type glutaminase (KGA), GAC is more enzymatically efficient and of particular importance for cancer cell growth. Although its catalytic mechanism is well understood, little is known about how post-translational modifications can impact GAC function. Here, we identified by mass spectrometry a phosphorylated serine at the GLS N-terminal domain (at position 95) and investigated its role on regulating GAC activity. The ectopic expression of the phosphomimetic mutant (GAC.S95D) in breast cancer cells, compared to wild-type GAC (GAC.WT), led to decreased glutaminase activity, glutamine uptake, glutamate release and intracellular glutamate levels, without changing GAC sub-cellular localization. Interestingly, cells expressing the GAC.S95D mutant, compared to GAC.WT, presented decreased migration and vimentin level, an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition marker. These results reveal that GAC is post-translationally regulated by phosphorylation, which affects cellular glutamine metabolism and glutaminase-related cell phenotype.
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Islam Z, Nagampalli RSK, Fatima MT, Ashraf GM. New paradigm in ankyrin repeats: Beyond protein-protein interaction module. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 109:1164-1173. [PMID: 29157912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Classically, ankyrin repeat (ANK) proteins are built from tandems of two or more repeats and form curved solenoid structures that are associated with protein-protein interactions. These are short, widespread structural motif of around 33 amino acids repeats in tandem, having a canonical helix-loop-helix fold, found individually or in combination with other domains. The multiplicity of structural pattern enables it to form assemblies of diverse sizes, required for their abilities to confer multiple binding and structural roles of proteins. Three-dimensional structures of these repeats determined to date reveal a degree of structural variability that translates into the considerable functional versatility of this protein superfamily. Recent work on the ANK has proposed novel structural information, especially protein-lipid, protein-sugar and protein-protein interaction. Self-assembly of these repeats was also shown to prevent the associated protein in forming filaments. In this review, we summarize the latest findings and how the new structural information has increased our understanding of the structural determinants of ANK proteins. We discussed latest findings on how these proteins participate in various interactions to diversify the ANK roles in numerous biological processes, and explored the emerging and evolving field of designer ankyrins and its framework for protein engineering emphasizing on biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyaul Islam
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, SP, 13083-100, Brazil.
| | | | - Munazza Tamkeen Fatima
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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