1
|
Lim HY, Dolzhenko AV. 1,3,5-Triazine as a promising scaffold in the development of therapeutic agents against breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 276:116680. [PMID: 39018924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
1,3,5-Triazine scaffold has garnered considerable interest due to its wide-ranging pharmacological properties, particularly in the field of cancer research. Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women. Approximately one in eight women will receive a diagnosis of invasive breast cancer during their lifetime. The five-year survival rate for invasive breast cancer is less than 30 %, indicating a need to develop a more effective therapeutic agent targeting breast cancer. This review discusses bioactive 1,3,5-triazines targeting breast cancer cells by the inhibition of different enzymes, which include PI3K, mTOR, EGFR, VEGFR, FAK, CDK, DHFR, DNA topoisomerase, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, carbonic anhydrase, and matrix metalloproteinase. The anticancer agent search in some drug discovery programs is based on compound screening for antiproliferative activity. Often, multiple targets contribute to the anticancer effect of 1,3,5-triazines and this approach allows identification of active molecules prior to identification of their targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Yin Lim
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Anton V Dolzhenko
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 47500, Malaysia; Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western, Bentley, 6845, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu F, Chen J, Li K, Li H, Zhu Y, Zhai Y, Lu B, Fan Y, Liu Z, Chen X, Jia X, Dong Z, Liu K. Ubiquitination and deubiquitination in cancer: from mechanisms to novel therapeutic approaches. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:148. [PMID: 39048965 PMCID: PMC11270804 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-02046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination, a pivotal posttranslational modification of proteins, plays a fundamental role in regulating protein stability. The dysregulation of ubiquitinating and deubiquitinating enzymes is a common feature in various cancers, underscoring the imperative to investigate ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases (DUBs) for insights into oncogenic processes and the development of therapeutic interventions. In this review, we discuss the contributions of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in all hallmarks of cancer and progress in drug discovery. We delve into the multiple functions of the UPS in oncology, including its regulation of multiple cancer-associated pathways, its role in metabolic reprogramming, its engagement with tumor immune responses, its function in phenotypic plasticity and polymorphic microbiomes, and other essential cellular functions. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive overview of novel anticancer strategies that leverage the UPS, including the development and application of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) and molecular glues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Liu
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, School of Third Clinical Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of First Clinical Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Haochen Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of First Clinical Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yiyi Zhu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of First Clinical Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yubo Zhai
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Bingbing Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yanle Fan
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, China
| | - Ziyue Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xiaojie Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xuechao Jia
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of TCM Syndrome and Prescription in Signaling, Traditional Chinese Medicine (Zhong Jing) School, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Zigang Dong
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, China.
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
| | - Kangdong Liu
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rong Z, Zheng K, Chen J, Jin X. The cross talk of ubiquitination and chemotherapy tolerance in colorectal cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2024; 150:154. [PMID: 38521878 PMCID: PMC10960765 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-024-05659-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Ubiquitination, a highly adaptable post-translational modification, plays a pivotal role in maintaining cellular protein homeostasis, encompassing cancer chemoresistance-associated proteins. Recent findings have indicated a potential correlation between perturbations in the ubiquitination process and the emergence of drug resistance in CRC cancer. Consequently, numerous studies have spurred the advancement of compounds specifically designed to target ubiquitinates, offering promising prospects for cancer therapy. In this review, we highlight the role of ubiquitination enzymes associated with chemoresistance to chemotherapy via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cell cycle perturbation. In addition, we summarize the application and role of small compounds that target ubiquitination enzymes for CRC treatment, along with the significance of targeting ubiquitination enzymes as potential cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ze Rong
- Department of Chemoradiotherapy, the Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, China.
| | - Kaifeng Zheng
- Department of Chemoradiotherapy, the Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Chemoradiotherapy, the Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- Department of Chemoradiotherapy, the Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Haynes BM, Cunningham K, Shekhar MPV. RAD6 inhibition enhances paclitaxel sensitivity of triple negative breast cancer cells by aggravating mitotic spindle damage. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1073. [PMID: 36258187 PMCID: PMC9578210 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paclitaxel (PTX), a first-line therapy for triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) induces anti-tumor activity by microtubule stabilization and inhibition of cell division. Its dose-limiting toxicity and short half-life, however, pose clinical challenges underscoring the need for strategies that increase its efficiency. RAD6, a E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, is associated with centrosomes at all phases of cell cycle. Constitutive overexpression of the RAD6B homolog in normal breast cells induces centrosome amplification and multipolar spindle formation, indicating its importance in centrosome regulation. Methods TNBC centrosome numbers were scored by pericentrin immunostaining. PTX sensitivities and interactions with SMI#9, a RAD6-selective small molecule inhibitor, on TNBC cell survival were analyzed by MTT and colony forming assays and an isogenic MDA-MB-468 TNBC model of PTX resistance. The molecular mechanisms underlying PTX and SMI#9 induced cytotoxicity were determined by flow cytometry, immunoblot analysis of cyclin B1 and microtubule associated protein TAU, and dual immunofluorescence staining of TAU and α-tubulin. Results Our data show aberrant centrosome numbers and that PTX sensitivities are not correlated with TNBC BRCA1 status. Combining PTX with SMI#9 synergistically enhances PTX sensitivities of BRCA1 wild-type and mutant TNBC cells. Whereas SMI#9/PTX combination treatment increased cyclin B1 levels in MDA-MB-468 cells, it induced cyclin B1 loss in HCC1937 cells with accumulation of reproductively dead giant cells, a characteristic of mitotic catastrophe. Cell cycle analysis revealed drug-induced accumulation of tetraploid cells in S and G2/M phases, and robust increases in cells with 4 N DNA content in HCC1937 cells. TAU overexpression is associated with reduced PTX efficacy. Among the six TAU isoforms, both SMI#9 and PTX downregulated 1N3R TAU in MDA-MB-468 and HCC1937 cells, suggesting a common mechanism of 1N3R regulation. Dual TAU and α-tubulin immunostaining showed that SMI#9 induces monopolar mitotic spindles. Using the isogenic model of PTX resistance, we show that SMI#9 treatment restores PTX sensitivity. Conclusions These data support a common mechanism of microtubule regulation by SMI#9 and PTX and suggest that combining PTX with RAD6 inhibitor may be beneficial for increasing TNBC sensitivities to PTX and alleviating toxicity. This study demonstrates a new role for RAD6 in regulating microtubule dynamics. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-10119-z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M Haynes
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 421 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.,Present address: Office of Policy Communications, and Education, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Besthesda, USA
| | - Kristen Cunningham
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 421 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Malathy P V Shekhar
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. .,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 421 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 421 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shahari MSB, Dolzhenko AV. A closer look at N2,6-substituted 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamines: Advances in synthesis and biological activities. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 241:114645. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
6
|
Spanjaard A, Shah R, de Groot D, Buoninfante OA, Morris B, Lieftink C, Pritchard C, Zürcher LM, Ormel S, Catsman JJI, de Korte-Grimmerink R, Siteur B, Proost N, Boadum T, van de Ven M, Song JY, Kreft M, van den Berk PCM, Beijersbergen RL, Jacobs H. Division of labor within the DNA damage tolerance system reveals non-epistatic and clinically actionable targets for precision cancer medicine. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:7420-7435. [PMID: 35819193 PMCID: PMC9303390 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosslink repair depends on the Fanconi anemia pathway and translesion synthesis polymerases that replicate over unhooked crosslinks. Translesion synthesis is regulated via ubiquitination of PCNA, and independently via translesion synthesis polymerase REV1. The division of labor between PCNA-ubiquitination and REV1 in interstrand crosslink repair is unclear. Inhibition of either of these pathways has been proposed as a strategy to increase cytotoxicity of platinating agents in cancer treatment. Here, we defined the importance of PCNA-ubiquitination and REV1 for DNA in mammalian ICL repair. In mice, loss of PCNA-ubiquitination, but not REV1, resulted in germ cell defects and hypersensitivity to cisplatin. Loss of PCNA-ubiquitination, but not REV1 sensitized mammalian cancer cell lines to cisplatin. We identify polymerase Kappa as essential in tolerating DNA damage-induced lesions, in particular cisplatin lesions. Polk-deficient tumors were controlled by cisplatin treatment and it significantly delayed tumor outgrowth and increased overall survival of tumor bearing mice. Our results indicate that PCNA-ubiquitination and REV1 play distinct roles in DNA damage tolerance. Moreover, our results highlight POLK as a critical TLS polymerase in tolerating multiple genotoxic lesions, including cisplatin lesions. The relative frequent loss of Polk in cancers indicates an exploitable vulnerability for precision cancer medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Spanjaard
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronak Shah
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël de Groot
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olimpia Alessandra Buoninfante
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Morris
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cor Lieftink
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Colin Pritchard
- Intervention unit of the Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging research (MCCA), The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa M Zürcher
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shirley Ormel
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce J I Catsman
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renske de Korte-Grimmerink
- Intervention unit of the Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging research (MCCA), The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bjørn Siteur
- Intervention unit of the Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging research (MCCA), The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natalie Proost
- Intervention unit of the Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging research (MCCA), The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Terry Boadum
- NKI Animal facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke van de Ven
- Intervention unit of the Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging research (MCCA), The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ji-Ying Song
- Division of Experimental Animal Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike Kreft
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C M van den Berk
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roderick L Beijersbergen
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heinz Jacobs
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fenteany G, Sharma G, Gaur P, Borics A, Wéber E, Kiss E, Haracska L. A series of xanthenes inhibiting Rad6 function and Rad6-Rad18 interaction in the PCNA ubiquitination cascade. iScience 2022; 25:104053. [PMID: 35355521 PMCID: PMC8958325 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) triggers pathways of DNA damage tolerance, including mutagenic translesion DNA synthesis, and comprises a cascade of reactions involving the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme Uba1, the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Rad6, and the E3 ubiquitin ligase Rad18. We report here the discovery of a series of xanthenes that inhibit PCNA ubiquitination, Rad6∼ubiquitin thioester formation, and the Rad6–Rad18 interaction. Structure-activity relationship experiments across multiple assays reveal chemical and structural features important for different activities along the pathway to PCNA ubiquitination. The compounds that inhibit these processes are all a subset of the xanthen-3-ones we tested. These small molecules thus represent first-in-class probes of Rad6 function and the association of Rad6 and Rad18, the latter being a new inhibitory activity discovered for a small molecule, in the PCNA ubiquitination cascade and potential therapeutic agents to contain cancer progression. Alpha-based HTS for PCNA ubiquitination modulators Target-based characterization of hits A series of xanthenes that inhibit Rad6 functions and Rad6–Rad18 interaction
Collapse
|
8
|
Ler AAL, Carty MP. DNA Damage Tolerance Pathways in Human Cells: A Potential Therapeutic Target. Front Oncol 2022; 11:822500. [PMID: 35198436 PMCID: PMC8859465 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.822500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA lesions arising from both exogenous and endogenous sources occur frequently in DNA. During DNA replication, the presence of unrepaired DNA damage in the template can arrest replication fork progression, leading to fork collapse, double-strand break formation, and to genome instability. To facilitate completion of replication and prevent the generation of strand breaks, DNA damage tolerance (DDT) pathways play a key role in allowing replication to proceed in the presence of lesions in the template. The two main DDT pathways are translesion synthesis (TLS), which involves the recruitment of specialized TLS polymerases to the site of replication arrest to bypass lesions, and homology-directed damage tolerance, which includes the template switching and fork reversal pathways. With some exceptions, lesion bypass by TLS polymerases is a source of mutagenesis, potentially contributing to the development of cancer. The capacity of TLS polymerases to bypass replication-blocking lesions induced by anti-cancer drugs such as cisplatin can also contribute to tumor chemoresistance. On the other hand, during homology-directed DDT the nascent sister strand is transiently utilised as a template for replication, allowing for error-free lesion bypass. Given the role of DNA damage tolerance pathways in replication, mutagenesis and chemoresistance, a more complete understanding of these pathways can provide avenues for therapeutic exploitation. A number of small molecule inhibitors of TLS polymerase activity have been identified that show synergy with conventional chemotherapeutic agents in killing cancer cells. In this review, we will summarize the major DDT pathways, explore the relationship between damage tolerance and carcinogenesis, and discuss the potential of targeting TLS polymerases as a therapeutic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashlynn Ai Li Ler
- Biochemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michael P. Carty
- Biochemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway, Galway, Ireland
- DNA Damage Response Laboratory, Centre for Chromosome Biology, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Michael P. Carty,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jiang W, Cai G, Hu P, Wang Y. Personalized medicine of non-gene-specific chemotherapies for non-small cell lung cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3406-3416. [PMID: 34900526 PMCID: PMC8642451 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer is recognized as the deadliest cancer across the globe. In some areas, it is more common in women than even breast and cervical cancer. Its rise, vaulted by smoking habits and increasing air pollution, has garnered much attention and resource in the medical field. The first lung cancer treatments were developed more than half a century ago. Unfortunately, many of the earlier chemotherapies often did more harm than good, especially when they were used to treat genetically unsuitable patients. With the introduction of personalized medicine, physicians are increasingly aware of when, how, and in whom, to use certain anti-cancer agents. Drugs such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies possess limited utility because they target specific oncogenic mutations, but other drugs that target mechanisms universal to all cancers do not. In this review, we discuss many of these non-oncogene-targeting anti-cancer agents including DNA replication inhibitors (i.e., alkylating agents and topoisomerase inhibitors) and cytoskeletal function inhibitors to highlight their application in the setting of personalized medicine as well as their limitations and resistance factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Guiqing Cai
- Quest Diagnostics, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675, USA
| | - Peter Hu
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kobayashi M, Yonezawa A, Takasawa H, Nagao Y, Iguchi K, Endo S, Ikari A, Matsunaga T. Development of cisplatin resistance in breast cancer MCF7 cells by up-regulating aldo-keto reductase 1C3 expression, glutathione synthesis, and proteasomal proteolysis. J Biochem 2021; 171:97-108. [PMID: 34676395 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (CDDP) is widely prescribed for the treatment of various cancers including bladder cancers, whereas its clinical use for breast cancer chemotherapy is restricted owing to easy acquisition of the chemoresistance. Here, we established a highly CDDP-resistant variant of human breast cancer MCF7 cells and found that procuring the resistance aberrantly elevates the expression of aldo-keto reductase (AKR) 1C3. Additionally, MCF7 cell sensitivity to CDDP was decreased and increased by overexpression and knockdown, respectively, of AKR1C3, clearly inferring that the enzyme plays a crucial role in acquiring the CDDP resistance. The CDDP-resistant cells suppressed the formation of cytotoxic reactive aldehydes by CDDP treatment, and the suppressive effects were almost completely abolished by pretreating with AKR1C3 inhibitor. The resistant cells also exhibited the elevated glutathione amount and 26S proteasomal proteolytic activities, and their CDDP sensitivity was significantly augmented by pretreatment with an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis or proteasomal proteolysis. Moreover, the combined treatment with inhibitors of AKR1C3, glutathione synthesis, and/or proteasomal proteolysis potently overcame the CDDP resistance and docetaxel cross-resistance. Taken together, our results suggest that the combination of inhibitors of AKR1C3, glutathione synthesis, and/or proteasomal proteolysis is effective as an adjuvant therapy to enhance CDDP sensitivity of breast cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mio Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Ayano Yonezawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takasawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yukino Nagao
- Education Center of Green Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 5-6-1 Mitahora-higashi, Gifu 502-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Iguchi
- Laboratory of Community Pharmacy, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Satoshi Endo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Akira Ikari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsunaga
- Education Center of Green Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 5-6-1 Mitahora-higashi, Gifu 502-8585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ma L, Li X, Zhao X, Sun H, Kong F, Li Y, Sui Y, Xu F. Oxaliplatin promotes siMAD2L2‑induced apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:629. [PMID: 34278473 PMCID: PMC8281267 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical efficacy of colorectal tumor treatment is restricted due to platinum agent resistance. Translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) has been shown to contribute to this resistance; however, the exact molecular mechanism remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the possible function of the core of the TLS polymerase mitotic arrest deficient 2 like 2 (MAD2L2) in drug sensitivity, in order to provide a treatment rationale for platinum‑based chemotherapy in colon cancer. In the present study, MAD2L2 was knocked down using MAD2L2‑specific small interfering (si)RNA. HCT116 and SW620 cells were treated with oxaliplatin and MG132; oxaliplatin is a platinum compound that induces DNA damage and MG132 is a potent proteasome inhibitor. Cell viability was determined using an MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was examined via flow cytometry and TUNEL assay. The activity of proteasome 26S subunit, non‑ATPase 13 (PSMD13) was detected using ELISA, while the expression levels of apoptotic‑related proteins were detected via western blotting. The results demonstrated that cells treated with oxaliplatin or MG132 alone had decreased viability, but a synergistic effect was not observed after co‑treatment. In addition, the knockdown of MAD2L2 caused by siMAD2L2 or oxaliplatin treatment increased the expression levels of the pro‑apoptotic proteins Bax and Bak and decreased the expression levels of the anti‑apoptotic protein Bcl‑2, compared with the negative control group. Moreover, MG132 alleviated the decrease in MAD2L2 expression, while reducing siMAD2L2‑induced cell apoptosis. These results indicate that oxaliplatin promotes siMAD2L2‑induced apoptosis in colon cancer cells. This process was associated with the Bcl‑2 and ubiquitin‑proteasome pathway. Overall, the present study provides a theoretical basis for improving the clinical efficacy of colon cancer by combining chemotherapy and gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ma
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhao
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Haotong Sun
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Feifei Kong
- Department of Oncology, Qufu People's Hospital, Qufu, Shandong 273100, P.R. China
| | - Yuanjie Li
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Yu Sui
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Fang Xu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
McPherson KS, Korzhnev DM. Targeting protein-protein interactions in the DNA damage response pathways for cancer chemotherapy. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1167-1195. [PMID: 34458830 PMCID: PMC8342002 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular DNA damage response (DDR) is an extensive signaling network that orchestrates DNA damage recognition, repair and avoidance, cell cycle progression and cell death. DDR alteration is a hallmark of cancer, with the deficiency in one DDR capability often compensated by a dependency on alternative pathways endowing cancer cells with survival and growth advantage. Targeting these DDR pathways has provided multiple opportunities for the development of cancer therapies. Traditional drug discovery has mainly focused on catalytic inhibitors that block enzyme active sites, which limits the number of potential drug targets within the DDR pathways. This review article describes the emerging approach to the development of cancer therapeutics targeting essential protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in the DDR network. The overall strategy for the structure-based design of small molecule PPI inhibitors is discussed, followed by an overview of the major DNA damage sensing, DNA repair, and DNA damage tolerance pathways with a specific focus on PPI targets for anti-cancer drug design. The existing small molecule inhibitors of DDR PPIs are summarized that selectively kill cancer cells and/or sensitize cancers to front-line genotoxic therapies, and a range of new PPI targets are proposed that may lead to the development of novel chemotherapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Silva McPherson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington CT 06030 USA +1 860 679 3408 +1 860 679 2849
| | - Dmitry M Korzhnev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington CT 06030 USA +1 860 679 3408 +1 860 679 2849
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gajan A, Sarma A, Kim S, Gurdziel K, Wu GS, Shekhar MP. Analysis of Adaptive Olaparib Resistance Effects on Cisplatin Sensitivity in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 11:694793. [PMID: 34367977 PMCID: PMC8339968 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.694793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-(ADP)-ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) and platinum-based drugs are promising therapies for triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) with BRCA1 or BRCA2 loss. PARPi(s) show better efficacies when combined with platinum-based therapy, however, acquisition of PARPi resistance has been linked with co-resistance to platinum-based drugs. Here, we show that TNBCs with constitutively hyperactivated PARP-1 display greater tolerances for the PARPi olaparib and cisplatin, and respond synergistically to olaparib/cisplatin combinations with increased cytotoxicity. Regardless of BRCA1 and PARP-1 activity status, upon gaining olaparib resistance (OlaR), OlaR MDA-MB-468 (BRCA1 wild-type) and SUM1315 (BRCA1 mutant) TNBC cells retain cisplatin sensitivities of their isogenic parental counterparts. OlaR TNBC cells express decreased levels of PARP-1 and Pol η, a translesion-synthesis polymerase important in platinum-induced interstrand crosslink repair. Although native RAD51 recombinase levels are unaffected, anti-RAD51 immunoreactive low molecular weight sbands are exclusively detected in OlaR cells. Despite normal BRCA1, RAD51 foci formation/recruitment to double-strand breaks are impaired in OlaR MDA-MB-468 cells, suggesting homologous-recombination impairment. RNA-seq and pathway analysis of cisplatin-affected genes revealed enrichment of G2/M cell cycle regulation and DNA repair pathways in parental and OlaR MDA-MB-468 cells whereas parental and OlaR SUM1315 cells showed enrichment of inflammatory stress response pathways associated with TNFR1/2, TWEAK and IL-17 signaling. These data show that TNBC models with wild type versus mutant BRCA1 exhibit differences in CDDP-induced cellular response pathways, however, the CDDP-induced signaling responses remain stable across the isogenic models of OlaR from the same lineage. These data also show that adaptive OlaR does not automatically promote cisplatin resistance, implicating the potential benefit of platinum-based therapy for OlaR TNBCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ambikai Gajan
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Ashapurna Sarma
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Seongho Kim
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Katherine Gurdziel
- Genome Sciences Core, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Gen Sheng Wu
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Malathy P Shekhar
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Systematic Analysis of Targets of Pumilio-Mediated mRNA Decay Reveals that PUM1 Repression by DNA Damage Activates Translesion Synthesis. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107542. [PMID: 32375027 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play a pivotal role in gene expression by modulating the stability of transcripts. However, the identification of degradation target mRNAs of RBPs remains difficult. By the combined analysis of transcriptome-wide mRNA stabilities and the binding of mRNAs to human Pumilio 1 (PUM1), we identify 48 mRNAs that both bind to PUM1 and exhibit PUM1-dependent degradation. Analysis of changes in the abundance of PUM1 and its degradation target mRNAs in RNA-seq data indicate that DNA-damaging agents negatively regulate PUM1-mediated mRNA decay. Cells exposed to cisplatin have reduced PUM1 abundance and increased PCNA and UBE2A mRNAs encoding proteins involved in DNA damage tolerance by translesion synthesis (TLS). Cells overexpressing PUM1 exhibit impaired DNA synthesis and TLS and increased sensitivity to the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin. Thus, our method identifies target mRNAs of PUM1-mediated decay and reveals that cells respond to DNA damage by inhibiting PUM1-mediated mRNA decay to activate TLS.
Collapse
|
15
|
Nayak S, Calvo JA, Cantor SB. Targeting translesion synthesis (TLS) to expose replication gaps, a unique cancer vulnerability. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:27-36. [PMID: 33416413 PMCID: PMC7837368 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1864321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Translesion synthesis (TLS) is a DNA damage tolerance (DDT) mechanism that employs error-prone polymerases to bypass replication blocking DNA lesions, contributing to a gain in mutagenesis and chemo-resistance. However, recent findings illustrate an emerging role for TLS in replication gap suppression (RGS), distinct from its role in post-replication gap filling. Here, TLS protects cells from replication stress (RS)-induced toxic single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) gaps that accumulate in the wake of active replication. Intriguingly, TLS-mediated RGS is specifically observed in several cancer cell lines and contributes to their survival. Thus, targeting TLS has the potential to uniquely eradicate tumors without harming non-cancer tissues. Areas Covered: This review provides an innovative perspective on the role of TLS beyond its canonical function of lesion bypass or post-replicative gap filling. We provide a comprehensive analysis that underscores the emerging role of TLS as a cancer adaptation necessary to overcome the replication stress response (RSR), an anti-cancer barrier. Expert Opinion: TLS RGS is critical for tumorigenesis and is a new hallmark of cancer. Although the exact mechanism and extent of TLS dependency in cancer is still emerging, TLS inhibitors have shown promise as an anti-cancer therapy in selectively targeting this unique cancer vulnerability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumeet Nayak
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA USA
| | - Jennifer A Calvo
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA USA
| | - Sharon B Cantor
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Beyond Kinases: Targeting Replication Stress Proteins in Cancer Therapy. Trends Cancer 2020; 7:430-446. [PMID: 33203609 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DNA replication stress describes a state of impaired replication fork progress that triggers a cellular stress response to maintain genome stability and complete DNA synthesis. Replication stress is a common state that must be tolerated in many cancers. One promising therapeutic approach is targeting replication stress response factors such as the ataxia telangiectasia and rad 3-related kinase (ATR) or checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) kinases that some cancers depend upon to survive endogenous replication stress. However, research revealing the complexity of the replication stress response suggests new genetic interactions and candidate therapeutic targets. Many of these candidates regulate DNA transactions around reversed replication forks, including helicases, nucleases and alternative polymerases that promote fork stability and restart. Here we review emerging strategies to exploit replication stress for cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
17
|
Sarma A, Gajan A, Kim S, Gurdziel K, Mao G, Nangia-Makker P, Shekhar MPV. RAD6B Loss Disrupts Expression of Melanoma Phenotype in Part by Inhibiting WNT/β-Catenin Signaling. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 191:368-384. [PMID: 33181138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Canonical Wnt signaling is critical for melanocyte lineage commitment and melanoma development. RAD6B, a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme critical for translesion DNA synthesis, potentiates β-catenin stability/activity by inducing proteasome-insensitive polyubiquitination. RAD6B expression is induced by β-catenin, triggering a positive feedback loop between the two proteins. RAD6B function in melanoma development/progression was investigated by targeting RAD6B using CrispR/Cas9 or an RAD6-selective small-molecule inhibitor #9 (SMI#9). SMI#9 treatment inhibited melanoma cell proliferation but not normal melanocytes. RAD6B knockout or inhibition in metastatic melanoma cells downregulated β-catenin, β-catenin-regulated microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), sex-determining region Y-box 10, vimentin proteins, and MITF-regulated melan A. RAD6B knockout or inhibition decreased migration/invasion, tumor growth, and lung metastasis. RNA-sequencing and stem cell pathway real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed profound reductions in WNT1 expressions in RAD6B knockout M14 cells compared with control. Expression levels of β-catenin-regulated genes VIM, MITF-M, melan A, and TYRP1 (a tyrosinase family member critical for melanin biosynthesis) were reduced in RAD6B knockout cells. Pathway analysis identified gene networks regulating stem cell pluripotency, Wnt signaling, melanocyte development, pigmentation signaling, and protein ubiquitination, besides DNA damage response signaling, as being impacted by RAD6B gene disruption. These data reveal an important and early role for RAD6B in melanoma development besides its bonafide translesion DNA synthesis function, and suggest that targeting RAD6B may provide a novel strategy to treat melanomas with dysregulated canonical Wnt signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashapurna Sarma
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Ambikai Gajan
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Seongho Kim
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Guangzhao Mao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Pratima Nangia-Makker
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Malathy P V Shekhar
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yamada T, Sun X, Akimitsu N. Repression of PUM1-mediated mRNA decay activates translesion synthesis after DNA damage. Mol Cell Oncol 2020; 7:1812868. [PMID: 33241107 PMCID: PMC7671024 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2020.1812868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Biological roles of Pumilio1 (PUM1) in ubiquitous cells remain unclear. Here we identify 48 degrading target mRNAs by combined analysis of transcriptome-wide mRNA stabilities and the binding of mRNAs. Further analysis revealed that cells respond to DNA damage by inhibiting PUM1-mediated mRNA decay to activate translesion synthesis (46/50).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshimichi Yamada
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaoning Sun
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Han C, Zhong J, Hu J, Liu H, Liu R, Ling F. Single-Sample Node Entropy for Molecular Transition in Pre-deterioration Stage of Cancer. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:809. [PMID: 32766227 PMCID: PMC7381145 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex disease, especially cancer, always has pre-deterioration stage during its progression, which is difficult to identify but crucial to drug research and clinical intervention. However, using a few samples to find mechanisms that propel cancer crossing the pre-deterioration stage is still a complex problem. In this study, we successfully developed a novel single-sample model based on node entropy with a priori established protein interaction network. Using this model, critical stages were successfully detected in simulation data and four TCGA datasets, indicating its sensitivity and robustness. Besides, compared with the results of the differential analysis, our results showed that most of dynamic network biomarkers identified by node entropy, such as NKD2 or DAAM1, located in upstream in many important cancer-related signaling pathways regulated intergenic signaling within pathways. We also identified some novel prognostic biomarkers such as PER2, TNFSF4, MMP13 and ENO4 using node entropy rather than expression level. More importantly, we found the switch of non-specific pathways related to DNA damage repairing was the main driven force for cancer progression. In conclusion, we have successfully developed a dynamic node entropy model based on single case data to find out tipping point and possible mechanism for cancer progression. These findings may provide new target genes in therapeutic intervention tactics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chongyin Han
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayuan Zhong
- School of Mathematics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Hu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huisheng Liu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Mathematics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Ling
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Iveland TS, Hagen L, Sharma A, Sousa MML, Sarno A, Wollen KL, Liabakk NB, Slupphaug G. HDACi mediate UNG2 depletion, dysregulated genomic uracil and altered expression of oncoproteins and tumor suppressors in B- and T-cell lines. J Transl Med 2020; 18:159. [PMID: 32264925 PMCID: PMC7137348 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) belong to a new group of chemotherapeutics that are increasingly used in the treatment of lymphocyte-derived malignancies, but their mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. Here we aimed to identify novel protein targets of HDACi in B- and T-lymphoma cell lines and to verify selected candidates across several mammalian cell lines. METHODS Jurkat T- and SUDHL5 B-lymphocytes were treated with the HDACi SAHA (vorinostat) prior to SILAC-based quantitative proteome analysis. Selected differentially expressed proteins were verified by targeted mass spectrometry, RT-PCR and western analysis in multiple mammalian cell lines. Genomic uracil was quantified by LC-MS/MS, cell cycle distribution analyzed by flow cytometry and class switch recombination monitored by FACS in murine CH12F3 cells. RESULTS SAHA treatment resulted in differential expression of 125 and 89 proteins in Jurkat and SUDHL5, respectively, of which 19 were commonly affected. Among these were several oncoproteins and tumor suppressors previously not reported to be affected by HDACi. Several key enzymes determining the cellular dUTP/dTTP ratio were downregulated and in both cell lines we found robust depletion of UNG2, the major glycosylase in genomic uracil sanitation. UNG2 depletion was accompanied by hyperacetylation and mediated by increased proteasomal degradation independent of cell cycle stage. UNG2 degradation appeared to be ubiquitous and was observed across several mammalian cell lines of different origin and with several HDACis. Loss of UNG2 was accompanied by 30-40% increase in genomic uracil in freely cycling HEK cells and reduced immunoglobulin class-switch recombination in murine CH12F3 cells. CONCLUSION We describe several oncoproteins and tumor suppressors previously not reported to be affected by HDACi in previous transcriptome analyses, underscoring the importance of proteome analysis to identify cellular effectors of HDACi treatment. The apparently ubiquitous depletion of UNG2 and PCLAF establishes DNA base excision repair and translesion synthesis as novel pathways affected by HDACi treatment. Dysregulated genomic uracil homeostasis may aid interpretation of HDACi effects in cancer cells and further advance studies on this class of inhibitors in the treatment of APOBEC-expressing tumors, autoimmune disease and HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias S Iveland
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Cancer Clinic, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lars Hagen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Proteomics and Modomics Experimental Core, PROMEC, at NTNU and the Central Norway Regional Health Authority, Stjørdal, Norway
| | - Animesh Sharma
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Proteomics and Modomics Experimental Core, PROMEC, at NTNU and the Central Norway Regional Health Authority, Stjørdal, Norway
| | - Mirta M L Sousa
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Antonio Sarno
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristian Lied Wollen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nina Beate Liabakk
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Geir Slupphaug
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway. .,Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway. .,Proteomics and Modomics Experimental Core, PROMEC, at NTNU and the Central Norway Regional Health Authority, Stjørdal, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gâtel P, Piechaczyk M, Bossis G. Ubiquitin, SUMO, and Nedd8 as Therapeutic Targets in Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1233:29-54. [PMID: 32274752 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38266-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin defines a family of approximately 20 peptidic posttranslational modifiers collectively called the Ubiquitin-like (UbLs). They are conjugated to thousands of proteins, modifying their function and fate in many ways. Dysregulation of these modifications has been implicated in a variety of pathologies, in particular cancer. Ubiquitin, SUMO (-1 to -3), and Nedd8 are the best-characterized UbLs. They have been involved in the regulation of the activity and/or the stability of diverse components of various oncogenic or tumor suppressor pathways. Moreover, the dysregulation of enzymes responsible for their conjugation/deconjugation has also been associated with tumorigenesis and cancer resistance to therapies. The UbL system therefore constitutes an attractive target for developing novel anticancer therapeutic strategies. Here, we review the roles and dysregulations of Ubiquitin, SUMO, and Nedd8 pathways in tumorigenesis, as well as recent advances in the identification of small molecules targeting their conjugating machineries for potential application in the fight against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Gâtel
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, IGMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Piechaczyk
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, IGMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Bossis
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, IGMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gajan A, Martin CE, Kim S, Joshi M, Michelhaugh SK, Sloma I, Mittal S, Firestine S, Shekhar MPV. Alternative Splicing of RAD6B and Not RAD6A is Selectively Increased in Melanoma: Identification and Functional Characterization. Cells 2019; 8:E1375. [PMID: 31683936 PMCID: PMC6912459 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rad6B, a principal component of the translesion synthesis pathway, and activator of canonical Wnt signaling, plays an essential role in cutaneous melanoma development and progression. As Rad6 is encoded by two genes, namely, UBE2A (RAD6A) and UBE2B (RAD6B), in humans, we compared their expressions in melanomas and normal melanocytes. While both genes are weakly expressed in normal melanocytes, Rad6B is more robustly expressed in melanoma lines and patient-derived metastatic melanomas than RAD6A. The characterization of RAD6B transcripts revealed coexpression of various splice variants representing truncated or modified functional versions of wild-type RAD6B in melanomas, but not in normal melanocytes. Notably, two RAD6B isoforms with intact catalytic domains, RAD6BΔexon4 and RAD6Bintron5ins, were identified. We confirmed that RAD6BΔexon4 and RAD6Bintron5ins variants are expressed as 14 and 15 kDa proteins, respectively, with functional in vivo ubiquitin conjugating activity. Whole exome sequence analysis of 30 patient-derived melanomas showed RAD6B variants coexpressed with wild-type RAD6B in all samples analyzed, and RAD6Bintron5ins variants were found in half the cases. These variants constitute the majority of the RAD6B transcriptome in contrast to RAD6A, which was predominantly wild-type. The expression of functional RAD6B variants only in melanomas reveals RAD6B's molecular heterogeneity and its association with melanoma pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ambikai Gajan
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Carly E Martin
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Seongho Kim
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Milap Joshi
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Sharon K Michelhaugh
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Ido Sloma
- Champions Oncology, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Sandeep Mittal
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Steven Firestine
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Malathy P V Shekhar
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Haynes B, Gajan A, Nangia-Makker P, Shekhar MP. RAD6B is a major mediator of triple negative breast cancer cisplatin resistance: Regulation of translesion synthesis/Fanconi anemia crosstalk and BRCA1 independence. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165561. [PMID: 31639439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype with few therapy options besides chemotherapy. Although platinum-based drugs have shown initial activity in BRCA1-mutated TNBCs, chemoresistance remains a challenge. Here we show that RAD6B (UBE2B), a principal mediator of translesion synthesis (TLS), is overexpressed in BRCA1 wild-type and mutant TNBCs, and RAD6B overexpression correlates with poor survival. Pretreatment with a RAD6-selective inhibitor, SMI#9, enhanced cisplatin chemosensitivity of BRCA1 wild-type and mutant TNBCs. SMI#9 attenuated cisplatin-induced PCNA monoubiquitination (TLS marker), FANCD2 (Fanconi anemia (FA) activation marker), and TLS polymerase POL η. SMI#9-induced decreases in γH2AX levels were associated with concomitant inhibition of H2AX monoubiquitination, suggesting a key role for RAD6 in modulating cisplatin-induced γH2AX via H2AX monoubiquitination. Concordantly, SMI#9 inhibited γH2AX, POL η and FANCD2 foci formation. RAD51 foci formation was unaffected by SMI#9, however, its recruitment to double-strand breaks was inhibited. Using the DR-GFP-based assay, we showed that RAD6B silencing or SMI#9 treatment impairs homologous recombination (HR) in HR-proficient cells. DNA fiber assays confirmed that restart of cisplatin-stalled replicating forks is inhibited by SMI#9 in both BRCA1 wild-type and mutant TNBC cells. Consistent with the in vitro data, SMI#9 and cisplatin combination treatment inhibited BRCA1 wild-type and mutant TNBC growth as compared to controls. These RAD6B activities are unaffected by BRCA1 status of TNBCs suggesting that the RAD6B function in TLS/FA crosstalk could occur in HR-dependent and independent modes. Collectively, these data implicate RAD6 as an important therapeutic target for TNBCs irrespective of their BRCA1 status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Haynes
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 421 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Ambikai Gajan
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 421 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Pratima Nangia-Makker
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 421 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Malathy P Shekhar
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 421 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 421 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
DNA contains information that must be safeguarded, but also accessed for transcription and replication. To perform replication, eukaryotic cells use the B-family DNA polymerase enzymes Polδ and Polɛ, which are optimized for accuracy, speed, and processivity. The molecular basis of these high-performance characteristics causes these replicative polymerases to fail at sites of DNA damage (lesions), which would lead to genomic instability and cell death. To avoid this, cells possess additional DNA polymerases such as the Y-family of polymerases and the B-family member Polζ that can replicate over sites of DNA damage in a process called translesion synthesis (TLS). While able to replicate over DNA lesions, the TLS polymerases exhibit low-fidelity on undamaged DNA and, consequently, must be prevented from replicating DNA under normal circumstances and recruited only when necessary. The replicative bypass of most types of DNA lesions requires the consecutive action of these specialized TLS polymerases assembled into a dynamic multiprotein complex called the Rev1/Polζ mutasome. To this end, posttranslational modifications and a network of protein-protein interactions mediated by accessory domains/subunits of the TLS polymerases control the assembly and rearrangements of the Rev1/Polζ mutasome and recruitment of TLS proteins to sites of DNA damage. This chapter focuses on the structures and interactions that control these processes underlying the function of the Rev1/Polζ mutasome, as well as the development of small molecule inhibitors of the Rev1/Polζ-dependent TLS holding promise as a potential anticancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro A Rizzo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Dmitry M Korzhnev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gallo D, Brown GW. Post-replication repair: Rad5/HLTF regulation, activity on undamaged templates, and relationship to cancer. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 54:301-332. [PMID: 31429594 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2019.1651817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic post-replication repair (PRR) pathway allows completion of DNA replication when replication forks encounter lesions on the DNA template and are mediated by post-translational ubiquitination of the DNA sliding clamp proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Monoubiquitinated PCNA recruits translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerases to replicate past DNA lesions in an error-prone manner while addition of K63-linked polyubiquitin chains signals for error-free template switching to the sister chromatid. Central to both branches is the E3 ubiquitin ligase and DNA helicase Rad5/helicase-like transcription factor (HLTF). Mutations in PRR pathway components lead to genomic rearrangements, cancer predisposition, and cancer progression. Recent studies have challenged the notion that the PRR pathway is involved only in DNA lesion tolerance and have shed new light on its roles in cancer progression. Molecular details of Rad5/HLTF recruitment and function at replication forks have emerged. Mounting evidence indicates that PRR is required during lesion-less replication stress, leading to TLS polymerase activity on undamaged templates. Analysis of PRR mutation status in human cancers and PRR function in cancer models indicates that down regulation of PRR activity is a viable strategy to inhibit cancer cell growth and reduce chemoresistance. Here, we review these findings, discuss how they change our views of current PRR models, and look forward to targeting the PRR pathway in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Gallo
- Department of Biochemistry and Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Grant W Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Leung W, Baxley RM, Moldovan GL, Bielinsky AK. Mechanisms of DNA Damage Tolerance: Post-Translational Regulation of PCNA. Genes (Basel) 2018; 10:genes10010010. [PMID: 30586904 PMCID: PMC6356670 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage is a constant source of stress challenging genomic integrity. To ensure faithful duplication of our genomes, mechanisms have evolved to deal with damage encountered during replication. One such mechanism is referred to as DNA damage tolerance (DDT). DDT allows for replication to continue in the presence of a DNA lesion by promoting damage bypass. Two major DDT pathways exist: error-prone translesion synthesis (TLS) and error-free template switching (TS). TLS recruits low-fidelity DNA polymerases to directly replicate across the damaged template, whereas TS uses the nascent sister chromatid as a template for bypass. Both pathways must be tightly controlled to prevent the accumulation of mutations that can occur from the dysregulation of DDT proteins. A key regulator of error-prone versus error-free DDT is the replication clamp, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of PCNA, mainly by ubiquitin and SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier), play a critical role in DDT. In this review, we will discuss the different types of PTMs of PCNA and how they regulate DDT in response to replication stress. We will also cover the roles of PCNA PTMs in lagging strand synthesis, meiotic recombination, as well as somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Leung
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Ryan M Baxley
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - George-Lucian Moldovan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Anja-Katrin Bielinsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Saadat N, Liu F, Haynes B, Nangia-Makker P, Bao X, Li J, Polin LA, Gupta S, Mao G, Shekhar MP. Nano-delivery of RAD6/Translesion Synthesis Inhibitor SMI#9 for Triple-negative Breast Cancer Therapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:2586-2597. [PMID: 30242094 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype, regardless of their BRCA1 status, has the poorest outcome compared with other breast cancer subtypes, and currently there are no approved targeted therapies for TNBC. We have previously demonstrated the importance of RAD6-mediated translesion synthesis pathway in TNBC development/progression and chemoresistance, and the potential therapeutic benefit of targeting RAD6 with a RAD6-selective small-molecule inhibitor, SMI#9. To overcome SMI#9 solubility limitations, we recently developed a gold nanoparticle (GNP)-based platform for conjugation and intracellular release of SMI#9, and demonstrated its in vitro cytotoxic activity toward TNBC cells. Here, we characterized the in vivo pharmacokinetic and therapeutic properties of PEGylated GNP-conjugated SMI#9 in BRCA1 wild-type and BRCA1-mutant TNBC xenograft models, and investigated the impact of RAD6 inhibition on TNBC metabolism by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. GNP conjugation allowed the released SMI#9 to achieve higher systemic exposure and longer retention as compared with the unconjugated drug. Systemically administered SMI#9-GNP inhibited the TNBC growth as effectively as intratumorally injected unconjugated SMI#9. Inductively coupled mass spectrometry analysis showed highest GNP concentrations in tumors and liver of SMI#9-GNP and blank-GNP-treated mice; however, tumor growth inhibition occurred only in the SMI#9-GNP-treated group. SMI#9-GNP was tolerated without overt signs of toxicity. SMI#9-induced sensitization was associated with perturbation of a common set of glycolytic pathways in BRCA1 wild-type and BRCA1-mutant TNBC cells. These data reveal novel SMI#9 sensitive markers of metabolic vulnerability for TNBC management and suggest that nanotherapy-mediated RAD6 inhibition offers a promising strategy for TNBC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Saadat
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Fangchao Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Brittany Haynes
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Pratima Nangia-Makker
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Xun Bao
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jing Li
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Lisa A Polin
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Smiti Gupta
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Wayne State University College of Liberal Arts and Science, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Guangzhao Mao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, Michigan.
| | - Malathy P Shekhar
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan. .,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cantor SB, Calvo JA. Fork Protection and Therapy Resistance in Hereditary Breast Cancer. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2018; 82:339-348. [PMID: 29472318 PMCID: PMC6041132 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2017.82.034413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The BRCA-Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway preserves the genome and suppresses cancer and is a main determinant of chemotherapeutic efficacy. The hereditary breast cancer genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 function in DNA double-strand break repair mediating distinct steps of homologous recombination (HR). More recently, independent of DNA repair, functions in the replication stress response have come to light, providing insight as to how the BRCA-FA pathway also balances genome preservation with proliferation. The BRCA-FA proteins associate with the replisome and contribute to the efficiency and recovery of replication following perturbations that slow or arrest DNA replication. Although the full repertoire of functions in the replication stress response remains to be elucidated, the function of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in protecting stalled replication forks contributes along with HR to the sensitivity of BRCA-associated tumors to chemotherapy. Moreover, chemoresistance evolves from restoration of either HR and/or fork protection. Although mechanisms underlying the restoration of HR have been characterized, it remains less clear how restoration of fork protection is achieved. Here, we outline mechanisms of “rewired” fork protection and chemotherapy resistance in BRCA cancer. We propose that mechanisms are linked to permissive replication that limits fork remodeling and therefore opportunities for fork degradation. Combating this chemoresistance mechanism will require drugs that inactivate replication bypass mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon B Cantor
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, UMASS Memorial Cancer Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Jennifer A Calvo
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, UMASS Memorial Cancer Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ovarian Cancers: Genetic Abnormalities, Tumor Heterogeneity and Progression, Clonal Evolution and Cancer Stem Cells. MEDICINES 2018; 5:medicines5010016. [PMID: 29389895 PMCID: PMC5874581 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Four main histological subtypes of ovarian cancer exist: serous (the most frequent), endometrioid, mucinous and clear cell; in each subtype, low and high grade. The large majority of ovarian cancers are diagnosed as high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGS-OvCas). TP53 is the most frequently mutated gene in HGS-OvCas; about 50% of these tumors displayed defective homologous recombination due to germline and somatic BRCA mutations, epigenetic inactivation of BRCA and abnormalities of DNA repair genes; somatic copy number alterations are frequent in these tumors and some of them are associated with prognosis; defective NOTCH, RAS/MEK, PI3K and FOXM1 pathway signaling is frequent. Other histological subtypes were characterized by a different mutational spectrum: LGS-OvCas have increased frequency of BRAF and RAS mutations; mucinous cancers have mutation in ARID1A, PIK3CA, PTEN, CTNNB1 and RAS. Intensive research was focused to characterize ovarian cancer stem cells, based on positivity for some markers, including CD133, CD44, CD117, CD24, EpCAM, LY6A, ALDH1. Ovarian cancer cells have an intrinsic plasticity, thus explaining that in a single tumor more than one cell subpopulation, may exhibit tumor-initiating capacity. The improvements in our understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of ovarian cancers should lead to more efficacious treatments.
Collapse
|