1
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Gao W, Lu J, Yang Z, Li E, Cao Y, Xie L. Mitotic Functions and Characters of KIF11 in Cancers. Biomolecules 2024; 14:386. [PMID: 38672404 PMCID: PMC11047945 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitosis mediates the accurate separation of daughter cells, and abnormalities are closely related to cancer progression. KIF11, a member of the kinesin family, plays a vital role in the formation and maintenance of the mitotic spindle. Recently, an increasing quantity of data have demonstrated the upregulated expression of KIF11 in various cancers, promoting the emergence and progression of cancers. This suggests the great potential of KIF11 as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target. However, the molecular mechanisms of KIF11 in cancers have not been systematically summarized. Therefore, we first discuss the functions of the protein encoded by KIF11 during mitosis and connect the abnormal expression of KIF11 with its clinical significance. Then, we elucidate the mechanism of KIF11 to promote various hallmarks of cancers. Finally, we provide an overview of KIF11 inhibitors and outline areas for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yufei Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (W.G.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (E.L.)
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (W.G.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (E.L.)
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2
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Hunter B, Benoit MPMH, Asenjo AB, Doubleday C, Trofimova D, Frazer C, Shoukat I, Sosa H, Allingham JS. Kinesin-8-specific loop-2 controls the dual activities of the motor domain according to tubulin protofilament shape. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4198. [PMID: 35859148 PMCID: PMC9300613 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31794-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-8s are dual-activity motor proteins that can move processively on microtubules and depolymerize microtubule plus-ends, but their mechanism of combining these distinct activities remains unclear. We addressed this by obtaining cryo-EM structures (2.6-3.9 Å) of Candida albicans Kip3 in different catalytic states on the microtubule lattice and on a curved microtubule end mimic. We also determined a crystal structure of microtubule-unbound CaKip3-ADP (2.0 Å) and analyzed the biochemical activity of CaKip3 and kinesin-1 mutants. These data reveal that the microtubule depolymerization activity of kinesin-8 originates from conformational changes of its motor core that are amplified by dynamic contacts between its extended loop-2 and tubulin. On curved microtubule ends, loop-1 inserts into preceding motor domains, forming head-to-tail arrays of kinesin-8s that complement loop-2 contacts with curved tubulin and assist depolymerization. On straight tubulin protofilaments in the microtubule lattice, loop-2-tubulin contacts inhibit conformational changes in the motor core, but in the ADP-Pi state these contacts are relaxed, allowing neck-linker docking for motility. We propose that these tubulin shape-induced alternations between pro-microtubule-depolymerization and pro-motility kinesin states, regulated by loop-2, are the key to the dual activity of kinesin-8 motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Hunter
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Matthieu P M H Benoit
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Ana B Asenjo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Caitlin Doubleday
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Daria Trofimova
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Corey Frazer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Irsa Shoukat
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Hernando Sosa
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - John S Allingham
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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3
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Cook AD, Roberts AJ, Atherton J, Tewari R, Topf M, Moores CA. Cryo-EM structure of a microtubule-bound parasite kinesin motor and implications for its mechanism and inhibition. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101063. [PMID: 34375637 PMCID: PMC8526983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites cause malaria and are responsible annually for hundreds of thousands of deaths. Kinesins are a superfamily of microtubule-dependent ATPases that play important roles in the parasite replicative machinery, which is a potential target for antiparasite drugs. Kinesin-5, a molecular motor that cross-links microtubules, is an established antimitotic target in other disease contexts, but its mechanism in Plasmodium falciparum is unclear. Here, we characterized P. falciparum kinesin-5 (PfK5) using cryo-EM to determine the motor's nucleotide-dependent microtubule-bound structure and introduced 3D classification of individual motors into our microtubule image processing pipeline to maximize our structural insights. Despite sequence divergence in PfK5, the motor exhibits classical kinesin mechanochemistry, including ATP-induced subdomain rearrangement and cover neck bundle formation, consistent with its plus-ended directed motility. We also observed that an insertion in loop5 of the PfK5 motor domain creates a different environment in the well-characterized human kinesin-5 drug-binding site. Our data reveal the possibility for selective inhibition of PfK5 and can be used to inform future exploration of Plasmodium kinesins as antiparasite targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Cook
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J Roberts
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Atherton
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Tewari
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maya Topf
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn A Moores
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
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4
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Goldstein-Levitin A, Pandey H, Allhuzaeel K, Kass I, Gheber L. Intracellular functions and motile properties of bi-directional kinesin-5 Cin8 are regulated by neck linker docking. eLife 2021; 10:71036. [PMID: 34387192 PMCID: PMC8456603 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed intracellular functions and motile properties of neck-linker (NL) variants of the bi-directional S. cerevisiae kinesin-5 motor, Cin8. We also examined – by modeling – the configuration of H-bonds during NL docking. Decreasing the number of stabilizing H-bonds resulted in partially functional variants, as long as a conserved backbone H-bond at the N-latch position (proposed to stabilize the docked conformation of the NL) remained intact. Elimination of this conserved H-bond resulted in production of a non-functional Cin8 variant. Surprisingly, additional H-bond stabilization of the N-latch position, generated by replacement of the NL of Cin8 by sequences of the plus-end directed kinesin-5 Eg5, also produced a nonfunctional variant. In that variant, a single replacement of N-latch asparagine with glycine, as present in Cin8, eliminated the additional H-bond stabilization and rescued the functional defects. We conclude that exact N-latch stabilization during NL docking is critical for the function of bi-directional kinesin-5 Cin8.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Himanshu Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Kanary Allhuzaeel
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Itamar Kass
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,InterX LTD, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Larisa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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5
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Pandey H, Singh SK, Sadan M, Popov M, Singh M, Davidov G, Inagaki S, Al-Bassam J, Zarivach R, Rosenfeld SS, Gheber L. Flexible microtubule anchoring modulates the bi-directional motility of the kinesin-5 Cin8. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6051-6068. [PMID: 34274977 PMCID: PMC11072411 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03891-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Two modes of motility have been reported for bi-directional kinesin-5 motors: (a) context-dependent directionality reversal, a mode in which motors undergo persistent minus-end directed motility at the single-molecule level and switch to plus-end directed motility in different assays or under different conditions, such as during MT gliding or antiparallel sliding or as a function of motor clustering; and (b) bi-directional motility, defined as movement in two directions in the same assay, without persistent unidirectional motility. Here, we examine how modulation of motor-microtubule (MT) interactions affects these two modes of motility for the bi-directional kinesin-5, Cin8. We report that the large insert in loop 8 (L8) within the motor domain of Cin8 increases the MT affinity of Cin8 in vivo and in vitro and is required for Cin8 intracellular functions. We consistently found that recombinant purified L8 directly binds MTs and L8 induces single Cin8 motors to behave according to context-dependent directionality reversal and bi-directional motility modes at intermediate ionic strength and according to a bi-directional motility mode in an MT surface-gliding assay under low motor density conditions. We propose that the largely unstructured L8 facilitates flexible anchoring of Cin8 to the MTs. This flexible anchoring enables the direct observation of bi-directional motility in motility assays. Remarkably, although L8-deleted Cin8 variants exhibit a strong minus-end directed bias at the single-molecule level, they also exhibit plus-end directed motility in an MT-gliding assay. Thus, L8-induced flexible MT anchoring is required for bi-directional motility of single Cin8 molecules but is not necessary for context-dependent directionality reversal of Cin8 in an MT-gliding assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Sudhir Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Mayan Sadan
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Mary Popov
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Meenakshi Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Geula Davidov
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Sayaka Inagaki
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Jawdat Al-Bassam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Raz Zarivach
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Larisa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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6
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Pandey H, Popov M, Goldstein-Levitin A, Gheber L. Mechanisms by Which Kinesin-5 Motors Perform Their Multiple Intracellular Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6420. [PMID: 34203964 PMCID: PMC8232732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar kinesin-5 motor proteins perform multiple intracellular functions, mainly during mitotic cell division. Their specialized structural characteristics enable these motors to perform their essential functions by crosslinking and sliding apart antiparallel microtubules (MTs). In this review, we discuss the specialized structural features of kinesin-5 motors, and the mechanisms by which these features relate to kinesin-5 functions and motile properties. In addition, we discuss the multiple roles of the kinesin-5 motors in dividing as well as in non-dividing cells, and examine their roles in pathogenetic conditions. We describe the recently discovered bidirectional motility in fungi kinesin-5 motors, and discuss its possible physiological relevance. Finally, we also focus on the multiple mechanisms of regulation of these unique motor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Larisa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; (H.P.); (M.P.); (A.G.-L.)
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7
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Yamagishi M, Maruyama Y, Sugawa M, Yajima J. Characterization of the motility of monomeric kinesin-5/Cin8. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 555:115-120. [PMID: 33845395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cin8, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinesin-5, has an essential role in mitosis. In in vitro motility assays, tetrameric and dimeric Cin8 constructs showed bidirectional motility in response to ionic strength or Cin8 motor density. However, whether property-switching directionality is present in a monomeric form of Cin8 is unknown. Here we engineered monomeric Cin8 constructs with and without the Cin8-specific ∼99 residues in the loop 8 domain and examined the directionality of these constructs using an in vitro polarity-marked microtubule gliding assay within the range of the motor density or ionic strength. We found that both monomeric constructs showed only plus end-directed activity over the ranges measured, which suggested that minus end-directed motility driven by Cin8 is necessary for at least dimeric forms. Using an in vitro microtubule corkscrewing assay, we also found that monomeric Cin8 corkscrewed microtubules around their longitudinal axes with a constant left-handed pitch. Overall, our results imply that plus-end-directed and left-handed motor activity comprise the intrinsic properties of the Cin8 motor domain as with other monomeric N-kinesins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Yamagishi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Yohei Maruyama
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Sugawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan; Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Junichiro Yajima
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan; Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan; Research Center for Complex Systems Biology, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
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8
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Pandey H, Reithmann E, Goldstein-Levitin A, Al-Bassam J, Frey E, Gheber L. Drag-induced directionality switching of kinesin-5 Cin8 revealed by cluster-motility analysis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/6/eabc1687. [PMID: 33547070 PMCID: PMC7864582 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc1687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Directed active motion of motor proteins is a vital process in virtually all eukaryotic cells. Nearly a decade ago, the discovery of directionality switching of mitotic kinesin-5 motors challenged the long-standing paradigm that individual kinesin motors are characterized by an intrinsic directionality. The underlying mechanism, however, remains unexplained. Here, we studied clustering-induced directionality switching of the bidirectional kinesin-5 Cin8. Based on the characterization of single-molecule and cluster motility, we developed a model that predicts that directionality switching of Cin8 is caused by an asymmetric response of its active motion to opposing forces, referred to as drag. The model shows excellent quantitative agreement with experimental data obtained under high and low ionic strength conditions. Our analysis identifies a robust and general mechanism that explains why bidirectional motor proteins reverse direction in response to seemingly unrelated experimental factors including changes in motor density and molecular crowding, and in multimotor motility assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Emanuel Reithmann
- Arnold-Sommerfeld-Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 37, D-80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Alina Goldstein-Levitin
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Jawdat Al-Bassam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Erwin Frey
- Arnold-Sommerfeld-Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 37, D-80333 Munich, Germany.
| | - Larisa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
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9
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Xie P. A common ATP-dependent stepping model for kinesin-5 and kinesin-1: Mechanism of bi-directionality of kinesin-5. Biophys Chem 2021; 271:106548. [PMID: 33486269 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2021.106548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Kinesin-5 and kinesin-1 proteins are two families of kinesin superfamily molecular motors that can move processively on microtubules powered by ATP hydrolysis. Kinesin-1 is a unidirectional motor. By contrast, some yeast kinesin-5 motors are bidirectional and the directionality can be switched by changing the experimental conditions. Here, on the basis of a common chemomechanical coupling model, the dynamics of kinesin-1 and in particular the dynamics of kinesin-5 is studied theoretically, explaining the available experimental data. For example, the experimental data about different movement directions under different experimental conditions for kinesin-5 are explained well. The origin of why kinesin-1 can only make unidirectional movement and kinesin-5 can make bidirectional movements is revealed. The origin of mutations or deletions of several structural elements affecting the directionality of kinesin-5 is revealed. Moreover, some predicted results for kinesin-5 are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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10
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Swentowsky KW, Gent JI, Lowry EG, Schubert V, Ran X, Tseng KF, Harkess AE, Qiu W, Dawe RK. Distinct kinesin motors drive two types of maize neocentromeres. Genes Dev 2020; 34:1239-1251. [PMID: 32820038 PMCID: PMC7462060 DOI: 10.1101/gad.340679.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A maize chromosome variant called abnormal chromosome 10 (Ab10) converts knobs on chromosome arms into neocentromeres, causing their preferential segregation to egg cells in a process known as meiotic drive. We previously demonstrated that the gene Kinesin driver (Kindr) on Ab10 encodes a kinesin-14 required to mobilize neocentromeres made up of the major tandem repeat knob180. Here we describe a second kinesin-14 gene, TR-1 kinesin (Trkin), that is required to mobilize neocentromeres made up of the minor tandem repeat TR-1. Trkin lies in a 4-Mb region of Ab10 that is not syntenic with any other region of the maize genome and shows extraordinary sequence divergence from Kindr and other kinesins in plants. Despite its unusual structure, Trkin encodes a functional minus end-directed kinesin that specifically colocalizes with TR-1 in meiosis, forming long drawn out neocentromeres. TRKIN contains a nuclear localization signal and localizes to knobs earlier in prophase than KINDR. The fact that TR-1 repeats often co-occur with knob180 repeats suggests that the current role of the TRKIN/TR-1 system is to facilitate the meiotic drive of the KINDR/knob180 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W Swentowsky
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Jonathan I Gent
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Lowry
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Veit Schubert
- Department of Breeding Research, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Xia Ran
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Kuo-Fu Tseng
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Alex E Harkess
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Weihong Qiu
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - R Kelly Dawe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens Georgia 30602, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens Georgia 30602, USA
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11
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Hunter B, Allingham JS. These motors were made for walking. Protein Sci 2020; 29:1707-1723. [PMID: 32472639 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Kinesins are a diverse group of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent motor proteins that transport cargos along microtubules (MTs) and change the organization of MT networks. Shared among all kinesins is a ~40 kDa motor domain that has evolved an impressive assortment of motility and MT remodeling mechanisms as a result of subtle tweaks and edits within its sequence. Several elegant studies of different kinesin isoforms have exposed the purpose of structural changes in the motor domain as it engages and leaves the MT. However, few studies have compared the sequences and MT contacts of these kinesins systematically. Along with clever strategies to trap kinesin-tubulin complexes for X-ray crystallography, new advancements in cryo-electron microscopy have produced a burst of high-resolution structures that show kinesin-MT interfaces more precisely than ever. This review considers the MT interactions of kinesin subfamilies that exhibit significant differences in speed, processivity, and MT remodeling activity. We show how their sequence variations relate to their tubulin footprint and, in turn, how this explains the molecular activities of previously characterized mutants. As more high-resolution structures become available, this type of assessment will quicken the pace toward establishing each kinesin's design-function relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Hunter
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - John S Allingham
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Leary A, Sim S, Nazarova E, Shulist K, Genthial R, Yang SK, Bui KH, Francois P, Vogel J. Successive Kinesin-5 Microtubule Crosslinking and Sliding Promote Fast, Irreversible Formation of a Stereotyped Bipolar Spindle. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3825-3837.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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A microtubule RELION-based pipeline for cryo-EM image processing. J Struct Biol 2019; 209:107402. [PMID: 31610239 PMCID: PMC6961209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MiRP is a pipeline for processing cryo-EM images of microtubules in RELION. MiRP manages microtubule heterogeneity and pseudo-symmetry. MiRP reduces errors in angular and translational alignment. MiRP improved reconstructions from three different microtubule datasets.
Microtubules are polar filaments built from αβ-tubulin heterodimers that exhibit a range of architectures in vitro and in vivo. Tubulin heterodimers are arranged helically in the microtubule wall but many physiologically relevant architectures exhibit a break in helical symmetry known as the seam. Noisy 2D cryo-electron microscopy projection images of pseudo-helical microtubules therefore depict distinct but highly similar views owing to the high structural similarity of α- and β-tubulin. The determination of the αβ-tubulin register and seam location during image processing is essential for alignment accuracy that enables determination of biologically relevant structures. Here we present a pipeline designed for image processing and high-resolution reconstruction of cryo-electron microscopy microtubule datasets, based in the popular and user-friendly RELION image-processing package, Microtubule RELION-based Pipeline (MiRP). The pipeline uses a combination of supervised classification and prior knowledge about geometric lattice constraints in microtubules to accurately determine microtubule architecture and seam location. The presented method is fast and semi-automated, producing near-atomic resolution reconstructions with test datasets that contain a range of microtubule architectures and binding proteins.
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14
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Goldstein A, Goldman D, Valk E, Loog M, Holt LJ, Gheber L. Synthetic-Evolution Reveals Narrow Paths to Regulation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mitotic Kinesin-5 Cin8. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:1125-1138. [PMID: 31223274 PMCID: PMC6567808 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.30543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdk1 has been found to phosphorylate the majority of its substrates in disordered regions, but some substrates maintain precise phosphosite positions over billions of years. Here, we examined the phosphoregulation of the kinesin-5, Cin8, using synthetic Cdk1-sites. We first analyzed the three native Cdk1 sites within the catalytic motor domain. Any single site conferred regulation, but to different extents. Synthetic sites were then systematically generated by single amino-acid substitutions, starting from a phosphodeficient variant of Cin8. Out of 29 synthetic Cdk1 sites, 8 disrupted function; 19 were neutral, similar to the phospho-deficient variant; and only two gave rise to phosphorylation-dependent spindle phenotypes. Of these two, one was immediately adjacent to a native Cdk1 site. Only one novel site position resulted in phospho-regulation. This site was sampled elsewhere in evolution, but the synthetic version was inefficient in S. cerevisiae. This study shows that a single phosphorylation site can modulate complex spindle dynamics, but likely requires further evolution to optimally regulate the precise reaction cycle of a mitotic motor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Goldstein
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Darya Goldman
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Ervin Valk
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mart Loog
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liam J Holt
- Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University Langone Health, NY, USA
| | - Larisa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
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15
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von Loeffelholz O, Peña A, Drummond DR, Cross R, Moores CA. Cryo-EM Structure (4.5-Å) of Yeast Kinesin-5-Microtubule Complex Reveals a Distinct Binding Footprint and Mechanism of Drug Resistance. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:864-872. [PMID: 30659798 PMCID: PMC6378684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Kinesin-5s are microtubule-dependent motors that drive spindle pole separation during mitosis. We used cryo-electron microscopy to determine the 4.5-Å resolution structure of the motor domain of the fission yeast kinesin-5 Cut7 bound to fission yeast microtubules and explored the topology of the motor–microtubule interface and the susceptibility of the complex to drug binding. Despite their non-canonical architecture and mechanochemistry, Schizosaccharomyces pombe microtubules were stabilized by epothilone at the taxane binding pocket. The overall Cut7 footprint on the S. pombe microtubule surface is altered compared to mammalian tubulin microtubules because of their different polymer architectures. However, the core motor–microtubule interaction is tightly conserved, reflected in similar Cut7 ATPase activities on each microtubule type. AMPPNP-bound Cut7 adopts a kinesin-conserved ATP-like conformation including cover neck bundle formation. However, the Cut7 ATPase is not blocked by a mammalian-specific kinesin-5 inhibitor, consistent with the non-conserved sequence and structure of its loop5 insertion. Epothilone binds at the taxane binding site to stabilize S. pombe microtubules. S. pombe Cut7 has a distinct binding footprint on S. pombe microtubules. The core interface driving microtubule activation of motor ATPase is conserved. Loop5 of Cut7 adopts a distinctive conformation rendering Cut7 ATPase insensitive to STLC inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro Peña
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | | | - Robert Cross
- Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Carolyn Ann Moores
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
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Singh SK, Pandey H, Al-Bassam J, Gheber L. Bidirectional motility of kinesin-5 motor proteins: structural determinants, cumulative functions and physiological roles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1757-1771. [PMID: 29397398 PMCID: PMC11105280 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mitotic kinesin-5 bipolar motor proteins perform essential functions in mitotic spindle dynamics by crosslinking and sliding antiparallel microtubules (MTs) apart within the mitotic spindle. Two recent studies have indicated that single molecules of Cin8, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinesin-5 homolog, are minus end-directed when moving on single MTs, yet switch directionality under certain experimental conditions (Gerson-Gurwitz et al., EMBO J 30:4942-4954, 2011; Roostalu et al., Science 332:94-99, 2011). This finding was unexpected since the Cin8 catalytic motor domain is located at the N-terminus of the protein, and such kinesins have been previously thought to be exclusively plus end-directed. In addition, the essential intracellular functions of kinesin-5 motors in separating spindle poles during mitosis can only be accomplished by plus end-directed motility during antiparallel sliding of the spindle MTs. Thus, the mechanism and possible physiological role of the minus end-directed motility of kinesin-5 motors remain unclear. Experimental and theoretical studies from several laboratories in recent years have identified additional kinesin-5 motors that are bidirectional, revealed structural determinants that regulate directionality, examined the possible mechanisms involved and have proposed physiological roles for the minus end-directed motility of kinesin-5 motors. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the remarkable ability of certain kinesin-5 motors to switch directionality when moving along MTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Himanshu Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Jawdat Al-Bassam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Larisa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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