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Walle M, Tesfaye A, Getu F. The association of ABO and Rhesus blood groups with the occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A comparative cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34803. [PMID: 37657021 PMCID: PMC10476850 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated levels of glucose in circulation which result from insufficient insulin or insulin resistance. The blood group of an individual is thought to be genetically predetermined and plays a vital role in increasing susceptibility to DM for particular blood groups. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the association between ABO and Rhesus blood groups with type 2 DM. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 326 participants (163 type 2 DM patients and 163 age and sex-matched healthy individuals). Socio-demographic data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire while Clinical data were extracted from the patient chart. A blood sample was collected from each study participant for ABO and Rhesus blood grouping. Chi-square test, bivariable, and multivariable logistic regression analysis were employed to indicate the association between different blood group types and type 2 DM. The current result showed that blood group O had the highest frequency among all study participants followed by blood groups B, A, and AB. Blood groups B and A were more common in the type 2 DM group compared with the control group while blood groups O and AB were more frequent in the control group. A chi-square test indicated that the ABO blood group had a significant association with type 2 DM while the Rhesus blood group was not associated with type 2 DM. Moreover, logistic regression analysis showed that B and O blood groups had a significant association with type 2 DM while A and AB blood groups had no association. The findings of this study indicated that type 2 DM has an association with the ABO blood group and has no association with the Rhesus blood group. Individuals with blood group B have a higher risk of developing T2DM (type II DM) as compared to other ABO blood groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muluken Walle
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Addisu Tesfaye
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Fasil Getu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
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Cid E, Yamamoto M, Barrero L, Yamamoto F. The stem region of group A transferase is crucial for its specificity, and its alteration promotes heterologous Forssman synthase activity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13996. [PMID: 37634031 PMCID: PMC10460411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40900-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Some stem region mutants of human blood group A transferase (hAT) possess Forssman synthase (FS) activity, but very little is known about the mechanisms responsible for this enzymatic crosstalk. We performed confocal microscopy and image analysis to determine whether different intra-Golgi localization was accountable for this acquired activity. We also performed structural modeling and mutational and normal mode analyses. We introduced new mutations in the stem region and tested its FS and AT activities. No differences in subcellular localization were found between hAT and FS-positive mutants. AlphaFold models of hAT and mFS (mouse Forssman synthase) showed that the hAT stem region has a tether-like stem region, while in mFS, it encircles its catalytic domain. In silico analysis of FS-positive mutants indicated that stem region mutations induced structural changes, decreasing interatomic interactions and mobility of hAT that correlated with FS activity. Several additional mutations introduced in that region also bestowed FS activity without altering the AT activity: hAT 37-55 aa substitution by mFS 34-52, 37-55 aa deletion, and missense mutations: S46P, Q278Y, and Q286M. Stem region structure, mobility, and interactions are crucial for hAT specificity. Moreover, stem region mutations can lead to heterologous Forssman activity without changes in the catalytic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emili Cid
- Laboratory of Immunohematology and Glycobiology, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Ctra. de Can Ruti, Cami de Les Escoles S/N, 08916, Badalona, Spain.
| | - Miyako Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Immunohematology and Glycobiology, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Ctra. de Can Ruti, Cami de Les Escoles S/N, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Laura Barrero
- Laboratory of Immunohematology and Glycobiology, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Ctra. de Can Ruti, Cami de Les Escoles S/N, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Fumiichiro Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Immunohematology and Glycobiology, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Ctra. de Can Ruti, Cami de Les Escoles S/N, 08916, Badalona, Spain
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Human Noroviruses Attach to Intestinal Tissues of a Broad Range of Animal Species. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01492-20. [PMID: 33115870 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01492-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses are the most common nonbacterial cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks, with new variants and genotypes frequently emerging. The origin of these new viruses is unknown; however, animals have been proposed as a potential source, as human noroviruses have been detected in animal species. Here, we investigated the potential of animals to serve as a reservoir of human noroviruses by testing norovirus attachment to formalin-fixed intestinal tissues of a range of potential reservoir animals. We set up a novel method to study norovirus binding using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled virus-like particles (VLPs). In humans, noroviruses interact with histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), carbohydrates that are expressed, among others, on the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract. In animals, this interaction is not well understood. To test if virus binding depends on HBGAs, we characterized the HBGA phenotype in animal tissues by immunohistochemistry. With the exception of the black-headed gull and the straw-colored fruitbat, we observed the attachment of several human norovirus genotypes to the intestinal epithelium of all tested animal species. However, we did not find an association between the expression of a specific HBGA phenotype and virus-like particle (VLP) attachment. We show that selected human noroviruses can attach to small-intestinal tissues across species, supporting the hypothesis that human noroviruses can reside in an animal reservoir. However, whether this attachment can subsequently lead to infection needs to be further assessed.IMPORTANCE Noroviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans. New norovirus variants and recombinants (re)emerge regularly in the human population. From animal experiments and surveillance studies, it has become clear that at least seven animal models are susceptible to infection with human strains and that domesticated and wild animals shed human noroviruses in their feces. As virus attachment is an important first step for infection, we used a novel method utilizing FITC-labeled VLPs to test for norovirus attachment to intestinal tissues of potential animal hosts. We further characterized these tissues with regard to their HBGA expression, a well-studied norovirus susceptibility factor in humans. We found attachment of several human strains to a variety of animal species independent of their HBGA phenotype. This supports the hypothesis that human strains could reside in an animal reservoir.
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Yamamoto F. Evolutionary divergence of the ABO and GBGT1 genes specifying the ABO and FORS blood group systems through chromosomal rearrangements. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9375. [PMID: 28839219 PMCID: PMC5571153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09765-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human alleles at the ABO and GBGT1 genetic loci specify glycosylation polymorphism of ABO and FORS blood group systems, respectively, and their allelic basis has been elucidated. These genes are also present in other species, but presence/absence, as well as functionality/non-functionality are species-dependent. Molecular mechanisms and forces that created this species divergence were unknown. Utilizing genomic information available from GenBank and Ensembl databases, gene order maps were constructed of a chromosomal region surrounding the ABO and GBGT1 genes from a variety of vertebrate species. Both similarities and differences were observed in their chromosomal organization. Interestingly, the ABO and GBGT1 genes were found located at the boundaries of chromosomal fragments that seem to have been inverted/translocated during species evolution. Genetic alterations, such as deletions and duplications, are prevalent at the ends of rearranged chromosomal fragments, which may partially explain the species-dependent divergence of those clinically important glycosyltransferase genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiichiro Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Immunohematology and Glycobiology, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Programa de Medicina Predictiva i Personalitzada del Càncer (PMPPC), Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Arend P. ABO (histo) blood group phenotype development and human reproduction as they relate to ancestral IgM formation: A hypothesis. Immunobiology 2016; 221:116-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Yamamoto F, Cid E, Yamamoto M, Saitou N, Bertranpetit J, Blancher A. An integrative evolution theory of histo-blood group ABO and related genes. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6601. [PMID: 25307962 PMCID: PMC5377540 DOI: 10.1038/srep06601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ABO system is one of the most important blood group systems in transfusion/transplantation medicine. However, the evolutionary significance of the ABO gene and its polymorphism remained unknown. We took an integrative approach to gain insights into the significance of the evolutionary process of ABO genes, including those related not only phylogenetically but also functionally. We experimentally created a code table correlating amino acid sequence motifs of the ABO gene-encoded glycosyltransferases with GalNAc (A)/galactose (B) specificity, and assigned A/B specificity to individual ABO genes from various species thus going beyond the simple sequence comparison. Together with genome information and phylogenetic analyses, this assignment revealed early appearance of A and B gene sequences in evolution and potentially non-allelic presence of both gene sequences in some animal species. We argue: Evolution may have suppressed the establishment of two independent, functional A and B genes in most vertebrates and promoted A/B conversion through amino acid substitutions and/or recombination; A/B allelism should have existed in common ancestors of primates; and bacterial ABO genes evolved through horizontal and vertical gene transmission into 2 separate groups encoding glycosyltransferases with distinct sugar specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiichiro Yamamoto
- ABO Histo-blood Groups and Cancer Laboratory, Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics Program, Institut de Medicina Predictiva i Personalitzada del Càncer (IMPPC), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Emili Cid
- ABO Histo-blood Groups and Cancer Laboratory, Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics Program, Institut de Medicina Predictiva i Personalitzada del Càncer (IMPPC), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miyako Yamamoto
- ABO Histo-blood Groups and Cancer Laboratory, Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics Program, Institut de Medicina Predictiva i Personalitzada del Càncer (IMPPC), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Naruya Saitou
- Division of Population Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Jaume Bertranpetit
- IBE - Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Antoine Blancher
- Laboratoire d'Immunogénétique Moléculaire (LIMT, EA3034), Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Université Paul Sabatier, (Université de Toulouse III), Toulouse, France
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Arend P. Complementary innate (anti-A-specific) IgM emerging from ontogenic O-GalNAc-transferase depletion: (Innate IgM complementarity residing in ancestral antigen completeness). Immunobiology 2014; 219:285-91. [PMID: 24290972 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The murine and the human genome have global properties in common. So the murine anti-A-specific complementary IgM and related human innate isoagglutinin represent developmental, 2-mercaptoethanol-sensitive, complement-binding glycoproteins, which do not arise from any measurable environmentally-induced or auto- immune response. The murine anti-A certainly originates from a cell surface- or cell adhesion molecule, which in the course of germ cell development becomes devoid of O-GalNAc-transferase and is released into the circulation. In human sera the enzyme occurs exclusively in those of blood group A- and AB subjects, while in group O(H) an identically encoded protein lets expect an opposite function and appears in conjunction with a complementary anti-A reactive glycoprotein. Since O-glycosylations rule the carbohydrate metabolism in growth and reproduction processes, we propose that the ancestral histo-(blood)-group A molecule arises in the course of O-GalNAc-glycosylations of glycolipids and protein envelops at progenitor cell surfaces. Germ cell development postulates embryonic stem cell fidelity, which is characterised by persistent production of α-linked O-GalNAc-glycans. They are determined by the A-allele within the human, "complete" histo (blood) group AB(O) structure that in early ontogeny is hypothesised to be synthesised independently from the final phenotype. The structure either passes "completely" through the germline, in transferase-secreting mature tissues becoming the "complete" phenotype AB, or disappears in exhaustive glycotransferase depletion from the differentiating cell surfaces and leaves behind the "incomplete" blood group O-phenotype, which has released a transferase- and O-glycan-depleted, complementary glycoprotein (IgM) into the circulation. The process implies, that in humans the different blood phenotypes evolve from a "complete" AB(O) molecular complex in a distinct enzymatic and/or complement cascade suggesting O-glycanase involvements. While the murine and human oocyte zona pellucida express identical O-glycans, the human phenotype O might be explainable by the kinetics of the murine ovarian O-GalNAc glycan synthesis and the complementary anti-A released in parallel. The maturing murine ovary may provide insight into encoding of the physiologically superior α-linked GalNAc ancestral epitope that becomes essential in reproduction as well as in tissue renewal events. According to recent reports, O-GalNAc-transferase-determined blood group A suggests superiority in human female fertility and was called even "protective". So the minor fertility of blood-group-O females may reside in a critical timing in developmental shifting of enzyme functions affecting the formation of GalNAc-determined hormone receptors on the way to maturation. Experiments that had inserted an oocyte genome into a somatic one to generate pluripotent stem cells, might elucidate a developmental dilemma by testing oocytes from different blood group AB donors donors. Perhaps they will unmask the molecular basis of an evolutionary trend, while stem cell generation itself capitalises on the enzymatically-advantaged, lineage-maintaining (histo) blood group A-allele, which guaranties ancestral functional completeness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Arend
- Gastroenterology Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA(1); Research Laboratories, Chemie Grünenthal GmbH, 52062 Aachen, Germany.
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Watanabe K, Hosoya M, Hirayama K, Saitoh H, Iwase H, Ikegaya H, Akutsu T, Sekiguchi K, Sakurada K. Forensic validation of the modified ABO genotyping method using a DNA chip. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2013; 15:222-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nyström K, Le Gall-Reculé G, Grassi P, Abrantes J, Ruvoën-Clouet N, Le Moullac-Vaidye B, Lopes AM, Esteves PJ, Strive T, Marchandeau S, Dell A, Haslam SM, Le Pendu J. Histo-blood group antigens act as attachment factors of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus infection in a virus strain-dependent manner. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002188. [PMID: 21901093 PMCID: PMC3161982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabbit Hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), a calicivirus of the Lagovirus genus, and responsible for rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD), kills rabbits between 48 to 72 hours post infection with mortality rates as high as 50–90%. Caliciviruses, including noroviruses and RHDV, have been shown to bind histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) and human non-secretor individuals lacking ABH antigens in epithelia have been found to be resistant to norovirus infection. RHDV virus-like particles have previously been shown to bind the H type 2 and A antigens. In this study we present a comprehensive assessment of the strain-specific binding patterns of different RHDV isolates to HBGAs. We characterized the HBGA expression in the duodenum of wild and domestic rabbits by mass spectrometry and relative quantification of A, B and H type 2 expression. A detailed binding analysis of a range of RHDV strains, to synthetic sugars and human red blood cells, as well as to rabbit duodenum, a likely gastrointestinal site for viral entrance was performed. Enzymatic cleavage of HBGA epitopes confirmed binding specificity. Binding was observed to blood group B, A and H type 2 epitopes in a strain-dependent manner with slight differences in specificity for A, B or H epitopes allowing RHDV strains to preferentially recognize different subgroups of animals. Strains related to the earliest described RHDV outbreak were not able to bind A, whereas all other genotypes have acquired A binding. In an experimental infection study, rabbits lacking the correct HBGA ligands were resistant to lethal RHDV infection at low challenge doses. Similarly, survivors of outbreaks in wild populations showed increased frequency of weak binding phenotypes, indicating selection for host resistance depending on the strain circulating in the population. HBGAs thus act as attachment factors facilitating infection, while their polymorphism of expression could contribute to generate genetic resistance to RHDV at the population level. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), detected as late as 1984, has spread to large parts of the world, threatening rabbit populations and other species dependent on rabbits in many European countries. Mortality has been shown to be as high as 90% and rabbits are killed 48 to 72 hours after infection. Related viruses called noroviruses, infect humans in a manner dependent on the expression of histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), which are not only expressed on red blood cells, but also on epithelial cells, in saliva and on mucins of the intestinal tract. RHDV also binds to HBGA and in this report we characterize binding of strains of all genetic groups of RHDV to different HBGAs. We also demonstrate HBGAs to function as attachment factors in a challenge experiment. As polymorphisms of genes involved in HBGA synthesis divide the rabbit population into different subgroups, we find selection of low-binding subgroups of wild rabbits in populations recovering from devastating outbreaks of RHDV. This is the first demonstration of differential HBGA specificities of RHDV strains, description of function in infection and demonstration of host selection due to RHDV infection based on HBGA phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghislaine Le Gall-Reculé
- Anses, Laboratoire de Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unité de Virologie, Immunologie, Parasitologie Aviaires et Cunicoles, Ploufragan, France
| | - Paola Grassi
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joana Abrantes
- INSERM, U892, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigacao em Biodiversidade e Recursos Geneticos, Campus Agrario de Vairao, Vairao, Portugal
| | | | | | - Ana M. Lopes
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigacao em Biodiversidade e Recursos Geneticos, Campus Agrario de Vairao, Vairao, Portugal
| | - Pedro J. Esteves
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigacao em Biodiversidade e Recursos Geneticos, Campus Agrario de Vairao, Vairao, Portugal
- CITS, Centro de Investigacao em Tecnologias de Saude, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Tanja Strive
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, Canberra, Australia
| | - Stéphane Marchandeau
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Direction des Etudes et de la Recherche, Nantes, France
| | - Anne Dell
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M. Haslam
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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"Natural" antibodies and histo-blood groups in biological development with respect to histo-blood group A. A perspective review. Immunobiology 2011; 216:1318-21. [PMID: 21798618 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The "inappropriate" A-specific ovarian glycosphingolipids discovered in unfertilized C57BL/10J female mice reflect growth processes, which suggest the activity of embryonic stem cells undergoing genetic polymorphism. And the responding anti-GalNAc antibody represents the first classical "natural" antibody, which was unmasked as a highly specific autoantibody. This murine anti-A is subspecifically distinct from the human antibody, discovering by a broader reactivity growth-dependent, xenoreactive A-specific structures also in non-reproductive murine tissues, where an equivalent of the human AB gene family as a cis AB-gene encodes A-and B glycotransferases. Expression of antigen is known to need always more than its encoded enzyme, and the special mechanism which in the C57BL/10J murine ovarian glycospingolipids blocks the expression of "B" still remains still unknown. A herewith arising postulation of a growth-predominating common biological activity may be supported by findings in rats. The number of A-genes here significantly exceeds those of B and in the Wistar rat the A-antigen is only expressed in the wild type, while B-expression requires the transfer of human B. Nevertheless in transgenic rats, the appearance of "A" still remains more pronounced. The observations lead to reports on animals, which do not show AB transferase production or a respective antigen expression in their normal tissues, but inconcistently display A activity in malignant tumors. And respective examples are delivered by phenotype independent neo expressions of "inappropriate" A-specific structures in human cancer. Although in comparison with epitope deletions they are rare, the ubiquitous "natural" (IgM and IgG) anti-A and anti-B levels, against self and not self, irrespective of the blood group in any normal human sera, may reflect invisible "inappropriate" A-specific growth. The role of the associated (auto) anti-B might be different, because B-neo expressions obviously not occur in cancer, and anti-gal-antibodies are supposed to originate primarily from environmental, cross-reactive stimulation, and beyond their functions in defense are otherwise engaged in physiology. In general natural antibody specificities undergo significant phylogenetical changes within the species. However, the in nature wide-spread "natural" anti-A agglutinin specificities survived or even predominated the long-term evolution from the brown trout up to man and still respond to the biological power, i.e. the products of a CAZY glycosyltransferase 6 (ABO) gene family. It is so hypothesized that both, the murine and human "natural" anti-A antibodies represent examples of a still to be analyzed polyclonal response to a provocative, species-independent evolutionary epitope, which arises or escapes by some enzymatic predominance from the genetical polymorphism in a consistent developmental process.
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Watanabe K, Ikegaya H, Hirayama K, Motani H, Iwase H, Kaneko H, Fukushima H, Akutsu T, Sakurada K. A novel method for ABO genotyping using a DNA chip. J Forensic Sci 2010; 56 Suppl 1:S183-7. [PMID: 21198615 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
ABO genotyping is often performed to identify the blood type of decomposed samples, which is difficult to be determined by a serological test. In this study, we developed a simple method for ABO genotyping using a DNA chip. In this method, polymerase chain reaction-amplified and fluorescent-labeled fragments in the ABO gene and primate-specific D17Z1 were hybridized with DNA probes on a chip designed to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ABO gene and part of the D17Z1 sequence. Using blood samples from 42 volunteers and 10 animal species, we investigated whether the chip could be used to detect SNPs in the ABO gene and the D17Z1 sequence. This method was then applied to various forensic samples, and it was confirmed that this method was suitable for the simultaneous analyses of ABO genotyping and species identification. This method fulfills the recent need for the development of rapid and convenient methods for criminal investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Watanabe
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Chiba, Japan.
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Yamamoto F, Yamamoto M, Blancher A. Generation of histo-blood group B transferase by replacing the N-acetyl-D-galactosamine recognition domain of human A transferase with the galactose-recognition domain of evolutionarily related murine alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase. Transfusion 2009; 50:622-30. [PMID: 20042032 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The alpha1,3-galactosyl epitope (alpha1-3Gal epitope), a major xenotransplant antigen, is synthesized by alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase (alpha1-3Gal transferase), which is evolutionarily related to the histo-blood group A/B transferases. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We constructed structural chimeras between the human type A and murine alpha1-3Gal transferases and examined their activity and specificity. RESULTS In many instances, a total loss of transferase activity was observed. Certain areas could be exchanged, with a potential diminishing of activity. With a few constructs, changes in acceptor substrate specificity were suspected. Unexpectedly, a functional conversion from A to B transferase activity was observed after replacing the short sequence of human A transferase with the corresponding sequence from murine alpha1-3Gal transferase. CONCLUSION Because these two paralogous enzymes differ in 16 positions of the 38 amino acid residues in the replaced region, our finding may suggest that despite separate evolution and diversified acceptors, these glycosyltransferases still share the three-dimensional domain structure that is responsible for their sugar specificity, arguing against the functional requirement of a strong purifying selection playing a role in the evolution of the ABO family of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiichiro Yamamoto
- Department of Tumor Development, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California, USA.
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Turcot-Dubois AL, Le Moullac-Vaidye B, Despiau S, Roubinet F, Bovin N, Le Pendu J, Blancher A. Long-term evolution of the CAZY glycosyltransferase 6 (ABO) gene family from fishes to mammals—a birth-and-death evolution model. Glycobiology 2007; 17:516-28. [PMID: 17298992 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwm016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional glycosyltransferase 6 (GT6) family members catalyze the transfer of galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine in alpha1,3 linkage to various substrates and synthesize structures related to the A and B histo-blood group antigens, the Forssman antigen, alphaGal epitope, and iGb3 glycolipid. In rat, mouse, dog, and cow genomes, we have identified three new mammalian genes (GT6m5, GT6m6, and GT6m7) encoding putative proteins belonging to the GT6 family. Among these, GT6m6 protein does not display major alterations of the GT6 motifs involved in binding of the divalent cation and the substrate. Based on protein sequence comparison, gene structure, and synteny, GT6 homologous sequences were also identified in bird, fish, and amphibian genomes. Strikingly, the number and type of GT6 genes varied widely from species to species, even within phylogenetically related groups. In human, except ABO functional alleles, all other GT6 genes are either absent or nonfunctional. Human, mouse, and cow have only one ABO gene, whereas rat and dog have several. In the chicken, the Forssman synthase-like is the single GT6 family member. Five Forssman synthase-like genes were found in zebrafish, but are absent from three other fishes (fugu, puffer fish, and medaka). Two iGb3 synthase-like genes were found in medaka, which are absent from zebrafish. Fugu, puffer fish, and medaka have an additional GT6 gene that we termed GT6m8, which is absent from all other species analyzed here. These observations indicate that individual GT6 genes have expanded and contracted by recurrent duplications and deletions during vertebrate evolution, following a birth-and-death evolution type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Turcot-Dubois
- INSERM U601, Université de Nantes, Institut de Biologie, 9 Quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes Cedex, and Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hôpital Rangueil, Toulouse, France
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14
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Tesson L, Cozzi J, Ménoret S, Rémy S, Usal C, Fraichard A, Anegon I. Transgenic modifications of the rat genome. Transgenic Res 2006; 14:531-46. [PMID: 16245144 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-005-5077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The laboratory rat (R. norvegicus) is a very important experimental animal in several fields of biomedical research. This review describes the various techniques that have been used to generate transgenic rats: classical DNA microinjection and more recently described techniques such as lentiviral vector-mediated DNA transfer into early embryos, sperm-mediated transgenesis, embryo cloning by nuclear transfer and germline mutagenesis. It will also cover techniques associated to transgenesis such as sperm cryopreservation, embryo freezing and determination of zygosity. The availability of several technologies allowing genetic manipulation in the rat coupled to genomic data will allow biomedical research to fully benefit from the rat as an experimental animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Tesson
- Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation (ITERT), F-44093, Nantes, France
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15
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Nydegger U, Mohacsi P, Koestner S, Kappeler A, Schaffner T, Carrel T. ABO histo-blood group system-incompatible allografting. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:147-53. [PMID: 15589475 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Most of the 29 blood group systems known today are not restricted to erythroid tissues hence their more recent identification as histo-blood group systems. Beyond the uncontested importance of the HLA system in human allograft survival, some of the histo-blood group systems might increasingly become recognised to play a role in graft-host interaction and peritransplant transfusion therapy. At least the ABO histo-blood group system has drawn a lot of interest since both, elective ABO-mismatch with living kidney donor/recipient pairs and infant heart recipients have been described as radical, but effective treatments of end-stage organ dysfunction. More recently, at least in part successful efforts to overcome unintentional ABO-mismatched lung and heart grafts spark interest in more precisely avoiding hyperacute transplant rejection due to complement-activating anti-A/B antibodies of the recipients. Such options as to prepare the recipient with plasma exchange and following him up with polyspecific intravenous immunoglobulins, monoclonal antibodies and targeted immunosuppression using mycophenolate, rabbit antithymocyte globulin and anti-CD20 antibody rituximab are bound to efficiently remove anti-A/B antibodies and apparently inhibit their resynthesis. The present contribution overviews recently acquired knowledge on the ABO histo blood group system and the role it plays in solid organ transplantation leant against a patient observed at our institution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Nydegger
- Swiss Cardiovascular Center, University Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery and University for Cardiology, Inselspital, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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Kawasaki M, Fujino M, Li XK, Kitazawa Y, Funeshima N, Takahashi RI, Ueda M, Amano T, Hakamata Y, Kobayashi E. Inducible liver injury in the transgenic rat by expressing liver-specific suicide gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 311:920-8. [PMID: 14623269 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Suicide gene expression in specific tissue of transgenic animals has been used for cell-specific ablation. To examine the influence of hepatocyte removal, we produced the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSVtk) transgenic rat, whose gene was regulated by an albumin enhancer promoter. The liver presence of HSVtk was demonstrated in one line of the transgenic rats. We injected ganciclovir (GCV, 50mg/kg) into the rat on alternate days. After 28 days of GCV administration, liver tissues, and blood of the rats were collected. The histological investigation revealed infiltration of T cells, macrophages, granulocytes/neutrophils, and hepatocyte cell death. The biochemistry analysis demonstrated elevated levels of AST, ALT, and total bilirubin in transgenic rat. In conclusion, the transgenic rat with expressed albumin-specific HSVtk developed experimental hepatitis with administration of GCV, and will be a useful model to facilitate the evaluation of drug effects for clinical control of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Kawasaki
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, Department of Innovative Surgery, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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