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St. Peter C, Hossain WA, Lovell S, Rafi SK, Butler MG. Mowat-Wilson Syndrome: Case Report and Review of ZEB2 Gene Variant Types, Protein Defects and Molecular Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2838. [PMID: 38474085 PMCID: PMC10932183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Mowat-Wilson syndrome (MWS) is a rare genetic neurodevelopmental congenital disorder associated with various defects of the zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2) gene. The ZEB2 gene is autosomal dominant and encodes six protein domains including the SMAD-binding protein, which functions as a transcriptional corepressor involved in the conversion of neuroepithelial cells in early brain development and as a mediator of trophoblast differentiation. This review summarizes reported ZEB2 gene variants, their types, and frequencies among the 10 exons of ZEB2. Additionally, we summarized their corresponding encoded protein defects including the most common variant, c.2083 C>T in exon 8, which directly impacts the homeodomain (HD) protein domain. This single defect was found in 11% of the 298 reported patients with MWS. This review demonstrates that exon 8 encodes at least three of the six protein domains and accounts for 66% (198/298) of the variants identified. More than 90% of the defects were due to nonsense or frameshift changes. We show examples of protein modeling changes that occurred as a result of ZEB2 gene defects. We also report a novel pathogenic variant in exon 8 in a 5-year-old female proband with MWS. This review further explores other genes predicted to be interacting with the ZEB2 gene and their predicted gene-gene molecular interactions with protein binding effects on embryonic multi-system development such as craniofacial, spine, brain, kidney, cardiovascular, and hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline St. Peter
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd. MS 4015, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (C.S.P.); (W.A.H.); (S.K.R.)
| | - Waheeda A. Hossain
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd. MS 4015, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (C.S.P.); (W.A.H.); (S.K.R.)
| | - Scott Lovell
- Protein Structure Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA;
| | - Syed K. Rafi
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd. MS 4015, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (C.S.P.); (W.A.H.); (S.K.R.)
| | - Merlin G. Butler
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd. MS 4015, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (C.S.P.); (W.A.H.); (S.K.R.)
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Bai XL, Yang XY, Li JY, Ye-Li, Jia X, Xiong ZF, Wang YM, Jin S. Cavin-1 regulates caveolae-mediated LDL transcytosis: crosstalk in an AMPK/eNOS/ NF-κB/Sp1 loop. Oncotarget 2017; 8:103985-103995. [PMID: 29262615 PMCID: PMC5732781 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Caveolae are specialized lipid rafts structure in the cell membrane and critical for regulating endothelial functions, e.g. transcytosis of macromolecules like low density lipoprotein (LDL) etc. Specifically, the organization and functions of caveolae are mediated by structure protein (caveolin-1) and adapter protein (cavin-1). The pathogenic role of caveolin-1 is well studied; nevertheless, mechanisms whereby cavin-1 regulates signaling transduction remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was designed to explore the role of cavin-1 in caveolae-mediated LDL transcytosis across endothelial cells. We reported here that cavin-1 knockdown mediated by small interfering RNA (siRNA) caused a significant decrease of LDL transcytosis. Moreover, cavin-1 knockdown increased the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and the production of nitric oxide (NO). Consequently, an eNOS inhibitor, N-Nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME), not only suppressed the activity of specificity protein (Sp1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), but also inhibited both activities via activating adenosine 5‘-monophosphate- activated protein kinase (AMPK). In conclusion, we proposed an AMPK/eNOS/NF-κB/Sp1 circuit loop was formed to regulate caveolae residing proteins’ expression, e.g. LDL receptor (LDLR), caveolin-1, eNOS, thereby to regulate caveolae-mediated LDL transcytosis in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Li Bai
- Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430077, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430077, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Ju-Yi Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Ye-Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Xiong Jia
- Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430077, China
| | - Zhi-Fan Xiong
- Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430077, China
| | - Yu-Mei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Si Jin
- Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430077, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430077, China
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Marozkina NV, Gaston B. S-Nitrosylation signaling regulates cellular protein interactions. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:722-9. [PMID: 21745537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND S-Nitrosothiols are made by nitric oxide synthases and other metalloproteins. Unlike nitric oxide, S-nitrosothiols are involved in localized, covalent signaling reactions in specific cellular compartments. These reactions are enzymatically regulated. SCOPE S-Nitrosylation affects interactions involved in virtually every aspect of normal cell biology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Regulation of Cellular Processes by S-nitrosylation. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE S-Nitrosylation is a regulated signaling reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadzeya V Marozkina
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, PO Box 800386, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Chu C, Zavala K, Fahimi A, Lee J, Xue Q, Eilers H, Schumacher MA. Transcription factors Sp1 and Sp4 regulate TRPV1 gene expression in rat sensory neurons. Mol Pain 2011; 7:44. [PMID: 21645329 PMCID: PMC3121596 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-7-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The capsaicin receptor, transient receptor potential vanilloid type -1 (TRPV1) directs complex roles in signal transduction including the detection of noxious stimuli arising from cellular injury and inflammation. Under pathophysiologic conditions, TRPV1 mRNA and receptor protein expression are elevated in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons for weeks to months and is associated with hyperalgesia. Building on our previous isolation of a promoter system for the rat TRPV1 gene, we investigated the proximal TRPV1 P2-promoter by first identifying candidate Sp1-like transcription factors bound in vivo to the P2-promoter using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. We then performed deletion analysis of GC-box binding sites, and quantified promoter activity under conditions of Sp1 / Sp4 over-expression versus inhibition/knockdown. mRNA encoding Sp1, Sp4 and TRPV1 were quantified by qRT-PCR under conditions of Sp1/Sp4 over-expression or siRNA mediated knockdown in cultured DRG neurons. Results Using ChIP analysis of DRG tissue, we demonstrated that Sp1 and Sp4 are bound to the candidate GC-box site region within the endogenous TRPV1 P2-promoter. Deletion of GC-box "a" or "a + b" within the P2- promoter resulted in a complete loss of transcriptional activity indicating that GC-box "a" was the critical site for promoter activation. Co-transfection of Sp1 increased P2-promoter activity in cultured DRG neurons whereas mithramycin-a, an inhibitor of Sp1-like function, dose dependently blocked NGF and Sp1-dependent promoter activity in PC12 cells. Co-transfection of siRNA directed against Sp1 or Sp4 decreased promoter activity in DRG neurons and NGF treated PC12 cells. Finally, electroporation of Sp1 or Sp4 cDNA into cultures of DRG neurons directed an increase in Sp1/Sp4 mRNA and importantly an increase in TRPV1 mRNA. Conversely, combined si-RNA directed knockdown of Sp1/Sp4 resulted in a decrease in TRPV1 mRNA. Conclusion Based on these studies, we now propose a model of TRPV1 expression that is dependent on Sp1-like transcription factors with Sp4 playing a predominant role in activating TRPV1 RNA transcription in DRG neurons. Given that increases of TRPV1 expression have been implicated in a wide range of pathophysiologic states including persistent painful conditions, blockade of Sp1-like transcription factors represents a novel direction in therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Chu
- University of California, San Francisco Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care 513 Parnassus Ave, Rm, S436, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0427, USA
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Sha Y, Marshall HE. S-nitrosylation in the regulation of gene transcription. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:701-11. [PMID: 21640163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-translational modification of proteins by S-nitrosylation serves as a major mode of signaling in mammalian cells and a growing body of evidence has shown that transcription factors and their activating pathways are primary targets. S-nitrosylation directly modifies a number of transcription factors, including NF-κB, HIF-1, and AP-1. In addition, S-nitrosylation can indirectly regulate gene transcription by modulating other cell signaling pathways, in particular JNK kinase and ras. SCOPE OF REVIEW The evolution of S-nitrosylation as a signaling mechanism in the regulation of gene transcription, physiological advantages of protein S-nitrosylation in the control of gene transcription, and discussion of the many transcriptional proteins modulated by S-nitrosylation is summarized. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS S-nitrosylation plays a crucial role in the control of mammalian gene transcription with numerous transcription factors regulated by this modification. Many of these proteins serve as immunomodulators, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is regarded as a principal mediatiator of NO-dependent S-nitrosylation. However, additional targets within the nucleus (e.g. histone deacetylases) and alternative mechanisms of S-nitrosylation (e.g. GAPDH-mediated trans-nitrosylation) are thought to play a role in NOS-dependent transcriptional regulation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Derangement of SNO-regulated gene transcription is an important factor in a variety of pathological conditions including neoplasia and sepsis. A better understanding of protein S-nitrosylation as it relates to gene transcription and the physiological mechanisms behind this process is likely to lead to novel therapies for these disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Regulation of Cellular Processes by S-nitrosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Sha
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Tsui S, Fernando R, Chen B, Smith TJ. Divergent Sp1 protein levels may underlie differential expression of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase by fibroblasts: role in susceptibility to orbital Graves disease. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:24487-99. [PMID: 21576248 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.241166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UGDH) catalyzes the formation of UDP-glucuronate. Glucuronate represents an integral component of the glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronan, which accumulates in orbital Graves disease. Here we report that orbital fibroblasts express higher levels of UGDH than do those from skin. This is a consequence of greater UGDH gene promoter activity and more abundant steady-state UGDH mRNA. Six Sp1 sites located in the proximal 550 bp of the UGDH gene promoter appear to determine basal promoter activity, as does a previously unrecognized 49-bp sequence spanning -1436 nucleotides (nt) and -1388 nt that negatively affects activity. Nuclear Sp1 protein is more abundant in orbital fibroblasts, and its binding to specific sites on DNA is greater than that in dermal fibroblasts. Mutating each of these Sp1 sites in a UGDH gene promoter fragment, extending from -1387 to +71 nt and fused to a luciferase reporter, results in divergent activities when transfected in orbital and dermal fibroblasts. Reducing Sp1 attenuated UGDH gene promoter activity, lowered steady-state UGDH mRNA levels, and reduced UGDH enzyme activity. Targeting Sp1 and UGDH with specific siRNAs also lowered hyaluronan synthase-1 (HAS-1) and HAS-2 levels and reduced hyaluronan accumulation in orbital fibroblasts. These findings suggest that orbital fibroblasts express high levels of UGDH in an anatomic-specific manner, apparently the result of greater constitutive Sp1. These high UGDH levels may underlie susceptibility of the orbit to localized overproduction of hyaluronan in Graves disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanli Tsui
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA
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Analysis of nitric oxide-stabilized mRNAs in human fibroblasts reveals HuR-dependent heme oxygenase 1 upregulation. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:2622-35. [PMID: 19289500 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01495-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously observed that nitric oxide (NO) exposure increases the stability of mRNAs encoding heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and TIEG-1 in human and mouse fibroblasts. Here, we have used microarrays to look broadly for changes in mRNA stability in response to NO treatment. Using human IMR-90 and mouse NIH 3T3 fibroblasts treated with actinomycin D to block de novo transcription, microarray analysis suggested that the stability of the majority of mRNAs was unaffected. Among the mRNAs that were stabilized by NO treatment, seven transcripts were found in both IMR-90 and NIH 3T3 cells (CHIC2, GADD45B, HO-1, PTGS2, RGS2, TIEG, and ID3) and were chosen for further analysis. All seven mRNAs showed at least one hit of a signature motif for the stabilizing RNA-binding protein (RBP) HuR; accordingly, ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that all seven mRNAs associated with HuR. In keeping with a functional role of HuR in the response to NO, a measurable fraction of HuR increased in the cytoplasm following NO treatment. However, among the seven transcripts, only HO-1 mRNA showed a robust increase in the level of its association with HuR following NO treatment. In turn, HO-1 mRNA and protein levels were significantly reduced when HuR levels were silenced in IMR-90 cells, and they were elevated when HuR was overexpressed. In sum, our results indicate that NO stabilizes mRNA subsets in fibroblasts, identify HuR as an RBP implicated in the NO response, reveal that HuR alone is insufficient for stabilizing several mRNAs by NO, and show that HO-1 induction by NO is regulated by HuR.
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Koh SWM, Chandrasekara K, Abbondandolo CJ, Coll TJ, Rutzen AR. VIP and VIP gene silencing modulation of differentiation marker N-cadherin and cell shape of corneal endothelium in human corneas ex vivo. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49:3491-8. [PMID: 18441300 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.07-1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is expressed by corneal endothelial (CE) cells and is present in the aqueous humor, which bathes CE cells in vivo. This study demonstrated the role of CE cell VIP in maintaining the expression level of a CE differentiation marker, N-cadherin, and the hexagonal cell shape. METHODS To determine the most effective VIP concentration, bovine corneoscleral explants were treated with 0 (control) and 10(-12) to 10(-6) M VIP. Paired human corneas (nine donors) from an eye bank were used as control; the other corneas were treated with VIP. To silence endogenous VIP, paired fresh human donor corneas (from seven cadavers) were transduced with VIP shRNA or the control lentiviral particles and then bisected/quartered for quantitative analysis by semiquantitative RT-PCR (for mRNA) and Western blot analysis/immunocytochemistry (for protein), whereas alizarin red S staining revealed CE cell shape. RESULTS VIP concentration dependently increased bovine CE cell N-cadherin mRNA levels, with the maximal effect observed between 10(-10) (1.47 +/- 0.06-fold; P = 0.002) and 10(-8) M VIP (1.48 +/- 0.18-fold; P = 0.012). VIP (10(-8) M) treatment increased N-cadherin protein levels in bovine and human CE cells to 1.98 +/- 0.28-fold (P = 0.005) and 1.17 +/- 0.10 (range, 0.91-1.87)-fold (P = 0.050) of their respective controls. VIP antagonist (SN)VIPhyb diminished the VIP effect. VIP silencing resulted in deterioration of the hexagonal cell shape and decreased levels of VIP protein and mRNA, N-cadherin (but not connexin-43) mRNA and protein, and the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein. CONCLUSIONS Through its autocrine VIP, CE cells play an active role in maintaining the differentiated state and suppressing apoptosis in the corneal endothelium in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shay-Whey M Koh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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Zhuravliova E, Barbakadze T, Narmania N, Ramsden J, Mikeladze D. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase and farnesyltransferase change the activities of several transcription factors. J Mol Neurosci 2008; 31:281-7. [PMID: 17726232 DOI: 10.1385/jmn:31:03:281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Revised: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Several types of cellular proteins can be modified by farnesylation and nitrosylation, of which the most significant is Ras. We used manumycin, a farnesyltransferase inhibitor, and L-NAME (Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester), a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, for characterization of Ras-dependent downstream targets activities. Our results suggest that change of the steady-state levels of nitric oxide and inhibition of farnesylation modified the activities of several transcription factors. We have found that the inhibition of farnesylation by manumycin decreased the DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, did not change the DNA-binding activities of STAT, Sp1, ATF-2, and CREB, and increased the activities of c-Fos, JunD, and c-Jun. Under such conditions, phosphorylation of Akt was decreased, whereas phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was increased and phosphorylation of JNK did not change. Furthermore, our results show that reduction of intracellular concentration of nitric oxides by L-NAME increases the activities of c-Fos, ATF-2 and JunD and decreases the activities of CREB, STAT, Sp1, and c-Jun. The activities of all of these transcription factors are restored to normal levels in the presence of manumycin, suggesting that simultaneous modifications of proteins by farnesylation and nitrosylation change the direction of Ras-controlled downstream pathways. Our results provide further evidence of the significance of posttranslational modifications of Ras for the specificity of transducing cascade networks and physiological outcome.
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Zhang J, Wang S, Kern S, Cui X, Danner RL. Nitric oxide down-regulates polo-like kinase 1 through a proximal promoter cell cycle gene homology region. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:1003-9. [PMID: 17121839 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607609200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase essential for cell mitosis. As a master cell cycle regulator, p21/Waf1 plays a critical role in cell cycle progression. Nitric oxide (NO.) has been shown to down-regulate PLK1 and up-regulate p21/Waf1 independent of cGMP. Here, the respective roles of p38 MAPK and p21/Waf1 in NO.-mediated PLK1 repression were investigated using differentiated U937 cells that lack soluble guanylate cyclase. NO. was shown to down-regulate both PLK1 mRNA and protein. Nuclear run-on assays and mRNA stability studies demonstrated that the effect of NO. on PLK1 expression was associated with decreased transcription without changes in transcript stability. SB202190, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, prevented transcriptional repression of PLK1 by NO.. Transfection with dominant-negative p38 MAPK mutant eliminated the NO. effect on both p21/Waf1 and PLK1 gene expression. Knockdown of p21/Waf1 with siRNA also substantially reduced the regulatory effect of NO. on PLK1. Reporter gene experiments showed that NO. decreased activity of the PLK1 proximal promoter, an effect that was blocked by p38 MAPK inhibitor. Deletion or mutation of the CDE/CHR promoter site, an element regulated by p21/Waf1, increased base-line promoter activity and abolished NO. repression of the PLK1 promoter. Likewise, electrophoretic mobility shift assays with CDE/CHR probe revealed a NO.-mediated change in protein-probe complex formation. Competition with various unlabeled CDE/CHR mutant sequences showed that NO. increased nuclear protein binding to intact CHR. These results demonstrate that a NO.-p38 MAPK-p21/Waf1 signal transduction pathway represses PLK1 through a canonical CDE/CHR promoter element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhang
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Ptasinska A, Wang S, Zhang J, Wesley RA, Danner RL. Nitric oxide activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma through a p38 MAPK signaling pathway. FASEB J 2006; 21:950-61. [PMID: 17197391 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-6822com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Both nitric oxide (NO*) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) protect the endothelium and regulate its function. Here, we tested for crosstalk between these signaling pathways. Human umbilical vein and hybrid EA.hy926 endothelial cells were exposed to S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) or diethylenetriamine NONOate (DETA NONOate). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays using PPAR-response element (PPRE) probe showed that NO* caused a rapid dose-dependent increase in PPARgamma binding, an effect that was confirmed in vivo by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Conversely, N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine, a NOS inhibitor, decreased PPARgamma binding. NO*-mediated PPARgamma binding and NO* induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), diacylglycerol (DAG) kinase alpha (DGKalpha), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), genes with well-characterized PPRE motifs, were cGMP independent. NO* dose dependently activated p38 MAPK, and p38 MAPK inhibition with SB202190 or knockdown with siRNA was shown to block NO* activation of PPARgamma. Likewise, p38 MAPK and PPARgamma inhibitors or knockdown of either transcript all significantly blocked NO* induction of PPRE-regulated genes. PPARgamma activation by p38 MAPK may contribute to the anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects of NO* in the vasculature. This crosstalk mechanism suggests new strategies for preventing and treating vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anetta Ptasinska
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Wang S, Zhang J, Theel S, Barb JJ, Munson PJ, Danner RL. Nitric oxide activation of Erk1/2 regulates the stability and translation of mRNA transcripts containing CU-rich elements. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:3044-56. [PMID: 16757573 PMCID: PMC1475749 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO*) can stabilize mRNA by activating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Here, transcript stabilization by NO* was investigated in human THP-1 cells using microarrays. After LPS pre-stimulation, cells were treated with actinomycin D and then exposed to NO* without or with the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190 (SB). The decay of 220 mRNAs was affected; most were stabilized by NO*. Unexpectedly, SB often enhanced rather than antagonized transcript stability. NO* activated p38 MAPK and Erk1/2; SB blocked p38 MAPK, but further activated Erk1/2. RT-PCR confirmed that NO* and SB could additively stabilize certain mRNA transcripts, an effect abolished by Erk1/2 inhibition. In affected genes, these responses were associated with CU-rich elements (CURE) in 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTR). NO* stabilized the mRNA of a CURE-containing reporter gene, while repressing translation. Dominant-negative Mek1, an Erk1/2 inhibitor, abolished this effect. NO* similarly stabilized, but blocked translation of MAP3K7IP2, a natural CURE-containing gene. NO* increased hnRNP translocation to the cytoplasm and binding to CURE. Over-expression of hnRNP K, like NO*, repressed translation of CURE-containing mRNA. These findings define a sequence-specific mechanism of NO*-triggered gene regulation that stabilizes mRNA, but represses translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuibang Wang
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Division of Computational Bioscience, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Division of Computational Bioscience, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stephanie Theel
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Division of Computational Bioscience, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jennifer J. Barb
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Division of Computational Bioscience, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter J. Munson
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Division of Computational Bioscience, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert L. Danner
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 301 496 9320; Fax: +1 301 402 1213;
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Cui X, Zhang J, Ma P, Myers DE, Goldberg IG, Sittler KJ, Barb JJ, Munson PJ, Cintron ADP, McCoy JP, Wang S, Danner RL. cGMP-independent nitric oxide signaling and regulation of the cell cycle. BMC Genomics 2005; 6:151. [PMID: 16269079 PMCID: PMC1312313 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-6-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory functions of nitric oxide (NO*) that bypass the second messenger cGMP are incompletely understood. Here, cGMP-independent effects of NO* on gene expression were globally examined in U937 cells, a human monoblastoid line that constitutively lacks soluble guanylate cyclase. Differentiated U937 cells (>80% in G0/G1) were exposed to S-nitrosoglutathione, a NO* donor, or glutathione alone (control) for 6 h without or with dibutyryl-cAMP (Bt2cAMP), and then harvested to extract total RNA for microarray analysis. Bt2cAMP was used to block signaling attributable to NO*-induced decreases in cAMP. RESULTS NO* regulated 110 transcripts that annotated disproportionately to the cell cycle and cell proliferation (47/110, 43%) and more frequently than expected contained AU-rich, post-transcriptional regulatory elements (ARE). Bt2cAMP regulated 106 genes; cell cycle gene enrichment did not reach significance. Like NO*, Bt2cAMP was associated with ARE-containing transcripts. A comparison of NO* and Bt2cAMP effects showed that NO* regulation of cell cycle genes was independent of its ability to interfere with cAMP signaling. Cell cycle genes induced by NO* annotated to G1/S (7/8) and included E2F1 and p21/Waf1/Cip1; 6 of these 7 were E2F target genes involved in G1/S transition. Repressed genes were G2/M associated (24/27); 8 of 27 were known targets of p21. E2F1 mRNA and protein were increased by NO*, as was E2F1 binding to E2F promoter elements. NO* activated p38 MAPK, stabilizing p21 mRNA (an ARE-containing transcript) and increasing p21 protein; this increased protein binding to CDE/CHR promoter sites of p21 target genes, repressing key G2/M phase genes, and increasing the proportion of cells in G2/M. CONCLUSION NO* coordinates a highly integrated program of cell cycle arrest that regulates a large number of genes, but does not require signaling through cGMP. In humans, antiproliferative effects of NO* may rely substantially on cGMP-independent mechanisms. Stress kinase signaling and alterations in mRNA stability appear to be major pathways by which NO* regulates the transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Cui
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Penglin Ma
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Intensive Care Unit of the Military 309th Hospital, Haidian District of Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Daniela E Myers
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ilana G Goldberg
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly J Sittler
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer J Barb
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Division of Computational Bioscience, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter J Munson
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Division of Computational Bioscience, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ana del Pilar Cintron
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - J Philip McCoy
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shuibang Wang
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert L Danner
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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14
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Chang CC, Chang TY, Yu CH, Tsai ML. Induction of VE-cadherin in rat placental trophoblasts by VEGF through a NO-dependent pathway. Placenta 2005; 26:234-41. [PMID: 15708125 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2004.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial-cadherin (VE-cadherin), a calcium-dependent homotypic adhesion molecule, contributes to endothelial assembly and VEGF-mediated survival during angiogenesis. In human term placentas, villous vessels and extravillous cytotrophoblasts express VE-cadherin. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine if VEGF modulated placental development by increasing the expression of VE-cadherin in rat placentas. Placental tissues from rats on gestation days 14 (G14), 18 (G18) and 21 (G21) were used. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry were performed to detect the protein abundance and the distribution of VE-cadherin. A nitric oxide analyzer was used to measure the released nitric oxide (NO) from placental explant culture. With the progression of pregnancy, the abundance of VE-cadherin and the intensity of the immunoreactive staining for VE-cadherin in endovascular trophoblasts and labyrinth trophoblasts were decreased. In explant culture, VEGF (0.01-1.0 ng/ml) increased the protein abundance of VE-cadherin. SNP (an NO donor) or L-arginine (substrate for eNOS) induced the expression of VE-cadherin with the increase of NO production. L-NAME (a NOS inhibitor) reduced the VEGF-increased expression and L-arginine reversed the inhibitory effect of L-NAME. In conclusion, VEGF plays an important role in placental development by the induction of VE-cadherin in trophoblasts, which, in part, maintains the survival of labyrinth trophoblast in rat placentas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ching Chang
- Graduate Institute of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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15
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Xu JW, Ikeda K, Yamori Y. Upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by cyanidin-3-glucoside, a typical anthocyanin pigment. Hypertension 2004; 44:217-22. [PMID: 15226277 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000135868.38343.c6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) plays an important role in maintaining blood pressure homeostasis and vascular integrity. Natural dietary flavoniods are thought to protect against cardiovascular diseases by acting as antioxidants and vasodilatants. This study examined the effect of cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy3G), a typical anthocyanin pigment, on eNOS expression. Treatment of bovine artery endothelial cells (BAECs) with Cy3G for 8 hours of enhanced eNOS protein expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner was determined by Western blot analysis. Longer incubation (12, 16, and 24 hours) of BAECs with 0.1 micromol/L of Cy3G caused a further increase in eNOS expression, and subsequently Cy3G also significantly increased nitric oxide output 2-fold (24 hours). Furthermore, Cy3G stimulated the phosphorylation of Src and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in a time-dependent manner. An Src kinase inhibitor, pp2, and MEK inhibitor, PD98059, blocked the ERK1/2 phosphorylation and eNOS expression. Transfection with dominant-negative Src cDNA also inhibited the eNOS expression stimulated by Cy3G. In addition, stimulation with Cy3G for 30 minutes resulted in a phosphorylation of Sp1 that was blocked by PD98059. Cy3G enhanced the binding activity of the transcription factor Sp1 to the GC box in the proximal eNOS promoter of BAECs, as revealed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. The present study demonstrated that Cy3G induced eNOS expression and escalated NO production via an Src-ERK1/2-Sp1 signaling pathway in vascular endothelial cells. Increased eNOS expression may help to ameliorate endothelial dysfunction, harmonize blood pressure, and prevent atherosclerosis as long-term beneficial effects of flavoniods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Wen Xu
- Frontier Health Science, School of Human Environmental Science, MUKOGAWA Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8179, Japan.
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16
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Ma P, Cui X, Wang S, Zhang J, Nishanian EV, Wang W, Wesley RA, Danner RL. Nitric oxide post-transcriptionally up-regulates LPS-induced IL-8 expression through p38 MAPK activation. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 76:278-87. [PMID: 15178710 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1203653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO(.-)) contributes to vascular collapse in septic shock and regulates inflammation. Here, we demonstrate in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human THP-1 cells and monocytes that NO(.-) regulates interleukin (IL)-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) by distinct mechanisms. Dibutyryl-cyclic guanosine 5'-monophosphate (cGMP) failed to simulate NO(.-)-induced increases in TNF-alpha or IL-8 production. In contrast, dibutyryl-cyclic adenosine monophosphate blocked NO(.-)-induced production of TNF-alpha (P=0.009) but not IL-8. NO(.-) increased IL-8 (5.7-fold at 4 h; P=0.04) and TNF-alpha mRNA levels (2.2-fold at 4 h; P=0.037). However, nuclear run-on assays demonstrated that IL-8 transcription was slightly decreased by NO(.-) (P=0.08), and TNF-alpha was increased (P=0.012). Likewise, NO(.-) had no effect on IL-8 promoter activity (P=0.84) as measured by reporter gene assay. In THP-1 cells and human primary monocytes treated with actinomycin D, NO(.-) had no effect on TNF-alpha mRNA stability (P>0.3 for both cell types) but significantly stabilized IL-8 mRNA (P=0.001 for both cell types). Because of its role in mRNA stabilization, the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway was examined and found to be activated by NO(.-) in LPS-treated THP-1 cells and human monocytes. Further, SB202190, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, was shown to block NO(.-)-induced stabilization of IL-8 mRNA (P<0.02 for both cell types). Thus, NO(.-) regulates IL-8 but not TNF-alpha post-transcriptionally. IL-8 mRNA stabilization by NO(.-) is independent of cGMP and at least partially dependent on p38 MAPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penglin Ma
- Bldg. 10, Rm. 7D43, Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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