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Liang S, Liu A, Liu Y, Wang F, Zhou Y, Long Y, Wang T, Liu Z, Ren R, Ye RD. Structural basis for EROS binding to human phagocyte NADPH oxidase NOX2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320388121. [PMID: 38805284 PMCID: PMC11161758 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320388121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Essential for reactive oxygen species (EROS) protein is a recently identified molecular chaperone of NOX2 (gp91phox), the catalytic subunit of phagocyte NADPH oxidase. Deficiency in EROS is a recently identified cause for chronic granulomatous disease, a genetic disorder with recurrent bacterial and fungal infections. Here, we report a cryo-EM structure of the EROS-NOX2-p22phox heterotrimeric complex at an overall resolution of 3.56Å. EROS and p22phox are situated on the opposite sides of NOX2, and there is no direct contact between them. EROS associates with NOX2 through two antiparallel transmembrane (TM) α-helices and multiple β-strands that form hydrogen bonds with the cytoplasmic domain of NOX2. EROS binding induces a 79° upward bend of TM2 and a 48° backward rotation of the lower part of TM6 in NOX2, resulting in an increase in the distance between the two hemes and a shift of the binding site for flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). These conformational changes are expected to compromise superoxide production by NOX2, suggesting that the EROS-bound NOX2 is in a protected state against activation. Phorbol myristate acetate, an activator of NOX2 in vitro, is able to induce dissociation of NOX2 from EROS with concurrent increase in FAD binding and superoxide production in a transfected COS-7 model. In differentiated neutrophil-like HL-60, the majority of NOX2 on the cell surface is dissociated with EROS. Further studies are required to delineate how EROS dissociates from NOX2 during its transport to cell surface, which may be a potential mechanism for regulation of NOX2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Liang
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong518172, China
| | - Aijun Liu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong518172, China
- Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, Dongguan Third People’s Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong523326, China
| | - Yezhou Liu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong518172, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Guangming District, Shenzhen518132, China
| | - Fuxing Wang
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong518172, China
| | - Youli Zhou
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong518172, China
| | - Yuanzhengyang Long
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong518172, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Guangming District, Shenzhen518132, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Nanshan District, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong518172, China
| | - Ruobing Ren
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
| | - Richard D. Ye
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong518172, China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Futian Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong518000, China
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Herb M. NADPH Oxidase 3: Beyond the Inner Ear. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:219. [PMID: 38397817 PMCID: PMC10886416 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were formerly known as mere byproducts of metabolism with damaging effects on cellular structures. The discovery and description of NADPH oxidases (Nox) as a whole enzyme family that only produce this harmful group of molecules was surprising. After intensive research, seven Nox isoforms were discovered, described and extensively studied. Among them, the NADPH oxidase 3 is the perhaps most underrated Nox isoform, since it was firstly discovered in the inner ear. This stigma of Nox3 as "being only expressed in the inner ear" was also used by me several times. Therefore, the question arose whether this sentence is still valid or even usable. To this end, this review solely focuses on Nox3 and summarizes its discovery, the structural components, the activating and regulating factors, the expression in cells, tissues and organs, as well as the beneficial and detrimental effects of Nox3-mediated ROS production on body functions. Furthermore, the involvement of Nox3-derived ROS in diseases progression and, accordingly, as a potential target for disease treatment, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Herb
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany;
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany
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Son SJ, Han AR, Sung MJ, Hong SM, Lee SH. Hermetia illucens Fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM12757P Alleviates Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis in Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1822. [PMID: 37891901 PMCID: PMC10604763 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can severely affect humans and animals and is difficult to treat. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens; Hi) larvae (BSFL) are a sustainable source of protein. However, no studies exist on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions of BSFL or fermented BSFL with respect to IBD. In this study, riboflavin-producing Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM12757P was isolated from a fish farm tank, and in conjunction with hot water-extracted Hi (HeHi) (termed HeHi_Lp), was used to determine optimal fermentation conditions to increase vitamin B2 concentration. This in vivo study investigated the therapeutic effects and mechanistic role of HeHi_Lp in chronic colitis-induced murine models. Histological changes, inflammatory cytokine levels, and intestinal barrier function were explored. Gut microbial communities and gene expression in the nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway were also studied. HeHi_Lp remarkably reduced the disease activity index, inflammatory cytokine (inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase 2, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL-6 and IL-1β) levels, and increased body weight and colon length. HeHi_Lp administration significantly raised zonula occludens 1, occludin and claudin 1 and improved the composition of the gut microbiota and beneficial intestinal bacteria. These results suggest that HeHi_Lp can be used as a dietary supplement in pet food to alleviate colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Jun Son
- Korea Food Research Institute, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-Gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.J.S.); (A.-R.H.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Ah-Ram Han
- Korea Food Research Institute, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-Gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.J.S.); (A.-R.H.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Mi Jeong Sung
- Korea Food Research Institute, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-Gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.J.S.); (A.-R.H.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Sun Mee Hong
- Department of Technology Development, Marine Industry Research Institute for East Sea Rim, Jukbyeon, Uljin-gun 36315, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sang-Hee Lee
- Korea Food Research Institute, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-Gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.J.S.); (A.-R.H.); (M.J.S.)
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Calloni G, Vabulas RM. The structural and functional roles of the flavin cofactor FAD in mammalian cryptochromes. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 9:1081661. [PMID: 36660433 PMCID: PMC9845712 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1081661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of circadian rhythms in human health and disease calls for a thorough understanding of the underlying molecular machinery, including its key components, the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-containing flavoproteins cryptochrome 1 and 2. Contrary to their Drosophila counterparts, mammalian cryptochromes are direct suppressors of circadian transcription and act independently of light. Light-independence poses the question regarding the role of the cofactor FAD in mammalian cryptochromes. The weak binding of the cofactor in vitro argues against its relevance and might be a functionless evolutionary remnant. From the other side, the FAD-binding pocket constitutes the part of mammalian cryptochromes directly related to their ubiquitylation by the ubiquitin ligase Fbxl3 and is the target for protein-stabilizing small molecules. Increased supplies of FAD stabilize cryptochromes in cell culture, and the depletion of the FAD precursor riboflavin with simultaneous knock-down of riboflavin kinase affects the expression of circadian genes in mice. This review presents the classical and more recent studies in the field, which help to comprehend the role of FAD for the stability and function of mammalian cryptochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Martin Vabulas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,*Correspondence: R. Martin Vabulas,
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Pisoschi AM, Pop A, Iordache F, Stanca L, Geicu OI, Bilteanu L, Serban AI. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory roles of vitamins in COVID-19 therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 232:114175. [PMID: 35151223 PMCID: PMC8813210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
oxidative stress is caused by an abundant generation of reactive oxygen species, associated to a diminished capacity of the endogenous systems of the organism to counteract them. Activation of pro-oxidative pathways and boosting of inflammatory cytokines are always encountered in viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2. So, the importance of counteracting cytokine storm in COVID-19 pathology is highly important, to hamper the immunogenic damage of the endothelium and alveolar membranes. Antioxidants prevent oxidative processes, by impeding radical species generation. It has been proved that vitamin intake lowers oxidative stress markers, alleviates cytokine storm and has a potential role in reducing disease severity, by lowering pro-inflammatory cytokines, hampering hyperinflammation and organ failure. For the approached compounds, direct antiviral roles are also discussed in this review, as these activities encompass secretion of antiviral peptides, modulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor expression and interaction with spike protein, inactivation of furin protease, or inhibition of pathogen replication by nucleic acid impairment induction. Vitamin administration results in beneficial effects. Nevertheless, timing, dosage and mutual influences of these micronutrients should be carefullly regarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Magdalena Pisoschi
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical Sciences, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Aneta Pop
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical Sciences, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin Iordache
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical Sciences, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Loredana Stanca
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical Sciences, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Ionut Geicu
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical Sciences, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Liviu Bilteanu
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical Sciences, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania; Molecular Nanotechnology Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies, 126A, Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Iren Serban
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical Sciences, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania; University of Bucharest, Faculty of Biology, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 91-95 Blvd, Splaiul Independentei, 050095, Bucharest, Romania
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Schnerwitzki D, Vabulas RM. Dynamic association of flavin cofactors to regulate flavoprotein function. IUBMB Life 2022; 74:645-654. [PMID: 35015339 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Flavoproteins are key players in numerous redox pathways in cells. Flavin cofactors FMN and FAD confer the required chemical reactivity to flavoenzymes. In most cases, the interaction between the proteins and the flavins is noncovalent, yet stronger in comparison to other redox-active cofactors, such as NADH and NADPH. The association is considered static, but this view has started to change with the recent discovery of the dynamic association of flavins and flavoenzymes. Six cases from different organisms and various metabolic pathways are discussed here. The available mechanistic details span the range from rudimentary, as in the case of the ER-resident oxidoreductase Ero1, to comprehensive, as for the bacterial respiratory complex I. The same holds true in regard to the assumed functional role of the dynamic association presented here. More work is needed to clarify the structural and functional determinants of the known examples. Identification of new cases will help to appreciate the generality of the new principle of intracellular flavoenzyme regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Schnerwitzki
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - R Martin Vabulas
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
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Tong WW, Tong GH, Yang MH, Qin XS. Age and seasonal variation and establishment of reference intervals for water-soluble vitamins determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Nutrition 2021; 95:111490. [PMID: 35026483 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to establish reference intervals for water-soluble vitamins determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to improve the diagnosis of vitamin deficiency and outcomes of associated conditions. METHODS In this retrospective analysis of 24 810 specimens, we aimed to examine sex-, age-, and season-related variations in vitamin levels in different groups, set reference-value intervals for vitamin levels, and evaluate these reference values against those recommended by manufacturers. RESULTS Levels of vitamins B3, B5, B6, B7, and B12 were higher, and those of vitamins B2, B9, and C were lower, in men than in women. There were seasonal variations in levels of vitamins B1, B3, B5, B6, B9, B12, and C. Levels of vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and C differed across age groups; vitamin B1 displayed significant differences between ages 0 to 14 years and adults compared with reference change values. The lower limits of vitamins B1 (ages 15-100 y), B2, B3, B7, and C were lower, and that of vitamin B5 was higher, than the recommended reference values. Finally, the upper limits of vitamins B1, B3, B5, B6, and B7 were lower than the recommended values. CONCLUSIONS For values obtained using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, the lower limits of reference intervals for vitamins B1 (ages 15-100 y), B2, B3, B7, and C should be lowered, that of vitamin B5 should be raised, and the upper limits of reference intervals for vitamins B1, B3, B5, B6, and B7 should be lowered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Tong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guang-Hui Tong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meng-Han Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Song Qin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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B Vitamins and Their Role in Immune Regulation and Cancer. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113380. [PMID: 33158037 PMCID: PMC7693142 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B group vitamins represent essential micronutrients for myriad metabolic and regulatory processes required for human health, serving as cofactors used by hundreds of enzymes that carry out essential functions such as energy metabolism, DNA and protein synthesis and other critical functions. B vitamins and their corresponding vitamers are universally essential for all cellular life forms, from bacteria to humans. Humans are unable to synthesize most B vitamins and are therefore dependent on their diet for these essential micronutrients. More recently, another source of B vitamins has been identified which is derived from portions of the 1013 bacterial cells inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract. Here we review the expanding literature examining the relationship between B vitamins and the immune system and diverse cancers. Evidence of B vitamin’s role in immune cell regulation has accumulated in recent years and may help to clarify the disparate findings of numerous studies attempting to link B vitamins to cancer development. Much work remains to be carried out to fully clarify these relationships as the complexity of B vitamins’ essential functions complicates an unequivocal assessment of their beneficial or detrimental effects in inflammation and cancers.
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Abstract
The superoxide (O2·-)-generating NADPH oxidase complex of phagocytes comprises a membrane-associated heterodimeric flavocytochrome, known as cytochrome b 558 (consisting of NOX2 and p22phox) and four cytosolic regulatory proteins, p47phox, p67phox, p40phox, and the small GTPase Rac. Under physiological conditions, in the resting phagocyte, O2·- generation is initiated by engagement of membrane receptors by a variety of stimuli, followed by signal transduction sequences leading to the translocation of the cytosolic components to the membrane and their association with the cytochrome, a process known as NADPH oxidase assembly. A consequent conformational change in NOX2 initiates the electron flow along a redox gradient, from NADPH to molecular oxygen (O2), leading to the one-electron reduction of O2 to O2·-. Historically, methodological difficulties in the study of the assembled complex derived from stimulated cells, due to its lack of stability, led to the design of "cell-free" systems (also known as "broken cells" or in vitro systems). In a major paradigm shift, the cell-free systems have as their starting point NADPH oxidase components derived from resting (unstimulated) phagocytes, or as in the predominant method at present, recombinant proteins representing the components of the NADPH oxidase complex. In cell-free systems, membrane receptor stimulation and the signal transduction sequence are absent, the accent being placed on the actual process of assembly, all of which takes place in vitro. Thus, a mixture of the individual components of the NADPH oxidase is exposed in vitro to an activating agent, the most common being anionic amphiphiles, resulting in the formation of a complex between cytochrome b 558 and the cytosolic components and O2·- generation in the presence of NADPH. Alternative activating pathways require posttranslational modification of oxidase components or modifying the phospholipid milieu surrounding cytochrome b 558. Activation is commonly quantified by measuring the primary product of the reaction, O2·-, trapped immediately after its generation by an appropriate acceptor in a kinetic assay, permitting the calculation of rates of O2·- production, but numerous variations exist, based on the assessment of reaction products or the consumption of substrates. Cell-free assays played a paramount role in the identification and characterization of the components of the NADPH oxidase complex, the performance of structure-function studies, the deciphering of the mechanisms of assembly, the search for inhibitory drugs, and the diagnosis of various forms of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD).
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Chavushyan VA, Simonyan KV, Simonyan RM, Isoyan AS, Simonyan GM, Babakhanyan MA, Hovhannisyian LE, Nahapetyan KH, Avetisyan LG, Simonyan MA. Effects of stevia on synaptic plasticity and NADPH oxidase level of CNS in conditions of metabolic disorders caused by fructose. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:540. [PMID: 29258552 PMCID: PMC5735878 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-2049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess dietary fructose intake associated with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance and increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Previous animal studies have reported that diabetic animals have significantly impaired behavioural and cognitive functions, pathological synaptic function and impaired expression of glutamate receptors. Correction of the antioxidant status of laboratory rodents largely prevents the development of fructose-induced plurimetabolic changes in the nervous system. We suggest a novel concept of efficiency of Stevia leaves for treatment of central diabetic neuropathy. METHODS By in vivo extracellular studies induced spike activity of hippocampal neurons during high frequency stimulation of entorhinal cortex, as well as neurons of basolateral amygdala to high-frequency stimulation of the hippocampus effects of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni plant evaluated in synaptic activity in the brain of fructose-enriched diet rats. In the conditions of metabolic disorders caused by fructose, antioxidant activity of Stevia rebaudiana was assessed by measuring the NOX activity of the hippocampus, amygdala and spinal cord. RESULTS In this study, the characteristic features of the metabolic effects of dietary fructose on synaptic plasticity in hippocampal neurons and basolateral amygdala and the state of the NADPH oxidase (NOX) oxidative system of these brain formations are revealed, as well as the prospects for development of multitarget and polyfunctional phytopreparations (with adaptogenic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, nootropic activity) from native raw material of Stevia rebaudiana. Stevia modulates degree of expressiveness of potentiation/depression (approaches but fails to achieve the norm) by shifting the percentage balance in favor of depressor type of responses during high-frequency stimulation, indicating its adaptogenic role in plasticity of neural networks. Under the action of fructose an increase (3-5 times) in specific quantity of total fraction of NOX isoforms isolated from the central nervous system tissue (amygdala, hippocampus, spinal cord) was revealed. Stevia exhibits an antistress, membrane-stabilizing role reducing the level of total fractions of NOX isoforms from central nervous system tissues and regulates NADPH-dependent O2- -producing activity. CONCLUSION Generally, in condition of metabolic disorders caused by intensive consumption of dietary fructose Stevia leaves contributes to the control of neuronal synaptic plasticity possibly influencing the conjugated NOX-specific targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Chavushyan
- Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 22 Orbeli Bros Street, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - K V Simonyan
- Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 22 Orbeli Bros Street, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia.
| | - R M Simonyan
- H. Buniatian Institute of Biochemistry NAS RA, 5/1 P.Sevag str, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - A S Isoyan
- Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 22 Orbeli Bros Street, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - G M Simonyan
- H. Buniatian Institute of Biochemistry NAS RA, 5/1 P.Sevag str, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - M A Babakhanyan
- Scientific Centre of Artsakh, 8 Tigran Mets str, Stepanakert, Nagorno Karabakh, Armenia
| | - L E Hovhannisyian
- Scientific Centre of Artsakh, 8 Tigran Mets str, Stepanakert, Nagorno Karabakh, Armenia
| | - Kh H Nahapetyan
- Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 22 Orbeli Bros Street, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - L G Avetisyan
- Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 22 Orbeli Bros Street, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - M A Simonyan
- H. Buniatian Institute of Biochemistry NAS RA, 5/1 P.Sevag str, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
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Abstract
Transmembrane NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes have been so far only characterized in eukaryotes. In most of these organisms, they reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide and, depending on the presence of additional domains, are called NOX or dual oxidases (DUOX). Reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide, have been traditionally considered accidental toxic by-products of aerobic metabolism. However, during the last decade it has become evident that both O2•− and H2O2 are key players in complex signaling networks and defense. A well-studied example is the production of O2•− during the bactericidal respiratory burst of phagocytes; this production is catalyzed by NOX2. Here, we devised and applied a novel algorithm to search for additional NOX genes in genomic databases. This procedure allowed us to discover approximately 23% new sequences from bacteria (in relation to the number of NOX-related sequences identified by the authors) that we have added to the existing eukaryotic NOX family and have used to build an expanded phylogenetic tree. We cloned and overexpressed the identified nox gene from Streptococcus pneumoniae and confirmed that it codes for an NADPH oxidase. The membrane of the S. pneumoniae NOX protein (SpNOX) shares many properties with its eukaryotic counterparts, such as affinity for NADPH and flavin adenine dinucleotide, superoxide dismutase and diphenylene iodonium inhibition, cyanide resistance, oxygen consumption, and superoxide production. Traditionally, NOX enzymes in eukaryotes are related to functions linked to multicellularity. Thus, the discovery of a large family of NOX-related enzymes in the bacterial world brings up fascinating questions regarding their role in this new biological context. NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes have not yet been reported in bacteria. Here, we carried out computational and experimental studies to provide the first characterization of a prokaryotic NOX. Out of 996 prokaryotic proteins showing NOX signatures, we initially selected, cloned, and overexpressed four of them. Subsequently, and based on preliminary testing, we concentrated our efforts on Streptococcus SpNOX, which shares many biochemical characteristics with NOX2, the referent model of NOX enzymes. Our work makes possible, for the first time, the study of pure forms of this important family of enzymes, allowing for biophysical and molecular characterization in an unprecedented way. Similar advances regarding other membrane protein families have led to new structures, further mechanistic studies, and the improvement of inhibitors. In addition, biological functions of these newly described bacterial enzymes will be certainly discovered in the near future.
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El-Benna J, Hurtado-Nedelec M, Marzaioli V, Marie JC, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA, Dang PMC. Priming of the neutrophil respiratory burst: role in host defense and inflammation. Immunol Rev 2017; 273:180-93. [PMID: 27558335 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the major circulating white blood cells in humans. They play an essential role in host defense against pathogens. In healthy individuals, circulating neutrophils are in a dormant state with very low efficiency of capture and arrest on the quiescent endothelium. Upon infection and subsequent release of pro-inflammatory mediators, the vascular endothelium signals to circulating neutrophils to roll, adhere, and cross the endothelial barrier. Neutrophils migrate toward the infection site along a gradient of chemo-attractants, then recognize and engulf the pathogen. To kill this pathogen entrapped inside the vacuole, neutrophils produce and release high quantities of antibacterial peptides, proteases, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The robust ROS production is also called 'the respiratory burst', and the NADPH oxidase or NOX2 is the enzyme responsible for the production of superoxide anion, leading to other ROS. In vitro, several soluble and particulate agonists induce neutrophil ROS production. This process can be enhanced by prior neutrophil treatment with 'priming' agents, which alone do not induce a respiratory burst. In this review, we will describe the priming process and discuss the beneficial role of controlled neutrophil priming in host defense and the detrimental effect of excessive neutrophil priming in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamel El-Benna
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, DHU FIRE, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Margarita Hurtado-Nedelec
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, DHU FIRE, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,Département d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, UF Dysfonctionnements Immunitaires, HUPNVS, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Viviana Marzaioli
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, DHU FIRE, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Marie
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, DHU FIRE, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,Département d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, UF Dysfonctionnements Immunitaires, HUPNVS, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Anne Gougerot-Pocidalo
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, DHU FIRE, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,Département d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, UF Dysfonctionnements Immunitaires, HUPNVS, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Pham My-Chan Dang
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, DHU FIRE, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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13
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Understanding isoform- and context-specific subcellular Nox reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase compartmentalization allows relevant functional inferences. This review addresses the interplay between Nox NADPH oxidases and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), an increasingly evident player in redox pathophysiology given its role in redox protein folding and stress responses. RECENT ADVANCES Catalytic/regulatory transmembrane subunits are synthesized in the ER and their processing includes folding, N-glycosylation, heme insertion, p22phox heterodimerization, as shown for phagocyte Nox2. Dual oxidase (Duox) maturation also involves the regulation by ER-resident Duoxa2. The ER is the activation site for some isoforms, typically Nox4, but potentially other isoforms. Such location influences redox/Nox-mediated calcium signaling regulation via ER targets, such as sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA). Growing evidence suggests that Noxes are integral signaling elements of the unfolded protein response during ER stress, with Nox4 playing a dual prosurvival/proapoptotic role in this setting, whereas Nox2 enhances proapoptotic signaling. ER chaperones such as protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) closely interact with Noxes. PDI supports growth factor-dependent Nox1 activation and mRNA expression, as well as migration in smooth muscle cells, and PDI overexpression induces acute spontaneous Nox activation. CRITICAL ISSUES Mechanisms of PDI effects include possible support of complex formation and RhoGTPase activation. In phagocytes, PDI supports phagocytosis, Nox activation, and redox-dependent interactions with p47phox. Together, the results implicate PDI as possible Nox organizer. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We propose that convergence between Noxes and ER may have evolutive roots given ER-related functional contexts, which paved Nox evolution, namely calcium signaling and pathogen killing. Overall, the interplay between Noxes and the ER may provide relevant insights in Nox-related (patho)physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco R M Laurindo
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine , São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Abstract
The superoxide (O2 (∙-))-generating NADPH oxidase complex of phagocytes comprises a membrane-imbedded heterodimeric flavocytochrome, known as cytochrome b 558 (consisting of Nox2 and p22 (phox) ) and four cytosolic regulatory proteins, p47 (phox) , p67 (phox) , p40 (phox) , and the small GTPase Rac. Under physiological conditions, in the resting phagocyte, O2 (∙-) generation is initiated by engagement of membrane receptors by a variety of stimuli, followed by specific signal transduction sequences leading to the translocation of the cytosolic components to the membrane and their association with the cytochrome. A consequent conformational change in Nox2 initiates the electron "flow" along a redox gradient, from NADPH to oxygen, leading to the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to O2 (∙-). Methodological difficulties in the dissection of this complex mechanism led to the design "cell-free" systems (also known as "broken cells" or in vitro systems). In these, membrane receptor stimulation and all or part of the signal transduction sequence are missing, the accent being placed on the actual process of "NADPH oxidase assembly," thus on the formation of the complex between cytochrome b 558 and the cytosolic components and the resulting O2 (∙-) generation. Cell-free assays consist of a mixture of the individual components of the NADPH oxidase complex, derived from resting phagocytes or in the form of purified recombinant proteins, exposed in vitro to an activating agent (distinct from and unrelated to whole cell stimulants), in the presence of NADPH and oxygen. Activation is commonly quantified by measuring the primary product of the reaction, O2 (∙-), trapped immediately after its generation by an appropriate acceptor in a kinetic assay, permitting the calculation of the linear rate of O2 (∙-) production, but numerous variations exist, based on the assessment of reaction products or the consumption of substrates. Cell-free assays played a paramount role in the identification and characterization of the components of the NADPH oxidase complex, the deciphering of the mechanisms of assembly, the search for inhibitory drugs, and the diagnosis of various forms of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Pick
- The Julius Friedrich Cohnheim-Minerva Center for Phagocyte Research and the Ela Kodesz Institute of Host Defense against Infectious Diseases, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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15
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Schramm M, Wiegmann K, Schramm S, Gluschko A, Herb M, Utermöhlen O, Krönke M. Riboflavin (vitamin B2 ) deficiency impairs NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2) priming and defense against Listeria monocytogenes. Eur J Immunol 2013; 44:728-41. [PMID: 24272050 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2 , is converted by riboflavin kinase (RFK) into flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which are essential cofactors of dehydrogenases, reductases, and oxidases including the phagocytic NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2). Riboflavin deficiency is common in young adults and elderly individuals, who are at the coincidental risk for listeriosis. To address the impact of acute riboflavin deficiency on host defense against Listeria monocytogenes (L.m.), we generated conditional RFK knockout (KO) strains of mice. Phagocyte-specific RFK KO impaired the capability of phagocytes to control intracellular L.m., which corresponded to a greater susceptibility of mice to in vivo challenge with L.m. The oxidative burst of RFK-deficient phagocytes in response to L.m. infection was significantly reduced. Mechanistically, TNF-induced priming of Nox2, which is needed for oxidative burst, was defective in RFK-deficient phagocytes. Lack of riboflavin in wild-type macrophages for only 6 h shut down TNF-induced, RFK-mediated de novo FMN/FAD generation, which was accompanied by diminished ROS production and impaired anti-listerial activity. Vice versa, ROS production by riboflavin-deprived macrophages was rapidly restored by riboflavin supplementation. Our results suggest that acute riboflavin deficiency immediately impairs priming of Nox2, which is of crucial relevance for an effective phagocytic immune response in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schramm
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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16
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Dahan I, Molshanski-Mor S, Pick E. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase activation by peptides mapping within the dehydrogenase region of Nox2-A "peptide walking" study. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 91:501-15. [PMID: 22184755 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1011507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the "peptide walking" approach was applied to the DH region of Nox2 (residues 288-570) with the purpose of identifying domains of functional importance in the assembly and/or catalytic function of the NADPH oxidase complex of phagocytes. Ninety-one overlapping 15-mer peptides were synthesized to cover the full length of the Nox2 DH region, and these were tested for the ability to interfere with the activation of the oxidase in vitro in two semi-recombinant cell-free systems. The first consisted of phagocyte membranes p47(phox), p67(phox), and Rac1 and an amphiphile; the second was p47(phox)- and amphiphile-free and contained prenylated Rac1. We identified 10 clusters of inhibitory peptides with IC(50) values of 10 μM, all of which were inhibitory, also in the absence of p47(phox). Based on the identification of residues shared by peptides in a particular cluster, we defined 10 functional domains in the Nox2 DH region. One domain corresponded to one FAD-binding subdomain, and four domains overlapped parts of three NADPH-binding subdomains. As expected, most inhibitory peptides acted only when added prior to the completion of oxidase assembly, but peptides associated with two NADPH-binding subdomains were also active after assembly. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that inhibition by peptides was not explained by competition for substrates (FAD, NADPH) but was of a more complex nature: noncompetitive with respect to FAD and uncompetitive with respect to NADPH. We conclude that oxidase-inhibitory peptides, in five out of 10 clusters identified, act by interfering with FAD- and NADPH-related redox reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Dahan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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17
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Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress on Phagocytes’ Function: from Effective Defense to Immunity Evasion Mechanisms. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2011; 59:441-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-011-0144-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Debeurme F, Picciocchi A, Dagher MC, Grunwald D, Beaumel S, Fieschi F, Stasia MJ. Regulation of NADPH oxidase activity in phagocytes: relationship between FAD/NADPH binding and oxidase complex assembly. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:33197-33208. [PMID: 20724480 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.151555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The X(+)-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X(+)-CGD) variants are natural mutants characterized by defective NADPH oxidase activity but with normal Nox2 expression. According to the three-dimensional model of the cytosolic Nox2 domain, most of the X(+)-CGD mutations are located in/or close to the FAD/NADPH binding regions. A structure/function study of this domain was conducted in X(+)-CGD PLB-985 cells exactly mimicking 10 human variants: T341K, C369R, G408E, G408R, P415H, P415L, Δ507QKT509-HIWAinsert, C537R, L546P, and E568K. Diaphorase activity is defective in all these mutants. NADPH oxidase assembly is normal for P415H/P415L and T341K mutants where mutation occurs in the consensus sequences of NADPH- and FAD-binding sites, respectively. This is in accordance with their buried position in the three-dimensional model of the cytosolic Nox2 domain. FAD incorporation is abolished only in the T341K mutant explaining its absence of diaphorase activity. This demonstrates that NADPH oxidase assembly can occur without FAD incorporation. In addition, a defect of NADPH binding is a plausible explanation for the diaphorase activity inhibition in the P415H, P415L, and C537R mutants. In contrast, Cys-369, Gly-408, Leu-546, and Glu-568 are essential for NADPH oxidase complex assembly. However, according to their position in the three-dimensional model of the cytosolic domain of Nox2, only Cys-369 could be in direct contact with cytosolic factors during oxidase assembly. In addition, the defect in oxidase assembly observed in the C369R, G408E, G408R, and E568K mutants correlates with the lack of FAD incorporation. Thus, the NADPH oxidase assembly process and FAD incorporation are closely related events essential for the diaphorase activity of Nox2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Debeurme
- From the Chronic Granulomatous Disease Diagnosis and Research Center, University Hospital Grenoble, Therex-TIMC/Imag UMR CNRS 5525, Université Joseph Fourier, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9
| | - Antoine Picciocchi
- From the Chronic Granulomatous Disease Diagnosis and Research Center, University Hospital Grenoble, Therex-TIMC/Imag UMR CNRS 5525, Université Joseph Fourier, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9
| | - Marie-Claire Dagher
- From the Chronic Granulomatous Disease Diagnosis and Research Center, University Hospital Grenoble, Therex-TIMC/Imag UMR CNRS 5525, Université Joseph Fourier, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9
| | - Didier Grunwald
- iRTSV/CEA, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Sylvain Beaumel
- From the Chronic Granulomatous Disease Diagnosis and Research Center, University Hospital Grenoble, Therex-TIMC/Imag UMR CNRS 5525, Université Joseph Fourier, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9
| | - Franck Fieschi
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, CEA, 41 Rue Jules Horowitz, Grenoble F-38027; CNRS, UMR 5075, Grenoble F-38027; Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble F-38041
| | - Marie-José Stasia
- From the Chronic Granulomatous Disease Diagnosis and Research Center, University Hospital Grenoble, Therex-TIMC/Imag UMR CNRS 5525, Université Joseph Fourier, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9.
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19
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Sarna LK, Wu N, Hwang SY, Siow YL, O K. Berberine inhibits NADPH oxidase mediated superoxide anion production in macrophagesThis article is one of a selection of papers published in a Special Issue on Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2010; 88:369-78. [DOI: 10.1139/y09-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and amplified redox signaling contribute to the pathogenesis of many human diseases including atherosclerosis. The superoxide-generating phagocytic NADPH oxidase is a key source of oxidative stress in the developing atheroma. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of berberine, a plant-derived alkaloid, on NADPH oxidase-mediated superoxide anion production in macrophages. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment activated NADPH oxidase in THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages and increased the intracellular level of superoxide anions. Preincubation of cells with berberine demonstrated a concentration-dependent (10–50 µmol/L) and time-dependent (6–24 h) inhibition of superoxide anion generation in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Cell viability tests confirmed that berberine, at concentrations sufficient for inhibiting NADPH oxidase-mediated superoxide anion generation in macrophages, did not affect cell viability. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that addition of berberine to the culture medium was able to reduce gp91phox mRNA expression in LPS-treated cells. Berberine also restored superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, which was found to be inhibited by LPS treatment. In conclusion, results from the present study demonstrate that berberine can effectively reduce intracellular superoxide levels in LPS- stimulated macrophages. Such a restoration of cellular redox by berberine is mediated by its selective inhibition of gp91phox expression and enhancement of SOD activity. The therapeutic relevance of berberine in the prevention and management of atherosclerosis remains to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsei K. Sarna
- St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
| | - Nan Wu
- St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
| | - Sun-Young Hwang
- St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
| | - Yaw L. Siow
- St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
| | - Karmin O
- St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
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20
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Yazdanpanah B, Wiegmann K, Tchikov V, Krut O, Pongratz C, Schramm M, Kleinridders A, Wunderlich T, Kashkar H, Utermöhlen O, Brüning JC, Schütze S, Krönke M. Riboflavin kinase couples TNF receptor 1 to NADPH oxidase. Nature 2009; 460:1159-63. [PMID: 19641494 DOI: 10.1038/nature08206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by NADPH oxidase function as defence and signalling molecules related to innate immunity and various cellular responses. The activation of NADPH oxidase in response to plasma membrane receptor activation depends on the phosphorylation of cytoplasmic oxidase subunits, their translocation to membranes and the assembly of all NADPH oxidase components. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a prominent stimulus of ROS production, but the molecular mechanisms by which TNF activates NADPH oxidase are poorly understood. Here we identify riboflavin kinase (RFK, formerly known as flavokinase) as a previously unrecognized TNF-receptor-1 (TNFR1)-binding protein that physically and functionally couples TNFR1 to NADPH oxidase. In mouse and human cells, RFK binds to both the TNFR1-death domain and to p22(phox), the common subunit of NADPH oxidase isoforms. RFK-mediated bridging of TNFR1 and p22(phox) is a prerequisite for TNF-induced but not for Toll-like-receptor-induced ROS production. Exogenous flavin mononucleotide or FAD was able to substitute fully for TNF stimulation of NADPH oxidase in RFK-deficient cells. RFK is rate-limiting in the synthesis of FAD, an essential prosthetic group of NADPH oxidase. The results suggest that TNF, through the activation of RFK, enhances the incorporation of FAD in NADPH oxidase enzymes, a critical step for the assembly and activation of NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Yazdanpanah
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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21
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Kim SS, Kim SY, Lee SH, Kang YH, Kim IJ, Kim YK, Son SM. High Glucose and/or Free Fatty Acid Damage Vascular Endothelial Cells via Stimulating of NAD(P)H Oxidase-induced Superoxide Production from Neutrophils. KOREAN DIABETES JOURNAL 2009. [DOI: 10.4093/kdj.2009.33.2.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
- Diabetes Center, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Soo Hyung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Yang Ho Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
- Diabetes Center, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - In Ju Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Yong Ki Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Seok Man Son
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
- Diabetes Center, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
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22
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Selective detection of NADPH oxidase in polymorphonuclear cells by means of NAD(P)H-based fluorescence lifetime imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOPHYSICS 2008; 2008:602639. [PMID: 20107577 PMCID: PMC2809359 DOI: 10.1155/2008/602639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (NOX2) is a multisubunit membrane-bound enzyme complex that, upon assembly in activated cells,
catalyses the reduction of free oxygen to its superoxide anion, which further leads to reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are
toxic to invading pathogens, for example, the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) employ both
nonoxidative and oxidative mechanisms to clear this fungus from the lung. The oxidative mechanisms mainly depend on the
proper assembly and function of NOX2. We identified for the first time the NAD(P)H-dependent enzymes involved in such
oxidative mechanisms by means of biexponential NAD(P)H-fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM). A specific fluorescence
lifetime of 3670±140 picoseconds as compared to 1870 picoseconds for NAD(P)H bound to mitochondrial enzymes could be
associated with NADPH bound to oxidative enzymes in activated PMNs. Due to its predominance in PMNs and due to the
use of selective activators and inhibitors, we strongly believe that this specific lifetime mainly originates from NOX2. Our
experiments also revealed the high site specificity of the NOX2 assembly and, thus, of the ROS production as well as the
dynamic nature of these phenomena. On the example of NADPH oxidase, we demonstrate the potential of NAD(P)H-based
FLIM in selectively investigating enzymes during their cellular function.
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23
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Fujioka Y, Noda NN, Fujii K, Yoshimoto K, Ohsumi Y, Inagaki F. In vitro reconstitution of plant Atg8 and Atg12 conjugation systems essential for autophagy. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:1921-8. [PMID: 18039664 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706214200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and biochemical analyses using yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed that two ubiquitin-like conjugation systems, the Atg8 and Atg12 systems, exist and play essential roles in autophagy, the bulk degradation system conserved in yeast and mammals. These conjugation systems are also conserved in Arabidopsis thaliana; however, further detailed study of plant ATG (autophagy-related) conjugation systems in relation to those in yeast and mammals is needed. Here, we describe the in vitro reconstitution of Arabidopsis thaliana ATG8 and ATG12 (AtATG8 and AtATG12) conjugation systems using purified recombinant proteins. AtATG12b was conjugated to AtATG5 in a manner dependent on AtATG7, AtATG10, and ATP, whereas AtATG8a was conjugated to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in a manner dependent on AtATG7, AtATG3, and ATP. Other AtATG8 homologs (AtATG8b-8i) were similarly conjugated to PE. The AtATG8 conjugates were deconjugated by AtATG4a and AtATG4b. These results support the hypothesis that the ATG conjugation systems in Arabidopsis are very similar to those in yeast and mammals. Intriguingly, in vitro analyses showed that AtATG12-AtATG5 conjugates accelerated the formation of AtATG8-PE, whereas AtATG3 inhibited the formation of AtATG12-AtATG5 conjugates. The in vitro conjugation systems reported here will afford a tool with which to investigate the cross-talk mechanism between two conjugation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Fujioka
- Department of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, N-21, W-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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24
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Newsholme P, Haber EP, Hirabara SM, Rebelato ELO, Procopio J, Morgan D, Oliveira-Emilio HC, Carpinelli AR, Curi R. Diabetes associated cell stress and dysfunction: role of mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial ROS production and activity. J Physiol 2007; 583:9-24. [PMID: 17584843 PMCID: PMC2277225 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.135871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now widely accepted, given the current weight of experimental evidence, that reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to cell and tissue dysfunction and damage caused by glucolipotoxicity in diabetes. The source of ROS in the insulin secreting pancreatic beta-cells and in the cells which are targets for insulin action has been considered to be the mitochondrial electron transport chain. While this source is undoubtably important, we provide additional information and evidence for NADPH oxidase-dependent generation of ROS both in pancreatic beta-cells and in insulin sensitive cells. While mitochondrial ROS generation may be important for regulation of mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP) activity and thus disruption of cellular energy metabolism, the NADPH oxidase associated ROS may alter parameters of signal transduction, insulin secretion, insulin action and cell proliferation or cell death. Thus NADPH oxidase may be a useful target for intervention strategies based on reversing the negative impact of glucolipotoxicity in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Newsholme
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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25
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Molshanski-Mor S, Mizrahi A, Ugolev Y, Dahan I, Berdichevsky Y, Pick E. Cell-free assays: the reductionist approach to the study of NADPH oxidase assembly, or "all you wanted to know about cell-free assays but did not dare to ask". Methods Mol Biol 2007; 412:385-428. [PMID: 18453125 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-467-4_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The superoxide (O2-)-generating enzyme complex of phagocytes, known as the NADPH oxidase, can be assayed in a number of in vitro cell-free (or broken cell) systems. These consist of a mixture of the individual components of the NADPH oxidase, derived from resting phagocytes or in the form of purified recombinant proteins, exposed to an activating agent (or situation), in the presence of NADPH and oxygen. O2- produced by the mixture is measured by being trapped immediately after its generation with an appropriate acceptor in a kinetic assay, which permits the calculation of the linear rate of O2- production over time. Cell-free assays are distinguished from whole-cell assays or assays performed on membranes derived from stimulated cells by the fact that all components in the reaction are derived from resting, nonstimulated cells and, thus, the steps of NADPH oxidase activation (precatalytic [assembly] and catalytic) occur in vitro. Cell-free assays played a paramount role in the identification of the components of the NADPH oxidase complex, the diagnosis of various forms of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), and, more recently, the analysis of the domains present on the components of the NADPH oxidase participating in protein-protein interactions leading to the assembly of the active complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Molshanski-Mor
- The Julius Friedrich Cohnheim-Minerva Center for Phagocyte Research, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Miyano K, Ueno N, Takeya R, Sumimoto H. Direct involvement of the small GTPase Rac in activation of the superoxide-producing NADPH oxidase Nox1. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:21857-21868. [PMID: 16762923 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m513665200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the non-phagocytic superoxide-producing NADPH oxidase Nox1, complexed with p22(phox) at the membrane, requires its regulatory soluble proteins Noxo1 and Noxa1. However, the role of the small GTPase Rac remained to be clarified. Here we show that Rac directly participates in Nox1 activation via interacting with Noxa1. Electropermeabilized HeLa cells, ectopically expressing Nox1, Noxo1, and Noxa1, produce superoxide in a GTP-dependent manner, which is abrogated by expression of a mutant Noxa1(R103E), defective in Rac binding. Superoxide production in Nox1-expressing HeLa and Caco-2 cells is decreased by depletion or sequestration of Rac; on the other hand, it is enhanced by expression of the constitutively active Rac1(Q61L), but not by that of a mutant Rac1 with the A27K substitution, deficient in binding to Noxa1. We also demonstrate that Nox1 activation requires membrane recruitment of Noxa1, which is normally mediated via Noxa1 binding to Noxo1, a protein tethered to the Nox1 partner p22(phox): the Noxa1-Noxo1 and Noxo1-p22(phox) interactions are both essential for Nox1 activity. Rac likely facilitates the membrane localization of Noxa1: although Noxa1(W436R), defective in Noxo1 binding, neither associates with the membrane nor activates Nox1, the effects of the W436R substitution are restored by expression of Rac1(Q61L). The Rac-Noxa1 interaction also serves at a step different from the Noxa1 localization, because the binding-defective Noxa1(R103E), albeit targeted to the membrane, does not support superoxide production by Nox1. Furthermore, a mutant Noxa1 carrying the substitution of Ala for Val-205 in the activation domain, which is expected to undergo a conformational change upon Rac binding, fully localizes to the membrane but fails to activate Nox1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Miyano
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Noriko Ueno
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582
| | - Ryu Takeya
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hideki Sumimoto
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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Nobuhisa I, Takeya R, Ogura K, Ueno N, Kohda D, Inagaki F, Sumimoto H. Activation of the superoxide-producing phagocyte NADPH oxidase requires co-operation between the tandem SH3 domains of p47phox in recognition of a polyproline type II helix and an adjacent alpha-helix of p22phox. Biochem J 2006; 396:183-92. [PMID: 16460309 PMCID: PMC1449995 DOI: 10.1042/bj20051899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the superoxide-producing phagocyte NADPH oxidase, crucial for host defence, requires an SH3 (Src homology 3)-domain-mediated interaction of the regulatory protein p47phox with p22phox, a subunit of the oxidase catalytic core flavocytochrome b558. Although previous analysis of a crystal structure has demonstrated that the tandem SH3 domains of p47phox sandwich a short PRR (proline-rich region) of p22phox (amino acids 151-160), containing a polyproline II helix, it has remained unknown whether this model is indeed functional in activation of the oxidase. In the present paper we show that the co-operativity between the two SH3 domains of p47phox, as expected from the model, is required for oxidase activation. Deletion of the linker between the p47phox SH3 domains results not only in a defective binding to p22phox but also in a loss of the activity to support superoxide production. The present analysis using alanine-scanning mutagenesis identifies Pro152, Pro156 and Arg158 in the p22phox PRR as residues indispensable for the interaction with p47phox. Pro152 and Pro156 are recognized by the N-terminal SH3 domain, whereas Arg158 contacts with the C-terminal SH3 domain. Amino acid substitution for any of the three residues in the p22phox PRR abrogates the superoxide-producing activity of the oxidase reconstituted in intact cells. The bis-SH3-mediated interaction of p47phox with p22phox thus functions to activate the phagocyte oxidase. Furthermore, we provide evidence that a region C-terminal to the PRR of p22phox (amino acids 161-164), adopting an a-helical conformation, participates in full activation of the phagocyte oxidase by fortifying the association with the p47phox SH3 domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Nobuhisa
- *Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- †Department of Molecular and Structural Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryu Takeya
- *Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- †Department of Molecular and Structural Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- ‡CREST (Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kenji Ogura
- §Department of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Noriko Ueno
- *Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kohda
- *Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Fuyuhiko Inagaki
- §Department of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hideki Sumimoto
- *Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- †Department of Molecular and Structural Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- ‡CREST (Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Ueno N, Takeya R, Miyano K, Kikuchi H, Sumimoto H. The NADPH Oxidase Nox3 Constitutively Produces Superoxide in a p22 -dependent Manner. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:23328-39. [PMID: 15824103 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m414548200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nox3, a member of the superoxide-producing NADPH oxidase (Nox) family, participates in otoconia formation in mouse inner ears, which is required for perception of balance and gravity. The activity of other Nox enzymes such as gp91(phox)/Nox2 and Nox1 is known to absolutely require both an organizer protein (p47(phox) or Noxo1) andanactivatorprotein (p67(phox) or Noxa1); for the p47(phox)-dependent activation of these oxidases, treatment of cells with stimulants such as phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate is also indispensable. Here we show that ectopic expression of Nox3 in various types of cells leads to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-independent constitutive production of a substantial amount of superoxide under the conditions where gp91(phox) and Nox1 fail to generate superoxide, i.e. in the absence of the oxidase organizers and activators. Nox3 likely forms a functional complex with p22(phox); Nox3 physically interacts with and stabilizes p22(phox), and the Nox3-dependent superoxide production is totally dependent on p22(phox). The organizers p47(phox) and Noxo1 are capable of enhancing the superoxide production by Nox3 in the absence of the activators, and the enhancement requires the interaction of the organizers with p22(phox), further indicating a link between Nox3 and p22(phox). The p47(phox)-enhanced Nox3 activity is further facilitated by p67(phox) or Noxa1, whereas the activators cancel the Noxo1-induced enhancement. On the other hand, the small GTPase Rac, essential for the gp91(phox) activity, is likely dispensable to the Nox3 system. Thus Nox3 functions together with p22(phox) as an enzyme constitutively producing superoxide, which can be distinctly regulated by combinatorial use of the organizers and activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Ueno
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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