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Dillemans L, Yu K, De Zutter A, Noppen S, Gouwy M, Berghmans N, Verhallen L, De Bondt M, Vanbrabant L, Brusselmans S, Martens E, Schols D, Verschueren P, Rosenkilde MM, Marques PE, Struyf S, Proost P. Natural carboxyterminal truncation of human CXCL10 attenuates glycosaminoglycan binding, CXCR3A signaling and lymphocyte chemotaxis, while retaining angiostatic activity. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:94. [PMID: 38308278 PMCID: PMC10835923 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon-γ-inducible protein of 10 kDa (IP-10/CXCL10) is a dual-function CXC chemokine that coordinates chemotaxis of activated T cells and natural killer (NK) cells via interaction with its G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3). As a consequence of natural posttranslational modifications, human CXCL10 exhibits a high degree of structural and functional heterogeneity. However, the biological effect of natural posttranslational processing of CXCL10 at the carboxy (C)-terminus has remained partially elusive. We studied CXCL10(1-73), lacking the four endmost C-terminal amino acids, which was previously identified in supernatant of cultured human fibroblasts and keratinocytes. METHODS Relative levels of CXCL10(1-73) and intact CXCL10(1-77) were determined in synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) through tandem mass spectrometry. The production of CXCL10(1-73) was optimized through Fmoc-based solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) and a strategy to efficiently generate human CXCL10 proteoforms was introduced. CXCL10(1-73) was compared to intact CXCL10(1-77) using surface plasmon resonance for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding affinity, assays for cell migration, second messenger signaling downstream of CXCR3, and flow cytometry of CHO cells and primary human T lymphocytes and endothelial cells. Leukocyte recruitment in vivo upon intraperitoneal injection of CXCL10(1-73) was also evaluated. RESULTS Natural CXCL10(1-73) was more abundantly present compared to intact CXCL10(1-77) in synovial fluids of patients with RA. CXCL10(1-73) had diminished affinity for GAG including heparin, heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate A. Moreover, CXCL10(1-73) exhibited an attenuated capacity to induce CXCR3A-mediated signaling, as evidenced in calcium mobilization assays and through quantification of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) and protein kinase B/Akt. Furthermore, CXCL10(1-73) incited significantly less primary human T lymphocyte chemotaxis in vitro and peritoneal ingress of CXCR3+ T lymphocytes in mice. In contrast, loss of the four endmost C-terminal residues did not affect the inhibitory properties of CXCL10 on migration, proliferation, wound closure, phosphorylation of ERK1/2, and sprouting of human microvascular endothelial cells. CONCLUSION Our study shows that the C-terminal residues Lys74-Pro77 of CXCL10 are important for GAG binding, signaling through CXCR3A, T lymphocyte chemotaxis, but dispensable for angiostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Dillemans
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexandra De Zutter
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Noppen
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 1042, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Berghmans
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisa Verhallen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mirre De Bondt
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lotte Vanbrabant
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stef Brusselmans
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Martens
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 1042, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Verschueren
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pedro Elias Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Shi N, Zhang Y, Liang Y, Chen Y, Huang Y, Xia X, Liu Z, Li Z, Huang F. RNA-Seq and ATAC-Seq analyses reveal a global transcriptional and chromatin accessibility profiling of γδ T17 differentiation from mouse spleen. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152461. [PMID: 37515879 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
IL-17A-producing γδ T cells (γδ T17) are known to play important roles in various autoimmune diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms of γδ T17 differentiation and their functions have not been clarified yet. Here, we sorted IL-17A+ Vγ4, IL-17A- Vγ4, and Vγ1 subsets from mouse spleen by in vitro priming of γδ T17 cells and investigated their differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accessible regions (DARs) using RNA-seq and ATAC-seq, respectively. Our results showed that DEGs-1 (upregulated genes: 677 and downregulated genes: 821) and DEGs-2 (upregulated genes: 1188 and downregulated genes: 1252) were most closely related to the function and differentiation of peripheral γδ T17. We identified key modules and MCODEs involved in the control of IL-17A+ Vγ4, IL-17A- Vγ4, and Vγ1 subsets using the WGCNA and Metascape analysis. Furthermore, 26 key transcription factors were enriched in three subsets, which contributed to deciphering the potential molecular mechanism driving γδ T17 differentiation. Simultaneously, we conducted chromatin accessibility profiling under γδ T17 differentiation by ATAC-seq. The top six candidate genes were screened for γδ T17 differentiation and function by integrating RNA-seq and ATAC-seq analysis, and the results were further confirmed using RT-qPCR, flow cytometry, and western blot. In addition, the association analysis of candidate genes with the RNA-seq database of psoriasis was performed to elucidate the functional relationship. Our findings provided a novel insight into understanding the molecular mechanisms of γδ T17 differentiation and function and may improve to the development of therapeutic approaches or drugs targeting γδ T17 for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxi Shi
- Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yawen Zhang
- Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yunting Liang
- Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Yiming Chen
- Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xichun Xia
- Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Zonghua Liu
- Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai 519000, China; Department of Systems Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Fang Huang
- Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai 519000, China.
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Dillemans L, De Somer L, Neerinckx B, Proost P. A review of the pleiotropic actions of the IFN-inducible CXC chemokine receptor 3 ligands in the synovial microenvironment. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:78. [PMID: 36862204 PMCID: PMC11071919 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04715-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are pivotal players in instigation and perpetuation of synovitis through leukocytes egress from the blood circulation into the inflamed articulation. Multitudinous literature addressing the involvement of the dual-function interferon (IFN)-inducible chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 in diseases characterized by chronic inflammatory arthritis emphasizes the need for detangling their etiopathological relevance. Through interaction with their mutual receptor CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3), the chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 exert their hallmark function of coordinating directional trafficking of CD4+ TH1 cells, CD8+ T cells, NK cells and NKT cells towards inflammatory niches. Among other (patho)physiological processes including infection, cancer, and angiostasis, IFN-inducible CXCR3 ligands have been implicated in autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the abundant presence of IFN-induced CXCR3 ligands in bodily fluids of patients with inflammatory arthritis, the outcomes of their selective depletion in rodent models, and the attempts at developing candidate drugs targeting the CXCR3 chemokine system. We further propose that the involvement of the CXCR3 binding chemokines in synovitis and joint remodeling encompasses more than solely the directional ingress of CXCR3-expressing leukocytes. The pleotropic actions of the IFN-inducible CXCR3 ligands in the synovial niche reiteratively illustrate the extensive complexity of the CXCR3 chemokine network, which is based on the intercommunion of IFN-inducible CXCR3 ligands with distinct CXCR3 isoforms, enzymes, cytokines, and infiltrated and resident cells present in the inflamed joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Dillemans
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lien De Somer
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barbara Neerinckx
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Schmidt A, Farine H, Keller MP, Sebastian A, Kozera L, Welford RWD, Strasser DS. Immunoaffinity Targeted Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Human Plasma Samples Reveals an Imbalance of Active and Inactive CXCL10 in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Disease Patients. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:4196-4209. [PMID: 32870689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important advantages of mass spectrometry is the ability to quantify proteins and their modifications in parallel to obtain a holistic picture of the protein of interest. Here, we present a hybrid immunoaffinity targeted mass spectrometry (MS) method that combines efficient pan-antibody enrichment of a specific protein from plasma with the selectivity of high-resolution targeted MS analysis to quantitate specific proteoforms of interest. We used this approach to quantify plasma levels of the chemokine CXCL10 that has been associated with many immunological disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus and primary Sjögren's Syndrome (pSS). The hybrid approach enabled sensitive, specific, and simultaneous quantification of total, full-length (active) CXCL101-77 and DPP4-truncated (inactive) CXCL103-77 in human plasma down to the low pg/mL level, reaching ELISA sensitivities. Samples from 30 control subjects and 34 pSS patients (n = 64) were analyzed. The ratio of CXCL101-77 to truncated CXCL103-77 was significantly increased in patients with pSS and provided the highest correlation with pSS disease activity. Therefore, this CXCL10 proteoform ratio represents an interesting exploratory disease activity biomarker to further investigate. As this strategy can be readily adapted to other plasma proteins and proteoforms of interest, we are convinced that it will lead to a more detailed understanding of proteoforms in physiology and pathology yielding more relevant biomarkers and drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schmidt
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Farine
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals, Ltd, Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Marcel P Keller
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals, Ltd, Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Agata Sebastian
- Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 210, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Kozera
- Lukasiewicz Research Network - PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, National Biobanking Node, Stablowicka 147, 50-066 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Richard W D Welford
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals, Ltd, Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Daniel S Strasser
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals, Ltd, Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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Bronger H, Magdolen V, Goettig P, Dreyer T. Proteolytic chemokine cleavage as a regulator of lymphocytic infiltration in solid tumors. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 38:417-430. [PMID: 31482487 PMCID: PMC6890590 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-019-09807-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, immune-based therapies such as monoclonal antibodies against tumor epitopes or immune checkpoint inhibitors have become an integral part of contemporary cancer treatment in many entities. However, a fundamental prerequisite for the success of such therapies is a sufficient trafficking of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes into the tumor microenvironment. This infiltration is facilitated by chemokines, a group of about 50 small proteins capable of chemotactically guiding leukocytes. Proteolytic inactivation of chemokines leading to an impaired infiltration of immune effector cells appears to be an efficient immune escape mechanism of solid cancers. The CXCR3 and CX3CR1 chemokine receptor ligands CXCL9-11 and CX3CL1, respectively, are mainly responsible for the tumor-suppressive lymphocytic infiltration into the tumor micromilieu. Their structure explains the biochemical basis of their proteolytic cleavage, while in vivo data from mouse models and patient samples shed light on the corresponding processes in cancer. The emerging roles of proteases, e.g., matrix metalloproteinases, cathepsins, and dipeptidyl peptidase 4, in chemokine inactivation define new resistance mechanisms against immunotherapies and identify attractive new targets to enhance immune intervention in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Bronger
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Goettig
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tobias Dreyer
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany
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Siegfried G, Descarpentrie J, Evrard S, Khatib AM. Proprotein convertases: Key players in inflammation-related malignancies and metastasis. Cancer Lett 2019; 473:50-61. [PMID: 31899298 PMCID: PMC7115805 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many cancers occur from locations of inflammation due to chronic irritation and/or infection. Tumor microenvironment contains various different inflammatory cells and mediators that orchestrate diverse neoplastic processes, including proliferation, survival, adhesion and migration. In parallel, tumor cells have adapted some of the signaling molecules used by inflammatory cells, such as selectins and chemokines as well as their receptors for invasion, extravasation and subsequently metastasis. Expression and/or activation of the majority of these molecules is mediated by the proprotein convertases (PCs); proteases expressed by both tumor cells and inflammatory cells. This review analyzes the potential role of these enzymatic system in inflammation-associated cancer impacting on the malignant and metastatic potential of cancer cells, describing the possible use of PCs as a new anti-inflammatory therapeutic approach to tumor progression and metastasis. Proteins maturation by the proprotein convertases plays important role in inflammation-related cancer and metastasis. Protein precursors require the proprotein convertases for the induction of inflammation. Understanding of the molecular mechanism linking the proprotein convertases to inflammation will allow novel therapies. Inhibitors of the proprotein convertases constitute great potential for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Siegfried
- Univ. Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM UMR1029, 33400, Pessac, France.
| | - Jean Descarpentrie
- Univ. Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM UMR1029, 33400, Pessac, France.
| | - Serge Evrard
- Univ. Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France; Institut Bergonié, 33076, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Abdel-Majid Khatib
- Univ. Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM UMR1029, 33400, Pessac, France.
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Susek KH, Karvouni M, Alici E, Lundqvist A. The Role of CXC Chemokine Receptors 1-4 on Immune Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2159. [PMID: 30319622 PMCID: PMC6167945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines govern leukocyte migration by attracting cells that express their cognate ligands. Many cancer types show altered chemokine secretion profiles, favoring the recruitment of pro-tumorigenic immune cells and preventing the accumulation of anti-tumorigenic effector cells. This can ultimately result in cancer immune evasion. The manipulation of chemokine and chemokine-receptor signaling can reshape the immunological phenotypes within the tumor microenvironment in order to increase the therapeutic efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Here we discuss the three chemokine-chemokine receptor axes, CXCR1/2–CXCL1-3/5-8, CXCR3–CXCL9/10/11, and CXCR4-CXCL12 and their role on pro-tumorigenic immune cells and anti-tumorigenic effector cells in solid tumors. In particular, we summarize current strategies to target these axes and discuss their potential use in treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Karvouni
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Solna, Sweden
| | - Evren Alici
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Solna, Sweden.,Cell Therapy Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Andreas Lundqvist
- Cell Therapy Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States.,Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Solna, Sweden
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8
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How post-translational modifications influence the biological activity of chemokines. Cytokine 2018; 109:29-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Metzemaekers M, Vanheule V, Janssens R, Struyf S, Proost P. Overview of the Mechanisms that May Contribute to the Non-Redundant Activities of Interferon-Inducible CXC Chemokine Receptor 3 Ligands. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1970. [PMID: 29379506 PMCID: PMC5775283 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 are predominantly induced by interferon (IFN)-γ and share an exclusive chemokine receptor named CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3). With a prototype function of directing temporal and spatial migration of activated T cells and natural killer cells, and inhibitory effects on angiogenesis, these CXCR3 ligands have been implicated in infection, acute inflammation, autoinflammation and autoimmunity, as well as in cancer. Intense former research efforts led to recent and ongoing clinical trials using CXCR3 and CXCR3 ligand targeting molecules. Scientific evidence has claimed mutual redundancy, ligand dominance, collaboration or even antagonism, depending on the (patho)physiological context. Most research on their in vivo activity, however, illustrates that CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 each contribute to the activation and trafficking of CXCR3 expressing cells in a non-redundant manner. When looking into detail, one can unravel a multistep machinery behind final CXCR3 ligand functions. Not only can specific cell types secrete individual CXCR3 interacting chemokines in response to certain stimuli, but also the receptor and glycosaminoglycan interactions, major associated intracellular pathways and susceptibility to processing by particular enzymes, among others, seem ligand-specific. Here, we overview major aspects of the molecular properties and regulatory mechanisms of IFN-induced CXCR3 ligands, and propose that their in vivo non-redundancy is a reflection of the unprecedented degree of versatility that seems inherent to the IFN-related CXCR3 chemokine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Metzemaekers
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Vanheule
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Janssens
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Sun L, Xu D, Xu Q, Sun J, Xing L, Zhang L, Yang H. iTRAQ reveals proteomic changes during intestine regeneration in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2017; 22:39-49. [PMID: 28189057 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sea cucumbers have a striking capacity to regenerate most of their viscera after evisceration, which has drawn the interest of many researchers. In this study, the isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) was utilized to investigate protein abundance changes during intestine regeneration in sea cucumbers. A total of 4073 proteins were identified, and 2321 proteins exhibited significantly differential expressions, with 1100 upregulated and 1221 downregulated proteins. Our results suggest that intestine regeneration constitutes a complex life activity regulated by the cooperation of various biological processes, including cytoskeletal changes, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and ECM-receptor interactions, protein synthesis, signal recognition and transduction, energy production and conversion, and substance transport and metabolism. Additionally, real-time PCR showed mRNA expression of differentially expressed genes correlated positively with their protein levels. Our results provided a basis for studying the regulatory mechanisms associated with sea cucumber regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Dongxue Xu
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qinzeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science and Engineering, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingchun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Lili Xing
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Libin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
| | - Hongsheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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Wu C, Song Z, Liu H, Pan J, Jiang H, Liu C, Yan Z, Feng H, Sun S. Inhibition of furin results in increased growth, invasiveness and cytokine production of synoviocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2016; 84:433-439. [PMID: 27450196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fibroblast-like synoviocytes derived from patients with rheumatoid arthritis play a key role by local production of cytokines and proteolytic enzymes that degrade the extracellular matrix and cartilage. These synoviocytes acquire phenotypic characteristics commonly observed in transformed cells, like anchorage-independent growth, increased proliferation and invasiveness, and insensitivity to apoptosis. Furin is a ubiquitous proprotein convertase that is capable of cleaving precursors of a wide variety of proteins. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, furin is reported to be highly expressed in the synovial pannus compared with healthy persons. However, the mechanisms are poorly understood. This study is to explore the effect of furin overexpression in rheumatoid synoviocytes. METHODS In this study, RNA interference was used to knock down furin expression and to assess the resultant effects on biological behaviors of synoviocytes, such as cell proliferation, invasion, migration, cell cycle and cell apoptosis. In addition, the production of inflammatory cytokines was evaluated. RESULTS The results showed that the inhibition of furin enhanced proliferation, invasion, and migration of synoviocytes in vitro. Cell cycle was accelerated and cell death was affected by furin knockdown. Also, the inhibition of furin increased interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α secretion of synoviocytes. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of furin enhances invasive phenotype of synoviocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, implying a protective role of furin. Agents targeting upregulation of furin may have therapeutic potential for rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changshun Wu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Zezhong Song
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Huiling Liu
- Cancer Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Jihong Pan
- Shandong Medicinal and Biotechnology Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, PR China
| | - Huiyu Jiang
- Shandong Medicinal and Biotechnology Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, PR China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Zexing Yan
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Hong Feng
- Cancer Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China.
| | - Shui Sun
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
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12
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Cornaby C, Tanner A, Stutz EW, Poole BD, Berges BK. Piracy on the molecular level: human herpesviruses manipulate cellular chemotaxis. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:543-560. [PMID: 26669819 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular chemotaxis is important to tissue homeostasis and proper development. Human herpesvirus species influence cellular chemotaxis by regulating cellular chemokines and chemokine receptors. Herpesviruses also express various viral chemokines and chemokine receptors during infection. These changes to chemokine concentrations and receptor availability assist in the pathogenesis of herpesviruses and contribute to a variety of diseases and malignancies. By interfering with the positioning of host cells during herpesvirus infection, viral spread is assisted, latency can be established and the immune system is prevented from eradicating viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Cornaby
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Anne Tanner
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Eric W Stutz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Brian D Poole
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Bradford K Berges
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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13
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Vanheule V, Janssens R, Boff D, Kitic N, Berghmans N, Ronsse I, Kungl AJ, Amaral FA, Teixeira MM, Van Damme J, Proost P, Mortier A. The Positively Charged COOH-terminal Glycosaminoglycan-binding CXCL9(74-103) Peptide Inhibits CXCL8-induced Neutrophil Extravasation and Monosodium Urate Crystal-induced Gout in Mice. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:21292-304. [PMID: 26183778 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.649855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ELR(-)CXC chemokine CXCL9 is characterized by a long, highly positively charged COOH-terminal region, absent in most other chemokines. Several natural leukocyte- and fibroblast-derived COOH-terminally truncated CXCL9 forms missing up to 30 amino acids were identified. To investigate the role of the COOH-terminal region of CXCL9, several COOH-terminal peptides were chemically synthesized. These peptides display high affinity for glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and compete with functional intact chemokines for GAG binding, the longest peptide (CXCL9(74-103)) being the most potent. The COOH-terminal peptide CXCL9(74-103) does not signal through or act as an antagonist for CXCR3, the G protein-coupled CXCL9 receptor, and does not influence neutrophil chemotactic activity of CXCL8 in vitro. Based on the GAG binding data, an anti-inflammatory role for CXCL9(74-103) was further evidenced in vivo. Simultaneous intravenous injection of CXCL9(74-103) with CXCL8 injection in the joint diminished CXCL8-induced neutrophil extravasation. Analogously, monosodium urate crystal-induced neutrophil migration to the tibiofemural articulation, a murine model of gout, is highly reduced by intravenous injection of CXCL9(74-103). These data show that chemokine-derived peptides with high affinity for GAGs may be used as anti-inflammatory peptides; by competing with active chemokines for binding and immobilization on GAGs, these peptides may lower chemokine presentation on the endothelium and disrupt the generation of a chemokine gradient, thereby preventing a chemokine from properly performing its chemotactic function. The CXCL9 peptide may serve as a lead molecule for further development of inhibitors of inflammation based on interference with chemokine-GAG interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Vanheule
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Janssens
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daiane Boff
- the Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil, and
| | - Nikola Kitic
- the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl-Franzes Universität, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nele Berghmans
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Ronsse
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andreas J Kungl
- the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl-Franzes Universität, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Flavio Almeida Amaral
- the Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil, and
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- the Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil, and
| | - Jo Van Damme
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,
| | - Anneleen Mortier
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Rainczuk A, Rao JR, Gathercole JL, Fairweather NJ, Chu S, Masadah R, Jobling TW, Deb-Choudhury S, Dyer J, Stephens AN. Evidence for the antagonistic form of CXC-motif chemokine CXCL10 in serous epithelial ovarian tumours. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:530-41. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Rainczuk
- Ovarian Cancer Biomarker Laboratory, Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research; Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Jyothsna R. Rao
- Ovarian Cancer Biomarker Laboratory, Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research; Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Jessica L. Gathercole
- Ovarian Cancer Biomarker Laboratory, Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research; Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Nicole J. Fairweather
- Ovarian Cancer Biomarker Laboratory, Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research; Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Simon Chu
- Ovarian Cancer Biomarker Laboratory, Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research; Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Rina Masadah
- Department of Anatomical Pathology; Hasanuddin University; Makassar Indonesia
| | - Thomas W. Jobling
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Monash Medical Centre; Clayton VIC Australia
| | | | - Jolon Dyer
- AgResearch Ltd, Lincoln Research Centre; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Andrew N. Stephens
- Ovarian Cancer Biomarker Laboratory, Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research; Clayton VIC Australia
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15
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Nguyen LT, Vogel HJ. Structural perspectives on antimicrobial chemokines. Front Immunol 2012; 3:384. [PMID: 23293636 PMCID: PMC3531597 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are best known as signaling proteins in the immune system. Recently however, a large number of human chemokines have been shown to exert direct antimicrobial activity. This moonlighting activity appears to be related to the net high positive charge of these immune signaling proteins. Chemokines can be divided into distinct structural elements and some of these have been studied as isolated peptide fragments that can have their own antimicrobial activity. Such peptides often encompass the α-helical region found at the C-terminal end of the parent chemokines, which, similar to other antimicrobial peptides, adopt a well-defined membrane-bound amphipathic structure. Because of their relatively small size, intact chemokines can be studied effectively by NMR spectroscopy to examine their structures in solution. In addition, NMR relaxation experiments of intact chemokines can provide detailed information about the intrinsic dynamic behavior; such analyses have helped for example to understand the activity of TC-1, an antimicrobial variant of CXCL7/NAP-2. With chemokine dimerization and oligomerization influencing their functional properties, the use of NMR diffusion experiments can provide information about monomer-dimer equilibria in solution. Furthermore, NMR chemical shift perturbation experiments can be used to map out the interface between self-associating subunits. Moreover, the unusual case of XCL1/lymphotactin presents a chemokine that can interconvert between two distinct folds in solution, both of which have been elucidated. Finally, recent advances have allowed for the determination of the structures of chemokines in complex with glycosaminoglycans, a process that could interfere with their antimicrobial activity. Taken together, these studies highlight several different structural facets that contribute to the way in which chemokines exert their direct microbicidal actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard T Nguyen
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
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16
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Mortier A, Gouwy M, Van Damme J, Proost P. Effect of posttranslational processing on the in vitro and in vivo activity of chemokines. Exp Cell Res 2010; 317:642-54. [PMID: 21146523 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The CXC and CC chemokine gene clusters provide an abundant number of chemotactic factors selectively binding to shared G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Hence, chemokines function in a complex network to mediate migration of the various leukocyte subsets, expressing specific GPCRs during the immune response. Further fine-tuning of the chemokine system is reached through specific posttranslational modifications of the mature proteins. Indeed, enzymatic processing of chemokines during an early phase of inflammation leads to activation of precursor molecules or cleavage into even more active or receptor specific chemokine isoforms. At a further stage, proteolytic processing leads to loss of GPCR signaling, thereby providing natural chemokine receptor antagonists. Finally, further NH(2)-terminal cleavage results in complete inactivation to dampen the inflammatory response. During inflammatory responses, the two chemokines which exist in a membrane-bound form may be released by proteases from the cellular surface. In addition to proteolytic processing, citrullination and glycosylation of chemokines is also important for their biological activity. In particular, citrullination of arginine residues seems to reduce the inflammatory activity of chemokines in vivo. This goes along with other positive and negative regulatory mechanisms for leukocyte migration, such as chemokine synergy and scavenging by decoy receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Mortier
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, K.U. Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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17
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Denney H, Clench MR, Woodroofe MN. Cleavage of chemokines CCL2 and CXCL10 by matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9: implications for chemotaxis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 382:341-7. [PMID: 19281798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.02.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic processing of chemokines is a complex process that can result in dramatic effects on their chemotactic activity. Results from gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry using recombinant CCL2 and CXCL10, incubated with either MMP-2 or -9, indicate that both chemokines are cleaved by the enzymes. N-terminal truncation of four amino acids from CCL2, and four or five residues from CXCL10 occurred, but removal of four residues from the C-terminus of CXCL10 was also observed with both MMPs. The speed of the reaction was chemokine-dependent, with N-terminal processing of CCL2 being complete within 3h, whereas activity of the MMPs on CXCL10 remained incomplete at 48h. The effect on the chemotactic potential of N-terminal truncation of CCL2 by MMPs-2 and -9 was investigated using in vitro migration assays. Monocytic cells exhibited a 2-fold reduction in migration to MMP-cleaved CCL2 variants, compared to intact CCL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Denney
- Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK.
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18
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Hörmannsperger G, Clavel T, Hoffmann M, Reiff C, Kelly D, Loh G, Blaut M, Hölzlwimmer G, Laschinger M, Haller D. Post-translational inhibition of IP-10 secretion in IEC by probiotic bacteria: impact on chronic inflammation. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4365. [PMID: 19197385 PMCID: PMC2634842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical and experimental studies suggest that the probiotic mixture VSL#3 has protective activities in the context of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of the study was to reveal bacterial strain-specific molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory potential of VSL#3 in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). Methodology/Principal Findings VSL#3 inhibited TNF-induced secretion of the T-cell chemokine interferon-inducible protein (IP-10) in Mode-K cells. Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) cell surface proteins were identified as active anti-inflammatory components of VSL#3. Interestingly, L. casei failed to block TNF-induced IP-10 promoter activity or IP-10 gene transcription at the mRNA expression level but completely inhibited IP-10 protein secretion as well as IP-10-mediated T-cell transmigration. Kinetic studies, pulse-chase experiments and the use of a pharmacological inhibitor for the export machinery (brefeldin A) showed that L. casei did not impair initial IP-10 production but decreased intracellular IP-10 protein stability as a result of blocked IP-10 secretion. Although L. casei induced IP-10 ubiquitination, the inhibition of proteasomal or lysosomal degradation did not prevent the loss of intracellular IP-10. Most important for the mechanistic understanding, the inhibition of vesicular trafficking by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) inhibited IP-10 but not IL-6 expression, mimicking the inhibitory effects of L. casei. These findings suggest that L. casei impairs vesicular pathways important for the secretion of IP-10, followed by subsequent degradation of the proinflammatory chemokine. Feeding studies in TNFΔARE and IL-10−/− mice revealed a compartimentalized protection of VSL#3 on the development of cecal but not on ileal or colonic inflammation. Consistent with reduced tissue pathology in IL-10−/− mice, IP-10 protein expression was reduced in primary epithelial cells. Conclusions/Significance We demonstrate segment specific effects of probiotic intervention that correlate with reduced IP-10 protein expression in the native epithelium. Furthermore, we revealed post-translational degradation of IP-10 protein in IEC to be the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Hörmannsperger
- Chair for Biofunctionality, ZIEL-Research Center for Nutrition and Food Science, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Thomas Clavel
- Chair for Biofunctionality, ZIEL-Research Center for Nutrition and Food Science, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Micha Hoffmann
- Chair for Biofunctionality, ZIEL-Research Center for Nutrition and Food Science, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Caroline Reiff
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, Aberdeen University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Denise Kelly
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, Aberdeen University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Gunnar Loh
- Gastrointestinale Mikrobiologie, Deutsches Institut für Ernährungsforschung, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Michael Blaut
- Gastrointestinale Mikrobiologie, Deutsches Institut für Ernährungsforschung, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | | | | | - Dirk Haller
- Chair for Biofunctionality, ZIEL-Research Center for Nutrition and Food Science, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- * E-mail:
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19
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Proost P, Loos T, Mortier A, Schutyser E, Gouwy M, Noppen S, Dillen C, Ronsse I, Conings R, Struyf S, Opdenakker G, Maudgal PC, Van Damme J. Citrullination of CXCL8 by peptidylarginine deiminase alters receptor usage, prevents proteolysis, and dampens tissue inflammation. J Exp Med 2008; 205:2085-97. [PMID: 18710930 PMCID: PMC2526203 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20080305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological functions of proteins are influenced by posttranslational modifications such as on/off switching by phosphorylation and modulation by glycosylation. Proteolytic processing regulates cytokine and chemokine activities. In this study, we report that natural posttranslational citrullination or deimination alters the biological activities of the neutrophil chemoattractant and angiogenic cytokine CXCL8/interleukin-8 (IL-8). Citrullination of arginine in position 5 was discovered on 14% of natural leukocyte-derived CXCL8(1-77), generating CXCL8(1-77)Cit(5). Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) is known to citrullinate structural proteins, and it may initiate autoimmune diseases. PAD efficiently and site-specifically citrullinated CXCL5, CXCL8, CCL17, CCL26, but not IL-1beta. In comparison with CXCL8(1-77), CXCL8(1-77)Cit(5) had reduced affinity for glycosaminoglycans and induced less CXCR2-dependent calcium signaling and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation. In contrast to CXCL8(1-77), CXCL8(1-77)Cit(5) was resistant to thrombin- or plasmin-dependent potentiation into CXCL8(6-77). Upon intraperitoneal injection, CXCL8(6-77) was a more potent inducer of neutrophil extravasation compared with CXCL8(1-77). Despite its retained chemotactic activity in vitro, CXCL8(1-77)Cit(5) was unable to attract neutrophils to the peritoneum. Finally, in the rabbit cornea angiogenesis assay, the equally potent CXCL8(1-77) and CXCL8(1-77)Cit(5) were less efficient angiogenic molecules than CXCL8(6-77). This study shows that PAD citrullinates the chemokine CXCL8, and thus may dampen neutrophil extravasation during acute or chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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20
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Cox JH, Dean RA, Roberts CR, Overall CM. Matrix metalloproteinase processing of CXCL11/I-TAC results in loss of chemoattractant activity and altered glycosaminoglycan binding. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:19389-99. [PMID: 18411283 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800266200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The CXCR3 chemokine receptor regulates the migration of Th1 lymphocytes and responds to three ligands: CXCL9/MIG, CXCL10/IP-10, and CXCL11/I-TAC. We screened for potential regulation of T cell responses by matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) processing of these important chemokines. The most potent of the CXCR3 ligands, CXCL11, was identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry as a substrate of the PMN-specific MMP-8, macrophage-specific MMP-12, and the general leukocyte MMP-9. The 73-amino acid residue CXCL11 is processed at both the amino and carboxyl termini to generate CXCL11-(5-73), -(5-63), and -(5-58) forms. NH2-terminal truncation results in loss of agonistic properties, as shown in calcium mobilization and chemotaxis experiments using CXCR3 transfectants and human T lymphocytes. Moreover, CXCL11-(5-73) is a CXCR3 antagonist and interestingly shows enhanced affinity to heparin. However, upon COOH-terminal truncation to position 58 there is loss of antagonist activity and heparin binding. Together this highlights an unexpected site for receptor interaction and that the carboxyl terminus is critical for glycosaminoglycan binding, an essential function for the formation of chemokine gradients in vivo. Hence, MMP activity might regulate CXCL11 tissue gradients in two ways. First, the potential of CXCL11-(5-73) to compete active CXCL11 from glycosaminoglycans might lead to the formation of an antagonistic haptotactic chemokine gradient. Second, upon further truncation, MMPs disperse the CXCL11 gradients in a novel way by proteolytic loss of a COOH-terminal GAG binding site. Hence, these results reveal potential new roles in down-regulating Th1 lymphocyte chemoattraction through MMP processing of CXCL11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Cox
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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21
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Proost P, Struyf S, Loos T, Gouwy M, Schutyser E, Conings R, Ronsse I, Parmentier M, Grillet B, Opdenakker G, Balzarini J, Van Damme J. Coexpression and interaction of CXCL10 and CD26 in mesenchymal cells by synergising inflammatory cytokines: CXCL8 and CXCL10 are discriminative markers for autoimmune arthropathies. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 8:R107. [PMID: 16846531 PMCID: PMC1779382 DOI: 10.1186/ar1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2006] [Revised: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte infiltration during acute and chronic inflammation is regulated by exogenous and endogenous factors, including cytokines, chemokines and proteases. Stimulation of fibroblasts and human microvascular endothelial cells with the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) or tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) combined with either interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), IFN-beta or IFN-gamma resulted in a synergistic induction of the CXC chemokine CXCL10, but not of the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL8. In contrast, simultaneous stimulation with different IFN types did not result in a synergistic CXCL10 protein induction. Purification of natural CXCL10 from the conditioned medium of fibroblasts led to the isolation of CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV-processed CXCL10 missing two NH2-terminal residues. In contrast to intact CXCL10, NH2-terminally truncated CXCL10(3-77) did not induce extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 or Akt/protein kinase B phosphorylation in CXC chemokine receptor 3-transfected cells. Together with the expression of CXCL10, the expression of membrane-bound CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV was also upregulated in fibroblasts by IFN-gamma, by IFN-gamma plus IL-1beta or by IFN-gamma plus TNF-alpha. This provides a negative feedback for CXCL10-dependent chemotaxis of activated T cells and natural killer cells. Since TNF-alpha and IL-1beta are implicated in arthritis, synovial concentrations of CXCL8 and CXCL10 were compared in patients suffering from crystal arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. All three groups of autoimmune arthritis patients (ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis) had significantly increased synovial CXCL10 levels compared with crystal arthritis patients. In contrast, compared with crystal arthritis, only rheumatoid arthritis patients, and not ankylosing spondylitis or psoriatic arthritis patients, had significantly higher synovial CXCL8 concentrations. Synovial concentrations of the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL8 may therefore be useful to discriminate between autoimmune arthritis types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tamara Loos
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evemie Schutyser
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - René Conings
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Ronsse
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Parmentier
- IRIBHN, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernard Grillet
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Ziekenhuis Zeeuws-Vlaanderen, Terneuzen, The Netherlands
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Damme
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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22
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Proost P, Struyf S, Van Damme J. Natural post-translational modifications of chemokines. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 34:997-1001. [PMID: 17073736 DOI: 10.1042/bst0340997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines, adhesion molecules, cytokines and proteases regulate the extravasation of leucocytes during acute and chronic inflammation and leucocyte homing. Chemokines are produced after transcriptional activation by inflammatory mediators such as cytokines or microbial Toll-like receptor ligands and their effect depends on the expression of chemokine receptors on specific cell types. More and more evidence points towards a role for post-translational modifications in the fine-tuning of chemokine activity. Although both glycosylation and proteolytic processing of the C- and/or N-terminus of chemokines has been reported, mainly proteolytic processing of the N-terminus appears to affect the receptor specificity, chemotactic property and signalling potency of these low-molecular-mass proteins. N-terminal processing of chemokines by aminopeptidases or endoproteases may alter the receptor specificity and may result in up- or down-regulation of their chemotactic, antiviral or angiogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, K.U. Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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23
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Hasan L, Mazzucchelli L, Liebi M, Lis M, Hunger RE, Tester A, Overall CM, Wolf M. Function of Liver Activation-Regulated Chemokine/CC Chemokine Ligand 20 Is Differently Affected by Cathepsin B and Cathepsin D Processing. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:6512-22. [PMID: 16709808 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.11.6512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine processing by proteases is emerging as an important regulatory mechanism of leukocyte functions and possibly also of cancer progression. We screened a large panel of chemokines for degradation by cathepsins B and D, two proteases involved in tumor progression. Among the few substrates processed by both proteases, we focused on CCL20, the unique chemokine ligand of CCR6 that is expressed on immature dendritic cells and subtypes of memory lymphocytes. Analysis of the cleavage sites demonstrate that cathepsin B specifically cleaves off four C-terminally located amino acids and generates a CCL20(1-66) isoform with full functional activity. By contrast, cathepsin D totally inactivates the chemotactic potency of CCL20 by generating CCL20(1-55), CCL20(1-52), and a 12-aa C-terminal peptide CCL20(59-70). Proteolytic cleavage of CCL20 occurs also with chemokine bound to glycosaminoglycans. In addition, we characterized human melanoma cells as a novel CCL20 source and as cathepsin producers. CCL20 production was up-regulated by IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha in all cell lines tested, and in human metastatic melanoma cells. Whereas cathepsin D is secreted in the extracellular milieu, cathepsin B activity is confined to cytosol and cellular membranes. Our studies suggest that CCL20 processing in the extracellular environment of melanoma cells is exclusively mediated by cathepsin D. Thus, we propose a model where cathepsin D inactivates CCL20 and possibly prevents the establishment of an effective antitumoral immune response in melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Hasan
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Griffiths SL, Grainger DJ. Proposal of a novel diabetogenic mechanism involving the serpin PAI-1. Bioessays 2006; 28:629-41. [PMID: 16700057 DOI: 10.1002/bies.20418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic Syndrome is a cluster of risk factors (including obesity, hypertension and insulin resistance), which is associated with late-onset diabetes and coronary heart disease. Elevated levels of the protease inhibitor PAI-1 are well-known molecular markers of the Metabolic Syndrome. Here, however, we present a hypothesis that PAI-1 acts as a causative factor in the development of Metabolic Syndrome and its clinical sequelae. We propose that PAI-1 inhibits the activity of members of the proprotein convertase (PC) class of serine proteases and that this underlies, at a molecular level, many of the other features of the Metabolic Syndrome cluster.
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