1
|
Effect of Barley Antifreeze Protein on Dough and Bread during Freezing and Freeze-Thaw Cycles. Foods 2020; 9:foods9111698. [PMID: 33228238 PMCID: PMC7699476 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to verify the cryoprotective effect of an antifreeze protein (BaAFP-1) obtained from barley on bread dough, the effect of BaAFP-1 on the rheological properties, microstructure, fermentation, and baking performance including the proofing time and the specific volume of bread dough and bread crumb properties during freezing treatment and freeze-thaw cycles were analysed. BaAFP-1 reduced the rate of decrease in storage modulus and loss modulus values during freezing treatment and freeze-thaw cycles. It influenced the formation and the shape of ice formed during freezing and inhibited ice recrystallization during freeze-thaw. BaAFP-1 maintained gas production ability and gas retention properties, protected gluten network and the yeast cells from deterioration caused by ice formation and ice crystals recrystallisation in dough samples during freezing treatment and freeze-thaw treatment. It slow down the increase rate of hardness of bread crumb. The average area of pores in bread crumbs decreased significantly (p < 0.05) as the total number of pores increased (p < 0.05), and the addition of BaAFP-1 inhibited this deterioration. These results confirmed the cryoprotective activity of BaAFP-1 in bread dough during freezing treatment and freeze-thaw cycles.
Collapse
|
2
|
Furukawa Y, Nagashima K, Nakatsubo S, Zepeda S, Murata KI, Sazaki G. Crystal-plane-dependent effects of antifreeze glycoprotein impurity for ice growth dynamics. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20180393. [PMID: 30982456 PMCID: PMC6501921 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An impurity effect on ice crystal growth in supercooled water is an important subject in relation to ice crystal formation in various conditions in the Earth's cryosphere regions. In this review, we consider antifreeze glycoprotein molecules as an impurity. These molecules are well known as functional molecules for controlling ice crystal growth by their adsorption on growing ice/water interfaces. Experiments on free growth of ice crystals in supercooled water containing an antifreeze protein were conducted on the ground and in the International Space Station, and the normal growth rates for the main crystallographic faces of ice, namely, basal and prismatic faces, were precisely measured as functions of growth conditions and time. The crystal-plane-dependent functions of AFGP molecules for ice crystal growth were clearly shown. Based on the magnitude relationship for normal growth rates among basal, prismatic and pyramidal faces, we explain the formation of a dodecahedral external shape of an ice crystal in relation to the key principle governing the growth of polyhedral crystals. Finally, we emphasize that the crystal-plane dependence of the function of antifreeze proteins on ice crystal growth relates to the freezing prevention of living organisms in sub-zero temperature conditions. This article is part of the theme issue 'The physics and chemistry of ice: scaffolding across scales, from the viability of life to the formation of planets'.
Collapse
|
3
|
Graham B, Fayter AER, Houston JE, Evans RC, Gibson MI. Facially Amphipathic Glycopolymers Inhibit Ice Recrystallization. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5682-5685. [PMID: 29660982 PMCID: PMC5940321 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) from polar fish are the most potent ice recrystallization (growth) inhibitors known, and synthetic mimics are required for low-temperature applications such as cell cryopreservation. Here we introduce facially amphipathic glycopolymers that mimic the three-dimensional structure of AFGPs. Glycopolymers featuring segregated hydrophilic and hydrophobic faces were prepared by ring-opening metathesis polymerization, and their rigid conformation was confirmed by small-angle neutron scattering. Ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) activity was reduced when a hydrophilic oxo-ether was installed on the glycan-opposing face, but significant activity was restored by incorporating a hydrophobic dimethylfulvene residue. This biomimetic strategy demonstrates that segregated domains of distinct hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity are a crucial motif to introduce IRI activity, which increases our understanding of the complex ice crystal inhibition processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Graham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | | | - Judith E. Houston
- Jülich
Centre for Neutron Science, Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Garching 85747, Germany
| | - Rachel C. Evans
- Department
of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Warwick
Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Voets IK. From ice-binding proteins to bio-inspired antifreeze materials. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:4808-4823. [PMID: 28657626 PMCID: PMC5708349 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02867e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ice-binding proteins (IBP) facilitate survival under extreme conditions in diverse life forms. IBPs in polar fishes block further growth of internalized environmental ice and inhibit ice recrystallization of accumulated internal crystals. Algae use IBPs to structure ice, while ice adhesion is critical for the Antarctic bacterium Marinomonas primoryensis. Successful translation of this natural cryoprotective ability into man-made materials holds great promise but is still in its infancy. This review covers recent advances in the field of ice-binding proteins and their synthetic analogues, highlighting fundamental insights into IBP functioning as a foundation for the knowledge-based development of cheap, bio-inspired mimics through scalable production routes. Recent advances in the utilisation of IBPs and their analogues to e.g. improve cryopreservation, ice-templating strategies, gas hydrate inhibition and other technologies are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I K Voets
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Post Office Box 513, 5600 MD Eindhoven, The Netherlands. and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Post Office Box 513, 5600 MD Eindhoven, The Netherlands and Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Post Office Box 513, 5600 MD Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Furukawa Y, Nagashima K, Nakatsubo SI, Yoshizaki I, Tamaru H, Shimaoka T, Sone T, Yokoyama E, Zepeda S, Terasawa T, Asakawa H, Murata KI, Sazaki G. Oscillations and accelerations of ice crystal growth rates in microgravity in presence of antifreeze glycoprotein impurity in supercooled water. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43157. [PMID: 28262787 PMCID: PMC5338005 DOI: 10.1038/srep43157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The free growth of ice crystals in supercooled bulk water containing an impurity of glycoprotein, a bio-macromolecule that functions as ‘antifreeze’ in living organisms in a subzero environment, was observed under microgravity conditions on the International Space Station. We observed the acceleration and oscillation of the normal growth rates as a result of the interfacial adsorption of these protein molecules, which is a newly discovered impurity effect for crystal growth. As the convection caused by gravity may mitigate or modify this effect, secure observations of this effect were first made possible by continuous measurements of normal growth rates under long-term microgravity condition realized only in the spacecraft. Our findings will lead to a better understanding of a novel kinetic process for growth oscillation in relation to growth promotion due to the adsorption of protein molecules and will shed light on the role that crystal growth kinetics has in the onset of the mysterious antifreeze effect in living organisms, namely, how this protein may prevent fish freezing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Furukawa
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-19 Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Ken Nagashima
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-19 Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Nakatsubo
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-19 Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Izumi Yoshizaki
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba 305-8508, Japan
| | - Haruka Tamaru
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba 305-8508, Japan
| | - Taro Shimaoka
- Japan Space Forum, 3-2-1 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takehiko Sone
- Japan Manned Space Systems Corporation, 2-1-6 Sengen, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
| | - Etsuro Yokoyama
- Computer Centre, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-0858, Japan
| | - Salvador Zepeda
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-19 Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Takanori Terasawa
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-19 Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Harutoshi Asakawa
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-19 Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Murata
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-19 Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Gen Sazaki
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-19 Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
MORISAKU T, KITAZAWA T, SUZUKI A, YUI H. New Morphology of Ice Crystals in Supercooled Aqueous Solutions of Antifreeze Glycoprotein. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2014. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.71.554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
7
|
Wang S, Wen X, Golen JA, Arifin JF, Rheingold AL. Antifreeze protein-induced selective crystallization of a new thermodynamically and kinetically less preferred molecular crystal. Chemistry 2013; 19:16104-12. [PMID: 24123280 PMCID: PMC3855871 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The formation of a new, dihydrate crystalline form of 5-methyluridine (m(5)U) was selectively induced by a protein additive, antifreeze protein (AFP) in a highly efficient manner (in 10(-6) molar scale, whereas known kinetic additives need 0.1 molar scale). The hemihydrate form (form I, the only previously known crystalline form of m(5)U) and the dihydrate form of m(5)U (form II) obtained herein were characterized using X-ray crystallography and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Compared to form I, remarkably, form II is thermodynamically and kinetically less preferred. The presence of AFP can selectively inhibit the appearance of form I and hence allows the growth of form II, the pure form of which cannot grow directly from m(5) U supersaturated solutions under the same conditions. An explanation supported by both experimental and theoretical results is provided for the AFP-induced selection process. Implications on AFP-induced ice shape changes are also discussed. Control of crystallization from supersaturated solutions is of great interest in both fundamental research and practical applications in fields like chemistry, pharmacology and materials science. These findings suggest that crystallization processes with AFPs could be valuable for selective growth of hydrates and polymorphs of important pharmaceutical compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sen Wang
- Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University, Stanford 94305 (USA), Fax: (+1)650-724-4948
| | - Xin Wen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angles 90032 (USA), Fax: (+1)323-343-6490
| | - James A. Golen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA)
| | - Josh F. Arifin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angles 90032 (USA), Fax: (+1)323-343-6490
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Haridas V, Naik S. Natural macromolecular antifreeze agents to synthetic antifreeze agents. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra00081h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
|
9
|
Liu JJ, Qin Y, Dolev MB, Celik Y, Wettlaufer JS, Braslavsky I. Modelling the influence of antifreeze proteins on three-dimensional ice crystal melt shapes using a geometric approach. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2011.0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The melting of pure axisymmetric ice crystals has been described previously by us within the framework of so-called
geometric crystal growth
. Non-equilibrium ice crystal shapes evolving in the presence of hyperactive antifreeze proteins (hypAFPs) are experimentally observed to assume ellipsoidal geometries (‘lemon’ or ‘rice’ shapes). To analyse such shapes, we harness the underlying symmetry of hexagonal ice
I
h
and extend two-dimensional geometric models to three-dimensions to reproduce the experimental dissolution process. The geometrical model developed will be useful as a quantitative test of the mechanisms of interaction between hypAFPs and ice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jie Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot city, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangzong Qin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Maya Bar Dolev
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yeliz Celik
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - J. S. Wettlaufer
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program in Applied Mathematics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- NORDITA, Roslagstullsbacken 23, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ido Braslavsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Salvay AG, Santos J, Howard EI. Electro-optical properties characterization of fish type III antifreeze protein. J Biol Phys 2008; 33:389-97. [PMID: 19669526 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-008-9080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are ice-binding proteins that depress the freezing point of water in a non-colligative manner without a significant modification of the melting point. Found in the blood and tissues of some organisms (such as fish, insects, plants, and soil bacteria), AFPs play an important role in subzero temperature survival. Fish Type III AFP is present in members of the subclass Zoarcoidei. AFPIII are small 7-kDa-or 14-kDa tandem-globular proteins. In the present work, we study the behavior of several physical properties, such as the low-frequency dielectric permittivity spectrum, circular dichroism, and electrical conductivity of Fish Type III AFP solutions measured at different concentrations. The combination of the information obtained from these measurements could be explained through the formation of AFP molecular aggregates or, alternatively, by the existence of some other type of interparticle interactions. Thermal stability and electro-optical behavior, when proteins are dissolved in deuterated water, were also investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés G Salvay
- Instituto de Física de Líquidos y Sistemas Biológicos (IFLYSIB), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900BTE La Plata, Argentina
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cloning and expression of Tenebrio molitor antifreeze protein in Escherichia coli. Mol Biol Rep 2008; 36:529-36. [PMID: 18256902 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-008-9210-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel antifreeze protein cDNA was cloned by RT-PCR from the larva of the yellow mealworm Tenebrio molitor. The coding fragment of 339 bp encodes a protein of 112 amino acid residues and was fused to the expression vectors pET32a and pTWIN1. The resulted expression plasmids were transformed into Escherischia coli strains BL21 (DE3), ER2566, and Origami B (DE3), respectively. Several strategies were used for expression of the highly disulfide-bonded beta-helix-contained protein with the activity of antifreeze in different expression systems. A protocol for production of refolded and active T. molitor antifreeze protein in bacteria was obtained.
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Damodaran S. Inhibition of ice crystal growth in ice cream mix by gelatin hydrolysate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:10918-10923. [PMID: 18044830 DOI: 10.1021/jf0724670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The inhibition of ice crystal growth in ice cream mix by gelatin hydrolysate produced by papain action was studied. The ice crystal growth was monitored by thermal cycling between -14 and -12 degrees C at a rate of one cycle per 3 min. It is shown that the hydrolysate fraction containing peptides in the molecular weight range of about 2000-5000 Da exhibited the highest inhibitory activity on ice crystal growth in ice cream mix, whereas fractions containing peptides greater than 7000 Da did not inhibit ice crystal growth. The size distribution of gelatin peptides formed in the hydrolysate was influenced by the pH of hydrolysis. The optimum hydrolysis conditions for producing peptides with maximum ice crystal growth inhibitory activity was pH 7 at 37 degrees C for 10 min at a papain to gelatin ratio of 1:100. However, this may depend on the type and source of gelatin. The possible mechanism of ice crystal growth inhibition by peptides from gelatin is discussed. Molecular modeling of model gelatin peptides revealed that they form an oxygen triad plane at the C-terminus with oxygen-oxygen distances similar to those found in ice nuclei. Binding of this oxygen triad plane to the prism face of ice nuclei via hydrogen bonding appears to be the mechanism by which gelatin hydrolysate might be inhibiting ice crystal growth in ice cream mix.
Collapse
|
15
|
Prathalingam NS, Holt WV, Revell SG, Mirczuk S, Fleck RA, Watson PF. Impact of antifreeze proteins and antifreeze glycoproteins on bovine sperm during freeze-thaw. Theriogenology 2006; 66:1894-900. [PMID: 16777208 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2006] [Revised: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There are no reports on the use of antifreeze proteins (AFP) and antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGP) for the use of bull sperm cryopreservation despite studies in the ram, mouse and chimpanzee. The effect of freezing and thawing on bull sperm viability, osmotic resistance and acrosome integrity were observed following the addition of AFP1, AFPIII and AFGP at four concentrations (0.1, 1, 10 and 100 microg/ml). In a second part of the experiment, fluorescein was conjugated to the AFPs and AFGP and observations were made using fluorescence microscopy to determine whether binding occurred between the sperm cell membranes and the proteins. In the final part of the study the cryopreservation media were cooled in the presence of the AFPs and AFGPs at the four concentrations on a cryomicroscope to mimic similar cooling curves as those used in the presence of sperm. Following freeze-thaw, AFPI resulted in increased osmotic resistant cells at 0.1-10 microg/ml compared to the control (P<0.01). AFPI and AFPIII did bind to the sperm cells. There was no visual difference in ice structure between the control, AFPIII and AFGP but AFPI resulted in parallel crystals at 0.1, 1 and 10 microg/ml. We suggest that the increased osmotic resistance in the spermatozoa cryopreserved in AFPI is due to the cells orientating between the ice crystals, reducing mechanical stress to the cell membrane. Previous research has shown that osmotic resistance correlates with bull fertility, suggesting that bull spermatozoa cryopreserved in the presence of AFPI may have increased fertility in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N S Prathalingam
- Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Affiliation(s)
- Ninad Prabhu
- Johnson Research Foundation, Dept. of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Kim Sharp
- Johnson Research Foundation, Dept. of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Strom CS, Liu XY, Jia Z. Ice Surface Reconstruction as Antifreeze Protein-Induced Morphological Modification Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 127:428-40. [PMID: 15631494 DOI: 10.1021/ja047652y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The crystal growth process by which fish antifreeze proteins (AFPs) and antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) modify the ice morphology is analyzed in the AFP-ice system. A newly identified AFP-induced surface reconstruction mechanism enables one-dimensional helical and irregular globular ice binding surfaces to stabilize secondary, kinetically less stable ice surfaces with variable face indices. Not only are the relative growth rates controlled by the IBS engagement but also the secondary face indices themselves become adjusted in the process of maximizing the AFP-substrate interaction, through attaining the best structural match. The theoretical formulation leads to comprehensive agreement with experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina S Strom
- Biophysics and Micro/nanostructures Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542
| | | | | |
Collapse
|