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Bhavsar SP. Metastasis in neuroblastoma: the MYCN question. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1196861. [PMID: 37274289 PMCID: PMC10233040 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1196861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic drivers like MYCN in neuroblastoma subsets continues to present a significant challenge owing to its strong correlation with high-risk metastatic disease and poor prognosis. However, only a limited number of MYCN-regulatory proteins associated with tumor initiation and progression have been elucidated. In this minireview, I summarize the recent progress in understanding the functional role of MYCN and its regulatory partners in neuroblastoma metastasis.
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Liu R, Shi P, Wang Z, Yuan C, Cui H. Molecular Mechanisms of MYCN Dysregulation in Cancers. Front Oncol 2021; 10:625332. [PMID: 33614505 PMCID: PMC7886978 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.625332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MYCN, a member of MYC proto-oncogene family, encodes a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor N-MYC. Abnormal expression of N-MYC is correlated with high-risk cancers and poor prognosis. Initially identified as an amplified oncogene in neuroblastoma in 1983, the oncogenic effect of N-MYC is expanded to multiple neuronal and nonneuronal tumors. Direct targeting N-MYC remains challenge due to its "undruggable" features. Therefore, alternative therapeutic approaches for targeting MYCN-driven tumors have been focused on the disruption of transcription, translation, protein stability as well as synthetic lethality of MYCN. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of MYCN dysregulation in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health (Chongqing Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute), Chongqing, China
| | - Pengfei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health (Chongqing Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongze Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chaoyu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health (Chongqing Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute), Chongqing, China
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Alptekin A, Ye B, Yu Y, Poole CJ, van Riggelen J, Zha Y, Ding HF. Glycine decarboxylase is a transcriptional target of MYCN required for neuroblastoma cell proliferation and tumorigenicity. Oncogene 2019; 38:7504-7520. [PMID: 31444411 PMCID: PMC6908766 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genomic amplification of the oncogene MYCN is a major driver in the development of high-risk neuroblastoma, a pediatric cancer with poor prognosis. Given the challenge in targeting MYCN directly for therapy, we sought to identify MYCN-dependent metabolic vulnerabilities that can be targeted therapeutically. Here, we report that the gene encoding glycine decarboxylase (GLDC), which catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in glycine breakdown with the production of the one-carbon unit 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate, is a direct transcriptional target of MYCN. As a result, GLDC expression is markedly elevated in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma tumors and cell lines. This transcriptional upregulation of GLDC expression is of functional significance, as GLDC depletion by RNA interference inhibits the proliferation and tumorigenicity of MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cell lines by inducing G1 arrest. Metabolomic profiling reveals that GLDC knockdown disrupts purine and central carbon metabolism and reduces citrate production, leading to a decrease in the steady-state levels of cholesterol and fatty acids. Moreover, blocking purine or cholesterol synthesis recapitulates the growth inhibitory effect of GLDC knockdown. These findings reveal a critical role of GLDC in sustaining the proliferation of neuroblastoma cells with high-level GLDC expression and suggest that MYCN amplification is a biomarker for GLDC-based therapeutic strategies against high-risk neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Alptekin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Bingwei Ye
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yajie Yu
- Institute of Neural Regeneration and Repair and Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Yichang, Three Gorges University College of Medicine, 443000, Yichang, China
| | - Candace J Poole
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Jan van Riggelen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yunhong Zha
- Institute of Neural Regeneration and Repair and Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Yichang, Three Gorges University College of Medicine, 443000, Yichang, China
| | - Han-Fei Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA. .,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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Li J, Ye J, Zhu S, Cui H. Down-Regulation of Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate Synthetase 1 Inhibits Neuroblastoma Cell Proliferation. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090955. [PMID: 31443513 PMCID: PMC6770549 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1 (PRPS1) is a key enzyme in de novo nucleotide synthesis and nucleotide salvage synthesis pathways that are critical for purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis. Abnormally high expression of PRPS1 can cause many diseases, including hearing loss, hypotonia, and ataxia, in addition to being associated with neuroblastoma. However, the role of PRPS1 in neuroblastoma is still unclear. In this study, we found that PRPS1 was commonly expressed in neuroblastoma cells and was closely related to poor prognosis for cancer. Furthermore, down-regulation of PRPS1 inhibited neuroblastoma cell proliferation and tumor growth in vitro and in vivo via disturbing DNA synthesis. This study provides new insights into the treatment of neuroblastoma patients and new targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Junhong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shunqin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Zhang D, Wang F, Pang Y, Ke XX, Zhu S, Zhao E, Zhang K, Chen L, Cui H. Down-regulation of CHERP inhibits neuroblastoma cell proliferation and induces apoptosis through ER stress induction. Oncotarget 2017; 8:80956-80970. [PMID: 29113358 PMCID: PMC5655253 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a childhood tumor that is derived from the sympathetic nervous system. In recent years, great progress has been made in our understanding of neuroblastoma. However, applying theories to improve disease outcomes remains challenging. In this study, we observed that calcium homeostasis endoplasmic reticulum protein (CHERP) was involved in the maintenance of neuroblastoma cell proliferation and tumorigenicity. Moreover, elevated CHERP expression was positively correlated with poor patient survival, whereas low CHERP expression was predictive of better outcomes. Additional functional studies showed that CHERP knockdown inhibited neuroblastoma cell proliferation in vitro and resulted in defective tumorigenicity in vivo. Moreover, CHERP depletion suppressed neuroblastoma cell proliferation by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell apoptosis. Considering the functional roles of CHERP in neuroblastoma development and maintenance, CHERP might function as a novel therapeutic target for neuroblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-xue Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shunqin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Erhu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lixue Chen
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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He XY, Tan ZL, Mou Q, Liu FJ, Liu S, Yu CW, Zhu J, Lv LY, Zhang J, Wang S, Bao LM, Peng B, Zhao H, Zou L. microRNA-221 Enhances MYCN via Targeting Nemo-like Kinase and Functions as an Oncogene Related to Poor Prognosis in Neuroblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:2905-2918. [PMID: 28003306 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:MYCN is one of the most well-characterized genetic markers of neuroblastoma. However, the mechanisms as to how MYCN mediate neuroblastoma tumorigenesis are not fully clear. Increasing evidence has confirmed that the dysregulation of miRNAs is involved in MYCN-mediated neuroblastoma tumorigenesis, supporting their potential as therapeutic targets for neuroblastoma. Although miR-221 has been reported as one of the upregulated miRNAs, the interplay between miR-221 and MYCN-mediated neuroblastoma progression remains largely elusive.Experimental Design: The expression of miR-221 in the formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 31 confirmed patients with neuroblastoma was detected by locked nucleic acid-in situ hybridization and qRT-PCR. The correlation between miR-221 expression and clinical features in patients with neuroblastoma was assessed. The mechanisms as to how miR-221 regulate MYCN in neuroblastoma were addressed. The effect of miR-221 on cellular proliferation in neuroblastoma was determined both in vitro and in vivoResults: miR-221 was significantly upregulated in neuroblastoma tumor cells and tissues that overexpress MYCN, and high expression of miR-221 was positively associated with poor survival in patients with neuroblastoma. Nemo-like kinase (NLK) as a direct target of miR-221 in neuroblastoma was verified. In addition, overexpression of miR-221 decreased LEF1 phosphorylation but increased the expression of MYCN via targeting of NLK and further regulated cell cycle, particularly in S-phase, promoting the growth of neuroblastoma cells.Conclusions: This study provides a novel insight for miR-221 in the control of neuroblastoma cell proliferation and tumorigenesis, suggesting potentials of miR-221 as a prognosis marker and therapeutic target for patients with MYCN overexpressing neuroblastoma. Clin Cancer Res; 23(11); 2905-18. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan He
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng-Lan Tan
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Mou
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang-Jie Liu
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao-Wen Yu
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin-Ya Lv
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Ming Bao
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Bin Peng
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Zou
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.
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Coulter DW, McGuire TR, Sharp JG, McIntyre EM, Dong Y, Wang X, Gray S, Alexander GR, Chatuverdi NK, Joshi SS, Chen X, Vennerstrom JL. Treatment of a chemoresistant neuroblastoma cell line with the antimalarial ozonide OZ513. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:867. [PMID: 27821095 PMCID: PMC5100253 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2872-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluate the anti-tumor activity of ozonide antimalarials using a chemoresistant neuroblastoma cell line, BE (2)-c. METHODS The activity of 12 ozonides, artemisinin, and two semisynthetic artemisinins were tested for activity against two neuroblastoma cell-lines (BE (2)-c and IMR-32) and the Ewing's Sarcoma cell line A673 in an MTT viability assay. Time course data indicated that peak effect was seen 18 h after the start of treatment thus 18 h pre-treatment was used for all subsequent experiments. The most active ozonide (OZ513) was assessed in a propidium iodide cell cycle flow cytometry analysis which measured cell cycle transit and apoptosis. Metabolic effects of OZ513 in BE (2)-c cells was evaluated. Western blots for the apoptotic proteins cleaved capase-3 and cleaved PARP, the highly amplified oncogene MYCN, and the cell cycle regulator CyclinD1, were performed. These in-vitro experiments were followed by an in-vivo experiment in which NOD-scid gamma immunodeficient mice were injected subcutaneously with 1 × 106 BE (2)-c cells followed by immediate treatment with 50-100 mg/kg/day doses of OZ513 administered IP three times per week out to 23 days after injection of tumor. Incidence of tumor development, time to tumor development, and rate of tumor growth were assessed in DMSO treated controls (N = 6), and OZ513 treated mice (N = 5). RESULTS It was confirmed that five commonly used chemotherapy drugs had no cytotoxic activity in BE (2)-c cells. Six of 12 ozonides tested were active in-vitro at concentrations achievable in vivo with OZ513 being most active (IC50 = 0.5 mcg/ml). OZ513 activity was confirmed in IMR-32 and A673 cells. The Ao peak on cell-cycle analysis was increased after treatment with OZ513 in a concentration dependent fashion which when coupled with results from western blot analysis which showed an increase in cleaved capase-3 and cleaved PARP supported an increase in apoptosis. There was a concentration dependent decline in the MYCN and a cyclinD1 protein indicative of anti-proliferative activity and cell cycle disruption. OXPHOS metabolism was unaffected by OZ513 treatment while glycolysis was increased. There was a significant delay in time to tumor development in mice treated with OZ513 and a decline in the rate of tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS The antimalarial ozonide OZ513 has effective in-vitro and in-vivo activity against a pleiotropic drug resistant neuroblastoma cell-line. Treatment with OZ513 increased apoptotic markers and glycolysis with a decline in the MYCN oncogene and the cell cycle regulator cyclinD1. These effects suggest adaptation to cellular stress by mechanism which remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don W Coulter
- College of Medicine, Division of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Timothy R McGuire
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - John G Sharp
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Erin M McIntyre
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yuxiang Dong
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shawn Gray
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Gracey R Alexander
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Nagendra K Chatuverdi
- College of Medicine, Division of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shantaram S Joshi
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jonathan L Vennerstrom
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Kim H, Youn K, Ahn MR, Kim OY, Jeong WS, Ho CT, Jun M. Neuroprotective effect of loganin against Aβ25-35-induced injury via the NF-κB-dependent signaling pathway in PC12 cells. Food Funct 2016; 6:1108-16. [PMID: 25778782 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00055f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) protein, the main constituent of senile plaques, is believed to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is closely associated with inflammatory reactions which are considered to be responses to Aβ deposition. The present study investigated the effect of loganin on Aβ25-35-induced inflammatory damage and the underlying molecular mechanism of its neuroprotective action. Loganin predominantly prevented Aβ25-35-stimulated cell death through suppressing ROS generation, and attenuating apoptosis by inhibiting caspase-3 activity and regulating cell cycle. Furthermore, loganin suppressed the level of TNF-α and protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 in Aβ25-35-injured PC12 cells. These inhibitions appeared to correlate with the suppression of NF-κB activation by loganin, as pre-treating cells with loganin blocked the translocation of NF-κB into the nuclear compartment and degradation of the inhibitory subunit IκB. Loganin substantially inhibited phosphorylation of MAPKs including ERK1/2, p38 and JNK, which are closely related to regulation of NF-κB activation. Taken together, the results implied that loganin attenuated neuroinflammatory responses through the inactivation of NF-κB by NF-κB dependent inflammatory pathways and phosphorylation of MAPK in Aβ25-35-induced PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeri Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea.
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Zheng Y, You F, Li Q, Chen J, Yang H. The effect of geniste on Aβ25–35-induced PC12 cell apoptosis through the JNK-dependent Fas pathway. Food Funct 2016; 7:4702-4708. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00071a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The β-amyloid protein (Aβ) is considered to be the key factor for inducing Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojie Zheng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Fuling You
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Qiao Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Jingrong Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Hong Yang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- China
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Satheesh NJ, Büsselberg D. The role of intracellular calcium for the development and treatment of neuroblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:823-48. [PMID: 26010602 PMCID: PMC4491686 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7020811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the second most common paediatric cancer. It developsfrom undifferentiated simpatico-adrenal lineage cells and is mostly sporadic; however, theaetiology behind the development of neuroblastoma is still not fully understood. Intracellularcalcium ([Ca2+]i) is a secondary messenger which regulates numerous cellular processesand, therefore, its concentration is tightly regulated. This review focuses on the role of[Ca2+]i in differentiation, apoptosis and proliferation in neuroblastoma. It describes themechanisms by which [Ca2+]i is regulated and how it modulates intracellular pathways.Furthermore, the importance of [Ca2+]i for the function of anti-cancer drugs is illuminatedin this review as [Ca2+]i could be a target to improve the outcome of anti-cancer treatmentin neuroblastoma. Overall, modulations of [Ca2+]i could be a key target to induce apoptosisin cancer cells leading to a more efficient and effective treatment of neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noothan Jyothi Satheesh
- Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, POB 24144, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, POB 24144, Doha, Qatar.
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Sulaiman MK, Chu Z, Blanco VM, Vallabhapurapu SD, Franco RS, Qi X. SapC-DOPS nanovesicles induce Smac- and Bax-dependent apoptosis through mitochondrial activation in neuroblastomas. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:78. [PMID: 25889084 PMCID: PMC4397704 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0336-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High toxicity, morbidity and secondary malignancy render chemotherapy of neuroblastoma inefficient, prompting the search for novel compounds. Nanovesicles offer great promise in imaging and treatment of cancer. SapC-DOPS, a stable nanovesicle formed from the lysosomal protein saposin C and dioleoylphosphatidylserine possess strong affinity for abundantly exposed surface phosphatidylserine on cancer cells. Here, we show that SapC-DOPS effectively targets and suppresses neuroblastoma growth and elucidate the molecular mechanism of SapC-DOPS action in neuroblastoma in vitro. METHODS In vivo targeting of neuroblastoma was assessed in xenograft mice injected intravenously with fluorescently-labeled SapC-DOPS. Xenografted tumors were also used to demonstrate its therapeutic efficacy. Apoptosis induction in vivo was evaluated in tumor sections using the TUNEL assay. The mechanisms underlying the induction of apoptosis by SapC-DOPS were addressed through measurements of cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨM), flow cytometric DNA fragmentation assays and by immunoblot analysis of second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac), Bax, Cytochrome c (Cyto c) and Caspase-3 in the cytosol or in mitochondrial fractions of cultured neuroblastoma cells. RESULTS SapC-DOPS showed specific targeting and prevented the growth of human neuroblastoma xenografts in mice. In neuroblastoma cells in vitro, apoptosis occurred via a series of steps that included: (1) loss of ΔΨM and increased mitochondrial superoxide formation; (2) cytosolic release of Smac, Cyto c, AIF; and (3) mitochondrial translocation and polymerization of Bax. ShRNA-mediated Smac knockdown and V5 peptide-mediated Bax inhibition decreased cytosolic Smac and Cyto c release along with caspase activation and abrogated apoptosis, indicating that Smac and Bax are critical mediators of SapC-DOPS action. Similarly, pretreatment with the mitochondria-stabilizing agent bongkrekic acid decreased apoptosis indicating that loss of ΔΨM is critical for SapC-DOPS activity. Apoptosis induction was not critically dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and Cyclophilin D, since pretreatment with N-acetyl cysteine and cyclosporine A, respectively, did not prevent Smac or Cyto c release. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results indicate that SapC-DOPS acts through a mitochondria-mediated pathway accompanied by an early release of Smac and Bax. Specific tumor-targeting capacity and anticancer efficacy of SapC-DOPS supports its potential as a dual imaging and therapeutic agent in neuroblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahaboob K Sulaiman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
| | - Zhengtao Chu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
- Divison of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
| | - Victor M Blanco
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
| | - Subrahmanya D Vallabhapurapu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
| | - Robert S Franco
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
| | - Xiaoyang Qi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
- Divison of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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12
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MEIS2 is essential for neuroblastoma cell survival and proliferation by transcriptional control of M-phase progression. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1417. [PMID: 25210800 PMCID: PMC4540202 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
MEIS2 has an important role in development and organogenesis, and is implicated in the pathogenesis of human cancer. The molecular basis of MEIS2 action in tumorigenesis is not clear. Here, we show that MEIS2 is highly expressed in human neuroblastoma cell lines and is required for neuroblastoma cell survival and proliferation. Depletion of MEIS2 in neuroblastoma cells leads to M-phase arrest and mitotic catastrophe, whereas ectopic expression of MEIS2 markedly enhances neuroblastoma cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, and tumorigenicity. Gene expression profiling reveals an essential role of MEIS2 in maintaining the expression of a large number of late cell-cycle genes, including those required for DNA replication, G2-M checkpoint control and M-phase progression. Importantly, we identify MEIS2 as a transcription activator of the MuvB-BMYB-FOXM1 complex that functions as a master regulator of cell-cycle gene expression. Further, we show that FOXM1 is a direct target gene of MEIS2 and is required for MEIS2 to upregulate mitotic genes. These findings link a developmentally important gene to the control of cell proliferation and suggest that high MEIS2 expression is a molecular mechanism for high expression of mitotic genes that is frequently observed in cancers of poor prognosis.
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13
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Planells-Ferrer L, Urresti J, Soriano A, Reix S, Murphy DM, Ferreres JC, Borràs F, Gallego S, Stallings RL, Moubarak RS, Segura MF, Comella JX. MYCN repression of Lifeguard/FAIM2 enhances neuroblastoma aggressiveness. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1401. [PMID: 25188511 PMCID: PMC4540192 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NBL) is the most common solid tumor in infants and accounts for 15% of all pediatric cancer deaths. Several risk factors predict NBL outcome: age at the time of diagnosis, stage, chromosome alterations and MYCN (V-Myc Avian Myelocytomatosis Viral Oncogene Neuroblastoma-Derived Homolog) amplification, which characterizes the subset of the most aggressive NBLs with an overall survival below 30%. MYCN-amplified tumors develop exceptional chemoresistance and metastatic capacity. These properties have been linked to defects in the apoptotic machinery, either by silencing components of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway (e.g. caspase-8) or by overexpression of antiapoptotic regulators (e.g. Bcl-2, Mcl-1 or FLIP). Very little is known on the implication of death receptors and their antagonists in NBL. In this work, the expression levels of several death receptor antagonists were analyzed in multiple human NBL data sets. We report that Lifeguard (LFG/FAIM2 (Fas apoptosis inhibitory molecule 2)/NMP35) is downregulated in the most aggressive and undifferentiated tumors. Intringuingly, although LFG has been initially characterized as an antiapoptotic protein, we have found a new association with NBL differentiation. Moreover, LFG repression resulted in reduced cell adhesion, increased sphere growth and enhanced migration, thus conferring a higher metastatic capacity to NBL cells. Furthermore, LFG expression was found to be directly repressed by MYCN at the transcriptional level. Our data, which support a new functional role for a hitherto undiscovered MYCN target, provide a new link between MYCN overexpression and increased NBL metastatic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Planells-Ferrer
- Cell Signaling and Apoptosis Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Urresti
- Cell Signaling and Apoptosis Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Soriano
- Laboratory of Translational Research in Pediatric Cancer, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Reix
- Cell Signaling and Apoptosis Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D M Murphy
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons and National Children's Research Centre Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J C Ferreres
- Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Borràs
- Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Gallego
- 1] Laboratory of Translational Research in Pediatric Cancer, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain [2] Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R L Stallings
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons and National Children's Research Centre Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R S Moubarak
- Cell Signaling and Apoptosis Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M F Segura
- Laboratory of Translational Research in Pediatric Cancer, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J X Comella
- Cell Signaling and Apoptosis Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Li Y, Nakagawara A. Apoptotic cell death in neuroblastoma. Cells 2013; 2:432-59. [PMID: 24709709 PMCID: PMC3972687 DOI: 10.3390/cells2020432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is one of the most common malignant solid tumors in childhood, which derives from the sympathoadrenal lineage of the neural crest and exhibits extremely heterogeneous biological and clinical behaviors. The infant patients frequently undergo spontaneous regression even with metastatic disease, whereas the patients of more than one year of age who suffer from disseminated disease have a poor outcome despite intensive multimodal treatment. Spontaneous regression in favorable NBs has been proposed to be triggered by nerve growth factor (NGF) deficiency in the tumor with NGF dependency for survival, while aggressive NBs have defective apoptotic machinery which enables the tumor cells to evade apoptosis and confers the resistance to treatment. This paper reviews the molecules and pathways that have been recently identified to be involved in apoptotic cell death in NB and discusses their potential prospects for developing more effective therapeutic strategies against aggressive NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Division of Biochemistry and Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, 666-2 Nitona, Chuoh-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan.
| | - Akira Nakagawara
- Division of Biochemistry and Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, 666-2 Nitona, Chuoh-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan.
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15
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Xian YF, Lin ZX, Ip SP, Su ZR, Chen JN, Lai XP. Comparison the neuropreotective effect of Cortex Phellodendri chinensis and Cortex Phellodendri amurensis against beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:187-193. [PMID: 23123224 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cortex Phellodendron chinensis (CPC) and Cortex Phellodendron amurensis (CPA) derived from the dried bark of Phellodendron chinense Schneid. or Phellodendron amurense Rupr., respectively, are used interchangeably in clinical practice under the name "Huang Bai" for centuries in Chinese medicine for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions. Previous study in our laboratory demonstrated that CPC and CPA had different anti-diarrheal, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. In this present study, we aimed to compare the protective effect of ethanol extract of Cortex Phellodendri chinensis (ECPC) and Cortex Phellodendri Amurensis (ECPA) against beta-amyloid (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells, a typical model of Alzheimer's disease. The results showed that ECPC and ECPA contain four common chemical markers such as berberine, but palmatine and jatrorrhizin were not found in CPC in contrast to the presence in CPA. In addition, both ECPC and ECPA can significantly increase the cell viability in Aβ-treated PC12 cells. Moreover, ECPC and ECPA can markedly elevate the ratio of the protein and mRNA levels of Bcl-2/Bax, while remarkably decrease the release of cytochrome c, and the protein and mRNA expression of caspase-3. Interestingly, ECPA has better protective effect than ECPC against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. These results indicate that both ECPC and ECPA have potential protective effect against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells, and ECPA is more potential of the two species to be used in traditional medicine as a neuroprotective agent for the treatment of AD. The neuroprotective effect of the two species may be mediated, at least in part, via suppressing of the cellular apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fang Xian
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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16
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Chen L, Tweddle DA. p53, SKP2, and DKK3 as MYCN Target Genes and Their Potential Therapeutic Significance. Front Oncol 2012; 2:173. [PMID: 23226679 PMCID: PMC3508619 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common extra-cranial solid tumor of childhood. Despite significant advances, it currently still remains one of the most difficult childhood cancers to cure, with less than 40% of patients with high-risk disease being long-term survivors. MYCN is a proto-oncogene implicated to be directly involved in neuroblastoma development. Amplification of MYCN is associated with rapid tumor progression and poor prognosis. Novel therapeutic strategies which can improve the survival rates whilst reducing the toxicity in these patients are therefore required. Here we discuss genes regulated by MYCN in neuroblastoma, with particular reference to p53, SKP2, and DKK3 and strategies that may be employed to target them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindi Chen
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University Newcastle, UK
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17
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Chanthery YH, Gustafson WC, Itsara M, Persson A, Hackett CS, Grimmer M, Charron E, Yakovenko S, Kim G, Matthay KK, Weiss WA. Paracrine signaling through MYCN enhances tumor-vascular interactions in neuroblastoma. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:115ra3. [PMID: 22218692 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma, a tumor of peripheral neural crest origin, numbers among the most common childhood cancers. Both amplification of the proto-oncogene MYCN and increased neoangiogenesis mark high-risk disease. Because angiogenesis is regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), we tested a clinical PI3K inhibitor, NVP-BEZ235, in MYCN-dependent neuroblastoma. NVP-BEZ235 decreased angiogenesis and improved survival in both primary human (highly pretreated recurrent MYCN-amplified orthotopic xenograft) and transgenic mouse models for MYCN-driven neuroblastoma. Using both gain- and loss-of-function approaches, we demonstrated that the antiangiogenic efficacy of NVP-BEZ235 depended critically on MYCN in vitro and in vivo. Thus, clinical PI3K/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors drove degradation of MYCN in tumor cells, with secondary paracrine blockade of angiogenesis. Our data demonstrated significantly improved survival in treated animals and suggest that NVP-BEZ235 should be tested in children with high-risk, MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan H Chanthery
- Biomedical Science Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, 1450 Third Street, MC0520, San Francisco, CA 94158-9001, USA
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18
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Abstract
The Polycomb transcription repressor BMI1 is highly expressed in human neuroblastomas and is required for the clonogenic self-renewal and tumorigenicity of human neuroblastoma cell lines. The molecular basis of BMI1 action in neuroblastoma cells is not well understood. Here we report that BMI1 has a critical role in stabilizing cyclin E1 by repressing the expression of FBXW7, a substrate-recognition subunit of the SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets cyclin E1 for degradation. BMI1 binds to the FBXW7 locus in vivo and represses its mRNA expression. Overexpression of cyclin E1 or abrogation of FBXW7 induction rescues the cell-death phenotype of BMI1 knockdown. Moreover, MYCN, an oncoprotein in the pathogenesis of high-risk neuroblastomas, is able to counteract the death-inducing effect of BMI1 knockdown by activating CCNE1 transcription. We further show that high cyclin E1 expression is associated with Stage 4 neuroblastomas and poor prognosis in patients. These findings suggest a molecular mechanism for the oncogenic activity of BMI1 and MYCN in neuroblastoma pathogenesis and progression by maintaining cyclin E1 levels.
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19
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Li T, Cui ZB, Ke XX, Tan J, Li FF, Li T, Wang XW, Cui HJ. Essential role for p53 and caspase-9 in DNA damaging drug-induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma IMR32 cells. DNA Cell Biol 2011; 30:1045-50. [PMID: 21612408 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2011.1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a solid tumor of the sympathetic nervous system accounting for up to 10% of pediatric cancers and 15% of cancer-related deaths. It is a useful system for investigation of stress signal-mediated apoptosis as a tumor suppression mechanism. In this study, we present evidence that p53 mediates DNA damaging drug-induced apoptosis in IMR32 cells through the caspase-9 pathway. In summary, we define a molecular pathway for mediating DNA damaging drug-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma IMR32 cells and suggest that inactivation of essential components of this apoptotic pathway may confer drug resistance on neuroblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Li
- The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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20
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Jiang M, Stanke J, Lahti JM. The connections between neural crest development and neuroblastoma. Curr Top Dev Biol 2011; 94:77-127. [PMID: 21295685 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-380916-2.00004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB), the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood, is an extremely heterogeneous disease both biologically and clinically. Although significant progress has been made in identifying molecular and genetic markers for NB, this disease remains an enigmatic challenge. Since NB is thought to be an embryonal tumor that is derived from precursor cells of the peripheral (sympathetic) nervous system, understanding the development of normal sympathetic nervous system may highlight abnormal events that contribute to NB initiation. Therefore, this review focuses on the development of the peripheral trunk neural crest, the current understanding of how developmental factors may contribute to NB and on recent advances in the identification of important genetic lesions and signaling pathways involved in NB tumorigenesis and metastasis. Finally, we discuss how future advances in identification of molecular alterations in NB may lead to more effective, less toxic therapies, and improve the prognosis for NB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manrong Jiang
- Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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21
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Li C, Xing G, Dong M, Zhou L, Li J, Wang G, Zou D, Wang R, Liu J, Niu Y. Beta-asarone protection against beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells via JNK signaling and modulation of Bcl-2 family proteins. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 635:96-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Chen L, Iraci N, Gherardi S, Gamble LD, Wood KM, Perini G, Lunec J, Tweddle DA. p53 is a direct transcriptional target of MYCN in neuroblastoma. Cancer Res 2010; 70:1377-88. [PMID: 20145147 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MYCN amplification occurs in approximately 25% of neuroblastomas, where it is associated with rapid tumor progression and poor prognosis. MYCN plays a paradoxical role in driving cellular proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Based on observations of nuclear p53 accumulation in neuroblastoma, we hypothesized that MYCN may regulate p53 in this setting. Immunohistochemical analysis of 82 neuroblastoma tumors showed an association of high p53 expression with MYCN expression and amplification. In a panel of 5 MYCN-amplified and 5 nonamplified neuroblastoma cell lines, and also in the Tet21N-regulatable MYCN expression system, we further documented a correlation between the expression of MYCN and p53. In MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cell lines, MYCN knockdown decreased p53 expression. In Tet21N MYCN+ cells, higher levels of p53 transcription, mRNA, and protein were observed relative to Tet21N MYCN- cells. In chromatin immunoprecipitation and reporter gene assays, MYCN bound directly to a Myc E-Box DNA binding motif located close to the transcriptional start site within the p53 promoter, where it could initiate transcription. E-Box mutation decreased MYCN-driven transcriptional activation. Microarray analysis of Tet21N MYCN+/- cells identified several p53-regulated genes that were upregulated in the presence of MYCN, including MDM2 and PUMA, the levels of which were reduced by MYCN knockdown. We concluded that MYCN transcriptionally upregulates p53 in neuroblastoma and uses p53 to mediate a key mechanism of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindi Chen
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4H, United Kingdom
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Besançon R, Valsesia-Wittmann S, Locher C, Delloye-Bourgeois C, Furhman L, Tutrone G, Bertrand C, Jallas AC, Garin E, Puisieux A. Upstream ORF affects MYCN translation depending on exon 1b alternative splicing. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:445. [PMID: 20017904 PMCID: PMC2810302 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The MYCN gene is transcribed into two major mRNAs: one full-length (MYCN) and one exon 1b-spliced (MYCNΔ1b) mRNA. But nothing is known about their respective ability to translate the MYCN protein. Methods Plasmids were prepared to enable translation from the upstream (uORF) and major ORF of the two MYCN transcripts. Translation was studied after transfection in neuroblastoma SH-EP cell line. Impact of the upstream AUG on translation was evaluated after directed mutagenesis. Functional study with the two MYCN mRNAs was conducted by a cell viability assay. Existence of a new protein encoded by the MYCNΔ1b uORF was explored by designing a rabbit polyclonal antibody against a specific epitope of this protein. Results Both are translated, but higher levels of protein were seen with MYCNΔ1b mRNA. An upstream ORF was shown to have positive cis-regulatory activity on translation from MYCN but not from MYCNΔ1b mRNA. In transfected SH-EP neuroblastoma cells, high MYCN dosage obtained with MYCNΔ1b mRNA translation induces an antiapoptotic effect after serum deprivation that was not observed with low MYCN expression obtained with MYCN mRNA. Here, we showed that MYCNOT: MYCN Overlap Transcript, a new protein of unknown function is translated from the upstream AUG of MYCNΔ1b mRNA. Conclusions Existence of upstream ORF in MYCN transcripts leads to a new level of MYCN regulation. The resulting MYCN dosage has a weak but significant anti-apoptotic activity after intrinsic apoptosis induction.
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Mahajan S, Dammai V, Hsu T, Kraft AS. Hypoxia-inducible factor-2alpha regulates the expression of TRAIL receptor DR5 in renal cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:1734-41. [PMID: 18544564 PMCID: PMC2527645 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the role of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2alpha in regulating sensitivity of renal cancer cells to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis, we transfected wild-type and mutant von Hippel Lindau (VHL) proteins into TRAIL-sensitive, VHL-negative A498 cells. We find that wild-type VHL, but not the VHL mutants S65W and C162F that do not degrade HIF proteins, cause TRAIL resistance. Knock down of the HIF-2alpha protein by RNA interference (short hairpin RNA) blocked TRAIL-induced apoptosis, decreased the level of TRAIL receptor (DR5) protein and inhibited the transcription of DR5 messenger RNA. By using luciferase constructs containing the upstream region of the DR5 promoter, we demonstrate that HIF-2alpha stimulates the transcription of the DR5 gene by activating the upstream region between -448 and -1188. Because HIF-2alpha is thought to exert its effect on gene transcription by interacting with the Max protein partner of Myc in the Myc/Max dimer, small interfering RNAs to Myc were used to lower the levels of this protein. In multiple renal cancer cell lines decreasing the levels of Myc blocked the ability of HIF-2alpha to stimulate DR5 transcription. PS-341 (VELCADE, bortezomib), a proteasome inhibitor used to treat human cancer, increases the levels of both HIF-2alpha and c-Myc and elevates the level of DR5 in renal cancer, sensitizing renal cancer cells to TRAIL therapy. Similarly, increasing HIF-2alpha in prostate and lung cancer cell lines increased the levels of DR5. Thus, in renal cancer cell lines expressing HIF-2alpha, this protein plays a role in regulating the levels of the TRAIL receptor DR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mahajan
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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25
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Lange TS, Singh RK, Kim KK, Zou Y, Kalkunte SS, Sholler GL, Swamy N, Brard L. Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic properties of 3-bromoacetoxy calcidiol in high-risk neuroblastoma. Chem Biol Drug Des 2007; 70:302-10. [PMID: 17937776 PMCID: PMC2519607 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2007.00567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxic, anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of 3-Bromoacetoxy Calcidiol (B3CD), a derivative of vitamin D3 precursor calcidiol, on human neuroblastoma (NB) cells were examined. NB, predominantly a tumor of early childhood, is the most common extracranial solid tumor. Despite aggressive treatments, survival for advanced stages remains low and novel treatment strategies are needed. B3CD-induced apoptosis in various neuroblastic cells via caspases-3 and -9 activation. B3CD upregulated mitochondrial pro-apoptotic Bax and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression, caused cytochrome c release, downregulated N-Myc expression and activated pro-survival marker Akt. Accordingly, B3CD treatment dose dependently reduced the viability of NB cells with IC50 values between 1 and 3 microm. The cytotoxicity of B3CD was significantly higher than for the calcemic parent-compound vitamin D3 (IC50 between 10 and 30 microm). Further studies revealed that B3CD treatment inhibits the proliferation of NB cells at low concentrations (IC50 between 30 and 100 nm). Cell cycle analysis showed a dramatic increase in the apoptotic sub-diploidal population along with a cell cycle block. In summary, the present study shows that B3CD is toxic to NB cells via suppression of cell proliferation and cell viability by caspase activation and regulation of survival signals. These results suggest that B3CD could be developed as a treatment for NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo S. Lange
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women’s Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants’ Hospital of RI, Providence, RI 02905, USA
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Rakesh K. Singh
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women’s Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants’ Hospital of RI, Providence, RI 02905, USA
| | - Kyu Kwang Kim
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women’s Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants’ Hospital of RI, Providence, RI 02905, USA
| | - Yongping Zou
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women’s Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants’ Hospital of RI, Providence, RI 02905, USA
| | - Satyan S. Kalkunte
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants’ Hospital of RI, Providence, RI 02905, USA
| | - Giselle L. Sholler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - Narasimha Swamy
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women’s Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants’ Hospital of RI, Providence, RI 02905, USA
| | - Laurent Brard
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women’s Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants’ Hospital of RI, Providence, RI 02905, USA
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26
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Drosopoulos K, Pintzas A. Multifaceted targeting in cancer: the recent cell death players meet the usual oncogene suspects. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 11:641-59. [PMID: 17465723 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.11.5.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Recent complicated advances towards the blueprinting of the altered molecular networks that lie behind cancer development have paved the way for targeted therapy in cancer. This directed a significant part of the research community to the development of specialized targeted agents, many of which are already available or in clinical trials. The prospect of patient-tailored therapeutic strategies, although very close to becoming a reality also raises the level of complexity of the therapeutic approach. This review summarizes the functions, in vivo expression patterns and aberrations of factors presently targeted or representing potential targets by therapeutic agents, focusing on those implicated in death receptor-induced apoptosis. The authors overview the regulation of these factors and death receptor-induced apoptosis by classical oncogenes (e.g., RAS, MYC, HER2) and their effectors/regulators, most of which are also being targeted. In addition, the importance of orthologic systemic approaches in future patient-tailored therapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Drosopoulos
- Laboratory of Signal Mediated Gene Expression, Institute of Biological Research and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
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27
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Cui H, Hu B, Li T, Ma J, Alam G, Gunning WT, Ding HF. Bmi-1 is essential for the tumorigenicity of neuroblastoma cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 170:1370-8. [PMID: 17392175 PMCID: PMC1829469 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of oncogenes underlies the pathogenesis of most human cancers. In neuroblastoma, amplification of the oncogene MYCN occurs in approximately 22% of cases and is associated with advanced stages of the disease and poor prognosis. Identification of other oncogenes that are consistently mutated or overexpressed in neuroblastoma is crucial for a molecular understanding of the pathogenic process. Here, we report that the oncogene Bmi-1 is highly expressed in human neuroblastoma cell lines and primary tumors. Neuroblastoma development in MYCN transgenic mice, an animal model for the human disease, was associated with a marked increase in the levels of Bmi-1 expression. Bmi-1 cooperated with MYCN in transformation of benign S-type neuroblastoma cells and avian neural crest cells by inhibiting the apoptotic activity of MYCN. Importantly, down-regulation of Bmi-1 impaired the ability of neuroblastoma cells to grow in soft agar and induce tumors in immunodeficient mice. Moreover, Bmi-1-knockdown neuroblastoma xenografts were characterized by a significant increase in the amount of Schwannian stroma, a histological feature associated with clinically favorable neuroblastomas. These findings suggest a crucial role for Bmi-1 in neuroblastoma pathogenesis and provide insights into the molecular basis of neuroblastoma heterogeneity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- N-Myc Proto-Oncogene Protein
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neuroblastoma/metabolism
- Neuroblastoma/pathology
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Polycomb Repressive Complex 1
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Cui
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Medical University of Ohio, 3035 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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28
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Wei J, Wahl J, Knauss H, Zeller S, Jarmy G, Fitze G, Debatin KM, Beltinger C. Cytosine deaminase/5-fluorocytosine gene therapy and Apo2L/TRAIL cooperate to kill TRAIL-resistant tumor cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2007; 14:640-51. [PMID: 17479107 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7701051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The death ligand Apo2L/TRAIL (Apo2 ligand/tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) eradicates many tumor types while sparing most normal tissues. However, some tumors are resistant to TRAIL. We therefore determined if TRAIL cooperates with cytosine deaminase/5-fluorocytosine (CD/5-FC) gene therapy and investigated the mechanisms involved. Transfection of human LAN-5 neuroblastoma cells with CD rendered the cells (LAN-5-CD) sensitive to 5-FC-induced, caspase-dependent apoptosis. Mediated by caspase-3, CD/5-FC and TRAIL cooperated to induce apoptosis in these TRAIL-resistant cells and to cleave X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). In established LAN-5-CD tumors growing subcutaneously in mice, intratumorally applied TRAIL did not decrease tumor growth and systemically administered 5-FC only attenuated tumor growth. In contrast, 5-FC together with TRAIL dramatically decreased tumor growth and eradicated a tumor. Assuming sufficient gene transfer of CD in situ, CD/5-FC with TRAIL may be useful for the therapy of tumors resistant to TRAIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wei
- University Children's Hospital, Ulm, Germany
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29
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Abstract
The discovery that the Myc oncoprotein could drive cells to undergo apoptosis in addition to its well-established role in cellular proliferation came in the early 1990s, at the beginning of a period of explosive research on cell death. Experimental evidence revealed that Myc sensitises cells to a wide range of death stimuli and abrogating this biological activity plays a profound role in tumorigenesis. Our understanding of the molecular mechanism and genetic programme of Myc-induced apoptosis remains shrouded in mystery and the focus of much attention. In this review, we will discuss established data, recent advances and future objectives regarding the regulatory processes and the functional cooperators that effect and abrogate apoptosis induced by Myc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Meyer
- Division of Cancer Genomics and Proteomics, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont, Canada
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30
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Gabellini N, Masola V, Quartesan S, Oselladore B, Nobile C, Michelucci R, Curtarello M, Parolin C, Palù G. Increased expression of LGI1 gene triggers growth inhibition and apoptosis of neuroblastoma cells. J Cell Physiol 2006; 207:711-21. [PMID: 16518856 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The LGI1 gene has been implicated in the malignant progression of glioblastoma and it has also been genetically linked to a form of partial epilepsy (ADLTE). In this study, we investigated the relevance of LGI1 expression for neuroblastoma cells. The analysis of two cell lines (SH-SY5Y and SK-N-BE) revealed unpredictably low levels of LGI1 and stable cell transfection with LGI1 cDNA yielded moderate increases of LGI1 expression. Neuroblastoma cell clones exhibited impaired cell growth and survival ability in relation to LGI1 levels. The process of growth inhibition could be discerned under experimental conditions of low cell density, since conditions of elevated cell density, which enhance the requirement for survival stimuli, resulted in massive cellular death. At high cell density, spontaneous apoptosis of LGI1 cells was clearly shown by the release of cytochrome c and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria and by phosphatydil serine exposure and nuclear fragmentation. Activation of apoptotic effectors caspase-3/7 also occurred, however, the broad caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK substantially failed to block cell death. Thus the possibility that LGI1-triggered apoptosis may involve initiator caspases linked to activation of death receptors, appears unlikely. The decreased ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax suggests that apoptosis is initiated by the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway through the release of caspase-dependent and -independent apoptogenic molecules. This study provides the first evidence that LGI1 controls neuronal cell survival, suggesting its role in the development of the nervous system in relation to the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and ADLTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Gabellini
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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31
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Morgenstern DA, Anderson J. MYCN deregulation as a potential target for novel therapies in rhabdomyosarcoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2006; 6:217-24. [PMID: 16445374 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.6.2.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma of childhood. Treatment requires a multimodality approach combining chemotherapy with surgery and radiotherapy. Although overall outcomes have improved considerably, the outlook for patients with high-risk disease, particularly the alveolar subtype, remains bleak and there is a clear need for new chemotherapeutic strategies. This review focuses on the possibilities for interventions targeting myc myelocytomatosis viral related oncogene, neuroblastoma derived (MYCN). The importance of aberrant expression of this oncogene is well established in neuroblastoma and recent data indicate that MYCN deregulation also occurs in up to a quarter of alveolar subtype cases. A range of possible approaches to target MYCN is discussed, including nucleic acid-based and immunotherapy strategies.
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32
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Rottmann S, Wang Y, Nasoff M, Deveraux QL, Quon KC. A TRAIL receptor-dependent synthetic lethal relationship between MYC activation and GSK3beta/FBW7 loss of function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:15195-200. [PMID: 16210249 PMCID: PMC1257707 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505114102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The MYC protooncogene is frequently deregulated in human cancers. Here, by screening a kinase-directed library of small inhibitory RNAs, we identify glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) as a gene whose inactivation potentiates TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand death receptor-mediated apoptosis specifically in MYC-overexpressing cells. Small inhibitory RNA-induced silencing of GSK3beta prevents phosphorylation of MYC on T58, thereby inhibiting recognition of MYC by the E3 ubiquitin ligase component FBW7. Attenuating the GSK3beta-FBW7 axis results in stabilization of MYC, up-regulation of surface levels of the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand death receptor 5, and potentiation of death receptor 5-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. These results identify GSK3beta and FBW7 as potential cancer therapeutic targets and MYC as a critical substrate in the GSK3beta survival-signaling pathway. The results also demonstrate paradoxically that MYC-expressing tumors might be treatable by drug combinations that increase rather than decrease MYC oncoprotein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Rottmann
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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