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Models of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia for Gene Therapies Testing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065365. [PMID: 36982440 PMCID: PMC10049562 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The adrenal glands are important endocrine organs that play a major role in the stress response. Some adrenal glands abnormalities are treated with hormone replacement therapy, which does not address physiological requirements. Modern technologies make it possible to develop gene therapy drugs that can completely cure diseases caused by mutations in specific genes. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an example of such a potentially treatable monogenic disease. CAH is an autosomal recessive inherited disease with an overall incidence of 1:9500–1:20,000 newborns. To date, there are several promising drugs for CAH gene therapy. At the same time, it remains unclear how new approaches can be tested, as there are no models for this disease. The present review focuses on modern models for inherited adrenal gland insufficiency and their detailed characterization. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of various pathological models are discussed, and ways of further development are suggested.
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Mao Y, Cui X, Wang H, Qin X, Liu Y, Yin Y, Su X, Tang J, Wang F, Ma F, Duan N, Zhang D, Hu Y, Wang W, Wei S, Chen X, Mao Z, Chen X, Shen X. De novo assembly provides new insights into the evolution of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:84. [PMID: 35717244 PMCID: PMC9206267 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00915-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elaeagnus angustifolia L. is a deciduous tree in the family Elaeagnaceae. It is widely used to study abiotic stress tolerance in plants and to improve desertification-affected land because of its ability to withstand diverse types of environmental stress, such as drought, salt, cold, and wind. However, no studies have examined the mechanisms underlying the resistance of E. angustifolia to environmental stress and its adaptive evolution. METHODS Here, we used PacBio, Hi-C, resequencing, and RNA-seq to construct the genome and transcriptome of E. angustifolia and explore its adaptive evolution. RESULTS The reconstructed genome of E. angustifolia was 526.80 Mb, with a contig N50 of 12.60 Mb and estimated divergence time of 84.24 Mya. Gene family expansion and resequencing analyses showed that the evolution of E. angustifolia was closely related to environmental conditions. After exposure to salt stress, GO pathway analysis showed that new genes identified from the transcriptome were related to ATP-binding, metal ion binding, and nucleic acid binding. CONCLUSION The genome sequence of E. angustifolia could be used for comparative genomic analyses of Elaeagnaceae family members and could help elucidate the mechanisms underlying the response of E. angustifolia to drought, salt, cold, and wind stress. Generally, these results provide new insights that could be used to improve desertification-affected land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Mao
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xueli Cui
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xin Qin
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yangbo Liu
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yijun Yin
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiafei Su
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Juan Tang
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing, China
| | | | - Fengwang Ma
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, China
| | - Naibin Duan
- Germplasm Resource Center of Shandong Province, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Donglin Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Yanli Hu
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Wenli Wang
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Shaochong Wei
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiaoliu Chen
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Zhiquan Mao
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xuesen Chen
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiang Shen
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.
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Kim D, Kim V, McCarty KD, Guengerich FP. Tight binding of cytochrome b 5 to cytochrome P450 17A1 is a critical feature of stimulation of C21 steroid lyase activity and androgen synthesis. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100571. [PMID: 33753170 PMCID: PMC8080067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been recognized for >50 years that cytochrome b5 (b5) stimulates some cytochrome P450 (P450)–catalyzed oxidations, but the basis of this function is still not understood well. The strongest stimulation of catalytic activity by b5 is in the P450 17A1 lyase reaction, an essential step in androgen synthesis from 21-carbon (C21) steroids, making this an excellent model system to interrogate b5 function. One of the issues in studying b5–P450 interactions has been the limited solution assay methods. We constructed a fluorescently labeled variant of human b5 that can be used in titrations. The labeled b5 bound to WT P450 17A1 with a Kd of 2.5 nM and rapid kinetics, on the order of 1 s−1. Only weak binding was observed with the clinical P450 17A1 variants E305G, R347H, and R358Q; these mutants are deficient in lyase activity, which has been hypothesized to be due to attenuated b5 binding. Kd values were not affected by the presence of P450 17A1 substrates. A peptide containing the P450 17A1 Arg-347/Arg-358 region attenuated Alexa 488-T70C-b5 fluorescence at higher concentrations. The addition of NADPH–P450 reductase (POR) to an Alexa 488-T70C-b5:P450 17A1 complex resulted in a concentration-dependent partial restoration of b5 fluorescence, indicative of a ternary P450:b5:POR complex, which was also supported by gel filtration experiments. Overall, these results are interpreted in the context of a dynamic and tight P450 17A1:b5 complex that also binds POR to form a catalytically competent ternary complex, and variants that disrupt this interaction have low catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghak Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Vitchan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kevin D McCarty
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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Fort DJ, Mathis M, Fort C, Fort TD, Guiney PD, Weeks JA. Polybrominated Diphenylether (DE-71) Exposure Skews Phenotypic Sex Ratio, and Alters Steroid Hormone Levels and Steroidogenic Enzyme Activities in Juvenile Silurana tropicalis. Toxicol Sci 2019; 172:63-74. [PMID: 31393593 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of the brominated flame-retardant mixture, DE-71, on gonadal steroidogenesis during sexual differentiation in Silurana tropicalis was examined. A partial lifecycle study exposing S. tropicalis to varying concentrations of DE-71 (0.0, 0.65, 1.3, 2.5, and 5.0 μg/L [nominal]) was conducted from early gastrula-stage embryo to 150 d post-metamorphosis (dpm). Exposure of S. tropicalis to DE-71 induced liver necrosis and induced abnormal ovary development characterized by previtellogenic oocyte necrosis and arrested development of vitellogenic oocytes in females in a concentration-dependent manner. Decreased mean plasma DHT and T, gonad T, and increased mean plasma E2 levels were found in 150 dpm DE-71-treated male S. tropicalis compared to controls. Plasma E2 levels in females were not significantly altered compared to control S. tropicalis, although lower plasma and gonad T were detected. Mean gonadal CYP 19 aromatase activity in both male and female S. tropicalis exposed to DE-71 was not appreciably affected. Decreased mean male 5α-reductase and CYP17 activities in both male and females were observed compared to control frogs. Overall, these studies suggested that PBDE exposure induced liver necrosis and abnormal ovary development; and reduced circulating and gonadal androgens resulting in a phenotypic skew in sex ratio toward the female sex in S. tropicalis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chelsea Fort
- Fort Environmental Laboratories, Inc. Stillwater, OK.,Current Address - Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of Oklahoma - Central Division, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Troy D Fort
- Fort Environmental Laboratories, Inc. Stillwater, OK.,Current Address - Cognitive and Neurobiological Approaches to Plasticity (CNAP), Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Patrick D Guiney
- S.C. Johnson & Son, Racine, WI.,Current Address - University of Wisconsin, Stoughton, WI
| | - John A Weeks
- S.C. Johnson & Son, Racine, WI.,Current Address - Weeks Entox, Knoxville, TN
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Fort DJ, Mathis MB, Fort CE, Fort HM, Fort TD, Guiney PD, Weeks JA. Effect of perfluorooctanesulfonate exposure on steroid hormone levels and steroidogenic enzyme activities in juvenile Silurana tropicalis. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1066-1078. [PMID: 30847954 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The impact of the perfluoro-chemical, perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), on gonadal steroidogenesis during sexual differentiation in Silurana tropicalis was examined because of its ubiquity in the environment, bioaccumulative nature and potential to disturb endocrine activity. A partial life cycle study exposing S. tropicalis to varying concentrations of PFOS 0.06, 0.13, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 mg PFOS/L [nominal]) was conducted. Gonad and plasma samples were collected from juvenile control specimens and organisms exposed to PFOS from early embryo through 150 days post-metamorphosis. Gonad CYP17, aromatase and 5α-reductase activities were measured. Plasma estradiol, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and gonadal testosterone were measured in both males and females. Increased plasma DHT and gonadal testosterone were found in PFOS-treated juvenile male S. tropicalis compared to controls. Decreased plasma estradiol, but not testosterone, was detected in PFOS-treated female S. tropicalis compared to controls. Plasma DHT was not detected and an increase in gonadal testosterone was detected in PFOS-treated female frogs. Female S. tropicalis exposed to PFOS exhibited a concentration-related decrease in the mean aromatase activity, but not 5α-reductase. PFOS exposure in male frogs induced a concentration-related increase in 5α-reductase activity, but did not alter aromatase activity compared to control frogs. A concentration-related increase in CYP 17,20-lyase activity, but not 17-hydroxylase activity, was found in both female and male S. tropicalis exposed to PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hayley M Fort
- Fort Environmental Laboratories, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Troy D Fort
- Fort Environmental Laboratories, Stillwater, OK, USA
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Bhatt MR, Khatri Y, Rodgers RJ, Martin LL. Role of cytochrome b5 in the modulation of the enzymatic activities of cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (P450 17A1). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 170:2-18. [PMID: 26976652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome b5 (cyt b5) is a small hemoprotein that plays a significant role in the modulation of activities of an important steroidogenic enzyme, cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (P450 17A1, CYP17A1). Located in the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex and in the gonads, P450 17A1 catalyzes two different reactions in the steroidogenic pathway; the 17α-hydroxylation and 17,20-lyase, in the endoplasmic reticulum of these respective tissues. The activities of P450 17A1 are regulated by cyt b5 that enhances the 17,20-lyase reaction by promoting the coupling of P450 17A1 and cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR), allosterically. Cyt b5 can also act as an electron donor to enhance the 16-ene-synthase activity of human P450 17A1. In this review, we discuss the many roles of cyt b5 and focus on the modulation of CYP17A1 activities by cyt b5 and the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megh Raj Bhatt
- Everest Biotech Pvt. Ltd., Khumaltar, Lalitpur, P.O. Box 21608, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
| | - Yogan Khatri
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Raymond J Rodgers
- School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Lisandra L Martin
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Victoria, Australia.
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Shet MS, Fisher CW, Tremblay Y, Belanger A, Conley AJ, Mason JI, Estabrook RW. Comparison of the 17α-Hydroxylase/C17,20-Lyase Activities of Porcine, Guinea Pig and Bovine P450c17 Using Purified Recombinant Fusion Proteins Containing P450c17 Linked to NADPH-P450 Reductase. Drug Metab Rev 2008; 39:289-307. [PMID: 17786622 DOI: 10.1080/03602530701468391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The cDNAs for cytochrome P450c17 (P450c17) of three species, pig, guinea pig, and cow, representing three families of mammals (suidae, procaviidae, and bovidae, respectively) were each engineered into an expression plasmid (pCWori+). The P450c17 domain of the coding sequence was connected to a truncated form of rat NADPH-P450 reductase by a linker sequence encoding two amino acids (SerThr). These fusion proteins were expressed in E. coli and purified for use in enzymatic assays to determine similarities and differences in 17 alpha-hydroxylase and lyase activities. The fusion proteins were found to catalyze both the 17 alpha-hydroxylation of progesterone (P4) and pregnenolone (P5) to 17 alpha-hydroxylated P4 and P5 (17 alpha-OH P4 and 17 alpha-OH P5) followed by the C17,20-lyase reaction for the conversion of these C(21)-17 alpha-hydroxylated steroids to C(19)-steroids (the C17,20-lyase reaction). These in vitro studies show that (a) porcine P450c17 possesses cytochrome b(5) (b(5))-stimulated C17,20-lyase activity that converts 17 alpha OH-P4 to androstenedione (AD) but also converts 17 alpha-OHP5 to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA); (b) guinea pig P450c17 possesses a b(5)-stimulated C17,20-lyase activity that converts 17 alpha-OH P4 to AD but does not convert 17 alpha-OH P5 to DHEA., and (c) bovine P450c17 possesses a b(5)-stimulated C17,20-lyase activity that converts 17 alpha-OH P5 to DHEA but does not convert 17 alpha-OH P4 to AD. Thus, the P450c17 of each species differs in its ability to catalyze in vitro the conversion of C(21)-steroids to C(19)-steroids. In addition, each P450c17 is capable of catalyzing additional hydroxylation reactions leading to low levels of 2 alpha-, 6 beta-, 16- and 21-hydroxy-metabolites. Porcine P450c17 also catalyzes the b(5)-dependent synthesis of andien-beta (androsta-5,16-dien-3beta-ol) from P5. When the amino acid sequences of the three P450c17s were aligned there was an approximate 50% variation in the alignment identity (227 differences in the sequences of 509 amino acids). Alignment did not permit the assignment of specific amino acids or domains to the observed differences in enzymatic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunath S Shet
- Purdue Pharma LP, Department of Pharmocokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Stamford, Connecticut, USA
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Storbeck KH, Kolar NW, Stander M, Swart AC, Prevoo D, Swart P. The development of an ultra performance liquid chromatography-coupled atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry assay for seven adrenal steroids. Anal Biochem 2008; 372:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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