1
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Baena-Lopez LA, Wang L, Wendler F. Cellular stress management by caspases. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 86:102314. [PMID: 38215516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Cellular stress plays a pivotal role in the onset of numerous human diseases. Consequently, the removal of dysfunctional cells, which undergo excessive stress-induced damage via various cell death pathways, including apoptosis, is essential for maintaining organ integrity and function. The evolutionarily conserved family of cysteine-aspartic-proteases, known as caspases, has been a key player in orchestrating apoptosis. However, recent research has unveiled the capability of these enzymes to govern fundamental cellular processes without triggering cell death. Remarkably, some of these non-lethal functions of caspases may contribute to restoring cellular equilibrium in stressed cells. This manuscript discusses how caspases can function as cellular stress managers and their potential impact on human health and disease. Additionally, it sheds light on the limitations of caspase-based therapies, given our still incomplete understanding of the biology of these enzymes, particularly in non-apoptotic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Wang
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13RE, UK
| | - Franz Wendler
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13RE, UK. https://twitter.com/wendlerfranz
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2
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Ohayon D, De Chiara A, Dang PMC, Thieblemont N, Chatfield S, Marzaioli V, Burgener SS, Mocek J, Candalh C, Pintard C, Tacnet-Delorme P, Renault G, Lagoutte I, Favier M, Walker F, Hurtado-Nedelec M, Desplancq D, Weiss E, Benarafa C, Housset D, Marie JC, Frachet P, El-Benna J, Witko-Sarsat V. Cytosolic PCNA interacts with p47phox and controls NADPH oxidase NOX2 activation in neutrophils. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2669-2687. [PMID: 31492810 PMCID: PMC6829599 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes a novel function of cytosolic proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the control of neutrophil NADPH oxidase, a complex pivotal for ROS generation in inflammation. Inhibition of neutrophil PCNA results in a potent antiinflammatory effect in colitis. Neutrophils produce high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NADPH oxidase that are crucial for host defense but can lead to tissue injury when produced in excess. We previously described that proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a nuclear scaffolding protein pivotal in DNA synthesis, controls neutrophil survival through its cytosolic association with procaspases. We herein showed that PCNA associated with p47phox, a key subunit of NADPH oxidase, and that this association regulated ROS production. Surface plasmon resonance and crystallography techniques demonstrated that the interdomain-connecting loop of PCNA interacted directly with the phox homology (PX) domain of the p47phox. PCNA inhibition by competing peptides or by T2AA, a small-molecule PCNA inhibitor, decreased NADPH oxidase activation in vitro. Furthermore, T2AA provided a therapeutic benefit in mice during trinitro-benzene-sulfonic acid (TNBS)–induced colitis by decreasing oxidative stress, accelerating mucosal repair, and promoting the resolution of inflammation. Our data suggest that targeting PCNA in inflammatory neutrophils holds promise as a multifaceted antiinflammatory strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Ohayon
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Université Paris-Descartes, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,LabEx Inflamex, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alessia De Chiara
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Université Paris-Descartes, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,LabEx Inflamex, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pham My-Chan Dang
- LabEx Inflamex, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1149, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Thieblemont
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Université Paris-Descartes, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,LabEx Inflamex, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Simon Chatfield
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Université Paris-Descartes, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,LabEx Inflamex, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Viviana Marzaioli
- LabEx Inflamex, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1149, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Sabrina Sofia Burgener
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julie Mocek
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Université Paris-Descartes, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,LabEx Inflamex, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Céline Candalh
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Université Paris-Descartes, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,LabEx Inflamex, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Coralie Pintard
- LabEx Inflamex, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1149, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Tacnet-Delorme
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
| | - Gilles Renault
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Université Paris-Descartes, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,LabEx Inflamex, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Lagoutte
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Université Paris-Descartes, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,LabEx Inflamex, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maryline Favier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Université Paris-Descartes, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,LabEx Inflamex, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Margarita Hurtado-Nedelec
- LabEx Inflamex, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1149, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Desplancq
- Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7242, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Etienne Weiss
- Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7242, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Charaf Benarafa
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Housset
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Claude Marie
- LabEx Inflamex, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1149, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Frachet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
| | - Jamel El-Benna
- LabEx Inflamex, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1149, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Witko-Sarsat
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Université Paris-Descartes, Cochin Institute, Paris, France .,LabEx Inflamex, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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3
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Martin KR, Pederzoli-Ribeil M, Pacreau E, Burgener SS, Dahdah A, Candalh C, Lauret E, Foretz M, Mouthon L, Lucas B, Thieblemont N, Benarafa C, Launay P, Witko-Sarsat V. Transgenic Mice Expressing Human Proteinase 3 Exhibit Sustained Neutrophil-Associated Peritonitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3914-3924. [PMID: 29079698 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Proteinase 3 (PR3) is a myeloid serine protease expressed in neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. PR3 has a number of well-characterized proinflammatory functions, including cleaving and activating chemokines and controlling cell survival and proliferation. When presented on the surface of apoptotic neutrophils, PR3 can disrupt the normal anti-inflammatory reprogramming of macrophages following the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. To better understand the function of PR3 in vivo, we generated a human PR3 transgenic mouse (hPR3Tg). During zymosan-induced peritonitis, hPR3Tg displayed an increased accumulation of neutrophils within the peritoneal cavity compared with wild-type control mice, with no difference in the recruitment of macrophages or B or T lymphocytes. Mice were also subjected to cecum ligation and puncture, a model used to induce peritoneal inflammation through infection. hPR3Tg displayed decreased survival rates in acute sepsis, associated with increased neutrophil extravasation. The decreased survival and increased neutrophil accumulation were associated with the cleavage of annexin A1, a powerful anti-inflammatory protein known to facilitate the resolution of inflammation. Additionally, neutrophils from hPR3Tg displayed enhanced survival during apoptosis compared with controls, and this may also contribute to the increased accumulation observed during the later stages of inflammation. Taken together, our data suggest that human PR3 plays a proinflammatory role during acute inflammatory responses by affecting neutrophil accumulation, survival, and the resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Martin
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France.,CNRS-UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France.,Center of Excellence, Labex Inflamex, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Magali Pederzoli-Ribeil
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France.,CNRS-UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France.,Center of Excellence, Labex Inflamex, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Emeline Pacreau
- Center of Excellence, Labex Inflamex, 75014 Paris, France.,INSERM U1149, 75018 Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Sabrina S Burgener
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; and
| | - Albert Dahdah
- Center of Excellence, Labex Inflamex, 75014 Paris, France.,INSERM U1149, 75018 Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Céline Candalh
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France.,CNRS-UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France.,Center of Excellence, Labex Inflamex, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Evelyne Lauret
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France.,CNRS-UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Marc Foretz
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France.,CNRS-UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Luc Mouthon
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France.,CNRS-UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France.,Center of Excellence, Labex Inflamex, 75014 Paris, France.,Department of Internal Medicine, Cochin Hospital, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Lucas
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France.,CNRS-UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Thieblemont
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France.,CNRS-UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France.,Center of Excellence, Labex Inflamex, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Charaf Benarafa
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Launay
- Center of Excellence, Labex Inflamex, 75014 Paris, France.,INSERM U1149, 75018 Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Véronique Witko-Sarsat
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; .,CNRS-UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France.,Center of Excellence, Labex Inflamex, 75014 Paris, France
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4
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Martin C, Ohayon D, Alkan M, Mocek J, Pederzoli-Ribeil M, Candalh C, Thevenot G, Millet A, Tamassia N, Cassatella MA, Thieblemont N, Burgel PR, Witko-Sarsat V. Neutrophil-Expressed p21/waf1 Favors Inflammation Resolution in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 54:740-50. [PMID: 26517580 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0047oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil-associated inflammation during Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection is a determinant of morbidity in cystic fibrosis (CF). Neutrophil apoptosis is a key factor in inflammation resolution and is controlled by cytosolic proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). p21/Waf1, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, is a partner of PCNA, and its mRNA is up-regulated in human neutrophils during LPS challenge. We show here that, after 7 days of persistent infection with P. aeruginosa, neutrophilic inflammation was more prominent in p21(-/-) compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Notably, no intrinsic defect in the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages was found in p21(-/-) compared with WT mice. Inflammatory cell analysis in peritoneal lavages after zymosan-induced peritonitis showed a significantly increased number of neutrophils at 48 hours in p21(-/-) compared with WT mice. In vitro analysis was consistent with delayed neutrophil apoptosis in p21(-/-) compared with WT mice. Ectopic expression of p21/waf1 in neutrophil-differentiated PLB985 cells potentiated apoptosis and reversed the prosurvival effect of PCNA. In human neutrophils, p21 messenger RNA was induced by TNF-α, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and LPS. Neutrophils isolated from patients with CF showed enhanced survival, which was reduced after treatment with a carboxy-peptide derived from the sequence of p21/waf1. Notably, p21/waf1 was detected by immunohistochemistry in neutrophils within lungs from patients with CF. Our data reveal a novel role for p21/waf1 in the resolution of inflammation via its ability to control neutrophil apoptosis. This mechanism may be relevant in the neutrophil-dominated inflammation observed in CF and other chronic inflammatory lung conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Martin
- 1 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,2 Department of Pneumology, Cochin Hospital, France
| | - Delphine Ohayon
- 1 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,3 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,4 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris France.,5 Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Paris, France; and
| | - Manal Alkan
- 1 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,3 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,4 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris France.,5 Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Paris, France; and
| | - Julie Mocek
- 1 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,3 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,4 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris France.,5 Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Paris, France; and
| | - Magali Pederzoli-Ribeil
- 1 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,3 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,4 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris France.,5 Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Paris, France; and
| | - Céline Candalh
- 1 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,3 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,4 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris France.,5 Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Paris, France; and
| | - Guiti Thevenot
- 1 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Millet
- 1 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,3 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,4 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris France.,5 Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Paris, France; and
| | - Nicola Tamassia
- 6 Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Nathalie Thieblemont
- 1 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,3 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,4 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris France.,5 Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Paris, France; and
| | - Pierre-Régis Burgel
- 1 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,2 Department of Pneumology, Cochin Hospital, France
| | - Véronique Witko-Sarsat
- 1 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,3 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,4 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris France.,5 Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Paris, France; and
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5
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Evidence for a role of a lncRNA encoded from the p53 tumor suppressor gene in maintaining the undifferentiated state of human myeloid leukemias. GENE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Millet A, Martin KR, Bonnefoy F, Saas P, Mocek J, Alkan M, Terrier B, Kerstein A, Tamassia N, Satyanarayanan SK, Ariel A, Ribeil JA, Guillevin L, Cassatella MA, Mueller A, Thieblemont N, Lamprecht P, Mouthon L, Perruche S, Witko-Sarsat V. Proteinase 3 on apoptotic cells disrupts immune silencing in autoimmune vasculitis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4107-21. [PMID: 26436651 DOI: 10.1172/jci78182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a systemic necrotizing vasculitis that is associated with granulomatous inflammation and the presence of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) directed against proteinase 3 (PR3). We previously determined that PR3 on the surface of apoptotic neutrophils interferes with induction of antiinflammatory mechanisms following phagocytosis of these cells by macrophages. Here, we demonstrate that enzymatically active membrane-associated PR3 on apoptotic cells triggered secretion of inflammatory cytokines, including granulocyte CSF (G-CSF) and chemokines. This response required the IL-1R1/MyD88 signaling pathway and was dependent on the synthesis of NO, as macrophages from animals lacking these pathways did not exhibit a PR3-associated proinflammatory response. The PR3-induced microenvironment facilitated recruitment of inflammatory cells, such as macrophages, plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), and neutrophils, which were observed in close proximity within granulomatous lesions in the lungs of GPA patients. In different murine models of apoptotic cell injection, the PR3-induced microenvironment instructed pDC-driven Th9/Th2 cell generation. Concomitant injection of anti-PR3 ANCAs with PR3-expressing apoptotic cells induced a Th17 response, revealing a GPA-specific mechanism of immune polarization. Accordingly, circulating CD4+ T cells from GPA patients had a skewed distribution of Th9/Th2/Th17. These results reveal that PR3 disrupts immune silencing associated with clearance of apoptotic neutrophils and provide insight into how PR3 and PR3-targeting ANCAs promote GPA pathophysiology.
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7
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Kwon KJ, Cho KS, Kim JN, Kim MK, Lee EJ, Kim SY, Jeon SJ, Kim KC, Han JE, Kang YS, Kim S, Kim HY, Han SH, Bahn G, Choi JW, Shin CY. Proteinase 3 induces oxidative stress-mediated neuronal death in rat primary cortical neuron. Neurosci Lett 2013; 548:67-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Varshavsky A. Augmented generation of protein fragments during wakefulness as the molecular cause of sleep: a hypothesis. Protein Sci 2012; 21:1634-61. [PMID: 22930402 PMCID: PMC3527701 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive understanding of sleep regulation, the molecular-level cause and function of sleep are unknown. I suggest that they originate in individual neurons and stem from increased production of protein fragments during wakefulness. These fragments are transient parts of protein complexes in which the fragments were generated. Neuronal Ca²⁺ fluxes are higher during wakefulness than during sleep. Subunits of transmembrane channels and other proteins are cleaved by Ca²⁺-activated calpains and by other nonprocessive proteases, including caspases and secretases. In the proposed concept, termed the fragment generation (FG) hypothesis, sleep is a state during which the production of fragments is decreased (owing to lower Ca²⁺ transients) while fragment-destroying pathways are upregulated. These changes facilitate the elimination of fragments and the remodeling of protein complexes in which the fragments resided. The FG hypothesis posits that a proteolytic cleavage, which produces two fragments, can have both deleterious effects and fitness-increasing functions. This (previously not considered) dichotomy can explain both the conservation of cleavage sites in proteins and the evolutionary persistence of sleep, because sleep would counteract deleterious aspects of protein fragments. The FG hypothesis leads to new explanations of sleep phenomena, including a longer sleep after sleep deprivation. Studies in the 1970s showed that ethanol-induced sleep in mice can be strikingly prolonged by intracerebroventricular injections of either Ca²⁺ alone or Ca²⁺ and its ionophore (Erickson et al., Science 1978;199:1219-1221; Harris, Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1979;10:527-534; Erickson et al., Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1980;12:651-656). These results, which were never interpreted in connection to protein fragments or the function of sleep, may be accounted for by the FG hypothesis about molecular causation of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Varshavsky
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
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9
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Kantari C, Millet A, Gabillet J, Hajjar E, Broemstrup T, Pluta P, Reuter N, Witko-Sarsat V. Molecular analysis of the membrane insertion domain of proteinase 3, the Wegener's autoantigen, in RBL cells: implication for its pathogenic activity. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:941-50. [PMID: 21821719 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1210695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PR3, also called myeloblastin, is a neutrophil serine protease that promotes myeloid cell proliferation by cleaving the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(cip1/waf1). In addition, it is the target of ANCA in GPA, a necrotizing vasculitis. Anti-PR3 ANCA binding to membrane-expressed PR3 triggers neutrophil activation, potentiating vascular inflammation. This study performed in RBL cells identifies the structural motifs of PR3 membrane anchorage and examines its impact on PR3 proinflammatory and proliferative functions. With the use of MD simulations and mutagenesis, we demonstrate that the mutations of four hydrophobic (F180, F181, L228, F229) or four basic (R193, R194, K195, R227) amino acids abrogated PR3 membrane anchorage. The hydrophobic patch-deficient PR3 mutant (PR34H4A) was still able to cleave the synthetic substrate Boc-Ala-Pro-Val in cell lysates. However, in contrast to WT PR3, PR34H4A was not expressed at the plasma membrane after degranulation and failed to cleave extracellular fibronectin, was not externalized after apoptosis and did not impair macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, did not promote myeloid cell proliferation and failed to cleave p21/waf1. PR3 membrane insertion appears to be pivotal for its proinflammatory activities, such as extracellular proteolysis and impairment of apoptotic cell clearance, but also for myeloid cell proliferation. Targeting membrane-associated PR3 might constitute a novel, anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategy in inflammatory disease especially in vasculitis, but this approach has to be validated in mature neutrophils.
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10
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Korkmaz B, Horwitz MS, Jenne DE, Gauthier F. Neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G as therapeutic targets in human diseases. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 62:726-59. [PMID: 21079042 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.002733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 581] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils are the first cells recruited to inflammatory sites and form the earliest line of defense against invading microorganisms. Neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G are three hematopoietic serine proteases stored in large quantities in neutrophil cytoplasmic azurophilic granules. They act in combination with reactive oxygen species to help degrade engulfed microorganisms inside phagolysosomes. These proteases are also externalized in an active form during neutrophil activation at inflammatory sites, thus contributing to the regulation of inflammatory and immune responses. As multifunctional proteases, they also play a regulatory role in noninfectious inflammatory diseases. Mutations in the ELA2/ELANE gene, encoding neutrophil elastase, are the cause of human congenital neutropenia. Neutrophil membrane-bound proteinase 3 serves as an autoantigen in Wegener granulomatosis, a systemic autoimmune vasculitis. All three proteases are affected by mutations of the gene (CTSC) encoding dipeptidyl peptidase I, a protease required for activation of their proform before storage in cytoplasmic granules. Mutations of CTSC cause Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome. Because of their roles in host defense and disease, elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G are of interest as potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we describe the physicochemical functions of these proteases, toward a goal of better delineating their role in human diseases and identifying new therapeutic strategies based on the modulation of their bioavailability and activity. We also describe how nonhuman primate experimental models could assist with testing the efficacy of proposed therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM U-618 Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires, Université François Rabelais, Faculté de médecine, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, Tours, France.
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11
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Serine proteases of the human immune system in health and disease. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:1943-55. [PMID: 20537709 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Hajjar E, Broemstrup T, Kantari C, Witko-Sarsat V, Reuter N. Structures of human proteinase 3 and neutrophil elastase--so similar yet so different. FEBS J 2010; 277:2238-54. [PMID: 20423453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase 3 and neutrophil elastase are serine proteinases of the polymorphonuclear neutrophils, which are considered to have both similar localization and ligand specificity because of their high sequence similarity. However, recent studies indicate that they might have different and yet complementary physiologic roles. Specifically, proteinase 3 has intracellular specific protein substrates resulting in its involvement in the regulation of intracellular functions such as proliferation or apoptosis. It behaves as a peripheral membrane protein and its membrane expression is a risk factor in chronic inflammatory diseases. Moreover, in contrast to human neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3 is the preferred target antigen in Wegener's granulomatosis, a particular type of vasculitis. We review the structural basis for the different ligand specificities and membrane binding mechanisms of both enzymes, as well as the putative anti-neutrophil cytoplasm autoantibody epitopes on human neutrophil elastase 3. We also address the differences existing between murine and human enzymes, and their consequences with respect to the development of animal models for the study of human proteinase 3-related pathologies. By integrating the functional and the structural data, we assemble many pieces of a complicated puzzle to provide a new perspective on the structure-function relationship of human proteinase 3 and its interaction with membrane, partner proteins or cleavable substrates. Hence, precise and meticulous structural studies are essential tools for the rational design of specific proteinase 3 substrates or competitive ligands that modulate its activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hajjar
- Dipartimento di Fisica, University of Cagliari (CA), Italy
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13
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Moriceau S, Kantari C, Mocek J, Davezac N, Gabillet J, Guerrera IC, Brouillard F, Tondelier D, Sermet-Gaudelus I, Danel C, Lenoir G, Daniel S, Edelman A, Witko-Sarsat V. Coronin-1 Is Associated with Neutrophil Survival and Is Cleaved during Apoptosis: Potential Implication in Neutrophils from Cystic Fibrosis Patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:7254-63. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Pham CTN. Neutrophil serine proteases fine-tune the inflammatory response. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 40:1317-33. [PMID: 18180196 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2007.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil serine proteases are granule-associated enzymes known mainly for their function in the intracellular killing of pathogens. Their extracellular release upon neutrophil activation is traditionally regarded as the primary reason for tissue damage at the sites of inflammation. However, studies over the past several years indicate that neutrophil serine proteases may also be key regulators of the inflammatory response. Neutrophil serine proteases specifically process and release chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors, thus modulating their biological activity. In addition, neutrophil serine proteases activate and shed specific cell surface receptors, which can ultimately prolong or terminate cytokine-induced responses. Moreover, it has been proposed that these proteases can impact cell viability through their caspase-like activity and initiate the adaptive immune response by directly activating lymphocytes. In summary, these studies point to neutrophil serine proteases as versatile mediators that fine-tune the local immune response and identify them as potential targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine T N Pham
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8045, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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15
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Hajjar E, Korkmaz B, Reuter N. Differences in the substrate binding sites of murine and human proteinase 3 and neutrophil elastase. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:5685-90. [PMID: 18023421 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the differences between murine (m) and human (h) proteinase 3 (PR3) and neutrophil elastase (NE) is crucial for the interpretation of in vivo studies of inflammatory processes. We built structural models of mPR3 and mNE and analyzed their surface properties. We performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on several enzyme-peptide complexes to investigate their interaction patterns. The analysis of trajectories confirms that murine and human complexes have different interaction patterns with peptidic substrates. We provide a map of the binding sites of the murine proteases and suggest sequence motifs that we predict to be specific for mPR3 or mNE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hajjar
- Computational Biology Unit, Bergen Center for Computational Science, BCCS, University of Bergen, Thormohlensgt 55, N-5008, Bergen, Norway
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16
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Neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3 and cathepsin G: physicochemical properties, activity and physiopathological functions. Biochimie 2007; 90:227-42. [PMID: 18021746 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils form a primary line of defense against bacterial infections using complementary oxidative and non-oxidative pathways to destroy phagocytized pathogens. The three serine proteases elastase, proteinase 3 and cathepsin G, are major components of the neutrophil primary granules that participate in the non-oxidative pathway of intracellular pathogen destruction. Neutrophil activation and degranulation results in the release of these proteases into the extracellular medium as proteolytically active enzymes, part of them remaining exposed at the cell surface. Extracellular neutrophil serine proteases also help kill bacteria and are involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix components during acute and chronic inflammation. But they are also important as specific regulators of the immune response, controlling cellular signaling through the processing of chemokines, modulating the cytokine network, and activating specific cell surface receptors. Neutrophil serine proteases are also involved in the pathogenicity of a variety of human diseases. This review focuses on the structural and functional properties of these proteases that may explain their specific biological roles, and facilitate their use as molecular targets for new therapeutic strategies.
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17
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Kantari C, Pederzoli-Ribeil M, Amir-Moazami O, Gausson-Dorey V, Moura IC, Lecomte MC, Benhamou M, Witko-Sarsat V. Proteinase 3, the Wegener autoantigen, is externalized during neutrophil apoptosis: evidence for a functional association with phospholipid scramblase 1 and interference with macrophage phagocytosis. Blood 2007; 110:4086-95. [PMID: 17712045 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-03-080457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinase 3 (PR3), a serine proteinase contained in neutrophil azurophilic granules, is considered a risk factor for vasculitides and rheumatoid arthritis when expressed on the outer leaflet of neutrophil plasma membrane and is the preferred target of antineutrophil cytoplasm autoantibodies (ANCA) in Wegener granulomatosis. ANCA binding to PR3 expressed at the surface of neutrophils activates them. Evidence is provided that neutrophil apoptosis induced significantly more membrane PR3 expression without degranulation (but no enhanced membrane CD35, CD66b, CD63, myeloperoxidase, or elastase expression). This observation was confirmed on cytoplasts, a model of granule-free neutrophils. We hypothesized that PR3 could interact with proteins involved in membrane flip-flop (eg, phospholipid scramblase 1 [PLSCR1]). PR3-PLSCR1 interaction in neutrophils was demonstrated by confocal microscopy and coimmunoprecipitation. In the RBL-2H3 rat mast-cell line stably transfected with PR3 or its inactive mutant (PR3S203A), PR3 externalization depended on PLSCR1, as shown by less PR3 externalization in the presence of rPLSCR1 siRNA, but independently of its serine-proteinase activity. Finally, apoptosis-externalized PR3 decreased the human macrophage-phagocytosis rate of apoptotic PR3 transfectants. Therefore, in addition to ANCA binding in vasculitis, the proinflammatory role of membrane PR3 expression may involve interference with macrophage clearance of apoptotic neutrophils.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic/immunology
- Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/enzymology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cell Membrane/enzymology
- Cell Membrane/genetics
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/immunology
- Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis/enzymology
- Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis/genetics
- Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis/immunology
- Humans
- Macrophages/enzymology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Mast Cells/enzymology
- Mast Cells/immunology
- Mutation/immunology
- Myeloblastin/genetics
- Myeloblastin/immunology
- Myeloblastin/metabolism
- Neutrophil Activation/genetics
- Neutrophil Activation/immunology
- Neutrophils/enzymology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Pancreatic Elastase/genetics
- Pancreatic Elastase/immunology
- Pancreatic Elastase/metabolism
- Peroxidase/genetics
- Peroxidase/immunology
- Peroxidase/metabolism
- Phagocytosis/genetics
- Phagocytosis/immunology
- Phospholipid Transfer Proteins/genetics
- Phospholipid Transfer Proteins/immunology
- Phospholipid Transfer Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Transport/genetics
- Protein Transport/immunology
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/immunology
- Rats
- Risk Factors
- Secretory Vesicles/enzymology
- Secretory Vesicles/genetics
- Secretory Vesicles/immunology
- Vasculitis/enzymology
- Vasculitis/genetics
- Vasculitis/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chahrazade Kantari
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U845, Paris, France
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18
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Vong L, D'Acquisto F, Pederzoli-Ribeil M, Lavagno L, Flower RJ, Witko-Sarsat V, Perretti M. Annexin 1 cleavage in activated neutrophils: a pivotal role for proteinase 3. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:29998-30004. [PMID: 17681950 PMCID: PMC2772024 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702876200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin 1 is an anti-inflammatory protein that plays a key role in innate immunity by modulating the activation of several types of cells, including neutrophils. Here we have developed a cleavage assay using tagged annexin 1 and observed marked activity in the membrane fraction of activated neutrophils. A combination of inhibitors, transfected cells, and proteomic analyses allowed us to identify proteinase 3 as the main enzyme responsible for this cleavage in the N terminus region of the protein, at least in the context of neutrophil activation. Because annexin 1 is an important endogenous anti-inflammatory mediator, blocking its cleavage by proteinase 3 would augment its homeostatic pro-resolving actions and could represent an opportunity for innovative anti-inflammatory drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Vong
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Fulvio D'Acquisto
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Luisa Lavagno
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Roderick J. Flower
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Véronique Witko-Sarsat
- INSERM U845 and Paris V University, Necker Hospital, 161 Rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 44-207-882-6065; Fax: 44-207-882-6076;
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19
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Korkmaz B, Hajjar E, Kalupov T, Reuter N, Brillard-Bourdet M, Moreau T, Juliano L, Gauthier F. Influence of Charge Distribution at the Active Site Surface on the Substrate Specificity of Human Neutrophil Protease 3 and Elastase. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:1989-97. [PMID: 17088257 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608700200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological functions of human neutrophil protease 3 (Pr3) differ from those of neutrophil elastase despite their close structural and functional resemblance. Although both proteases are strongly cationic, their sequences differ mainly in the distribution of charged residues. We have used these differences in electrostatic surface potential in the vicinity of their active site to produce fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) peptide substrates for investigating individual Pr3 subsites. The specificities of subsites S5 to S3' were investigated both kinetically and by molecular dynamic simulations. Subsites S2, S1', and S2' were the main definers of Pr3 specificity. Combinations of results for each subsite were used to deduce a consensus sequence that was complementary to the extended Pr3 active site and was not recognized by elastase. Similar sequences were identified in natural protein substrates such as NFkappaB and p21 that are specifically cleaved by Pr3. FRET peptides derived from these natural sequences were specifically hydrolyzed by Pr3 with specificity constants k(cat)/K(m) in the 10(6) m(-1) s(-1) range. The consensus Pr3 sequence may also be used to predict cleavage sites within putative protein targets like the proform of interleukin-18, or to develop specific Pr3 peptide-derived inhibitors, because none is available for further studies on the physiopathological function of this protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM U618, Faculty of Medicine, 10 Bd. Tonnellé, 37032 Tours Cedex, France
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20
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Bauer S, Abdgawad M, Gunnarsson L, Segelmark M, Tapper H, Hellmark T. Proteinase 3 and CD177 are expressed on the plasma membrane of the same subset of neutrophils. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 81:458-64. [PMID: 17077162 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0806514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinase 3 (PR3) is found in granules of all neutrophils but also on the plasma membrane of a subset of neutrophils (mPR3). CD177, another neutrophil protein, also displays a bimodal surface expression. In this study, we have investigated the coexpression of these two molecules, as well as the effect of cell activation on their surface expression. We can show that CD177 is expressed on the same subset of neutrophils as mPR3. Experiments show that the expression of mPR3 and CD177 on the plasma membrane is increased or decreased in parallel during cell stimulation or spontaneous apoptosis. Furthermore, we observed a rapid internalization and recirculation of mPR3 and plasma membrane CD177, where all mPR3 is replaced within 30 min. Our findings suggest that the PR3 found on the plasma membrane has its origin in the same intracellular storage as CD177, i.e., secondary granules and secretory vesicles and not primary granules. PR3- and CD177-expressing neutrophils constitute a subpopulation of neutrophils with an unknown role in the innate immune system, which may play an important role in diseases such as Wegener's granulomatosis and polycythemia vera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bauer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences in Lund, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
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21
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Abstract
Neutrophils are essential for host defence against invading pathogens. They engulf and degrade microorganisms using an array of weapons that include reactive oxygen species, antimicrobial peptides, and proteases such as cathepsin G, neutrophil elastase and proteinase 3. As discussed in this Review, the generation of mice deficient in these proteases has established a role for these enzymes as intracellular microbicidal agents. However, I focus mainly on emerging data indicating that, after release, these proteases also contribute to the extracellular killing of microorganisms, and regulate non-infectious inflammatory processes by activating specific receptors and modulating the levels of cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine T N Pham
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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22
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Hajjar E, Korkmaz B, Gauthier F, Brandsdal BO, Witko-Sarsat V, Reuter N. Inspection of the binding sites of proteinase3 for the design of a highly specific substrate. J Med Chem 2006; 49:1248-60. [PMID: 16480262 DOI: 10.1021/jm051018t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase3 (PR3) and human neutrophil elastase (HNE) are homologous proteases from the polymorphonuclear neutrophils and have been thought for a long time to have close enzymatic specificity. We have used molecular dynamics simulations to investigate and compare the interactions between different peptides and the two enzymes. The important role played especially by the C-terminal part of the peptides is confirmed. We provide a map of the subsites of PR3 and a description of the interaction scheme for six ligands. The main difference between HNE and PR3 concerns S2, S1', S2', and S3'. The recognition subsites in PR3 are interconnected; in particular, Lys99 participates to a hydrophobic (S4) and a polar (S2) pocket. On the basis of the simulations, we suggest that VADVKDR is a highly specific sequence for PR3; enzymatic assays confirm that it is cleaved by PR3 with a high specificity constant (k(cat)/K(m) = 3,400,000 M(-1) s(-1)) and not by HNE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hajjar
- Computational Biology Unit, BCCS, University of Bergen, N-5008 Bergen, Norway
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