1
|
Bhagwat NR, Owens SN, Ito M, Boinapalli JV, Poa P, Ditzel A, Kopparapu S, Mahalawat M, Davies OR, Collins SR, Johnson JR, Krogan NJ, Hunter N. SUMO is a pervasive regulator of meiosis. eLife 2021; 10:57720. [PMID: 33502312 PMCID: PMC7924959 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein modification by SUMO helps orchestrate the elaborate events of meiosis to faithfully produce haploid gametes. To date, only a handful of meiotic SUMO targets have been identified. Here, we delineate a multidimensional SUMO-modified meiotic proteome in budding yeast, identifying 2747 conjugation sites in 775 targets, and defining their relative levels and dynamics. Modified sites cluster in disordered regions and only a minority match consensus motifs. Target identities and modification dynamics imply that SUMOylation regulates all levels of chromosome organization and each step of meiotic prophase I. Execution-point analysis confirms these inferences, revealing functions for SUMO in S-phase, the initiation of recombination, chromosome synapsis and crossing over. K15-linked SUMO chains become prominent as chromosomes synapse and recombine, consistent with roles in these processes. SUMO also modifies ubiquitin, forming hybrid oligomers with potential to modulate ubiquitin signaling. We conclude that SUMO plays diverse and unanticipated roles in regulating meiotic chromosome metabolism. Most mammalian, yeast and other eukaryote cells have two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent, which contain all the cell’s DNA. Sex cells – like the sperm and egg – however, have half the number of chromosomes and are formed by a specialized type of cell division known as meiosis. At the start of meiosis, each cell replicates its chromosomes so that it has twice the amount of DNA. The cell then undergoes two rounds of division to form sex cells which each contain only one set of chromosomes. Before the cell divides, the two duplicated sets of chromosomes pair up and swap sections of their DNA. This exchange allows each new sex cell to have a unique combination of DNA, resulting in offspring that are genetically distinct from their parents. This complex series of events is tightly regulated, in part, by a protein called the 'small ubiquitin-like modifier' (or SUMO for short), which attaches itself to other proteins and modifies their behavior. This process, known as SUMOylation, can affect a protein’s stability, where it is located in the cell and how it interacts with other proteins. However, despite SUMO being known as a key regulator of meiosis, only a handful of its protein targets have been identified. To gain a better understanding of what SUMO does during meiosis, Bhagwat et al. set out to find which proteins are targeted by SUMO in budding yeast and to map the specific sites of modification. The experiments identified 2,747 different sites on 775 different proteins, suggesting that SUMO regulates all aspects of meiosis. Consistently, inactivating SUMOylation at different times revealed SUMO plays a role at every stage of meiosis, including the replication of DNA and the exchanges between chromosomes. In depth analysis of the targeted proteins also revealed that SUMOylation targets different groups of proteins at different stages of meiosis and interacts with other protein modifications, including the ubiquitin system which tags proteins for destruction. The data gathered by Bhagwat et al. provide a starting point for future research into precisely how SUMO proteins control meiosis in yeast and other organisms. In humans, errors in meiosis are the leading cause of pregnancy loss and congenital diseases. Most of the proteins identified as SUMO targets in budding yeast are also present in humans. So, this research could provide a platform for medical advances in the future. The next step is to study mammalian models, such as mice, to confirm that the regulation of meiosis by SUMO is the same in mammals as in yeast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil R Bhagwat
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, United States.,Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Shannon N Owens
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Masaru Ito
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, United States.,Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Jay V Boinapalli
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Philip Poa
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Alexander Ditzel
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Srujan Kopparapu
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Meghan Mahalawat
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Owen Richard Davies
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sean R Collins
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Johnson
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Neil Hunter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, United States.,Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, United States.,Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Rad51-mediated homologous recombination is the major mechanism for repairing DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair in cancer cells. Thus, regulating Rad51 activity could be an attractive target. The sequential assembly and disassembly of Rad51 to the broken DNA ends depend on reversible protein-protein interactions. Here, we discovered that a dynamic interaction with molecular chaperone Hsp90 is one such regulatory event that governs the recruitment of Rad51 onto the damaged DNA. We uncovered that Rad51 associates with Hsp90, and upon DNA damage, this complex dissociates to facilitate the loading of Rad51 onto broken DNA. In a mutant where such dissociation is incomplete, the occupancy of Rad51 at the broken DNA is partial, which results in inefficient DNA repair. Thus, it is reasonable to propose that any small molecule that may alter the dynamics of the Rad51-Hsp90 interaction is likely to impact DSB repair in cancer cells. DNA damage-induced Rad51 focus formation is the hallmark of homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair. Earlier, we reported that Rad51 physically interacts with Hsp90, and under the condition of Hsp90 inhibition, it undergoes proteasomal degradation. Here, we show that the dynamic interaction between Rad51 and Hsp90 is crucial for the DNA damage-induced nuclear function of Rad51. Guided by a bioinformatics study, we generated a single mutant of Rad51, which resides at the N-terminal domain, outside the ATPase core domain. The mutant with an E to L change at residue 108 (Rad51E108L) was predicted to bind more strongly with Hsp90 than the wild-type (Rad51WT). A coimmunoprecipitation study demonstrated that there exists a distinct difference between the in vivo associations of Rad51WT-Hsp90 and of Rad51E108L-Hsp90. We found that upon DNA damage, the association between Rad51WT and Hsp90 was significantly reduced compared to that in the undamaged condition. However, the mutant Rad51E108L remained tightly associated with Hsp90 even after DNA damage. Consequently, the recruitment of Rad51E108L to the double-stranded broken ends was reduced significantly. The E108L-rad51 strain manifested severe sensitivity toward methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and a complete loss of gene conversion efficiency, a phenotype similar to that of the Δrad51 strain. Previously, some of the N-terminal domain mutants of Rad51 were identified in a screen for a Rad51 interaction-deficient mutant; however, our study shows that Rad51E108L is not defective either in the self-interaction or its interaction with the members of the Rad52 epistatic group. Our study thus identifies a novel mutant of Rad51 which, owing to its greater association with Hsp90, exhibits a severe DNA repair defect. IMPORTANCE Rad51-mediated homologous recombination is the major mechanism for repairing DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair in cancer cells. Thus, regulating Rad51 activity could be an attractive target. The sequential assembly and disassembly of Rad51 to the broken DNA ends depend on reversible protein-protein interactions. Here, we discovered that a dynamic interaction with molecular chaperone Hsp90 is one such regulatory event that governs the recruitment of Rad51 onto the damaged DNA. We uncovered that Rad51 associates with Hsp90, and upon DNA damage, this complex dissociates to facilitate the loading of Rad51 onto broken DNA. In a mutant where such dissociation is incomplete, the occupancy of Rad51 at the broken DNA is partial, which results in inefficient DNA repair. Thus, it is reasonable to propose that any small molecule that may alter the dynamics of the Rad51-Hsp90 interaction is likely to impact DSB repair in cancer cells.
Collapse
|
3
|
Alligand B, Le Breton M, Marquis D, Vallette F, Fleury F. Functional effects of diphosphomimetic mutations at cAbl-mediated phosphorylation sites on Rad51 recombinase activity. Biochimie 2017; 139:115-124. [PMID: 28571978 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Homologous Recombination enables faithful repair of the deleterious double strand breaks of DNA. This pathway relies on Rad51 to catalyze homologous DNA strand exchange. Rad51 is known to be phosphorylated in a sequential manner on Y315 and then on Y54, but the effect of such phosphorylation on Rad51 function remains poorly understood. We have developed a phosphomimetic model in order to study all the phosphorylation states. With the purified phosphomimetic proteins we performed in vitro assays to determine the activity of Rad51. Here we demonstrate the inhibitory effect of the double phosphomimetic mutant and suggest that it may be due to a defect in nucleofilament formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Alligand
- Team 3 Mechanism and Regulation of DNA Repair, UFIP, CNRS UMR 6286, Nantes University, France; Team 9 Apoptosis in Nervous Central System Tumours, CRCINA, INSERM U892, Nantes University, France
| | - Magali Le Breton
- Team 3 Mechanism and Regulation of DNA Repair, UFIP, CNRS UMR 6286, Nantes University, France
| | - Damien Marquis
- Team 3 Mechanism and Regulation of DNA Repair, UFIP, CNRS UMR 6286, Nantes University, France
| | - François Vallette
- Team 9 Apoptosis in Nervous Central System Tumours, CRCINA, INSERM U892, Nantes University, France
| | - Fabrice Fleury
- Team 3 Mechanism and Regulation of DNA Repair, UFIP, CNRS UMR 6286, Nantes University, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Konomura N, Arai N, Shinohara T, Kobayashi J, Iwasaki W, Ikawa S, Kusano K, Shibata T. Rad51 and RecA juxtapose dsDNA ends ready for DNA ligase-catalyzed end-joining under recombinase-suppressive conditions. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:337-352. [PMID: 27794044 PMCID: PMC5224515 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RecA-family recombinase-catalyzed ATP-dependent homologous joint formation is critical for homologous recombination, in which RecA or Rad51 binds first to single-stranded (ss)DNA and then interacts with double-stranded (ds)DNA. However, when RecA or Rad51 interacts with dsDNA before binding to ssDNA, the homologous joint-forming activity of RecA or Rad51 is quickly suppressed. We found that under these and adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-generating suppressive conditions for the recombinase activity, RecA or Rad51 at similar optimal concentrations enhances the DNA ligase-catalyzed dsDNA end-joining (DNA ligation) about 30- to 40-fold. The DNA ligation enhancement by RecA or Rad51 transforms most of the substrate DNA into multimers within 2-5 min, and for this enhancement, ADP is the common and best cofactor. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is effective for RecA, but not for Rad51. Rad51/RecA-enhanced DNA ligation depends on dsDNA-binding, as shown by a mutant, and is independent of physical interactions with the DNA ligase. These observations demonstrate the common and unique activities of RecA and Rad51 to juxtapose dsDNA-ends in preparation for covalent joining by a DNA ligase. This new in vitro function of Rad51 provides a simple explanation for our genetic observation that Rad51 plays a role in the fidelity of the end-joining of a reporter plasmid DNA, by yeast canonical non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Konomura
- Cellular & Molecular Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Supramolecular Biology, Graduate School of Nanobiosciences, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Naoto Arai
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shinohara
- Cellular & Molecular Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Supramolecular Biology, Graduate School of Nanobiosciences, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Jun Kobayashi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Wakana Iwasaki
- Cellular & Molecular Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Division of Structural and Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shukuko Ikawa
- Cellular & Molecular Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kohji Kusano
- Center for Genetic Resource Education & Development, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Takehiko Shibata
- Cellular & Molecular Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Supramolecular Biology, Graduate School of Nanobiosciences, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang XP, Janke R, Kingsley J, Luo J, Fasching C, Ehmsen KT, Heyer WD. A conserved sequence extending motif III of the motor domain in the Snf2-family DNA translocase Rad54 is critical for ATPase activity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82184. [PMID: 24358152 PMCID: PMC3864901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rad54 is a dsDNA-dependent ATPase that translocates on duplex DNA. Its ATPase function is essential for homologous recombination, a pathway critical for meiotic chromosome segregation, repair of complex DNA damage, and recovery of stalled or broken replication forks. In recombination, Rad54 cooperates with Rad51 protein and is required to dissociate Rad51 from heteroduplex DNA to allow access by DNA polymerases for recombination-associated DNA synthesis. Sequence analysis revealed that Rad54 contains a perfect match to the consensus PIP box sequence, a widely spread PCNA interaction motif. Indeed, Rad54 interacts directly with PCNA, but this interaction is not mediated by the Rad54 PIP box-like sequence. This sequence is located as an extension of motif III of the Rad54 motor domain and is essential for full Rad54 ATPase activity. Mutations in this motif render Rad54 non-functional in vivo and severely compromise its activities in vitro. Further analysis demonstrated that such mutations affect dsDNA binding, consistent with the location of this sequence motif on the surface of the cleft formed by two RecA-like domains, which likely forms the dsDNA binding site of Rad54. Our study identified a novel sequence motif critical for Rad54 function and showed that even perfect matches to the PIP box consensus may not necessarily identify PCNA interaction sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ryan Janke
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - James Kingsley
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jerry Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Clare Fasching
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kirk T. Ehmsen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Heyer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zelensky AN, Sanchez H, Ristic D, Vidic I, van Rossum-Fikkert SE, Essers J, Wyman C, Kanaar R. Caffeine suppresses homologous recombination through interference with RAD51-mediated joint molecule formation. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:6475-89. [PMID: 23666627 PMCID: PMC3711438 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is a widely used inhibitor of the protein kinases that play a central role in the DNA damage response. We used chemical inhibitors and genetically deficient mouse embryonic stem cell lines to study the role of DNA damage response in stable integration of the transfected DNA and found that caffeine rapidly, efficiently and reversibly inhibited homologous integration of the transfected DNA as measured by several homologous recombination-mediated gene-targeting assays. Biochemical and structural biology experiments revealed that caffeine interfered with a pivotal step in homologous recombination, homologous joint molecule formation, through increasing interactions of the RAD51 nucleoprotein filament with non-homologous DNA. Our results suggest that recombination pathways dependent on extensive homology search are caffeine-sensitive and stress the importance of considering direct checkpoint-independent mechanisms in the interpretation of the effects of caffeine on DNA repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex N Zelensky
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shi LX, Theg SM. Energetic cost of protein import across the envelope membranes of chloroplasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:930-5. [PMID: 23277572 PMCID: PMC3549074 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1115886110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroplasts are the organelles of green plants in which light energy is transduced into chemical energy, forming ATP and reduced carbon compounds upon which all life depends. The expenditure of this energy is one of the central issues of cellular metabolism. Chloroplasts contain ~3,000 proteins, among which less than 100 are typically encoded in the plastid genome. The rest are encoded in the nuclear genome, synthesized in the cytosol, and posttranslationally imported into the organelle in an energy-dependent process. We report here a measurement of the amount of ATP hydrolyzed to import a protein across the chloroplast envelope membranes--only the second complete accounting of the cost in Gibbs free energy of protein transport to be undertaken. Using two different precursors prepared by three distinct techniques, we show that the import of a precursor protein into chloroplasts is accompanied by the hydrolysis of ~650 ATP molecules. This translates to a ΔG(protein) (transport) of some 27,300 kJ/mol protein imported. We estimate that protein import across the plastid envelope membranes consumes ~0.6% of the total light-saturated energy output of the organelle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Xin Shi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Steven M. Theg
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chi P, Kwon Y, Visnapuu ML, Lam I, Santa Maria SR, Zheng X, Epshtein A, Greene EC, Sung P, Klein HL. Analyses of the yeast Rad51 recombinase A265V mutant reveal different in vivo roles of Swi2-like factors. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:6511-22. [PMID: 21558173 PMCID: PMC3159464 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Swi2-like factors Rad54 and Rdh54 play multifaceted roles in homologous recombination via their DNA translocase activity. Aside from promoting Rad51-mediated DNA strand invasion of a partner chromatid, Rad54 and Rdh54 can remove Rad51 from duplex DNA for intracellular recycling. Although the in vitro properties of the two proteins are similar, differences between the phenotypes of the null allele mutants suggest that they play different roles in vivo. Through the isolation of a novel RAD51 allele encoding a protein with reduced affinity for DNA, we provide evidence that Rad54 and Rdh54 have different in vivo interactions with Rad51. The mutant Rad51 forms a complex on duplex DNA that is more susceptible to dissociation by Rdh54. This Rad51 variant distinguishes the in vivo functions of Rad54 and Rdh54, leading to the conclusion that two translocases remove Rad51 from different substrates in vivo. Additionally, we show that a third Swi2-like factor, Uls1, contributes toward Rad51 clearance from chromatin in the absence of Rad54 and Rdh54, and define a hierarchy of action of the Swi2-like translocases for chromosome damage repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Chi
- Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Biochemical reconstitution using purified proteins and defined DNA substrates is a key approach to develop a mechanistic understanding of homologous recombination. The introduction of sophisticated purification tags has greatly simplified the difficult task of purifying individual proteins or protein complexes, generating a wealth of mechanistic information. Using purified proteins in reconstituted recombination assays necessitates strict quality control to eliminate the possibility that relevant protein or nucleic acid contaminations lead to misinterpretation of experimental data. Here we provide simple protocols that describe how to detect in purified protein preparations contaminating nucleic acids and relevant enzymatic activities that may interfere with in vitro recombination assays. These activities include ATPases, indicating the potential presence of helicases or translocases, endo- and exonucleases, phosphatases, and type I or type II topoisomerases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, University of California, 95616-8665, Davis, CA 95616-8665, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ishida T, Takizawa Y, Kainuma T, Inoue J, Mikawa T, Shibata T, Suzuki H, Tashiro S, Kurumizaka H. DIDS, a chemical compound that inhibits RAD51-mediated homologous pairing and strand exchange. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 37:3367-76. [PMID: 19336413 PMCID: PMC2691838 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RAD51, an essential eukaryotic DNA recombinase, promotes homologous pairing and strand exchange during homologous recombination and the recombinational repair of double strand breaks. Mutations that up- or down-regulate RAD51 gene expression have been identified in several tumors, suggesting that inappropriate expression of the RAD51 activity may cause tumorigenesis. To identify chemical compounds that affect the RAD51 activity, in the present study, we performed the RAD51-mediated strand exchange assay in the presence of 185 chemical compounds. We found that 4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (DIDS) efficiently inhibited the RAD51-mediated strand exchange. DIDS also inhibited the RAD51-mediated homologous pairing in the absence of RPA. A surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed that DIDS directly binds to RAD51. A gel mobility shift assay showed that DIDS significantly inhibited the DNA-binding activity of RAD51. Therefore, DIDS may bind near the DNA binding site(s) of RAD51 and compete with DNA for RAD51 binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takako Ishida
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hikiba J, Takizawa Y, Ikawa S, Shibata T, Kurumizaka H. Biochemical analysis of the human DMC1-I37N polymorphism. FEBS J 2008; 276:457-65. [PMID: 19076215 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The DMC1 protein, a meiosis-specific DNA recombinase, promotes homologous pairing and strand exchange. The I37N single nucleotide polymorphism of the human DMC1 protein was reported as a result of human genome sequencing projects. In this study, we purified the human DMC1-I37N variant, as a recombinant protein. The DMC1 protein is known to require DNA for efficient ATP hydrolysis. By contrast, the DMC1-I37N variant efficiently hydrolyzed ATP in the absence of DNA. Like the conventional DMC1 protein, the DMC1-I37N variant promoted strand exchange, but it required a high Ca2+ concentration (4-8 mm), a condition that inactivates the strand-exchange activity of the conventional DMC1 protein. These biochemical differences between the DMC1 and DMC1-I37N proteins suggest that the DMC1-I37N polymorphism may be a source of improper meiotic recombination, causing meiotic defects in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juri Hikiba
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Khoo KHP, Jolly HR, Able JA. The RAD51 gene family in bread wheat is highly conserved across eukaryotes, with RAD51A upregulated during early meiosis. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2008; 35:1267-1277. [PMID: 32688873 DOI: 10.1071/fp08203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The RADiation sensitive protein 51 (RAD51) recombinase is a eukaryotic homologue of the bacterial Recombinase A (RecA). It is required for homologous recombination of DNA during meiosis where it plays a role in processes such as homology searching and strand invasion. RAD51 is well conserved in eukaryotes with as many as four paralogues identified in vertebrates and some higher plants. Here we report the isolation and preliminary characterisation of four RAD51 gene family members in hexaploid (bread) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). RAD51A1, RAD51A2 and RAD51D were located on chromosome group 7, and RAD51C was on chromosome group 2. Q-PCR gene expression profiling revealed that RAD51A1 was upregulated during meiosis with lower expression levels seen in mitotic tissue, and bioinformatics analysis demonstrated the evolutionary linkages of this gene family to other eukaryotic RAD51 sequences. Western blot analysis of heterologously expressed RAD51 from bread wheat has shown that it is detectable using anti-human RAD51 antibodies and that molecular modelling of the same protein revealed structural conservation when compared with yeast, human, Arabidopsis and maize RAD51A orthologues. This report has widened the knowledge base of this important protein family in plants, and highlighted the high level of structural conservation among RAD51 proteins from various species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin H P Khoo
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Hayley R Jolly
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Jason A Able
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang XP, Galkin VE, Yu X, Egelman EH, Heyer WD. Loop 2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad51 protein regulates filament formation and ATPase activity. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 37:158-71. [PMID: 19033358 PMCID: PMC2615628 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that the K342E substitution in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad51 protein increases the interaction with Rad54 protein in the two-hybrid system, leads to increased sensitivity to the alkylating agent MMS and hyper-recombination in an oligonucleotide-mediated gene targeting assay. K342 localizes in loop 2, a region of Rad51 whose function is not well understood. Here, we show that Rad51-K342E displays DNA-independent and DNA-dependent ATPase activities, owing to its ability to form filaments in the absence of a DNA lattice. These filaments exhibit a compressed pitch of 81 Å, whereas filaments of wild-type Rad51 and Rad51-K342E on DNA form extended filaments with a 97 Å pitch. Rad51-K342E shows near normal binding to ssDNA, but displays a defect in dsDNA binding, resulting in less stable protein-dsDNA complexes. The mutant protein is capable of catalyzing the DNA strand exchange reaction and is insensitive to inhibition by the early addition of dsDNA. Wild-type Rad51 protein is inhibited under such conditions, because of its ability to bind dsDNA. No significant changes in the interaction between Rad51-K342E and Rad54 could be identified. These findings suggest that loop 2 contributes to the primary DNA-binding site in Rad51, controlling filament formation and ATPase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8665, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Malik PS, Symington LS. Rad51 gain-of-function mutants that exhibit high affinity DNA binding cause DNA damage sensitivity in the absence of Srs2. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:6504-10. [PMID: 18927106 PMCID: PMC2582631 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified several rad51 gain-of-function alleles that partially suppress the requirement for RAD55 and RAD57 in DNA repair. To gain further insight into the mechanism of action of these alleles, we compared the activities of Rad51-V328A, Rad51-P339S and Rad51-I345T with wild-type Rad51, for DNA binding, filament stability, strand exchange and interaction with the antirecombinase helicase, Srs2. These alleles were chosen because they show the highest activity in suppression of ionizing radiation sensitivity of the rad57 mutant, and Val 328 and Ile 345 are conserved in the human Rad51 protein. All three mutant proteins exhibited higher affinity for single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and showed more robust strand exchange activity with oligonucleotide substrates than wild-type Rad51, with the Rad51-I345T and Rad51-V328A proteins displaying higher activity than Rad51-P339S. However, the Srs2 antirecombinase was able to disrupt Rad51–ssDNA complexes formed with all the mutant proteins. In vivo, the rad51-I345T mutant strain exhibited high resistance to methyl methane sulfonate that was dependent on functional SRS2. These results suggest the Srs2 translocase is able to disrupt Rad51–ssDNA complexes at stalled replication forks, but in the absence of Srs2 the enhanced DNA binding of the Rad51-I345T protein is detrimental to cell survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Punjab S Malik
- Department of Microbiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen LT, Ko TP, Chang YW, Lin KA, Wang AHJ, Wang TF. Structural and functional analyses of five conserved positively charged residues in the L1 and N-terminal DNA binding motifs of archaeal RADA protein. PLoS One 2007; 2:e858. [PMID: 17848989 PMCID: PMC1964548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
RecA family proteins engage in an ATP-dependent DNA strand exchange reaction that includes a ssDNA nucleoprotein helical filament and a homologous dsDNA sequence. In spite of more than 20 years of efforts, the molecular mechanism of homology pairing and strand exchange is still not fully understood. Here we report a crystal structure of Sulfolobus solfataricus RadA overwound right-handed filament with three monomers per helical pitch. This structure reveals conformational details of the first ssDNA binding disordered loop (denoted L1 motif) and the dsDNA binding N-terminal domain (NTD). L1 and NTD together form an outwardly open palm structure on the outer surface of the helical filament. Inside this palm structure, five conserved basic amino acid residues (K27, K60, R117, R223 and R229) surround a 25 A pocket that is wide enough to accommodate anionic ssDNA, dsDNA or both. Biochemical analyses demonstrate that these five positively charged residues are essential for DNA binding and for RadA-catalyzed D-loop formation. We suggest that the overwound right-handed RadA filament represents a functional conformation in the homology search and pairing reaction. A new structural model is proposed for the homologous interactions between a RadA-ssDNA nucleoprotein filament and its dsDNA target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Tzu Chen
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Chang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-An Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Andrew H.-J. Wang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Core Facility of High-Throughput Protein Crystallography, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (AW); (TW)
| | - Ting-Fang Wang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (AW); (TW)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kwon Y, Chi P, Roh DH, Klein H, Sung P. Synergistic action of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae homologous recombination factors Rad54 and Rad51 in chromatin remodeling. DNA Repair (Amst) 2007; 6:1496-506. [PMID: 17544928 PMCID: PMC2045070 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2007.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rad54, a member of the Swi2/Snf2 protein family, works in concert with the RecA-like recombinase Rad51 during the early and late stages of homologous recombination. Rad51 markedly enhances the activities of Rad54, including the induction of topological changes in DNA and the remodeling of chromatin structure. Reciprocally, Rad54 promotes Rad51-mediated DNA strand invasion with either naked or chromatinized DNA. Here, using various Saccharomyces cerevisiae rad51 and rad54 mutant proteins, mechanistic aspects of Rad54/Rad51-mediated chromatin remodeling are defined. Disruption of the Rad51-Rad54 complex leads to a marked attenuation of chromatin remodeling activity. Moreover, we present evidence that assembly of the Rad51 presynaptic filament represents an obligatory step in the enhancement of the chromatin remodeling reaction. Interestingly, we find a specific interaction of the N-terminal tail of histone H3 with Rad54 and show that the H3 tail interaction domain resides within the amino terminus of Rad54. These results suggest that Rad54-mediated chromatin remodeling coincides with DNA homology search by the Rad51 presynaptic filament and that this process is facilitated by an interaction of Rad54 with histone H3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngho Kwon
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is a ubiquitous cellular pathway that mediates transfer of genetic information between homologous or near homologous (homeologous) DNA sequences. During meiosis it ensures proper chromosome segregation in the first division. Moreover, HR is critical for the tolerance and repair of DNA damage, as well as in the recovery of stalled and broken replication forks. Together these functions preserve genomic stability and assure high fidelity transmission of the genetic material in the mitotic and meiotic cell divisions. This review will focus on the Rad54 protein, a member of the Snf2-family of SF2 helicases, which translocates on dsDNA but does not display strand displacement activity typical for a helicase. A wealth of genetic, cytological, biochemical and structural data suggests that Rad54 is a core factor of HR, possibly acting at multiple stages during HR in concert with the central homologous pairing protein Rad51.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolf-Dietrich Heyer
- Sections of Microbiology, University of California Davis, CA 95616-8665, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Galkin VE, Wu Y, Zhang XP, Qian X, He Y, Yu X, Heyer WD, Luo Y, Egelman EH. The Rad51/RadA N-Terminal Domain Activates Nucleoprotein Filament ATPase Activity. Structure 2006; 14:983-92. [PMID: 16765891 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Revised: 04/08/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Proteins in the RecA/RadA/Rad51 family form helical filaments on DNA that function in homologous recombination. While these proteins all have the same highly conserved ATP binding core, the RadA/Rad51 proteins have an N-terminal domain that shows no homology with the C-terminal domain found in RecA. Both the Rad51 N-terminal and RecA C-terminal domains have been shown to bind DNA, but no role for these domains has been established. We show that RadA filaments can be trapped in either an inactive or active conformation with respect to the ATPase and that activation involves a large rotation of the subunit aided by the N-terminal domain. The G103E mutation within the yeast Rad51 N-terminal domain inactivates the filament by failing to make proper contacts between the N-terminal domain and the core. These results show that the N-terminal domains play a regulatory role in filament activation and highlight the modular architecture of the recombination proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitold E Galkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Box 800733, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|