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Zhang S, Zhou D, Zheng C, Xiong P, Zhu W, Zheng D. Preclinical evaluation of a novel antibody-drug conjugate targeting DR5 for lymphoblastic leukemia therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 21:329-339. [PMID: 34141870 PMCID: PMC8173093 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is an aggressive hematological neoplasm resulting from immature lymphoid precursors. An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), coupling a small molecule covalently with a targeting antibody, can specifically kill tumor cells. Death receptor 5 (DR5) is considered as a promising anti-tumor drug target. In this study, we describe the preclinical evaluation of a novel DR5-targeting ADC (Oba01) as a potential therapeutic against ALL. Oba01 utilizes anti-DR5 humanized monoclonal antibody (zaptuzumab) coupled via a cleavable linker to monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE). Oba01 can specifically bind to DR5 on the tumor cells and transfer into lysosome via DR5-mediated endocytosis. It then effectively releases the MMAE, which can bind to the tubulin and prevent its aggregation, thereby leading to a significant inhibition of proliferation and cell death in tumor cells. Additionally, Oba01 displays significant dose-dependent tumoricidal activity in cell-derived xenograft (CDX) and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models. More importantly, toxicity analysis of Oba01 showed a favorable safety profile, and pharmacokinetic analysis illustrated an excellent stability and tolerability in rats and cynomolgus monkeys. Taken together, our data conclusively demonstrate that Oba01 is an attractive candidate for further clinical trials in DR5-positive ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyong Zhang
- Yantai Obioadc Biomedical Technology Ltd., Yantai, China.,Obio Technology (Shanghai) Corp, Ltd., No. 908, Building 19, Ziping Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201321, China
| | - Dongdong Zhou
- Yantai Obioadc Biomedical Technology Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- Yantai Obioadc Biomedical Technology Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Peng Xiong
- Yantai Obioadc Biomedical Technology Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Wan Zhu
- Yantai Obioadc Biomedical Technology Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Dexian Zheng
- Yantai Obioadc Biomedical Technology Ltd., Yantai, China.,Obio Technology (Shanghai) Corp, Ltd., No. 908, Building 19, Ziping Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201321, China
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2
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Kucka K, Wajant H. Receptor Oligomerization and Its Relevance for Signaling by Receptors of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:615141. [PMID: 33644033 PMCID: PMC7905041 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.615141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the exception of a few signaling incompetent decoy receptors, the receptors of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) are signaling competent and engage in signaling pathways resulting in inflammation, proliferation, differentiation, and cell migration and also in cell death induction. TNFRSF receptors (TNFRs) become activated by ligands of the TNF superfamily (TNFSF). TNFSF ligands (TNFLs) occur as trimeric type II transmembrane proteins but often also as soluble ligand trimers released from the membrane-bound form by proteolysis. The signaling competent TNFRs are efficiently activated by the membrane-bound TNFLs. The latter recruit three TNFR molecules, but there is growing evidence that this is not sufficient to trigger all aspects of TNFR signaling; rather, the formed trimeric TNFL–TNFR complexes have to cluster secondarily in the cell-to-cell contact zone for full TNFR activation. With respect to their response to soluble ligand trimers, the signaling competent TNFRs can be subdivided into two groups. TNFRs of one group, designated as category I TNFRs, are robustly activated by soluble ligand trimers. The receptors of a second group (category II TNFRs), however, failed to become properly activated by soluble ligand trimers despite high affinity binding. The limited responsiveness of category II TNFRs to soluble TNFLs can be overcome by physical linkage of two or more soluble ligand trimers or, alternatively, by anchoring the soluble ligand molecules to the cell surface or extracellular matrix. This suggests that category II TNFRs have a limited ability to promote clustering of trimeric TNFL–TNFR complexes outside the context of cell–cell contacts. In this review, we will focus on three aspects on the relevance of receptor oligomerization for TNFR signaling: (i) the structural factors which promote clustering of free and liganded TNFRs, (ii) the signaling pathway specificity of the receptor oligomerization requirement, and (iii) the consequences for the design and development of TNFR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Kucka
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Harald Wajant
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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3
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Mert U, Adawy A, Scharff E, Teichmann P, Willms A, Haselmann V, Colmorgen C, Lemke J, von Karstedt S, Fritsch J, Trauzold A. TRAIL Induces Nuclear Translocation and Chromatin Localization of TRAIL Death Receptors. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081167. [PMID: 31416165 PMCID: PMC6721811 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Binding of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) to the plasma membrane TRAIL-R1/-R2 selectively kills tumor cells. This discovery led to evaluation of TRAIL-R1/-R2 as targets for anti-cancer therapy, yet the corresponding clinical trials were disappointing. Meanwhile, it emerged that many cancer cells are TRAIL-resistant and that TRAIL-R1/-R2-triggering may lead to tumor-promoting effects. Intriguingly, recent studies uncovered specific functions of long ignored intracellular TRAIL-R1/-R2, with tumor-promoting functions of nuclear (n)TRAIL-R2 as the regulator of let-7-maturation. As nuclear trafficking of TRAIL-Rs is not well understood, we addressed this issue in our present study. Cell surface biotinylation and tracking of biotinylated proteins in intracellular compartments revealed that nTRAIL-Rs originate from the plasma membrane. Nuclear TRAIL-Rs-trafficking is a fast process, requiring clathrin-dependent endocytosis and it is TRAIL-dependent. Immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence approaches revealed an interaction of nTRAIL-R2 with the nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttle protein Exportin-1/CRM-1. Mutation of a putative nuclear export sequence (NES) in TRAIL-R2 or the inhibition of CRM-1 by Leptomycin-B resulted in the nuclear accumulation of TRAIL-R2. In addition, TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 constitutively localize to chromatin, which is strongly enhanced by TRAIL-treatment. Our data highlight the novel role for surface-activated TRAIL-Rs by direct trafficking and signaling into the nucleus, a previously unknown signaling principle for cell surface receptors that belong to the TNF-superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ufuk Mert
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alshaimaa Adawy
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Scharff
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Pierre Teichmann
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Willms
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Verena Haselmann
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Centre, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Cynthia Colmorgen
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Johannes Lemke
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Silvia von Karstedt
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- CECAD Research Center, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jürgen Fritsch
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anna Trauzold
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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4
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Zhang S, Zheng C, Zhu W, Xiong P, Zhou D, Huang C, Zheng D. A novel anti-DR5 antibody-drug conjugate possesses a high-potential therapeutic efficacy for leukemia and solid tumors. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:5412-5423. [PMID: 31410224 PMCID: PMC6691585 DOI: 10.7150/thno.33598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand receptor 1 or 2 (DR4/DR5) is specifically expressed in various tumor cells, but less or no expression in most normal cells. Many first generations of TRAIL agonists including recombinant preparations of TRAIL, agonistic antibodies against DR4/DR5 have been developed in phase I/II clinical trials for cancer therapy. However, the outcomes of clinical trials by using DR4/DR5 agonist mono-therapy were disappointed even though the safety profile was well tolerance. In the present study, we report an anti-DR5 antibody-drug conjugate (ADC, named as Zapadcine-1) possesses a higher potential for the therapy of lymphocyte leukemia and solid cancers. Methods: Zapadcine-1 was made by a fully humanized DR5-specific monoclonal antibody (Zaptuzumab) coupled via a cleavable linker to a highly toxic inhibitor of tubulin, monomethyl auristatin D (MMAD), by using ThioBridge technology. Cytotoxicity of the ADC in various tumor cells was identified by luminescent cell viability assay and the efficacy in vivo was determined in cells derived xenografts (CDX) of Jurkat E6-1, BALL-1, Reh, and patient derived xenografts (PDX) of human acute leukemia. Preliminary safety evaluation was carried out in rat and monkey. Results: Zapadcine-1 possesses a similar binding ability to the death receptor DR5 as the naked monoclonal antibody Zaptuzumab, and can be rapidly endocytosed into the lysosome of cancer cells. Zapadcine-1 specifically kills human lymphocyte leukemia cells and solid tumor cells, but not normal cells tested. More importantly, Zapadcine-1 drastically eliminates the xenografts in both CDX and PDX models of human acute leukemia. The excellent and comparable therapeutic efficacy is also observed in lung cancer NCI-H1975 CDX mouse model. The maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of single injected Zapadcine-1 in rat and cynomolgus monkey shows an acceptable safety profile. Conclusion: These data demonstrate a promising anti-cancer activity, meriting further exploration of its potential as a novel cancer therapeutic agent, especially for the acute lymphocyte leukemia.
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Molecular Mode of Action of TRAIL Receptor Agonists-Common Principles and Their Translational Exploitation. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070954. [PMID: 31284696 PMCID: PMC6678900 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and its death receptors TRAILR1/death receptor 4 (DR4) and TRAILR2/DR5 trigger cell death in many cancer cells but rarely exert cytotoxic activity on non-transformed cells. Against this background, a variety of recombinant TRAIL variants and anti-TRAIL death receptor antibodies have been developed and tested in preclinical and clinical studies. Despite promising results from mice tumor models, TRAIL death receptor targeting has failed so far in clinical studies to show satisfying anti-tumor efficacy. These disappointing results can largely be explained by two issues: First, tumor cells can acquire TRAIL resistance by several mechanisms defining a need for combination therapies with appropriate sensitizing drugs. Second, there is now growing preclinical evidence that soluble TRAIL variants but also bivalent anti-TRAIL death receptor antibodies typically require oligomerization or plasma membrane anchoring to achieve maximum activity. This review discusses the need for oligomerization and plasma membrane attachment for the activity of TRAIL death receptor agonists in view of what is known about the molecular mechanisms of how TRAIL death receptors trigger intracellular cell death signaling. In particular, it will be highlighted which consequences this has for the development of next generation TRAIL death receptor agonists and their potential clinical application.
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6
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Lee YR, Hwang E, Jang YJ. Involvement of p38 Activation and Mitochondria in Death of Human Leukemia Cells Induced by an Agonistic Human Monoclonal Antibody Fab Specific to TRAIL Receptor 1. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081967. [PMID: 31013630 PMCID: PMC6515105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces cancer cell death with minimal damage to normal cells; however, some cancer cells are resistant to TRAIL. TRAIL resistance may be overcome by agonistic antibodies to TRAIL receptors. In this study, we report the toxic effects of a novel recombinant agonistic human anti-TRAIL receptor 1 (DR4) monoclonal antibody Fab fragment, DR4-4, on various TRAIL-resistant and -sensitive cancer cell lines. The mechanisms of DR4-4 Fab-induced cell death in a human T cell leukemia cell line (Jurkat) were investigated using cell viability testing, immunoblotting, immunoassays, flow cytometry, and morphological observation. DR4-4 Fab-induced caspase-independent necrosis was observed to occur in Jurkat cells in association with p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, cellular FLICE (FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein degradation, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. Increased cytotoxic effects of DR4-4 Fab were observed in combination with TRAIL or γ-irradiation. Our results indicate that the novel DR4-4 Fab might overcome TRAIL-resistance and induce death in leukemia cells via cellular mechanisms different from those activated by TRAIL. DR4-4 Fab may have application as a potential therapeutic antibody fragment in single or combination therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Ri Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.
| | - Eunjoo Hwang
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.
| | - Young-Ju Jang
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.
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7
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Amirijavid S, Entezari M. Comparison of the effects of three kinds of IgYs, (normal, nanoliposomal and nanoparticle conjugated), which are produced against the small domains of DR5 protein on cancer cells. IET Nanobiotechnol 2018; 12:436-440. [PMID: 29768226 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2017.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatment with several kinds of drugs, especially targets the apoptotic pathways nowadays. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) as one of the important members of death receptors, significantly trigger induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. Three conserved domains of Death receptor (DR5) protein extracellular domain, which are fortified cysteine, were chosen and chemically synthesised. Hens were immunised with nano-liposomal peptides, and as a result the purified Immunoglobulin (IgYs) remarkably killed the cancerous MCF7 cells. The flow cytometric assay, confirmed the apoptotic death. Among several kinds of carriers that were used in this research, the nano-liposomal and nanoparticle conjugated, both were acceptable choices for drug delivery. Furthermore, the IgY against DR5's small peptides with such carriers successfully reached the target and significantly killed the cancer cells via apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Department of Genetics, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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A Novel Fully Human Agonistic Single Chain Fragment Variable Antibody Targeting Death Receptor 5 with Potent Antitumor Activity In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102064. [PMID: 28953230 PMCID: PMC5666746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Agonistic antibodies, which bind specifically to death receptor 5 (DR5), can trigger apoptosis in tumor cells through the extrinsic pathway. In this present study, we describe the use of a phage display to isolate a novel fully human agonistic single chain fragment variable (scFv) antibody, which targets DR5. After five rounds of panning a large (1.2 × 108 clones) phage display library on DR5, a total of over 4000 scFv clones were screened by the phage ELISA. After screening for agonism in a cell-viability assay in vitro, a novel DR5-specific scFv antibody TR2-3 was isolated, which inhibited COLO205 and MDA-MB-231 tumor cell growth without any cross-linking agents. The activity of TR2-3 in inducing apoptosis in cancer cells was evaluated by using an Annexin V-PE apoptosis detection kit in combination with flow cytometry and the Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide double staining analysis. In addition, the activation of caspase-dependent apoptosis was evaluated by Western blot assays. The results indicated that TR2-3 induced robust apoptosis of the COLO205 and MDA-MB-231 cells in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner, while it remarkably upregulated the cleavage of caspase-3 and caspase-8. Furthermore, TR2-3 suppressed the tumor growth significantly in the xenograft model. Taken together, these data suggest that TR2-3 exhibited potent antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo. This work provides a novel human antibody, which might be a promising candidate for cancer therapy by targeting DR5.
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9
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Chen L, Qiu Y, Hao Z, Cai J, Zhang S, Liu Y, Zheng D. A novel humanized anti-tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-R2 monoclonal antibody induces apoptotic and autophagic cell death. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:735-744. [PMID: 28748573 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL/TNFSF10) is specifically expressed in various tumor cells, but less or no expression in most normal tissues and cells. While TRAIL engages with its native death receptors, TRAIL receptor 1 (TRAIL-R1) or 2 (TRAIL-R2), usually elicits the tumor cell death by apoptosis. In this study, we report that a novel humanized monoclonal antibody against TRAIL-R2 (named as zaptuzumab) well remain the biological activity of the parental mouse antibody AD5-10 inducing cell death in various cancer cells, but little effect on normal cells. Zaptuzumab also markedly inhibited the tumor growth in the mouse xenograft of NCI-H460 without toxicity to the liver and kidney, and the efficacy of tumor suppression was increased significantly while it combined with cis-dichlorodiamineplatinum. Especially, 131 I-labeled zaptuzumab injected into mouse tail vein specifically targeted to the xenograft of the lung cancer cells. Confocal analysis showed that zaptuzumab bound with TRAIL-R2 on cell surface could be quickly internalized and transferred into the lysosome. Furthermore, zaptuzumab possessed a high level of antibody-dependent cytotoxicity as well as complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Study on the mechanisms of cell death induced by zaptuzumab showed that it efficiently induced both caspase-dependent apoptosis and autophagic cell death. These data suggest that the humanized anti-TRAIL-R2 monoclonal antibody or the second generation of the antibody may have an important clinical usage for cancer immunotherapy. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(9):735-744, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhe Qiu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenliang Hao
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiong Cai
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyong Zhang
- Obio Technology (Shanghai) Corp. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxin Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dexian Zheng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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10
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Chen Y, Zhou X, Qiao J, Bao A. Autophagy is a regulator of TRAIL-induced apoptosis in NSCLC A549 cells. J Cell Commun Signal 2017; 11:219-226. [PMID: 28101818 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-016-0364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a catabolic process by which cytoplasmic components are degraded in lysosomes, plays an important role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Dysregulation of autophagy is associated with several diseases. However, few studies have addressed the role of autophagy in the lung, and its role in lung diseases remains unclear. In the present study, we examined the effect of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) on autophagy in A549 cells and explored the underlying mechanisms. We showed that TRAIL promoted autophagosome formation, as detected by the levels of LC3-II, and its effect on promoting autophagy was dependent on the expression of the autophagy related genes (ATGs) Atg5, Atg7, and beclin-1. TRAIL-induced ATG expression was attenuated by JNK silencing or treatment with the JNK inhibitor SP600125, indicating the involvement of the JNK pathway. Crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis was demonstrated by silencing the autophagy related genes Atg5, Atg7, and beclin-1, and the dependence of TRAIL-induced apoptosis on autophagy-related gene expression. Taken together, our results indicate that TRAIL promotes autophagy in A549 cells via a mechanism involving the modulation of ATG expression through the JNK pathway. Inhibition of autophagy enhanced TRAIL-induced cell proliferative inhibition and apoptosis in A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Chen
- Department of Respiratory, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Respiratory, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Jianou Qiao
- Department of Respiratory, Shanghai Nine people's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 639 Manufacturing bureau road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Aihua Bao
- Department of Respiratory, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
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11
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Xiao Q, Qian Z, Zhang W, Liu J, Hu E, Zhang J, Li M, Wang J, Kong F, Li Y, Wang R, Tan X, He D, Xiao X. Depletion of CABYR-a/b sensitizes lung cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through YAP/p73-mediated DR5 upregulation. Oncotarget 2017; 7:9513-24. [PMID: 26843620 PMCID: PMC4891056 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study revealed that knockdown of CABYR-a/b increases the chemosensitivity of lung cancer cells through inactivation of Akt. Here, we demonstrated that depletion of CABYR-a/b significantly increased DR5 expression and sensitized lung cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in vitro and/or in vivo. Importantly, treatment with AD5-10, a DR5-specific agonistic monoclonal antibody, was able to mimic TRAIL-induced apoptosis in CABYR-a/b-silenced cells. Strikingly, we identified that depletion of CABYR-a/b not only increased the expressions of p73 and DR5 but also decreased the phosphorylation of YAP S127. Loss- or gain-of-function studies of YAP and p73 revealed that double deletions of YAP and p73 effectively decreased the expression of DR5 and abolished TRAIL-induced apoptosis in CABYR-a/b knockdown cells. Conversely, the co-overexpression of YAP and p73 promoted the expression of DR5 and sensitized cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Taken together, our results demonstrate that depletion of CABYR-a/b sensitizes lung cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through YAP/p73-mediated DR5 upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zunlei Qian
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,College of Forensic Sciences, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Enze Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinsan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Center of Reproduction and Genetics, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Junhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Kong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunguang Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohua Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dacheng He
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyuan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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12
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Yang H, Song Y. Structural Insight for Roles of DR5 Death Domain Mutations on Oligomerization of DR5 Death Domain-FADD Complex in the Death-Inducing Signaling Complex Formation: A Computational Study. J Mol Model 2016; 22:89. [PMID: 26995783 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-2941-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Death receptor 5 (DR5)-induced apoptosis that prioritizes the death of tumor cells has been proposed as one of the promising cancer therapies. In this process, oligomerized DR5 death domain (DD) binding to Fas-associated death domain (FADD) leads to FADD activating caspase-8, which marks the formation of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) that initiates apoptosis. DR5 DD mutations found in cancer cells have been suggested to play an important pathological role, the mechanism through which those mutants prevent the DR5-activated DISC formation is not clear yet. This study sought to provide structural and molecular insight for the roles of four selected DR5 DD mutations (E355K, E367K, K415N, and L363F) in the oligomerization of DR5 DD-FADD complex during the DISC formation. Results from the molecular dynamics simulations show that the simulated mutants induce conformational, dynamical motions and interactions changes in the DR5 DD-FADD tetramer complex, including changes in a protein's backbone flexibility, less exposure of FADD DED's caspase-8 binding site, reduced H-bonding and hydrophobic contacts at the DR5 DD-FADD DD binding, altered distribution of the electrostatic potentials and correlated motions of residues, and reduced binding affinity of DR5 DD binding to FADD. This study provides structural and molecular insight for the influence of DR5 DD mutations on oligomerization of DR5 DD-FADD complex, which is expected to foster understanding of the DR5 DD mutants' resistance mechanism against DR5-activated DISC formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Yuhua Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 803 Shelby Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Building, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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13
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Philipp S, Sosna J, Plenge J, Kalthoff H, Adam D. Homoharringtonine, a clinically approved anti-leukemia drug, sensitizes tumor cells for TRAIL-induced necroptosis. Cell Commun Signal 2015; 13:25. [PMID: 25925126 PMCID: PMC4411737 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-015-0103-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One hallmark of cancer cells is their ability to evade physiologic signals causing regulated cell death (RCD). Correspondingly, TRAIL-based therapies to eliminate human cancer cells via enforced induction of apoptosis have been established and represent a promising approach in anti-cancer research. However, due to frequently appearing intrinsic or acquired resistances of tumor cells against apoptosis, TRAIL-based apoptotic strategies for the treatment of cancer patients have shown limited efficacy. As a potential alternative, regulated necrosis (and necroptosis triggered e.g. by TRAIL receptors 1/2) has recently gained considerable attention. Regulated necrosis represents a mode of RCD molecularly distinct from apoptosis whose potential in anti-cancer therapy is almost uncharacterized. Since in most cancer cells survival pathways counteract the effects of TRAIL-induced RCD, sensitizers such as cycloheximide (CHX) are frequently added in cell culture to overcome this problem. Unfortunately, those sensitizers are cytotoxic and therefore not suitable for the treatment of cancer patients. Here, we have alternatively employed homoharringtonine (HHT), a plant alkaloid which was recently approved by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration to treat patients with chronic myeloid lymphoma. RESULTS We show that HHT is an efficient sensitizer for TRAIL-induced necroptosis in multiple human cancer cell lines. In addition, HHT-enhanced TRAIL-mediated necroptosis occurs via the same signaling pathways (involving RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL) as CHX-enhanced necroptosis. Importantly, consecutive treatment schedules of necroptosis and apoptosis in either combination revealed remarkable additive effects not reached by repetitive apoptotic treatments alone. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data demonstrate that HHT can replace harmful substances such as CHX to sensitize human cancer cells to TRAIL-induced necroptosis. Thus, HHT represents a promising enhancer in TRAIL-based necroptotic anti-cancer therapies also in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Philipp
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Justyna Sosna
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Johannes Plenge
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Holger Kalthoff
- Institut für Experimentelle Tumorforschung, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Dieter Adam
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany.
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14
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RIP1 modulates death receptor mediated apoptosis and autophagy in macrophages. Mol Oncol 2014; 9:806-17. [PMID: 25583602 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are responsible for defending against diverse pathogens and play a crucial role in the innate immune system. Macrophage's lifespan is determined by homeostatic balance between survival and apoptosis. Here we report that tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) triggers both apoptosis and autophagy in human U937 cells. Inhibition of autophagy facilitates TRAIL-induced apoptosis, suggesting that autophagy of macrophages protects against TRAIL-induced apoptosis. TRAIL treatment influences the expression of death receptors, indicating that TRAIL-induced apoptosis and autophagy are mediated by death receptors. RIP1 ubiquitination and expression regulate apoptosis and autophagy. Furthermore, expression and bioactivity of the p43/41-caspase-8 variant are critical to TRAIL-induced autophagy and apoptosis. Knockdown of RIP1 suppresses autophagy in macrophage. These data demonstrate that RIP1 is essential for the regulation of death receptor mediated autophagy and apoptosis. The results in this study contribute to understanding the regulation of autophagy and apoptosis in macrophages, and shed lights on death receptor-targeted therapy for cancer, inflammation and autoimmune diseases.
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15
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Prasad S, Kim JH, Gupta SC, Aggarwal BB. Targeting death receptors for TRAIL by agents designed by Mother Nature. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35:520-36. [PMID: 25128958 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Selective killing of cancer cells is one of the major goals of cancer therapy. Although chemotherapeutic agents are being used for cancer treatment, they lack selectivity toward tumor cells. Among the six different death receptors (DRs) identified to date, DR4 and DR5 are selectively expressed on cancer cells. Therefore, unlike chemotherapeutic agents, these receptors can potentially mediate selective killing of tumor cells. In this review we outline various nutraceuticals derived from 'Mother Nature' that can upregulate DRs and thus potentiate apoptosis. These nutraceuticals increase tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis of cancer cells through different mechanisms. First, nutraceuticals have been found to induce DRs through the upregulation of various signaling molecules. Second, nutraceuticals can downregulate tumor cell-survival pathways. Third, nutraceuticals alone have been found to activate cell-death pathways. Although both TRAIL and agonistic antibodies against DR4 and DR5 are in clinical trials, combination with nutraceuticals is likely to boost their anticancer potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahdeo Prasad
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Subash C Gupta
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bharat B Aggarwal
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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16
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Huang Y, Liang B, Jiang Q, Chen C, Yang K, Li C, Zheng A. Tumoricidal activity of combining the agonistic DR5 antibody D-6 with cisplatin in C30 cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:183-90. [PMID: 24789319 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A previous study by our group reported that the agonistic DR5 antibody D-6 was capable of triggering apoptosis in A2780 cisplatin-sensitive ovarian cancer cells and that this marked effect was enhanced by cisplatin in vitro. The present study examined whether D-6 and cisplatin may exert the same anti-tumor effect on C30 cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells, and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. D-6 exhibited an apoptosis-inducing effect, increased the cell growth inhibition rate of C30 cells in a dose-dependent manner, induced significant morphological changes characteristic for apoptosis, as observed by electron microscopy, and downregulated the expression of caspase 3, 8 and 9 precursors in C30 cells treated with D-6 at the protein level. All of these effects were evidently enhanced when accompanied by cisplatin. Furthermore, D-6 alone or in combination with cisplatin in the established models of C30 tumor xenografts resulted in a significant repression of tumor growth, and evident apoptosis, as determined by a terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay. In addition, the expression of caspase 3, 8 and 9 precursors in the tumor xenografts was as similar to that found in vitro. In conclusion, the present study suggested that D-6 may serve as a novel anti-tumor agent against C30 cisplatin‑resistant ovarian cancer, with the ability to trigger apoptosis via caspase-dependent and ‑independent pathways and the potential to decrease the cisplatin resistance of the C30 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Baoquan Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Qin Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ai Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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17
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Voigt S, Philipp S, Davarnia P, Winoto-Morbach S, Röder C, Arenz C, Trauzold A, Kabelitz D, Schütze S, Kalthoff H, Adam D. TRAIL-induced programmed necrosis as a novel approach to eliminate tumor cells. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:74. [PMID: 24507727 PMCID: PMC3927850 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cytokine TRAIL represents one of the most promising candidates for the apoptotic elimination of tumor cells, either alone or in combination therapies. However, its efficacy is often limited by intrinsic or acquired resistance of tumor cells to apoptosis. Programmed necrosis is an alternative, molecularly distinct mode of programmed cell death that is elicited by TRAIL under conditions when the classical apoptosis machinery fails or is actively inhibited. The potential of TRAIL-induced programmed necrosis in tumor therapy is, however, almost completely uncharacterized. We therefore investigated its impact on a panel of tumor cell lines of wide-ranging origin. Methods Cell death/viability was measured by flow cytometry/determination of intracellular ATP levels/crystal violet staining. Cell surface expression of TRAIL receptors was detected by flow cytometry, expression of proteins by Western blot. Ceramide levels were quantified by high-performance thin layer chromatography and densitometric analysis, clonogenic survival of cells was determined by crystal violet staining or by soft agarose cloning. Results TRAIL-induced programmed necrosis killed eight out of 14 tumor cell lines. Clonogenic survival was reduced in all sensitive and even one resistant cell lines tested. TRAIL synergized with chemotherapeutics in killing tumor cell lines by programmed necrosis, enhancing their effect in eight out of 10 tested tumor cell lines and in 41 out of 80 chemotherapeutic/TRAIL combinations. Susceptibility/resistance of the investigated tumor cell lines to programmed necrosis seems to primarily depend on expression of the pro-necrotic kinase RIPK3 rather than the related kinase RIPK1 or cell surface expression of TRAIL receptors. Furthermore, interference with production of the lipid ceramide protected all tested tumor cell lines. Conclusions Our study provides evidence that TRAIL-induced programmed necrosis represents a feasible approach for the elimination of tumor cells, and that this treatment may represent a promising new option for the future development of combination therapies. Our data also suggest that RIPK3 expression may serve as a potential predictive marker for the sensitivity of tumor cells to programmed necrosis and extend the previously established role of ceramide as a key mediator of death receptor-induced programmed necrosis (and thus as a potential target for future therapies) also to the tumor cell lines examined here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dieter Adam
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Michaelisstrasse 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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18
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Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax-deregulated autophagy pathway and c-FLIP expression contribute to resistance against death receptor-mediated apoptosis. J Virol 2013; 88:2786-98. [PMID: 24352466 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03025-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax protein is considered to play a central role in the process that leads to adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-1 Tax-expressing cells show resistance to apoptosis induced by Fas ligand (FasL) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). The regulation of Tax on the autophagy pathway in HeLa cells and peripheral T cells was recently reported, but the function and underlying molecular mechanism of the Tax-regulated autophagy are not yet well defined. Here, we report that HTLV-1 Tax deregulates the autophagy pathway, which plays a protective role during the death receptor (DR)-mediated apoptosis of human U251 astroglioma cells. The cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP), which is upregulated by Tax, also contributes to the resistance against DR-mediated apoptosis. Both Tax-induced autophagy and Tax-induced c-FLIP expression require Tax-induced activation of IκB kinases (IKK). Furthermore, Tax-induced c-FLIP expression is regulated through the Tax-IKK-NF-κB signaling pathway, whereas Tax-triggered autophagy depends on the activation of IKK but not the activation of NF-κB. In addition, DR-mediated apoptosis is correlated with the degradation of Tax, which can be facilitated by the inhibitors of autophagy. IMPORTANCE Our study reveals that Tax-deregulated autophagy is a protective mechanism for DR-mediated apoptosis. The molecular mechanism of Tax-induced autophagy is also illuminated, which is different from Tax-increased c-FLIP. Tax can be degraded via manipulation of autophagy and TRAIL-induced apoptosis. These results outline a complex regulatory network between and among apoptosis, autophagy, and Tax and also present evidence that autophagy represents a new possible target for therapeutic intervention for the HTVL-1 related diseases.
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19
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Wang W, He W, Wang L, Zhang G, Gao B. Pentamerisation of a scFv directed against TRAIL receptor 2 increases its antitumour efficacy. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:360-7. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingPRC
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiPRC
| | - Wen He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingPRC
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Biochemistry Teaching and Research Office, Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangPRC
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingPRC
| | - Lei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingPRC
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingPRC
| | - Ge Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingPRC
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingPRC
| | - Bin Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingPRC
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiPRC
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingPRC
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20
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Qiu Y, Zhang Z, Shi J, Liu S, Liu Y, Zheng D. A novel anti-DR5 chimeric antibody and epirubicin synergistically suppress tumor growth. IUBMB Life 2012; 64:757-65. [PMID: 22815059 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis in a variety of tumor cells. TRAIL receptor 2 (DR5) expression is high in tumor cells, transformed cells, and clinical tumor specimens and is low in most normal cells and tissues; therefore, DR5 is considered an attractive target for cancer therapy. In this study, HMCAZ5, a novel mouse-human chimeric antibody based on AD5-10, was generated and stably expressed in CHO-dhfr(-) cells. Highly purified HMCAZ5 exhibits a high affinity for the receptor that is equal to the parental mouse antibody, induces apoptosis in various cancer cells but not in normal hepatocytes, and elicits both antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity in various human cancer cells. The anthracycline anticancer drug epirubicin (EPB) synergizes the cytotoxicity of HMCAZ5 in cancer cells by upregulating DR5 expression on the cell surfaces, enhancing p53 expression, Bid cleavage, and JNK phosphorylation and downregulating c-FLIP expression and Akt phosphorylation. Moreover, HMCAZ5 alone suppresses tumor growth, and EPB augments the tumoricidal activity in human colorectal and hepatocellular tumor xenografts in athymic nude mice. These data suggest that the anti-DR5 chimeric antibody HMCAZ5 may have a clinical use and represents a useful immunological strategy, in combination with chemotherapy, for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhe Qiu
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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21
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JIANG QIN, ZHU HONG, LIANG BAOQUAN, HUANG YAN, LI CHUNMEI. Apoptosis-inducing effect of the DR5 monoclonal antibody, D-6, alone or in combination with cisplatin, on A2780 ovarian cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2012; 6:316-20. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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22
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Valley CC, Lewis AK, Mudaliar DJ, Perlmutter JD, Braun AR, Karim CB, Thomas DD, Brody JR, Sachs JN. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces death receptor 5 networks that are highly organized. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:21265-78. [PMID: 22496450 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.306480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a death-inducing cytokine with anti-tumor potential, initiates apoptosis by re-organizing TRAIL receptors into large clusters, although the structure of these clusters and the mechanism by which they assemble are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that TRAIL receptor 2 (DR5) forms receptor dimers in a ligand-dependent manner at endogenous receptor levels, and these receptor dimers exist within high molecular weight networks. Using mutational analysis, FRET, fluorescence microscopy, synthetic biochemistry, and molecular modeling, we find that receptor dimerization relies upon covalent and noncovalent interactions between membrane-proximal residues. Additionally, by using FRET, we show that the oligomeric structure of two functional isoforms of DR5 is indistinguishable. The resulting model of DR5 activation should revise the accepted architecture of the functioning units of DR5 and the structurally homologous TNF receptor superfamily members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Valley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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23
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Pascal V, Laffleur B, Cogné M. Class-specific effector functions of therapeutic antibodies. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 901:295-317. [PMID: 22723109 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-931-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Physiology usually combines polyclonal antibodies of multiple classes in a single humoral response. Beyond their common ability to bind antigens, these various classes of human immunoglobulins carry specific functions which can each serve specific goals. In many cases, the function of a monoclonal therapeutic antibody may thus be modulated according to the class of its constant domains. Depending on the immunoglobulin class, different functional assays will be used in order to evaluate the functional activity of a monoclonal antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Pascal
- CNRS UMR6101, Contrôle des Réponses Immunes B et Lymphoproliférations, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
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24
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Fernández-Marrero Y, López-Requena A. Lonely killers: effector cell- and complement-independent non-proapoptotic cytotoxic antibodies inducing membrane lesions. MAbs 2011; 3:528-34. [PMID: 22123064 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.3.6.17770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of the most effective monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) currently in the clinics bind to cancer or immune cells. Classic mechanisms of cell killing by therapeutic mAbs include antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis by engagement of specific cell ligands. A few reports have described mAbs whose cytotoxic activity is Fc-independent and that do not induce the morphological and biochemical changes associated with the apoptosis-type of cell death. Even fewer works describe mAbs able to directly induce membrane lesions. Here, we discuss the available data on those molecules and their cell killing activity, with particular attention to the case of a mAb specific for the tumor-associated N-glycolyl (Neu5Gc)-GM3 ganglioside (GM3(Neu5Gc)). Some similarities are found in the cell death pathways triggered by these mAbs, but data are not abundant. We conclude that the usefulness of mAbs with a direct cytotoxic activity for immunotherapeutic strategies deserves deeper research.
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Li M, Wu Y, Qiu Y, Yao Z, Liu S, Liu Y, Shi J, Zheng D. 2A peptide-based, lentivirus-mediated anti-death receptor 5 chimeric antibody expression prevents tumor growth in nude mice. Mol Ther 2011; 20:46-53. [PMID: 21934654 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a member of the TNF superfamily, induces tumor cell death via death receptors on target cells, without adverse effects on most normal cells. Its receptors are therefore an attractive target for antibody-mediated tumor therapy. Here, we report the creation of a lentivirus vector constructed by linking the heavy chain and the light chain of the antibody with a 2A/furin self-processing peptide in a single open reading frame that expresses a novel chimeric antibody (named as zaptuximab) with tumoricidal activity, which is consisted of the variable region of a mouse anti-human DR5 monoclonal antibody, AD5-10, and the constant region of human immunoglobulin G1. Lentivirus-expressed zaptuximab bound specifically to its antigen, DR5, and exhibited significant apoptosis-inducing activity in various tumor cell lines. The packaged recombinant virus lenti-HF2AL showed strong apoptosis-inducing activity in vitro. Meanwhile, inoculated subcutaneous human colon HCT116 tumor formation in nude mice were inhibited significantly. Moreover, there was a synergistic effect of mitomycin C (MMC) on the observed tumoricidal efficacy, prolonging the life span of nude mice with orthotopic human lung tumor cancers. These data suggest that lentivirus-mediated, 2A peptide-based anti-DR5 chimeric antibody expression may have clinical utility as an anticancer treatment and may represent a rational adjuvant therapy in combination with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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26
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Leveraging image cytometry for the development of clinically feasible biomarkers: evaluation of activated caspase-3 in fine needle aspirate biopsies. Methods Cell Biol 2011. [PMID: 21704844 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374912-3.00012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Quantitation of activated caspases in xenograft models by laser scanning cytometry has demonstrated mechanism-specific biological activity of Anti-Trail Receptor immunoglobulin therapies in situ. These preclinical data confirmed that caspase activation is an early event that precedes tumor regression. To apply this platform for clinical monitoring of caspase activation using fine needle aspirate (FNA) biopsies, additional assay feasibility and validation experiments need be addressed. Furthermore, important instrument parameters should be considered including the maintenance and operation of the cytometer in a controlled state to ensure aspects like data traceability, reliability, and integrity. In the present chapter we describe a method to evaluate caspase activation in Colo205 cells and fine needle aspirate tumors by slide-based, laser scanning cytometry. This approach can be applied to cell cultures, preclinical and clinical fine needle aspirate material.
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27
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Zhu DM, Shi J, Liu S, Liu Y, Zheng D. HIV infection enhances TRAIL-induced cell death in macrophage by down-regulating decoy receptor expression and generation of reactive oxygen species. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18291. [PMID: 21483669 PMCID: PMC3071698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) could induce apoptosis of HIV-1-infected monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM), but the molecular mechanisms are not well understood. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS By using an HIV-1 Env-pseudotyped virus (HIV-1 PV)-infected MDM cell model we demonstrate that HIV-1 PV infection down-regulates the expression of TRAIL decoy receptor 1 (DcR1) and 2 (DcR2), and cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP), but dose not affect the expression of death receptor 4 and 5 (DR4, DR5), and Bcl-2 family members in MDM cells. Furthermore, recombinant soluble TRAIL and an agonistic anti-DR5 antibody, AD5-10, treatment stimulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and JNK phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE HIV infection facilitates TRIAL-induced cell death in MDM by down-regulating the expression of TRAIL decoy receptors and intracellular c-FLIP. Meanwhile, the agonistic anti-DR5 antibody, AD5-10, induces apoptosis synergistically with TRAIL in HIV-1-infected cells. ROS generation and JNK phosphorylation are involved in this process. These findings potentiate clinical usage of the combination of TRAIL and AD5-10 in eradication of HIV-infected macrophage and AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Ming Zhu
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Shi
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shilian Liu
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxin Liu
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dexian Zheng
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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28
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Du YW, Chen JG, Bai HL, Huang HY, Wang J, Li SL, Liu GC, Jiang Q, Chai J, Zhao YP, Ma YF. A Novel Agonistic Anti-Human Death Receptor 5 Monoclonal Antibody with Tumoricidal Activity Induces Caspase- and Mitochondrial-Dependent Apoptosis in Human Leukemia Jurkat Cells. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2011; 26:143-52. [DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2010.0827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-wu Du
- Institute for Immunology of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
- Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Ju-gao Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China and Department of Experimental Research, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-ling Bai
- Institute for Immunology of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
- Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Hong-ying Huang
- Institute for Immunology of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
- Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute for Immunology of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
- Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Shu-lian Li
- Institute for Immunology of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
- Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Guang-chao Liu
- Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China and Department of Experimental Research, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Jiang
- Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Jing Chai
- Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Yue-ping Zhao
- Institute for Immunology of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
- Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Yuan-fang Ma
- Institute for Immunology of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
- Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
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Yang HR, Hsieh CC, Wang L, Fung JJ, Lu L, Qian S. A critical role of TRAIL expressed on cotransplanted hepatic stellate cells in prevention of islet allograft rejection. Microsurgery 2010; 30:332-7. [PMID: 19774615 DOI: 10.1002/micr.20697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have demonstrated a strong T-cell inhibitory activity. In a mouse islet transplantation model, cotransplanted HSCs can protect islet allografts from rejection. The involved mechanism is not fully understood. We showed in this study that expression of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), an important apoptosis-inducing ligand, on HSCs was crucial in protection of islet allografts, since HSCs derived from TRAIL knockout mice demonstrated less inhibitory activity towards T-cell proliferative responses, and substantially lost their capacity in protecting cotransplanted islet allografts from rejection, suggesting that TRAIL-mediated T cell apoptotic death is important in HSC-delivered immune regulation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horng-Ren Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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30
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Zoog SJ, Ma CY, Kaplan-Lefko PJ, Hawkins JM, Moriguchi J, Zhou L, Pan Y, Hsu CP, Friberg G, Herbst R, Hill J, Juan G. Measurement of conatumumab-induced apoptotic activity in tumors by fine needle aspirate sampling. Cytometry A 2010; 77:849-60. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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31
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El-Gazzar A, Perco P, Eckelhart E, Anees M, Sexl V, Mayer B, Liu Y, Mikulits W, Horvat R, Pangerl T, Zheng D, Krainer M. Natural immunity enhances the activity of a DR5 agonistic antibody and carboplatin in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:1007-18. [PMID: 20371719 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis specifically in cancer cells with little effect on normal cells. We have previously shown that TRAIL signaling is altered in most ovarian cancer patients and that resistance to TRAIL contributes to ovarian cancer progression. In this study, we investigated whether resistance to TRAIL may be overcome by a monoclonal TRAILR2 (DR5) agonistic antibody (AD5-10). We found that the joint presence of AD5-10 with TRAIL and natural killer (NK) cells expressing TRAIL resensitizes ovarian cancer cells to apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, respectively. The combination of AD5-10 with carboplatin exerts a more than additive effect in vitro, which may at least partially be explained by the fact that carboplatin triggers DR5 expression on ovarian cancer cells. Moreover, AD5-10 restores the sensitivity of platin-resistant ovarian cancer to carboplatin in vivo. In addition, we found that TRAIL expression and NK cells are abundant in the tumor microenvironment and that depletion of NK cells abolishes the antitumor activity of AD5-10. This indicates that NK-mediated immunosurveillance against ovarian cancer might be mediated by TRAIL and that apoptosis induced by AD5-10 requires the presence of NK cells. In conclusion, this study indicates a key role and strong antitumorigenic effect of DR5 and highlights a novel link between NK-mediated immunosurveillance and activation of DR5-mediated apoptosis in ovarian cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(4); 1007-18. (c)2010 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El-Gazzar
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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32
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Vrielink J, Heins MS, Setroikromo R, Szegezdi E, Mullally MM, Samali A, Quax WJ. Synthetic constrained peptide selectively binds and antagonizes death receptor 5. FEBS J 2010; 277:1653-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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33
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Zhang P, Zheng Y, Shi J, Zhang Y, Liu S, Liu Y, Zheng D. Targeting a novel N-terminal epitope of death receptor 5 triggers tumor cell death. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:8953-66. [PMID: 20106985 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.070680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptors death receptor (DR) 4 and DR5 are potential targets for antibody-based cancer therapy. Activation of the proapoptotic DR5 in various cancer cells triggers the extrinsic and/or intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. It has been shown that there are several functional domains in the DR5 extracellular domain. The cysteine-rich domains of DR5 have a conservative role in tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-DR5-mediated apoptosis, and the pre-ligand assembly domain within the N1-cap contributes to the ligand-independent formation of receptor complexes. However, the role of the N-terminal region (NTR) preceding the N1-cap of DR5 remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that NTR could mediate DR5 activation that transmits an apoptotic signal when bound to a specific agonistic monoclonal antibody. A novel epitope in the NTR of DR5 was identified by peptide array. Antibodies against the antigenic determinant showed high affinities for DR5 and triggered caspase activation in a time-dependent manner, suggesting the NTR of DR5 might function as a potential death-inducing region. Moreover, permutation analysis showed that Leu(6) was pivotal for the interaction of DR5 and the agonistic antibody. Synthetic wild-type epitopes eliminated the cytotoxicity of all three agonistic monoclonal antibodies, AD5-10, Adie-1, and Adie-2. These results indicate that the NTR of DR5 could be a potential target site for the development of new strategies for cancer immunotherapy. Also, our findings expand the current knowledge about DR5 extracellular functional domains and provide insights into the mechanism of DR5-mediated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
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Dobson CL, Main S, Newton P, Chodorge M, Cadwallader K, Humphreys R, Albert V, Vaughan TJ, Minter RR, Edwards BM. Human monomeric antibody fragments to TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 that display potent in vitro agonism. MAbs 2009; 1:552-62. [PMID: 20068388 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.1.6.10057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis through the TRAIL receptor pathway can be induced via agonistic IgG to either TRAIL-R1 or TRAIL-R2. Here we describe the use of phage display to isolate a substantive panel of fully human anti-TRAIL receptor single chain Fv fragments (scFvs); 234 and 269 different scFvs specific for TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 respectively. In addition, 134 different scFvs that were cross-reactive for both receptors were isolated. To facilitate screening of all 637 scFvs for potential agonistic activity in vitro, a novel high-throughput surrogate apoptosis assay was developed. Ten TRAIL-R1 specific scFv and 6 TRAIL-R2 specific scFv were shown to inhibit growth of tumor cells in vitro in the absence of any cross-linking agents. These scFv were all highly specific for either TRAIL-R1 or TRAIL-R2, potently inhibited tumor cell proliferation, and were antagonists of TRAIL binding. Moreover, further characterization of TRAIL-R1 agonistic scFv demonstrated significant anti-tumor activity when expressed and purified as a monomeric Fab fragment. Thus, scFv and Fab fragments, in addition to whole IgG, can be agonistic and induce tumor cell death through specific binding to either TRAIL-R1 or TRAIL-R2. These potent agonistic scFv were all isolated directly from the starting phage antibody library and demonstrated significant tumor cell killing properties without any requirement for affinity maturation. Some of these selected scFv have been converted to IgG format and are being studied extensively in clinical trials to investigate their potential utility as human monoclonal antibody therapeutics for the treatment of human cancer.
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Chen C, Liu Y, Zheng D. An agonistic monoclonal antibody against DR5 induces ROS production, sustained JNK activation and Endo G release in Jurkat leukemia cells. Cell Res 2009; 19:984-95. [PMID: 19468286 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2009.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that AD5-10, a novel agonistic monoclonal antibody against DR5, possessed a strong cytotoxic activity in various tumor cells, via induction of caspase-dependent and -independent signaling pathways. The present study further demonstrates that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were generated in abundance in Jurkat leukemia cells upon AD5-10 stimulation and that ROS accumulation subsequently evoked sustained activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and release of endonuclease G (Endo G) from mitochondria into the cytosol. The reducing agent, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), effectively inhibited the sustained activation of JNK, release of Endo G, and cell death in Jurkat cells treated by AD5-10. Moreover, a dominant-negative form of JNK (but not of p38) enhanced NF-kappaB activation, suppressed caspase-8 recruitment in death-inducing signaling complexes (DISCs), and reduced adverse effects on mitochondria, thereby inhibiting AD5-10-induced cell death in Jurkat leukemia cells. These data provide novel information on the DR5-mediated cell death-signaling pathway and may shed new light on effective strategies for leukemia and solid tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifeng Chen
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
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36
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Zinonos I, Labrinidis A, Lee M, Liapis V, Hay S, Ponomarev V, Diamond P, Zannettino ACW, Findlay DM, Evdokiou A. Apomab, a fully human agonistic antibody to DR5, exhibits potent antitumor activity against primary and metastatic breast cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:2969-80. [PMID: 19808976 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Apomab, a fully human agonistic DR5 monoclonal antibody, triggers apoptosis through activation of the extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. In this study, we assessed the cytotoxic effect of Apomab in vitro and evaluated its antitumor activity in murine models of breast cancer development and progression. MDA-MB-231-TXSA breast cancer cells were transplanted into the mammary fat pad or directly into the tibial marrow cavity of nude mice. Apomab was administered early, postcancer cell transplantation, or after tumors progressed to an advanced stage. Tumor burden was monitored progressively using bioluminescence imaging, and the development of breast cancer-induced osteolysis was measured using microcomputed tomography. In vitro, Apomab treatment induced apoptosis in a panel of breast cancer cell lines but was without effect on normal human primary osteoblasts, fibroblasts, or mammary epithelial cells. In vivo, Apomab exerted remarkable tumor suppressive activity leading to complete regression of well-advanced mammary tumors. All animals transplanted with breast cancer cells directly into their tibiae developed large osteolytic lesions that eroded the cortical bone. In contrast, treatment with Apomab following an early treatment protocol inhibited both intraosseous and extraosseous tumor growth and prevented breast cancer-induced osteolysis. In the delayed treatment protocol, Apomab treatment resulted in the complete regression of advanced tibial tumors with progressive restoration of both trabecular and cortical bone leading to full resolution of osteolytic lesions. Apomab represents a potent immunotherapeutic agent with strong activity against the development and progression of breast cancer and should be evaluated in patients with primary and metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Zinonos
- Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma Level 4, Bice Building, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
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Mattes MJ, Michel RB, Goldenberg DM, Sharkey RM. Induction of apoptosis by cross-linking antibodies bound to human B-lymphoma cells: expression of Annexin V binding sites on the antibody cap. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2009; 24:185-93. [PMID: 19409040 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2008.0567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED There are many reports that cross-linking antibodies (Abs) bound to the surface of B-lymphoma cells can induce apoptosis and/or cell death, especially with anti-CD20 Abs. This study was intended to extend our understanding of these effects. To determine if CD20 is a unique target in this respect, or whether Abs to other antigens would have similar effects, six Abs were tested, with and without cross-linking with a secondary Ab, on three target cell lines. We utilized assays that distinguish between apoptotic, dead, and viable cells. Two assays were used: Annexin V plus propidium iodide, and JC-1 plus SYTOX green (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR). Most of the Abs tested induced a low level of apoptosis and cell death in Ramos cells, but not in the other two cell lines (Raji and RL). In general, the level of toxicity was correlated with the level of antigen expression, with Abs to high-density antigens having the strongest effects. However, since the majority of Ramos cells continued to multiply, it is questionable whether toxicity at this level can provide a significant clinical benefit. Unexpectedly, there was also a population of cells that stained weakly with Annexin V. These cells were distinct from classical apoptotic cells, and appeared to belong to the viable cell population. In these cells, Annexin V stained the region of the Ab cap, in contrast to the ringed staining of classical apoptotic cells. IN CONCLUSION 1) Low-level induction of apoptosis was not unique for anti-CD20 Abs, but occurred similarly with other Abs, and 2) results of Annexin V staining experiments may need to be reevaluated. Further studies are required to explain why Annexin V binding sites are exposed in the region of an Ab cap.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jules Mattes
- Garden State Cancer Center at the Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Belleville, NJ 07109, USA.
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38
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Sung ES, Park KJ, Lee SH, Jang YS, Park SK, Park YH, Kwag WJ, Kwon MH, Kim YS. A novel agonistic antibody to human death receptor 4 induces apoptotic cell death in various tumor cells without cytotoxicity in hepatocytes. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:2276-85. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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39
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Kunpeng Z, Yugang W, Jugao C, Yan L, Beifen S, Yuanfang M. The construction and expression of a novel chimeric anti-DR5 antibody. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2009; 28:101-5. [PMID: 19249994 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2008.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Human tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) could selectively induce apoptosis in a variety of transformed cells and is currently being developed as a cancer therapeutic drug. Unfortunately it has been reported that some forms of TRAIL could cause damage to normal liver cells. In order to avoid this side effect, many groups are now developing agonistic monoclonal antibody (MAb) against DR5. Previously, we developed a MAb (mDRA6) against DR5 with apoptosis inducing ability. The application of mouse origin antibody is limited in clinical use because it can induce human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA) responses that can cause allergic reaction and damage in the human body. Therefore, the variable region genes of this MAb were cloned and ligated into chimeric antibody expression vector (pCMV-VH and pCMV-VL), generating chimeric anti-human DR5 MAb (cmDRA6) expression vectors. The two plasmids were introduced into 293T cells with Lipofectamine 2000. The cell culture supernatant was collected and the expression level of cmDRA6 was detected with standard ELISA method. The chimeric mDRA6 could bind to its target antigen as demonstrated by the results of both ELISA and Western blot. This study of mDRA6 has laid the solid foundation for further application research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Kunpeng
- Institute of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, PR China
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40
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Corazza N, Badmann A, Lauer C. Immune cell-mediated liver injury. Semin Immunopathol 2009; 31:267-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-009-0168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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41
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TRAIL receptor mediates inflammatory cytokine release in an NF-κB-dependent manner. Cell Res 2009; 19:758-67. [DOI: 10.1038/cr.2009.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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42
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Chen F, Guo J, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Zhou N, Liu S, Liu Y, Zheng D. Knockdown of c-FLIP(L) enhanced AD5-10 anti-death receptor 5 monoclonal antibody-induced apoptosis in human lung cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:940-7. [PMID: 19243385 PMCID: PMC11158711 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is reported that the agonistic antibodies against death receptors 4 and 5 (DR4, DR5) are cytotoxic to various cancer cells. In the present study, the sensitivity of five human lung cancer cell lines to previously reported AD5-10 agonistic antibody against DR5 were investigated. Of these cell lines, A549 and small cell lung cancer showed a moderate sensitivity to AD5-10 and three other cell lines were resistant. Cell line H460 is resistant to AD5-10 despite a high level of cell-surface DR5 expression. We demonstrated that the resistance of H460 cells to AD5-10 was not related to the expression level of DR5, but the expression and cleavage of c-FLIP(L) in the cells. Inhibition of endogenous c-FLIP(L) expression by siRNA significantly enhanced AD5-10-induced cell death in these lung cancer cells. We further showed that this sensitizing effect was associated with decreased expression of Bcl-2 family proteins Bid and Bcl-X(L), change of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, and caspase activation. Therefore, these data provide evidence that c-FLIP(L) is involved in the resistance of lung cancer cells to AD5-10-induced apoptosis. Moreover, immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded tissue revealed that c-FLIP(L) was expressed in 87.9% (29 of 33) of lung carcinoma tissues from the patients, but little in tissues from normal controls. This suggests that inhibition of c-FLIP(L) expression might be a potential strategy for lung cancer therapy, especially for those lung cancers resistant to the agonistic antibody against death receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
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43
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Jin H, Yang R, Ross J, Fong S, Carano R, Totpal K, Lawrence D, Zheng Z, Koeppen H, Stern H, Schwall R, Ashkenazi A. Cooperation of the agonistic DR5 antibody apomab with chemotherapy to inhibit orthotopic lung tumor growth and improve survival. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 14:7733-40. [PMID: 19047100 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Apomab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that induces programmed cell death through the proapoptotic receptor DR5 in various cancer cells but not in normal cells. Several lung cancer cell lines express DR5 and exhibit apoptosis in response to apomab in vitro. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We investigated the efficacy of apomab and its interaction with chemotherapy in xenograft models based on human NCI-H460 non-small-cell lung carcinoma cells. In an established model of s.c. tumor xenografts, apomab or Taxol plus carboplatin chemotherapy delayed tumor progression, whereas combined treatment caused tumor regression and a substantially longer growth delay. To test apomab activity in a setting that may more closely mimic lung cancer pathology in patients, we developed a lung orthotopic model. RESULTS In this model, microcomputed tomography imaging showed that apomab, chemotherapy, or combination treatment significantly inhibited tumor growth compared with vehicle, whereas the combination caused greater inhibition in tumor growth relative to chemotherapy or apomab. Similarly, histologic analysis revealed that apomab, chemotherapy, or the combination significantly reduced tumor size compared with vehicle, whereas the combination induced significantly greater reduction in tumor size than did chemotherapy or apomab. Furthermore, combined treatment improved 105-day survival relative to vehicle (P = 0.0023) as well as to apomab (P = 0.0445) or chemotherapy (P = 0.0415). CONCLUSION These results show a positive interaction of apomab with chemotherapy, evidenced by significant inhibition of tumor growth as well as improved survival, thus supporting further investigation of this therapeutic approach in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkui Jin
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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44
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Tang W, Wang W, Zhang Y, Liu S, Liu Y, Zheng D. Tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced chemokine release in both TRAIL-resistant and TRAIL-sensitive cells via nuclear factor kappa B. FEBS J 2008; 276:581-93. [PMID: 19120450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06809.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis in a variety of tumour cells, but not in most normal cells, and has attracted considerable attention for its potential use in cancer therapy. Recently, increasing evidence has shown that TRAIL is involved in inflammation, although much of this evidence is controversial. In this article, it is shown that TRAIL induces CXCL2, CCL4 and CCL20 secretion in a nuclear factor kappa B-dependent manner. The dominant negative constructs of tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated death domain protein (TRADD) and tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 are unable to block TRAIL-induced chemokine up-regulation, and the dominant negative construct of TRADD may even enhance TRAIL-triggered signals. Using small interfering RNA, receptor interacting protein has been demonstrated to be essential for TRAIL-induced chemokine release. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is involved in TRAIL-induced chemokine release without any effects on nuclear factor kappa B activation, suggesting that some unknown transcription factors may be activated by TRAIL. Using a xenograft tumour model, it has been illustrated that TRAIL can also induce chemokine release in vivo. Although these chemokines induced by TRAIL are inflammatory chemokines, their functions are not restricted to inflammation and require further examination. Our results indicate that attention should be paid to the side-effects of TRAIL treatment, not only in TRAIL-resistant but also in TRAIL-sensitive tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanhu Tang
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China
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45
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Ashkenazi A. Directing cancer cells to self-destruct with pro-apoptotic receptor agonists. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008; 7:1001-12. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd2637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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46
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Expression of death receptor 4 induces caspase-independent cell death in MMS-treated yeast. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 376:305-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.08.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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47
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48
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The membrane-proximal external region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope: dominant site of antibody neutralization and target for vaccine design. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2008; 72:54-84, table of contents. [PMID: 18322034 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00020-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enormous efforts have been made to produce a protective vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus type 1; there has been little success. However, the identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies against epitopes on the highly conserved membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the gp41 envelope protein has delineated this region as an attractive vaccine target. Furthermore, emerging structural information on the MPER has provided vaccine designers with new insights for building relevant immunogens. This review describes the current state of the field regarding (i) the structure and function of the gp41 MPER; (ii) the structure and binding mechanisms of the broadly neutralizing antibodies 2F5, 4E10, and Z13; and (iii) the development of an MPER-targeting vaccine. In addition, emerging approaches to vaccine design are presented.
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Adams C, Totpal K, Lawrence D, Marsters S, Pitti R, Yee S, Ross S, Deforge L, Koeppen H, Sagolla M, Compaan D, Lowman H, Hymowitz S, Ashkenazi A. Structural and functional analysis of the interaction between the agonistic monoclonal antibody Apomab and the proapoptotic receptor DR5. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:751-61. [PMID: 18219321 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the proapoptotic receptor death receptor5 (DR5) in various cancer cells triggers programmed cell death through the extrinsic pathway. We have generated a fully human monoclonal antibody (Apomab) that induces tumor cell apoptosis through DR5 and investigated the structural features of its interaction with DR5. Biochemical studies showed that Apomab binds DR5 tightly and selectively. X-ray crystallographic analysis of the complex between the Apomab Fab fragment and the DR5 ectodomain revealed an interaction epitope that partially overlaps with both regions of the Apo2 ligand/tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand binding site. Apomab induced DR5 clustering at the cell surface and stimulated a death-inducing signaling complex containing the adaptor molecule Fas-associated death domain and the apoptosis-initiating protease caspase-8. Fc crosslinking further augmented Apomab's proapoptotic activity. In vitro, Apomab triggered apoptosis in cancer cells, while sparing normal hepatocytes even upon anti-Fc crosslinking. In vivo, Apomab exerted potent antitumor activity as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy in xenograft models, including those based on colorectal, non-small cell lung and pancreatic cancer cell lines. These results provide structural and functional insight into the interaction of Apomab with DR5 and support further investigation of this antibody for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Adams
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080-4918, USA
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50
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DeRosier LC, Buchsbaum DJ, Oliver PG, Huang ZQ, Sellers JC, Grizzle WE, Wang W, Zhou T, Zinn KR, Long JW, Vickers SM. Combination treatment with TRA-8 anti death receptor 5 antibody and CPT-11 induces tumor regression in an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5535s-5543s. [PMID: 17875786 PMCID: PMC3045836 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluate the response of human pancreatic cancer cell lines and orthotopic tumors to TRA-8, an agonistic antibody to death receptor 5, in combination with irinotecan (CPT-11). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN MIA PaCa-2 and S2VP10 cells were treated with TRA-8 and/or CPT 11. Cell viability was determined by ATP assay. JC-1 mitochondrial depolarization and Annexin V assays confirmed cell death by apoptosis. Immunoblotting was used to evaluate protein changes. MIA PaCa-2 cells were injected into the pancreas of severe combined immunodeficient mice. Mice underwent abdominal ultrasound to quantitate tumor size before and after treatment with twice weekly injections of 200 microg TRA-8 and/or 25 mg/kg CPT-11 for one or two treatment cycles, each lasting 2 weeks. RESULTS MIA PaCa-2 cells were more sensitive to TRA-8 and showed additive cytotoxicity, whereas S2VP10 cells showed synergistic cytotoxicity when treated with TRA-8 and CPT-11. Cell death occurred via apoptosis with increased cleavage of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 and proapoptotic proteins Bid and poly(ADP)ribose polymerase after combination treatment compared with either agent alone. XIAP and Bcl-XL inhibitors of apoptosis were down-regulated. After a single cycle of in vivo combination therapy, tumor sizes had diminished significantly (P<0.001) at 8 days posttreatment compared with no treatment, CPT-11, and TRA-8; and there was a 50-day increase in survival with combination treatment over untreated controls (P=0.0002), 30 days over TRA-8, and a 36-day increase over CPT-11 monotherapy (P=0.0003). With two cycles of TRA-8/CPT-11 treatment, mean survival time increased significantly (P<0.001) to 169 days versus untreated controls, TRA-8 or CPT-11 (76, 121, or 108 days, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Combination TRA-8 and CPT-11 therapy produced enhanced cytotoxicity and survival in the MIA PaCa-2 orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donald J. Buchsbaum
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Patsy G. Oliver
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Zhi-Qiang Huang
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jeffrey C. Sellers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - William E. Grizzle
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Wenquan Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kurt R. Zinn
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Joshua W. Long
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Selwyn M. Vickers
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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