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Pundlik SS, Barik A, Venkateshvaran A, Sahoo SS, Jaysingh MA, Math RGH, Lal H, Hashmi MA, Ramanathan A. Senescent cells inhibit mouse myoblast differentiation via the SASP-lipid 15d-PGJ 2 mediated modification and control of HRas. eLife 2024; 13:RP95229. [PMID: 39196610 PMCID: PMC11357351 DOI: 10.7554/elife.95229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Senescent cells are characterized by multiple features such as increased expression of senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity (SA β-gal) and cell cycle inhibitors such as p21 or p16. They accumulate with tissue damage and dysregulate tissue homeostasis. In the context of skeletal muscle, it is known that agents used for chemotherapy such as Doxorubicin (Doxo) cause buildup of senescent cells, leading to the inhibition of tissue regeneration. Senescent cells influence the neighboring cells via numerous secreted factors which form the senescence-associated secreted phenotype (SASP). Lipids are emerging as a key component of SASP that can control tissue homeostasis. Arachidonic acid-derived lipids have been shown to accumulate within senescent cells, specifically 15d-PGJ2, which is an electrophilic lipid produced by the non-enzymatic dehydration of the prostaglandin PGD2. This study shows that 15d-PGJ2 is also released by Doxo-induced senescent cells as an SASP factor. Treatment of skeletal muscle myoblasts with the conditioned medium from these senescent cells inhibits myoblast fusion during differentiation. Inhibition of L-PTGDS, the enzyme that synthesizes PGD2, diminishes the release of 15d-PGJ2 by senescent cells and restores muscle differentiation. We further show that this lipid post-translationally modifies Cys184 of HRas in C2C12 mouse skeletal myoblasts, causing a reduction in the localization of HRas to the Golgi, increased HRas binding to Ras Binding Domain (RBD) of RAF Kinase (RAF-RBD), and activation of cellular Mitogen Activated Protein (MAP) kinase-Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase (Erk) signaling (but not the Akt signaling). Mutating C184 of HRas prevents the ability of 15d-PGJ2 to inhibit the differentiation of muscle cells and control the activity of HRas. This work shows that 15d-PGJ2 released from senescent cells could be targeted to restore muscle homeostasis after chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarang Sachin Pundlik
- Metabolic Regulation of Cell Fate (RCF), Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (InStem), Bangalore Life Science ClusterBengaluruIndia
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE)ManipalIndia
| | - Alok Barik
- Metabolic Regulation of Cell Fate (RCF), Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (InStem), Bangalore Life Science ClusterBengaluruIndia
| | - Ashwin Venkateshvaran
- Metabolic Regulation of Cell Fate (RCF), Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (InStem), Bangalore Life Science ClusterBengaluruIndia
| | - Snehasudha Subhadarshini Sahoo
- Metabolic Regulation of Cell Fate (RCF), Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (InStem), Bangalore Life Science ClusterBengaluruIndia
- University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Mahapatra Anshuman Jaysingh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata (IISER-K)MohanpurIndia
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St LouisSt LouisUnited States
| | | | - Heera Lal
- Metabolic Regulation of Cell Fate (RCF), Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (InStem), Bangalore Life Science ClusterBengaluruIndia
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE)ManipalIndia
| | - Maroof Athar Hashmi
- Metabolic Regulation of Cell Fate (RCF), Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (InStem), Bangalore Life Science ClusterBengaluruIndia
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE)ManipalIndia
| | - Arvind Ramanathan
- Metabolic Regulation of Cell Fate (RCF), Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (InStem), Bangalore Life Science ClusterBengaluruIndia
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2
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Kabakov AE, Gabai VL. HSP70s in Breast Cancer: Promoters of Tumorigenesis and Potential Targets/Tools for Therapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123446. [PMID: 34943954 PMCID: PMC8700403 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The high frequency of breast cancer worldwide and the high mortality among women with this malignancy are a serious challenge for modern medicine. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and emergence of metastatic, therapy-resistant breast cancers would help development of novel approaches to better treatment of this disease. The review is dedicated to the role of members of the heat shock protein 70 subfamily (HSP70s or HSPA), mainly inducible HSP70, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78 or HSPA5) and GRP75 (HSPA9 or mortalin), in the development and pathogenesis of breast cancer. Various HSP70-mediated cellular mechanisms and pathways which contribute to the oncogenic transformation of mammary gland epithelium are reviewed, as well as their role in the development of human breast carcinomas with invasive, metastatic traits along with the resistance to host immunity and conventional therapeutics. Additionally, intracellular and cell surface HSP70s are considered as potential targets for therapy or sensitization of breast cancer. We also discuss a clinical implication of Hsp70s and approaches to targeting breast cancer with gene vectors or nanoparticles downregulating HSP70s, natural or synthetic (small molecule) inhibitors of HSP70s, HSP70-binding antibodies, HSP70-derived peptides, and HSP70-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E. Kabakov
- Department of Radiation Biochemistry, A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center—Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Koroleva 4, 249036 Obninsk, Russia;
| | - Vladimir L. Gabai
- CureLab Oncology Inc., Dedham, MA 02026, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-319-7314
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3
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Brückmann NH, Bennedsen SN, Duijf PHG, Terp MG, Thomassen M, Larsen M, Pedersen CB, Kruse T, Alcaraz N, Ditzel HJ, Gjerstorff MF. A functional genetic screen identifies the Mediator complex as essential for SSX2-induced senescence. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:841. [PMID: 31695025 PMCID: PMC6834653 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The senescence response to oncogenes is believed to be a barrier to oncogenic transformation in premalignant lesions, and describing the mechanisms by which tumor cells evade this response is important for early diagnosis and treatment. The male germ cell-associated protein SSX2 is ectopically expressed in many types of cancer and is functionally involved in regulating chromatin structure and supporting cell proliferation. Similar to many well-characterized oncogenes, SSX2 has the ability to induce senescence in cells. In this study, we performed a functional genetic screen to identify proteins implicated in SSX2-induced senescence and identified several subunits of the Mediator complex, which is central in regulating RNA polymerase-mediated transcription. Further experiments showed that reduced levels of MED1, MED4, and MED14 perturbed the development of senescence in SSX2-expressing cells. In contrast, knockdown of MED1 did not prevent development of B-Raf- and Epirubicin-induced senescence, suggesting that Mediator may be specifically linked to the cellular functions of SSX2 that may lead to development of senescence or be central in a SSX2-specific senescence response. Indeed, immunostaining of melanoma tumors, which often express SSX proteins, exhibited altered levels of MED1 compared to benign nevi. Similarly, RNA-seq analysis suggested that MED1, MED4, and MED14 were downregulated in some tumors, while upregulated in others. In conclusion, our study reveals the Mediator complex as essential for SSX2-induced senescence and suggests that changes in Mediator activity could be instrumental for tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine H Brückmann
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sofie N Bennedsen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Pascal H G Duijf
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Mikkel G Terp
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mads Thomassen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin Larsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christina B Pedersen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Torben Kruse
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Nicolas Alcaraz
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henrik J Ditzel
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Academy of Geriatric Cancer Research (AgeCare), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Morten F Gjerstorff
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. .,Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark. .,Academy of Geriatric Cancer Research (AgeCare), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
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4
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Morrissey C, Vessella RL, Lange PH, Lam HM. The biology and clinical implications of prostate cancer dormancy and metastasis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 94:259-65. [PMID: 26489605 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1353-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) are detected early in the disease process in prostate cancer (PCa) patients and can persist after radical prostatectomy. DTCs can remain dormant in patients with no evidence of disease for a prolonged period of time only to recur 10 or more years later. Recent advances in single-cell genomics and transcriptomics have provided much needed insight into DTC biology and cancer dormancy in patients. With the development of new in vitro and preclinical models, researchers recapitulate the clinical events in patients and therefore allow further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer dormancy and escape. In this review, we explore novel ideas on the detection, heterogeneous transcriptomic profiles, molecular and cellular mechanisms of dormancy, and potential mechanisms underlying dormancy escape by DTCs. As such, there is hope that identifying and targeting novel dormancy-associated pathways in patients with residual disease will have significant clinical implications for the treatment of PCa patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, 1959 Pacific Street NE, Box 356510, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Robert L Vessella
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, 1959 Pacific Street NE, Box 356510, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1660 S Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Paul H Lange
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, 1959 Pacific Street NE, Box 356510, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1660 S Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Hung-Ming Lam
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, 1959 Pacific Street NE, Box 356510, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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5
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Singh MM, Howard A, Irwin ME, Gao Y, Lu X, Multani A, Chandra J. Expression and activity of Fyn mediate proliferation and blastic features of chronic myelogenous leukemia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51611. [PMID: 23284724 PMCID: PMC3524192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The BCR-ABL1 oncogene is a tyrosine kinase that activates many signaling pathways, resulting in the induction of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Kinase inhibitors, such as imatinib, have been developed for the treatment of CML; however, the terminal, blast crisis phase of the disease remains a clinical challenge. Blast crisis CML is difficult to treat due to resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors, increased genomic instability and acquired secondary mutations. Our recent studies uncovered a role for Fyn in promoting BCR-ABL1 mediated cell growth and sensitivity to imatinib. Here we demonstrate that Fyn contributes to BCR-ABL1 induced genomic instability, a feature of blast crisis CML. Bone marrow cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from Fyn knockout mice transduced with BCR-ABL1 display slowed growth and clonogenic potential as compared to Fyn wild-type BCR-ABL1 expressing counterparts. K562 cells overexpressing constitutively active Fyn kinase were larger in size and displayed an accumulation of genomic abnormalities such as chromosomal aberrations and polyploidy. Importantly, loss of Fyn protected mouse embryonic fibroblast cells from increased number of chromosomal aberrations and fragments induced by BCR-ABL1. Together, these results reveal a novel role for Fyn in regulating events required for genomic maintenance and suggest that Fyn kinase activity plays a role in the progression of CML to blast crisis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Blast Crisis/genetics
- Blast Crisis/metabolism
- Blast Crisis/pathology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Size
- Cells, Cultured
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Genomic Instability
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Immunoprecipitation
- K562 Cells
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M. Singh
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Adrienne Howard
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas at Houston Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mary E. Irwin
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yin Gao
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiaolin Lu
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Asha Multani
- Molecular Cytogenetics Core Facility, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joya Chandra
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas at Houston Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Keppler D, Zhang J, Bihani T, Lin AW. Novel Expression of CST1 as Candidate Senescence Marker. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 66:723-31. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glr033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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7
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de Carné Trécesson S, Guillemin Y, Bélanger A, Bernard AC, Preisser L, Ravon E, Gamelin E, Juin P, Barré B, Coqueret O. Escape from p21-mediated oncogene-induced senescence leads to cell dedifferentiation and dependence on anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL and MCL1 proteins. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:12825-38. [PMID: 21292770 PMCID: PMC3075630 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.186437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) is a tumor suppressor response that induces permanent cell cycle arrest in response to oncogenic signaling. Through the combined activation of the p53-p21 and p16-Rb suppressor pathways, OIS leads to the transcriptional repression of proliferative genes. Although this protective mechanism has been essentially described in primary cells, we surprisingly observed in this study that the OIS program is conserved in established colorectal cell lines. In response to the RAS oncogene and despite the inactivation of p53 and p16(INK4), HT29 cells enter senescence, up-regulate p21(WAF1), and induce senescence-associated heterochromatin foci formation. The same effect was observed in response to B-RAF(v600E) in LS174T cells. We also observed that p21(WAF1) prevents the expression of the CDC25A and PLK1 genes to induce cell cycle arrest. Using ChIP and luciferase experiments, we have observed that p21(WAF1) binds to the PLK1 promoter to induce its down-regulation during OIS induction. Following 4-5 weeks, several clones were able to resume proliferation and escape this tumor suppressor pathway. Tumor progression was associated with p21(WAF1) down-regulation and CDC25A and PLK1 reexpression. In addition, OIS and p21(WAF1) escape was associated with an increase in DNA damage, an induction of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition program, and an increase in the proportion of cells expressing the CD24(low)/CD44(high) phenotype. Results also indicate that malignant cells having escaped OIS rely on survival pathways induced by Bcl-xL/MCL1 signaling. In light of these observations, it appears that the transcriptional functions of p21(WAF1) are active during OIS and that the inactivation of this protein is associated with cell dedifferentiation and enhanced survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yannis Guillemin
- the Cancer Research Department, INSERM U892, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Audrey Bélanger
- From the Cancer Center Paul Papin, INSERM U892, 49033 Angers, France and
| | | | - Laurence Preisser
- From the Cancer Center Paul Papin, INSERM U892, 49033 Angers, France and
| | - Elisa Ravon
- From the Cancer Center Paul Papin, INSERM U892, 49033 Angers, France and
| | - Erick Gamelin
- From the Cancer Center Paul Papin, INSERM U892, 49033 Angers, France and
| | - Philippe Juin
- the Cancer Research Department, INSERM U892, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Benjamin Barré
- From the Cancer Center Paul Papin, INSERM U892, 49033 Angers, France and
| | - Olivier Coqueret
- the Cancer Research Department, INSERM U892, 44000 Nantes, France
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8
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Akakura S, Nochajski P, Gao L, Sotomayor P, Matsui SI, Gelman IH. Rb-dependent cellular senescence, multinucleation and susceptibility to oncogenic transformation through PKC scaffolding by SSeCKS/AKAP12. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:4656-65. [PMID: 21099353 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.23.13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of AKAPs (A Kinase Anchoring Proteins) regulate signaling and cytoskeletal pathways through the spaciotemporal scaffolding of multiple protein kinases (PK) such as PKC and PKA, and associations with the plasma membrane and the actin-based cytoskeleton. SSeCKS/Gravin/Akap12 expression is severely downregulated in many advanced cancers and exhibits tumor- and metastasis-suppressing activity. akap12-null (KO) mice develop prostatic hyperplasia with focal dysplasia, but the precise mechanism how Akap12 prevents oncogenic progression remains unclear. Here, we show that KO mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) exhibit premature senescence marked by polyploidy and multinucleation, and by increased susceptibility to oncogenic transformation. Although p53 and Rb pathways are activated in the absence of Akap12, senescence is dependent on Rb. Senescence is driven by the activation of PKCα, which induces p16(Ink4a)/Rb through a MEK-dependent downregulation of Id1, and PKCδ, which downregulates Lats1/Warts, a mitotic exit network kinase required for cytokinesis. Our data strongly suggest that Akap12 controls Rb-mediated cell aging and oncogenic progression by directly scaffolding and attenuating PKCα/δ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Akakura
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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9
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Abstract
MicroRNAs have been shown to regulate gene expression both transcriptionally and translationally. Here, we examine evidence that various stresses regulate miRNAs which, in turn, regulate immune gene levels. Multiple studies are reviewed showing altered microRNA levels in normal cells under stress and in various disease states, including cancer. Unexpected was the finding that Dicer expression is altered by treatments with several agents, such as interferons and cortisone, employed in the treatment of immune disorders. Potential signal transduction pathways, including JAK/Stat, PI3K and PKR, that may regulate Dicer and microRNA levels in normal and stressed mammalian cells are discussed.
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10
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Prevention of premature senescence requires JNK regulation of Bcl-2 and reactive oxygen species. Oncogene 2009; 29:561-75. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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11
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Fiorentino FP, Symonds CE, Macaluso M, Giordano A. Senescence and p130/Rbl2: a new beginning to the end. Cell Res 2009; 19:1044-51. [PMID: 19668264 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2009.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence is the process of cellular aging dependent on the normal physiological functions of non-immortalized cells. With increasing data being uncovered in this field, the complex molecular web regulating senescence is gradually being unraveled. Recent studies have suggested two main phases of senescence, the triggering of senescence and the maintenance of senescence. Each has been supported by data implying precise roles for DNA methyltransferases, reactive oxygen species and other factors. We will first summarize the data supporting these claims and then highlight the specific role that we hypothesize that p130/Rbl2 plays in the modulation of the senescence process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco P Fiorentino
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Regional Reference Center for the Biomolecular Characterization and Genetic Screening of Hereditary Tumors, Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 127, 90127, Palermo, Italy
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12
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Byun HO, Han NK, Lee HJ, Kim KB, Ko YG, Yoon G, Lee YS, Hong SI, Lee JS. Cathepsin D and eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 as promising markers of cellular senescence. Cancer Res 2009; 69:4638-47. [PMID: 19487283 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Induction of premature senescence may be a promising strategy for cancer treatment. However, biomarkers for senescent cancer cells are lacking. To identify such biomarkers, we performed comparative proteomic analysis of MCF7 human breast cancer cells undergoing cellular senescence in response to ionizing radiation (IR). IR-induced senescence was associated with up-regulation of cathepsin D (CD) and down-regulation of eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1beta2 (eEF1B2), as confirmed by Western blot. The other elongation factor, eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1alpha1 (eEF1A1), was also down-regulated. IR-induced senescence was associated with similar changes of CD and eEF1 (eEF1A1 and eEF1B2) levels in the HCT116 colon cancer cell line and the H460 lung cancer cell line. Up-regulation of CD and down-regulation of eEF1 seemed to be specific to senescence, as they were observed during cellular senescence induced by hydrogen peroxide or anticancer drugs (camptothecin, etoposide, or 50 ng doxorubicin) but not during apoptosis induced by Taxol or 10 microg doxorubicin or autophagy induced by tamoxifen. The same alterations in CD and eEF1A1 levels were observed during replicative senescence and Ras oncogene-induced senescence. Transient cell cycle arrest did not alter levels of eEF1 or CD. Chemical inhibition of CD (pepstatin A) and small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of CD and eEF1 revealed that these factors participate in cell proliferation. Finally, the senescence-associated alteration in CD and eEF1 levels observed in cell lines was also observed in IR-exposed xenografted tumors. These findings show that CD and eEF1 are promising markers for the detection of cellular senescence induced by a variety of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Ok Byun
- Divisions of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
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13
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López-Vicente L, Armengol G, Pons B, Coch L, Argelaguet E, Lleonart M, Hernández-Losa J, de Torres I, Ramon y Cajal S. Regulation of replicative and stress-induced senescence by RSK4, which is down-regulated in human tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:4546-53. [PMID: 19584160 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-3159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The control of senescence and its biochemical pathways is a crucial factor for understanding cell transformation. In a large RNA interference screen, the RSK4 gene was found to be related to p53-dependent arrest. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the potential role of RSK4 as a tumor suppressor gene. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN RSK4 expression was determined by quantitative real-time PCR and immunoblot in 30 colon and 20 renal carcinomas, and in 7 colon adenomas. Two HCT116 colon carcinoma cell lines (p53 wt and p53 null), IMR90 human fibroblasts, and E1A-expressing IMR90 cells were infected with RSK4 cDNA and/or shRNA. RSK4 expression levels were analyzed in HCT116 p53 wt or p53 null and IMR90 after senescence induction by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot. RESULTS The RSK4 gene was down-regulated in 27 of 30 colon carcinomas (P < 0.001), 16 of 20 renal cell carcinomas (P < 0.01), and 6 of 7 colon adenomas (P < 0.01). In vitro overexpression of RSK4 induced cell arrest and senescence features in normal fibroblasts and malignant colon carcinoma cell lines. Interestingly, in these cell lines RSK4 mRNA levels were increased both in replicative and stress-induced senescence. Moreover, IMR90 partially immortalized by RSK4 shRNA and HCT116 with this short hairpin RNA were more resistant to cisplatin treatment. Finally, cells expressing E1A or Rb short interfering RNA were resistant to RSK4-mediated senescence. CONCLUSION These results support the concept that RSK4 may be an important tumor suppressor gene by modulating senescence induction and contributing to cell proliferation control in colon carcinogenesis and renal cell carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura López-Vicente
- Department of Pathology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Unit of Biological Anthropology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
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14
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Gregorie CJ, Wiesen JL, Magner WJ, Lin AW, Tomasi TB. Restoration of immune response gene induction in trophoblast tumor cells associated with cellular senescence. J Reprod Immunol 2009; 81:25-33. [PMID: 19493573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Trophoblast cells and many cancer cells that harbor foreign antigens may evade immunity by epigenetic silencing of key immune response genes, including MHC class I and II and CD40. Chromatin active agents, such as histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), induce immune response gene expression but often the expression levels are low and the cells lack a robust antigen presentation response. We show here that pre-treatment of trophoblast cells and certain cancer cells with agents that activate stress pathways (Ras oncogene, PMA or H2O2) and induce senescence can substantially enhance the induction of immune response genes (MHC class II, CD40, MICA, MICB) by HDACi and restore a vigorous IFN-gamma response in trophoblast cells and tumor cells. These results could potentially impact the development of novel anti-cancer therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Gregorie
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Shen J, Curtis C, Tavaré S, Tower J. A screen of apoptosis and senescence regulatory genes for life span effects when over-expressed in Drosophila. Aging (Albany NY) 2009; 1:191-211. [PMID: 20157509 PMCID: PMC2806004 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Conditional expression of
transgenes in Drosophila was produced using the Geneswitch system,
wherein feeding the drug RU486/Mifepristone activates the artificial
transcription factor Geneswitch. Geneswitch was expressed using the Actin5C
promoter and this was found to yield conditional, tissue-general expression
of a target transgene (UAS-GFP) in both larvae and adult flies. Nervous
system-specific (Elav-GS) and fat body-specific Geneswitch drivers were
also characterized using UAS-GFP. Fourteen genes implicated in growth,
apoptosis and senescence regulatory pathways were over-expressed in adult
flies or during larval development, and assayed for effects on adult fly
life span. Over-expression of a dominant p53 allele (p53-259H)
in adult flies using the ubiquitous driver produced increased life span in
females but not males, consistent with previous studies. Both wingless
and Ras activated form transgenes were lethal when expressed in
larvae, and reduced life span when expressed in adults, consistent with
results from other model systems indicating that the wingless and Ras
pathways can promote senescence. Over-expression of the caspase inhibitor baculovirus
p35 during larval development reduced the mean life span of male and
female adults, and also produced a subset of females with increased life
span. These experiments suggest that baculovirus p35 and the wingless
and Ras pathways can have sex-specific and developmental
stage-specific effects on adult Drosophila life span, and these
reagents should be useful for the further analysis of the role of these
conserved pathways in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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16
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Heat shock protein Hsp72 controls oncogene-induced senescence pathways in cancer cells. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:559-69. [PMID: 19001088 PMCID: PMC2612502 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01041-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The heat shock protein Hsp72 is expressed at the elevated levels in various human tumors, and its levels often correlate with poor prognosis. Previously we reported that knockdown of Hsp72 in certain cancer cells, but not in untransformed breast epithelial cells, triggers senescence via p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms. Here we demonstrate that the p53-dependent pathway controlled by Hsp72 depends on the oncogenic form of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Indeed, upon expression of the oncogenic PI3K, epithelial cells began responding to Hsp72 depletion by activating the p53 pathway. Moreover, in cancer cell lines, activation of the p53 pathway caused by depletion of Hsp72 was dependent on oncogenes that activate the PI3K pathway. On the other hand, the p53-independent senescence pathway controlled by Hsp72 was associated with the Ras oncogene. In this pathway, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) were critical for senescence, and Hsp72 controlled the ERK-activating kinase cascade at the level of Raf-1. Importantly, upon Ras expression, untransformed cells started responding to knockdown of Hsp72 by constitutive activation of ERKs, culminating in senescence. Therefore, Hsp72 is intimately involved in suppression of at least two separate senescence signaling pathways that are regulated by distinct oncogenes in transformed cells, which explains why cancer cells become "addicted" to this heat shock protein.
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Wiesen JL, Tomasi TB. Dicer is regulated by cellular stresses and interferons. Mol Immunol 2008; 46:1222-8. [PMID: 19118902 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The generation of microRNAs is dependent on the RNase III enzyme Dicer, the levels of which vary in different normal cells and in disease states. We demonstrate that Dicer protein expression in JAR trophoblast cells, and several other cell types, was inhibited by multiple stresses including reactive oxygen species, phorbol esters and the Ras oncogene. Additionally, double-stranded RNA and Type I interferons repress Dicer protein in contrast to IFN-gamma which induces Dicer. The effects of stresses and interferons are primarily post-transcriptional. The findings suggest that Dicer is a stress response component and identifies interferons as potentially important regulators of Dicer expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Wiesen
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
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18
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Yang R, Piperdi S, Gorlick R. Activation of the RAF/mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway mediates apoptosis induced by chelerythrine in osteosarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:6396-404. [PMID: 18927278 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-5113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chelerythrine, a widely used broad-range protein kinase C inhibitor, induces apoptosis in many cell types. In this study, the mechanism of chelerythrine-induced apoptosis in osteosarcoma was investigated. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Signaling pathways activated by chelerythrine in osteosarcoma were detected by Western blots. Impacts of RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK)/ERK MAPK on apoptosis and cell survival were studied using genetic approaches and pharmacologic pathway-specific inhibitors. RESULTS Osteosarcoma cells underwent apoptosis rapidly after treatment with chelerythrine. Three parallel MAPKs pathways, including the ERKs, c-Jun NH(2) kinases, and p38, were activated by chelerythrine in a dose-dependent and time-dependent fashion. For the ERKs, the activation was evident at the earliest time point tested (2 minutes) and sustained for >4 hours. Introduction of a dominant-negative H-RAS mutant (17N) partially attenuated ERK activation and delayed the onset of apoptosis induced by chelerythrine. The ERK activation and apoptotic effects of chelerythrine were greatly abrogated by the pharmaceutical inhibitors of MEK, but not by those of c-Jun NH(2) kinase or p38. Moreover, osteosarcoma cells were sensitized to chelerythrine by transient transfection with wild-type MEK1 or constitutively active MEK1 and became resistant with dominant-negative MEK1. Other protein kinase C inhibitors, including GF109203X or Gö6976, did not cause ERK activation or apoptosis in the same timeframe tested. CONCLUSION In osteosarcoma, chelerythrine-induced apoptosis is mediated through activation of the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway. These findings suggest that activating the ERK MAPK, as opposed to inhibiting it, may be a therapeutic strategy in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Pharmacology, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York 10467, USA
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Id1 cooperates with oncogenic Ras to induce metastatic mammary carcinoma by subversion of the cellular senescence response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:5402-7. [PMID: 18378907 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0801505105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence demonstrates that senescence acts as a barrier to tumorigenesis in response to oncogene activation. Using a mouse model of breast cancer, we tested the importance of the senescence response in solid cancer and identified genetic pathways regulating this response. Mammary expression of activated Ras led to the formation of senescent cellular foci in a majority of mice. Deletion of the p19(ARF), p53, or p21(WAF1) tumor suppressors but not p16(INK4a) prevented senescence and permitted tumorigenesis. Id1 has been implicated in the control of senescence in vitro, and elevated expression of Id1 is found in a number of solid cancers, so we tested whether overexpression of Id1 regulates senescence in vivo. Although overexpression of Id1 in the mammary epithelium was not sufficient for tumorigenesis, mice with expression of both Id1 and activated Ras developed metastatic cancer. These tumors expressed high levels of p19(Arf), p53, and p21(Waf1), demonstrating that Id1 acts to make cells refractory to p21(Waf1)-dependent cell cycle arrest. Inactivation of the conditional Id1 allele in established tumors led to widespread senescence within 10 days, tumor growth arrest, and tumor regression in 40% of mice. Mice in which Id1 expression was inactivated also exhibited greatly reduced pulmonary metastatic load. These data demonstrate that established tumors remain sensitive to senescence and that Id1 may be a valuable target for therapy.
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Han J, Sun P. The pathways to tumor suppression via route p38. Trends Biochem Sci 2007; 32:364-71. [PMID: 17624785 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2007.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Besides its well-known functions in inflammation and other stresses, the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway also negatively regulates cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. Inactivation of the p38 pathway enhances cellular transformation and renders mice prone to tumor development with concurrent disruption of the induction of senescence. Conversely, persistent activation of p38 inhibits tumorigenesis. Mechanistic insights into this additional p38 function are starting to emerge. For example, p38 has been shown to have a crucial role in oncogene-induced senescence, replicative senescence, DNA-damage responses and contact-inhibition. In addition, the role of the p38 pathway in proliferative control and tumor suppression is mediated by its impact on several cell-cycle regulators. These findings reveal a tumor-suppressing function of the p38 pathway, and indicate that components of the p38 pathway are potential targets for novel cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahuai Han
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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