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Yang JL, Yamada-Hunter SA, Labanieh L, Sotillo E, Cheah JS, Roberts DS, Mackall CL, Bertozzi CR, Ting AY. Directed evolution of genetically encoded LYTACs for cell-mediated delivery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320053121. [PMID: 38513100 PMCID: PMC10990137 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320053121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysosome-targeting chimeras (LYTACs) are a promising therapeutic modality to drive the degradation of extracellular proteins. However, early versions of LYTAC contain synthetic glycopeptides that cannot be genetically encoded. Here, we present our designs for a fully genetically encodable LYTAC (GELYTAC), making our tool compatible with integration into therapeutic cells for targeted delivery at diseased sites. To achieve this, we replaced the glycopeptide portion of LYTACs with the protein insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2). After showing initial efficacy with wild-type IGF2, we increased the potency of GELYTAC using directed evolution. Subsequently, we demonstrated that our engineered GELYTAC construct not only secretes from HEK293T cells but also from human primary T-cells to drive the uptake of various targets into receiver cells. Immune cells engineered to secrete GELYTAC thus represent a promising avenue for spatially selective targeted protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lee Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Sean A. Yamada-Hunter
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Louai Labanieh
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA94305
| | - Elena Sotillo
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Joleen S. Cheah
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - David S. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Crystal L. Mackall
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA94305
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- HHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Alice Y. Ting
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94158
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2
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Yang JL, Yamada-Hunter SA, Labanieh L, Sotillo E, Cheah JS, Roberts DS, Mackall CL, Ting AY, Bertozzi CR. Directed Evolution of Genetically Encoded LYTACs for Cell-Mediated Delivery. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.14.567117. [PMID: 38014030 PMCID: PMC10680704 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.14.567117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Lysosome-targeting chimeras (LYTACs) are a promising therapeutic modality to drive the degradation of extracellular proteins. However, early versions of LYTAC contain synthetic glycopeptides that cannot be genetically encoded. Here we present our designs for a fully genetically encodable LYTAC (GELYTAC), making our tool compatible with integration into therapeutic cells for targeted delivery at diseased sites. To achieve this, we replaced the glycopeptide portion of LYTACs with the protein insulin like growth factor 2 (IGF2). After showing initial efficacy with wild type IGF2, we increased the potency of GELYTAC using directed evolution. Subsequently, we demonstrated that our engineered GELYTAC construct not only secretes from HEK293T cells but also from human primary T-cells to drive the uptake of various targets into receiver cells. Immune cells engineered to secrete GELYTAC thus represent a promising avenue for spatially-selective targeted protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lee Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sean A. Yamada-Hunter
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Louai Labanieh
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elena Sotillo
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joleen S. Cheah
- Departments of Biology, and Genetics Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David S. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry and Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Crystal L. Mackall
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alice Y. Ting
- Department of Chemistry and Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Departments of Biology, and Genetics Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry and Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
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3
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Zhang B, Brahma RK, Zhu L, Feng J, Hu S, Qian L, Du S, Yao SQ, Ge J. Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (IGF2)-Fused Lysosomal Targeting Chimeras for Degradation of Extracellular and Membrane Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:24272-24283. [PMID: 37899626 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Targeted degradation of the cell-surface and extracellular proteins via the endogenous lysosomal degradation pathways, such as lysosome-targeting chimeras (LYTACs), has recently emerged as an attractive tool to expand the scope of extracellular chemical biology. Herein, we report a series of recombinant proteins genetically fused to insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), which we termed iLYTACs, that can be conveniently obtained in high yield by standard cloning and bacterial expression in a matter of days. We showed that both type-I iLYTACs, in which IGF2 was fused to a suitable affibody or nanobody capable of binding to a specific protein target, and type-II iLYTAC (or IGF2-Z), in which IGF2 was fused to the IgG-binding Z domain that served as a universal antibody-binding adaptor, could be used for effective lysosomal targeting and degradation of various extracellular and membrane-bound proteins-of-interest. These heterobifunctional iLYTACs are fully genetically encoded and can be produced on a large scale from conventional E. coli expression systems without any form of chemical modification. In the current study, we showed that iLYTACs successfully facilitated the cell uptake, lysosomal localization, and efficient lysosomal degradation of various disease-relevant protein targets from different mammalian cell lines, including EGFR, PD-L1, CD20, and α-synuclein. The antitumor properties of iLYTACs were further validated in a mouse xenograft model. Overall, iLYTACs represent a general and modular strategy for convenient and selective targeted protein degradation, thus expanding the potential applications of current LYTACs and related techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Rajeev Kungur Brahma
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Liquan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jiayi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Shiqi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Linghui Qian
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shubo Du
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Shao Q Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Jingyan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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Fitzgerald GS, Chuchta TG, McNay EC. Insulin‐like growth factor‐2 is a promising candidate for the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:1449-1469. [PMID: 36971212 PMCID: PMC10173726 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Current AD treatments slow the rate of cognitive decline, but do not restore lost function. One reason for the low efficacy of current treatments is that they fail to target neurotrophic processes, which are thought to be essential for functional recovery. Bolstering neurotrophic processes may also be a viable strategy for preventative treatment, since structural losses are thought to underlie cognitive decline in AD. The challenge of identifying presymptomatic patients who might benefit from preventative treatment means that any such treatment must meet a high standard of safety and tolerability. The neurotrophic peptide insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF2) is a promising candidate for both treating and preventing AD-induced cognitive decline. Brain IGF2 expression declines in AD patients. In rodent models of AD, exogenous IGF2 modulates multiple aspects of AD pathology, resulting in (1) improved cognitive function; (2) stimulation of neurogenesis and synaptogenesis; and, (3) neuroprotection against cholinergic dysfunction and beta amyloid-induced neurotoxicity. Preclinical evidence suggests that IGF2 is likely to be safe and tolerable at therapeutic doses. In the preventative treatment context, the intranasal route of administration is likely to be the preferred method for achieving the therapeutic effect without risking adverse side effects. For patients already experiencing AD dementia, routes of administration that deliver IGF2 directly access the CNS may be necessary. Finally, we discuss several strategies for improving the translational validity of animal models used to study the therapeutic potential of IGF2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - E C McNay
- University at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
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5
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Jiráček J, Selicharová I, Žáková L. Mutations at hypothetical binding site 2 in insulin and insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 123:187-230. [PMID: 37717985 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating how insulin and the related insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF-1 and IGF-2) bind to their cellular receptors (IR and IGF-1R) and how the receptors are activated has been the holy grail for generations of scientists. However, deciphering the 3D structure of tyrosine kinase receptors and their hormone-bound complexes has been complicated by the flexible and dimeric nature of the receptors and the dynamic nature of their interaction with hormones. Therefore, mutagenesis of hormones and kinetic studies first became an important tool for studying receptor interactions. It was suggested that hormones could bind to receptors through two binding sites on the hormone surface called site 1 and site 2. A breakthrough in knowledge came with the solution of cryoelectron microscopy (cryoEM) structures of hormone-receptor complexes. In this chapter, we document in detail the mutagenesis of insulin, IGF-1, and IGF-2 with emphasis on modifications of the hypothetical binding site 2 in the hormones, and we discuss the results of structure-activity studies in light of recent cryoEM structures of hormone complexes with IR and IGF-1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Jiráček
- From Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Irena Selicharová
- From Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Žáková
- From Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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6
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Determinants of IGF-II influencing stability, receptor binding and activation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4695. [PMID: 35304516 PMCID: PMC8933565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08467-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin like growth factor II (IGF-II) is involved in metabolic and mitogenic signalling in mammalian cells and plays important roles in normal fetal development and postnatal growth. It is structurally similar to insulin and binds not only with high affinity to the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) but also to the insulin receptor isoform A (IR-A). As IGF-II expression is commonly upregulated in cancer and its signalling promotes cancer cell survival, an antagonist that blocks IGF-II action without perturbing insulin signalling would be invaluable. The high degree of structural homology between the IR and IGF-1R makes selectively targeting either receptor in the treatment of IGF-II-dependent cancers very challenging. However, there are sequence differences between insulin and IGF-II that convey receptor selectivity and influence binding affinity and signalling outcome. Insulin residue YB16 is a key residue involved in maintaining insulin stability, dimer formation and IR binding. Mutation of this residue to glutamine (as found in IGF-II) results in reduced binding affinity. In this study we sought to determine if the equivalent residue Q18 in IGF-II plays a similar role. We show through site-directed mutagenesis of Q18 that this residue contributes to IGF-II structural integrity, selectivity of IGF-1R/IR binding, but surprisingly does not influence IR-A signalling activation. These findings provide insights into a unique IGF-II residue that can influence receptor binding specificity whilst having little influence on signalling outcome.
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7
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Zheng Y, Sun Q, Xu X, Wang W. Novel peptide derived from IGF-2 displays anti-angiogenic activity in vitro and inhibits retinal angiogenesis in a model of oxygen-induced retinopathy. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 48:1261-1275. [PMID: 33026147 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), a major cause of significant visual morbidity and blindness in preterm infants, is closely related to pathological angiogenesis. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of a new 12-aa peptide (named peptide CW-703) from human insulin-like growth factor-2, against angiogenesis in ROP. METHODS In order to evaluate the inhibitory effect of CW-703 on the proliferation, migration, tube formation and apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (ScienCell) in vitro, we used MTS assays, a modified Boyden chamber, Matrigel system and TUNEL assays. Effects in vivo were assayed using chorioallantoic membrane assays and oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) models in mice. We also performed eletrophysiological and histologic examinations to evaluate the possible toxicity of the peptide. Real-time PCR, ELISA and western blotting were used to elucidate the mechanism of CW-703. RESULTS CW-703 inhibited angiogenesis in vitro by suppressing endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tube formation. CW-703 also prevented angiogenesis in chicken chorioallantoic membrane assays and OIR assays in mice. No evident functional or morphologic abnormalities in neuroretina after CW-703 injection were revealed in electrophysiological tests and histological examinations. Moreover, we elucidated that CW-703 competed for binding to IGF-1R and inhibited angiogenesis by inhibiting IGF-1R/PI3K/AKT activation and downregulating vascular endothelial growth factor expression. CONCLUSION The novel peptide CW-703 may act as an effective inhibitor of ocular pathologic angiogenesis, especially in treating ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiao Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Potalitsyn P, Selicharová I, Sršeň K, Radosavljević J, Marek A, Nováková K, Jiráček J, Žáková L. A radioligand binding assay for the insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238393. [PMID: 32877466 PMCID: PMC7467306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors 2 and 1 (IGF2 and IGF1) and insulin are closely related hormones that are responsible for the regulation of metabolic homeostasis, development and growth of the organism. Physiological functions of insulin and IGF1 are relatively well-studied, but information about the role of IGF2 in the body is still sparse. Recent discoveries called attention to emerging functions of IGF2 in the brain, where it could be involved in processes of learning and memory consolidation. It was also proposed that these functions could be mediated by the receptor for IGF2 (IGF2R). Nevertheless, little is known about the mechanism of signal transduction through this receptor. Here we produced His-tagged domain 11 (D11), an IGF2-binding element of IGF2R; we immobilized it on the solid support through a well-defined sandwich, consisting of neutravidin, biotin and synthetic anti-His-tag antibodies. Next, we prepared specifically radiolabeled [125I]-monoiodotyrosyl-Tyr2-IGF2 and optimized a sensitive and robust competitive radioligand binding assay for determination of the nanomolar binding affinities of hormones for D11 of IGF2. The assay will be helpful for the characterization of new IGF2 mutants to study the functions of IGF2R and the development of new compounds for the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Potalitsyn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Selicharová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kryštof Sršeň
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jelena Radosavljević
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Marek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Nováková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Jiráček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Žáková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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9
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Muhammad T, Li M, Wang J, Huang T, Zhao S, Zhao H, Liu H, Chen ZJ. Roles of insulin-like growth factor II in regulating female reproductive physiology. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:849-865. [PMID: 32291558 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-1646-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The number of growth factors involved in female fertility has been extensively studied, but reluctance to add essential growth factors in culture media has limited progress in optimizing embryonic growth and implantation outcomes, a situation that has ultimately led to reduced pregnancy outcomes. Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is the most intricately regulated of all known reproduction-related growth factors characterized to date, and is perhaps the predominant growth factor in human ovarian follicles. This review aims to concisely summarize what is known about the role of IGF-II in follicular development, oocyte maturation, embryonic development, implantation success, placentation, fetal growth, and in reducing placental cell apoptosis, as well as present strategies that use growth factors in culture systems to improve the developmental potential of oocytes and embryos in different species. Synthesizing the present knowledge about the physiological roles of IGF-II in follicular development, oocyte maturation, and early embryonic development should, on the one hand, deepen our overall understanding of the potential beneficial effects of growth factors in female reproduction and on the other hand support development (optimization) of improved outcomes for assisted reproductive technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Muhammad
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Mengjing Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Shigang Zhao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China. .,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China. .,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China. .,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - Zi-Jiang Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China. .,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China. .,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China. .,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, 200000, China. .,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200000, China.
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10
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Torrente Y, Bella P, Tripodi L, Villa C, Farini A. Role of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Receptor 2 across Muscle Homeostasis: Implications for Treating Muscular Dystrophy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020441. [PMID: 32075092 PMCID: PMC7072799 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R) plays a major role in binding and regulating the circulating and tissue levels of the mitogenic peptide insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2). IGF2/IGF2R interaction influences cell growth, survival, and migration in normal tissue development, and the deregulation of IGF2R expression has been associated with growth-related disease and cancer. IGF2R overexpression has been implicated in heart and muscle disease progression. Recent research findings suggest novel approaches to target IGF2R action. This review highlights recent advances in the understanding of the IGF2R structure and pathways related to muscle homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Torrente
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (A.F.); Tel.: +39-0255033874 (Y.T.); +39-0255033852 (A.F.)
| | | | | | | | - Andrea Farini
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (A.F.); Tel.: +39-0255033874 (Y.T.); +39-0255033852 (A.F.)
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11
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Macháčková K, Mlčochová K, Potalitsyn P, Hanková K, Socha O, Buděšínský M, Muždalo A, Lepšík M, Černeková M, Radosavljević J, Fábry M, Mitrová K, Chrudinová M, Lin J, Yurenko Y, Hobza P, Selicharová I, Žáková L, Jiráček J. Mutations at hypothetical binding site 2 in insulin and insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 result in receptor- and hormone-specific responses. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17371-17382. [PMID: 31558604 PMCID: PMC6873181 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Information on how insulin and insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF-1 and -2) activate insulin receptors (IR-A and -B) and the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) is crucial for understanding the difference in the biological activities of these peptide hormones. Cryo-EM studies have revealed that insulin uses its binding sites 1 and 2 to interact with IR-A and have identified several critical residues in binding site 2. However, mutagenesis studies suggest that Ile-A10, Ser-A12, Leu-A13, and Glu-A17 also belong to insulin's site 2. Here, to resolve this discrepancy, we mutated these insulin residues and the equivalent residues in IGFs. Our findings revealed that equivalent mutations in the hormones can result in differential biological effects and that these effects can be receptor-specific. We noted that the insulin positions A10 and A17 are important for its binding to IR-A and IR-B and IGF-1R and that A13 is important only for IR-A and IR-B binding. The IGF-1/IGF-2 positions 51/50 and 54/53 did not appear to play critical roles in receptor binding, but mutations at IGF-1 position 58 and IGF-2 position 57 affected the binding. We propose that IGF-1 Glu-58 interacts with IGF-1R Arg-704 and belongs to IGF-1 site 1, a finding supported by the NMR structure of the less active Asp-58–IGF-1 variant. Computational analyses indicated that the aforementioned mutations can affect internal insulin dynamics and inhibit adoption of a receptor-bound conformation, important for binding to receptor site 1. We provide a molecular model and alternative hypotheses for how the mutated insulin residues affect activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Macháčková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Květoslava Mlčochová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlo Potalitsyn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Hanková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Socha
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Anja Muždalo
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lepšík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Černeková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jelena Radosavljević
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Fábry
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 37 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Mitrová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Chrudinová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jingjing Lin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Yevgen Yurenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hobza
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Selicharová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Žáková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Jiráček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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12
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Wang E, Sun H, Wang J, Wang Z, Liu H, Zhang JZH, Hou T. End-Point Binding Free Energy Calculation with MM/PBSA and MM/GBSA: Strategies and Applications in Drug Design. Chem Rev 2019; 119:9478-9508. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 578] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ercheng Wang
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Huiyong Sun
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Junmei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Zhe Wang
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - John Z. H. Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics & New Drug Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Chemical Process, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- NYU−ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai 200122, China
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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13
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Takifugu rubripes cation independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor: Cloning, expression and functional characterization of the IGF-II binding domain. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 113:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Leksa V, Ilková A, Vičíková K, Stockinger H. Unravelling novel functions of the endosomal transporter mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor receptor (CD222) in health and disease: An emerging regulator of the immune system. Immunol Lett 2017; 190:194-200. [PMID: 28823520 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Properly balanced cellular responses require both the mutual interactions of soluble factors with cell surface receptors and the crosstalk of intracellular molecules. In particular, immune cells exposed unceasingly to an array of positive and negative stimuli must distinguish between what has to be tolerated and attacked. Protein trafficking is one of crucial pathways involved in this labour. The approximately >270-kDa protein transporter called mannose 6- phosphate/insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (M6P/IGF2R, CD222) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein present largely intracellularly in the Golgi apparatus and endosomal compartments, but also at the cell surface. It is expressed ubiquitously in a vast majority of higher eukaryotic cell types. Through binding and trafficking multiple unrelated extracellular and intracellular ligands, CD222 is involved in the regulation of a plethora of functions, and thus implicated in many physiological but also pathophysiological conditions. This review describes, first, general features of CD222, such as its evolution, genomic structure and regulation, protein structure and ligands; and second, its specific functions with a special focus on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Leksa
- Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 19, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Antónia Ilková
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Kristína Vičíková
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 19, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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15
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Hexnerová R, Křížková K, Fábry M, Sieglová I, Kedrová K, Collinsová M, Ullrichová P, Srb P, Williams C, Crump MP, Tošner Z, Jiráček J, Veverka V, Žáková L. Probing Receptor Specificity by Sampling the Conformational Space of the Insulin-like Growth Factor II C-domain. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:21234-21245. [PMID: 27510031 PMCID: PMC5076530 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.741041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin and insulin-like growth factors I and II are closely related protein hormones. Their distinct evolution has resulted in different yet overlapping biological functions with insulin becoming a key regulator of metabolism, whereas insulin-like growth factors (IGF)-I/II are major growth factors. Insulin and IGFs cross-bind with different affinities to closely related insulin receptor isoforms A and B (IR-A and IR-B) and insulin-like growth factor type I receptor (IGF-1R). Identification of structural determinants in IGFs and insulin that trigger their specific signaling pathways is of increasing importance in designing receptor-specific analogs with potential therapeutic applications. Here, we developed a straightforward protocol for production of recombinant IGF-II and prepared six IGF-II analogs with IGF-I-like mutations. All modified molecules exhibit significantly reduced affinity toward IR-A, particularly the analogs with a Pro-Gln insertion in the C-domain. Moreover, one of the analogs has enhanced binding affinity for IGF-1R due to a synergistic effect of the Pro-Gln insertion and S29N point mutation. Consequently, this analog has almost a 10-fold higher IGF-1R/IR-A binding specificity in comparison with native IGF-II. The established IGF-II purification protocol allowed for cost-effective isotope labeling required for a detailed NMR structural characterization of IGF-II analogs that revealed a link between the altered binding behavior of selected analogs and conformational rearrangement of their C-domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozálie Hexnerová
- From the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, Prague 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Květoslava Křížková
- From the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, Prague 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Fábry
- From the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic, and
| | - Irena Sieglová
- From the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Kedrová
- From the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, Prague 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Collinsová
- From the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Ullrichová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Srb
- From the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Christopher Williams
- Department of Organic and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew P Crump
- Department of Organic and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Zdeněk Tošner
- Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, Prague 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Jiráček
- From the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Veverka
- From the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic,
| | - Lenka Žáková
- From the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic,
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16
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Frago S, Nicholls RD, Strickland M, Hughes J, Williams C, Garner L, Surakhy M, Maclean R, Rezgui D, Prince SN, Zaccheo OJ, Ebner D, Sanegre S, Yu S, Buffa FM, Crump MP, Hassan AB. Functional evolution of IGF2:IGF2R domain 11 binding generates novel structural interactions and a specific IGF2 antagonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2766-75. [PMID: 27140600 PMCID: PMC4878476 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1513023113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the 15 extracellular domains of the mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor-2 receptor (M6P/IGF2R), domain 11 has evolved a binding site for IGF2 to negatively regulate ligand bioavailability and mammalian growth. Despite the highly evolved structural loops of the IGF2:domain 11 binding site, affinity-enhancing AB loop mutations suggest that binding is modifiable. Here we examine the extent to which IGF2:domain 11 affinity, and its specificity over IGF1, can be enhanced, and we examine the structural basis of the mechanistic and functional consequences. Domain 11 binding loop mutants were selected by yeast surface display combined with high-resolution structure-based predictions, and validated by surface plasmon resonance. We discovered previously unidentified mutations in the ligand-interacting surface binding loops (AB, CD, FG, and HI). Five combined mutations increased rigidity of the AB loop, as confirmed by NMR. When added to three independently identified CD and FG loop mutations that reduced the koff value by twofold, these mutations resulted in an overall selective 100-fold improvement in affinity. The structural basis of the evolved affinity was improved shape complementarity established by interloop (AB-CD) and intraloop (FG-FG) side chain interactions. The high affinity of the combinatorial domain 11 Fc fusion proteins functioned as ligand-soluble antagonists or traps that depleted pathological IGF2 isoforms from serum and abrogated IGF2-dependent signaling in vivo. An evolved and reengineered high-specificity M6P/IGF2R domain 11 binding site for IGF2 may improve therapeutic targeting of the frequent IGF2 gain of function observed in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Frago
- Tumour Growth Control Group, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan D Nicholls
- Department of Organic and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Madeleine Strickland
- Department of Organic and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Hughes
- Tumour Growth Control Group, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Williams
- Department of Organic and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Garner
- Tumour Growth Control Group, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Mirvat Surakhy
- Tumour Growth Control Group, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Rory Maclean
- Tumour Growth Control Group, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Dellel Rezgui
- Tumour Growth Control Group, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart N Prince
- Tumour Growth Control Group, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver J Zaccheo
- Tumour Growth Control Group, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Ebner
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sabina Sanegre
- Tumour Growth Control Group, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Sheng Yu
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca M Buffa
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew P Crump
- Department of Organic and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom;
| | - Andrew Bassim Hassan
- Tumour Growth Control Group, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom;
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17
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Cottam Jones JM, Harris PWR, Scanlon DB, Forbes BE, Brimble MA, Abell AD. Fluorescent IGF-II analogues for FRET-based investigations into the binding of IGF-II to the IGF-1R. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:2698-705. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02110c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Convergent-based synthesis of native IGF-II and two IGF-II analogues, with coumarin fluorescent probes incorporated at residues 19 and 28, and their use in FRET-based identification of interactions with the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P. W. R. Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland 1010
- New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery
| | - D. B. Scanlon
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Adelaide
- Adelaide 5001
- Australia
| | - B. E. Forbes
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences
- The University of Adelaide
- Adelaide 5005
- Australia
- School of Medicine
| | - M. A. Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland 1010
- New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery
| | - A. D. Abell
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Adelaide
- Adelaide 5001
- Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP)
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18
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Ziegler AN, Chidambaram S, Forbes BE, Wood TL, Levison SW. Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) and IGF-II analogs with enhanced insulin receptor-a binding affinity promote neural stem cell expansion. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:4626-33. [PMID: 24398690 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.537597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to employ genetically engineered IGF-II analogs to establish which receptor(s) mediate the stemness promoting actions of IGF-II on mouse subventricular zone neural precursors. Neural precursors from the subventricular zone were propagated in vitro in culture medium supplemented with IGF-II analogs. Cell growth and identity were analyzed using sphere generation and further analyzed by flow cytometry. F19A, an analog of IGF-II that does not bind the IGF-2R, stimulated an increase in the proportion of neural stem cells (NSCs) while decreasing the proportion of the later stage progenitors at a lower concentration than IGF-II. V43M, which binds to the IGF-2R with high affinity but which has low binding affinity to the IGF-1R and to the A isoform of the insulin receptor (IR-A) failed to promote NSC growth. The positive effects of F19A on NSC growth were unaltered by the addition of a functional blocking antibody to the IGF-1R. Altogether, these data lead to the conclusion that IGF-II promotes stemness of NSCs via the IR-A and not through activation of either the IGF-1R or the IGF-2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber N Ziegler
- From the Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey 07103-1709 and
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20
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Williams C, Hoppe HJ, Rezgui D, Strickland M, Forbes BE, Grutzner F, Frago S, Ellis RZ, Wattana-Amorn P, Prince SN, Zaccheo OJ, Nolan CM, Mungall AJ, Jones EY, Crump MP, Hassan AB. An exon splice enhancer primes IGF2:IGF2R binding site structure and function evolution. Science 2012; 338:1209-13. [PMID: 23197533 PMCID: PMC4658703 DOI: 10.1126/science.1228633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Placental development and genomic imprinting coevolved with parental conflict over resource distribution to mammalian offspring. The imprinted genes IGF2 and IGF2R code for the growth promoter insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and its inhibitor, mannose 6-phosphate (M6P)/IGF2 receptor (IGF2R), respectively. M6P/IGF2R of birds and fish do not recognize IGF2. In monotremes, which lack imprinting, IGF2 specifically bound M6P/IGF2R via a hydrophobic CD loop. We show that the DNA coding the CD loop in monotremes functions as an exon splice enhancer (ESE) and that structural evolution of binding site loops (AB, HI, FG) improved therian IGF2 affinity. We propose that ESE evolution led to the fortuitous acquisition of IGF2 binding by M6P/IGF2R that drew IGF2R into parental conflict; subsequent imprinting may then have accelerated affinity maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Williams
- Department of Organic and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
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21
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Rajapaksha H, Alvino C, McCarthy P, Forbes BE. The insulin-like growth factor mutation database (IGFmdb). Growth Horm IGF Res 2012; 22:158-166. [PMID: 22698731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II), and insulin are evolutionarily conserved hormonal regulators of eukaryotic growth and development. Through interactions with their cognate receptors, all three molecules can influence cellular growth, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival, as well as metabolic processes. As such, perturbations in signaling by IGFs and insulin are a well-documented cause of altered growth, development and survival during both embryonic and post-natal life. A key approach in understanding how IGFs and insulin elicit their biological effects has been through identifying structural features of the ligands that influence their receptor interactions. Over the years, the study of many hundreds of specifically engineered IGF and insulin analogues has provided a wealth of knowledge about how specific residues of these ligands contribute to ligand:receptor interactions. Some analogues have even provided the basis for designing therapeutic agents for the treatment of IGF and insulin-related diseases. As the list of IGF and insulin analogues continues to grow we find that, while many have been produced and studied, it would be of considerable value to have a central repository from which information about specific analogues and their receptor binding data were readily available in an easily searchable and comparable format. To address this, we have created the "Insulin-like growth factor mutation database" (IGFmdb). The IGFmdb is a web-based curated database of annotated ligand analogues and their receptor binding affinities that can be accessed via http://www.adelaide.edu.au/igfmutation. Currently the IGFmdb contains receptor-binding data for 67 IGF-II analogues that were publicly accessible prior to 2012, as well as 67 IGF-I analogues, including all of those produced and characterised in our laboratory. A small number of these are IGF species homologues. There are also 32 insulin analogues within IGFmdb that were reported within the included IGF analogue studies, representing only a small fraction of existing insulin mutants. Future developments of the IGFmdb will incorporate receptor-binding data for all publicly accessible IGF-I analogues and the data will be expanded to include IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) binding affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harinda Rajapaksha
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
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22
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Alvino CL, Ong SC, McNeil KA, Delaine C, Booker GW, Wallace JC, Forbes BE. Understanding the mechanism of insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor activation by IGF-II. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27488. [PMID: 22140443 PMCID: PMC3227035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) promotes cell proliferation and survival and plays an important role in normal fetal development and placental function. IGF-II binds both the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) and insulin receptor isoform A (IR-A) with high affinity. Interestingly both IGF-II and the IR-A are often upregulated in cancer and IGF-II acts via both receptors to promote cancer proliferation. There is relatively little known about the mechanism of ligand induced activation of the insulin (IR) and IGF-1R. The recently solved IR structure reveals a folded over dimer with two potential ligand binding pockets arising from residues on each receptor half. Site-directed mutagenesis has mapped receptor residues important for ligand binding to two separate sites within the ligand binding pocket and we have recently shown that the IGFs have two separate binding surfaces which interact with the receptor sites 1 and 2. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study we describe a series of partial IGF-1R and IR agonists generated by mutating Glu12 of IGF-II. By comparing receptor binding affinities, abilities to induce negative cooperativity and potencies in receptor activation, we provide evidence that residue Glu12 bridges the two receptor halves leading to receptor activation. Conclusions/Significance This study provides novel insight into the mechanism of receptor binding and activation by IGF-II, which may be important for the future development of inhibitors of its action for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clair L. Alvino
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Shee Chee Ong
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kerrie A. McNeil
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Carlie Delaine
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Grant W. Booker
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John C. Wallace
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Briony E. Forbes
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- * E-mail:
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The molecular basis of IGF-II/IGF2R recognition: a combined molecular dynamics simulation, free-energy calculation and computational alanine scanning study. J Mol Model 2011; 18:1421-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-1159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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24
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Kalla Singh S, Tan QW, Brito C, De León M, De León D. Insulin-like growth factors I and II receptors in the breast cancer survival disparity among African-American women. Growth Horm IGF Res 2010; 20:245-254. [PMID: 20347606 PMCID: PMC2875325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE African-American (AA) women with breast cancer are more likely to have advanced disease at diagnosis, higher risk of recurrence and poorer prognosis than Caucasian (CA) women. We have recently shown higher insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) expression in paired breast tissue samples from AA women as compared to CA women. IGF-II is a potent mitogen that induces cell proliferation and survival signals through activation of the IGF-I and Insulin receptors (IGF-IR, IR) while IGF-II circulating levels are regulated by cellular uptake through the IGF2 receptor. We hypothesize that differential expression of the IGF1R and IGF2R among AA and CA women potentiates IGF-II mitogenic effects, thus contributing to the health disparity observed between these ethnic groups. DESIGN We examined IGF-IR and IGF2R mRNA, protein expression and IGF1R phosphorylation in paired breast tissue samples from AA and CA women by Real Time-PCR, Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry and ELISA techniques. RESULTS Our results showed significantly increased expression of IGF1R in AA normal tissues as compared to CA normal tissues. IGF1R expression was similar between AA normal and malignant tissues, while IGF1R, IRS-1 and Shc phosphorylation was significantly higher in AA tumor samples. Significantly higher levels of IGF2R were found in CA tumor samples as compared to AA tumor samples. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that IGF1R and IGF2R differential expression may contribute to the increased risk of malignant transformation in young AA women and to the more aggressive breast cancer phenotype observed among AA breast cancer patients and represent, along with IGF-II, potential therapeutic targets in breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Black or African American/genetics
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/mortality
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/ethnology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/mortality
- Carcinoma, Papillary/ethnology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Papillary/mortality
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Health Status Disparities
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 2/genetics
- White People/genetics
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kalla Singh
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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25
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Brown J, Jones EY, Forbes BE. Keeping IGF-II under control: Lessons from the IGF-II–IGF2R crystal structure. Trends Biochem Sci 2009; 34:612-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Brown J, Jones EY, Forbes BE. Interactions of IGF-II with the IGF2R/cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor mechanism and biological outcomes. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2009; 80:699-719. [PMID: 19251056 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)00625-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor-II receptor (IGF2R) is a membrane-bound glycoprotein consisting of 15 homologous extracellular repeat domains. The major function of this receptor is trafficking of lysosomal enzymes from the trans-Golgi network to the endosomes and their subsequent transfer to lysosomes. The IGF2R also plays a major role in binding and regulating the circulating and tissue levels of IGF-II. As this ligand is important for cell growth, survival, and migration, the maintenance of correct IGF-II levels influences its actions in normal growth and development. Deregulation of IGF2R expression has therefore been associated with growth related disease and cancer. This review highlights recent advances in understanding the IGF2R structure and mechanism of interaction with its ligands, in particular IGF-II. Recent mutagenesis studies combined with the crystal structure of domains 11-14 in complex with IGF-II have mapped the sites of interaction and explain how the IGF2R specificity for IGF-II is achieved. The role of domain 13 in high-affinity IGF-II binding is also revealed. Characterization of ligand:IGF2R interactions is vital for the understanding of the mechanism of IGF2R actions and will allow the development of specific cancer therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brown
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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27
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Alvino CL, McNeil KA, Ong SC, Delaine C, Booker GW, Wallace JC, Whittaker J, Forbes BE. A novel approach to identify two distinct receptor binding surfaces of insulin-like growth factor II. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:7656-64. [PMID: 19139090 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808061200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Very little is known about the residues important for the interaction of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) with the type 1 IGF receptor (IGF-1R) and the insulin receptor (IR). Insulin, to which IGF-II is homologous, is proposed to cross-link opposite halves of the IR dimer through two receptor binding surfaces, site 1 and site 2. In the present study we have analyzed the contribution of IGF-II residues equivalent to insulin's two binding surfaces toward the interaction of IGF-II with the IGF-1R and IR. Four "site 1" and six "site 2" analogues were produced and analyzed in terms of IGF-1R and IR binding and activation. The results show that Val(43), Phe(28), and Val(14) (equivalent to site 1) are critical to IGF-1R and IR binding, whereas mutation to alanine of Gln(18) affects only IGF-1R and not IR binding. Alanine substitutions at Glu(12), Asp(15), Phe(19), Leu(53), and Glu(57) analogues resulted in significant (>2-fold) decreases in affinity for both the IGF-1R and IR. Furthermore, taking a novel approach using a monomeric, single-chain minimized IGF-1R we have defined a distinct second binding surface formed by Glu(12), Phe(19), Leu(53), and Glu(57) that potentially engages the IGF-1R at one or more of the FnIII domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clair L Alvino
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Gate 8, Victoria Drive, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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28
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Survey of the year 2007 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2008; 21:355-400. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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29
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Doyle LK, Hogg CO, Watson ED, Donadeu FX. Seasonal effects on the response of ovarian follicles to IGF1 in mares. Reproduction 2008; 136:589-98. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-07-0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The response of follicles to IGF1 was compared between the transition into the ovulatory season (transitional period) and the ovulatory season (ovulatory period) in eight mares using a cross-over experimental design within periods. Granulosa cells were collected from follicles 15–24 or 25–34 mm and expression ofIGF1R,IGF2R,FSHR,LHCGRandPAPPAwas determined by qPCR. In addition, 10 mg IGF1 or vehicle were injected into the largest follicle (transitional period) or the second largest follicle (ovulatory period) of a follicular wave before the beginning of diameter deviation between the two largest follicles (mean diameters at injection 19.2 and 20.0 mm during transitional and ovulatory periods respectively). Follicular fluid was collected 24 h after injection for determination of free IGF1, IGFBP, inhibin A and oestradiol levels. Granulosa cells from follicles 25–34 mm, but not follicles 15–24 mm, expressed higher levels ofIGF1R(P=0.01),FSHR(P<0.007) andLHCGR(P=0.09) during the ovulatory period than during the transitional period, whereasIGF2Rexpression was higher in transitional than ovulatory follicles (P=0.06). Follicular IGFBP2 levels were not different (P>0.1) between periods and treatments, whereas IGFBP5 levels were higher (P<0.05) during the ovulatory period. Finally, IGF1 injection before the beginning of deviation induced an approximately twofold increase (P=0.01) in follicular inhibin A levels during each period and did not affect oestradiol (P>0.1). These results suggest that, as during ovulatory waves, equine follicles during transitional waves are responsive to IGF1 before the beginning of deviation and that, therefore, inadequate IGF1 responsiveness before deviation may not underlie the deficient development of dominant follicles during transition.
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30
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Gauguin L, Delaine C, Alvino CL, McNeil KA, Wallace JC, Forbes BE, De Meyts P. Alanine scanning of a putative receptor binding surface of insulin-like growth factor-I. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:20821-9. [PMID: 18502759 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802620200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Current evidence supports a binding model in which the insulin molecule contains two binding surfaces, site 1 and site 2, which contact the two halves of the insulin receptor. The interaction of these two surfaces with the insulin receptor results in a high affinity cross-linking of the two receptor alpha subunits and leads to receptor activation. Evidence suggests that insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) may activate the IGF-I receptor in a similar mode. So far IGF-I residues structurally corresponding to the residues of the insulin site 1 together with residues in the C-domain of IGF-I have been found to be important for binding of IGF-I to the IGF-I receptor (e.g. Phe(23), Tyr(24), Tyr(31), Arg(36), Arg(37), Val(44), Tyr(60), and Ala(62)). However, an IGF-I second binding surface similar to site 2 of insulin has not been identified yet. In this study, we have analyzed whether IGF-I residues corresponding to the six residues of the insulin site 2 have a role in high affinity binding of IGF-I to the IGF-I receptor. Six single-substituted IGF-I analogues were produced, each containing an alanine substitution in one of the following positions (corresponding insulin residues in parentheses): Glu(9) (His(B10)), Asp(12) (Glu(B13)), Phe(16) (Leu(B17)), Asp(53) (Ser(A12)), Leu(54) (Leu(A13)), and Glu(58) (Glu(A17)). In addition, two analogues with 2 and 3 combined alanine substitutions were also produced (E9A,D12A IGF-I and E9A,D12A,E58A IGF-I). The results show that introducing alanine in positions Glu(9), Asp(12), Phe(16), Leu(54), and Glu(58) results in a significant reduction in IGF-I receptor binding affinity, whereas alanine substitution at position 53 had no effect on IGF-I receptor binding. The multiple substitutions resulted in a 33-100-fold reduction in IGF-I receptor binding affinity. These data suggest that IGF-I, in addition to the C-domain, uses surfaces similar to those of insulin in contacting its cognate receptor, although the relative contribution of the side chains of homologous residues varies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Gauguin
- Receptor Systems Biology Laboratory, Hagedorn Research Institute, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark.
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31
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Gauguin L, Klaproth B, Sajid W, Andersen AS, McNeil KA, Forbes BE, De Meyts P. Structural basis for the lower affinity of the insulin-like growth factors for the insulin receptor. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:2604-13. [PMID: 18048361 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709220200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin and the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) bind with high affinity to their cognate receptor and with lower affinity to the noncognate receptor. The major structural difference between insulin and the IGFs is that the IGFs are single chain polypeptides containing A-, B-, C-, and D-domains, whereas the insulin molecule contains separate A- and B-chains. The C-domain of IGF-I is critical for high affinity binding to the insulin-like growth factor I receptor, and lack of a C-domain largely explains the low affinity of insulin for the insulin-like growth factor I receptor. It is less clear why the IGFs have lower affinity for the insulin receptor. In this study, 24 insulin analogues and four IGF analogues were expressed and analyzed to explore the role of amino acid differences in the A- and B-domains between insulin and the IGFs in binding affinity for the insulin receptor. Using the information obtained from single substituted analogues, four multiple substituted analogues were produced. A "quadruple insulin" analogue ([Phe(A8), Ser(A10), Thr(B5), Gln(B16)]Ins) showed affinity as IGF-I for the insulin receptor, and a "sextuple insulin" analogue ([Phe(A8), Ser(A10), Thr(A18), Thr(B5), Thr(B14), Gln(B16)]Ins) showed an affinity close to that of IGF-II for the insulin receptor, whereas a "quadruple IGF-I" analogue ([His(4), Tyr(15), Thr(49), Ile(51)]IGF-I) and a "sextuple IGF-II" analogue ([His(7), Ala(16), Tyr(18), Thr(48), Ile(50), Asn(58)]IGF-II) showed affinities similar to that of insulin for the insulin receptor. The mitogenic potency of these analogues correlated well with the binding properties. Thus, a small number of A- and B-domain substitutions that map to the IGF surface equivalent to the classical binding surface of insulin weaken two hotspots that bind to the insulin receptor site 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Gauguin
- Receptor Systems Biology Laboratory, Hagedorn Research Institute, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark.
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32
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Structure and functional analysis of the IGF-II/IGF2R interaction. EMBO J 2007; 27:265-76. [PMID: 18046459 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic development and normal growth require exquisite control of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). In mammals the extracellular region of the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor has gained an IGF-II-binding function and is termed type II IGF receptor (IGF2R). IGF2R sequesters IGF-II; imbalances occur in cancers and IGF2R is implicated in tumour suppression. We report crystal structures of IGF2R domains 11-12, 11-12-13-14 and domains 11-12-13/IGF-II complex. A distinctive juxtaposition of these domains provides the IGF-II-binding unit, with domain 11 directly interacting with IGF-II and domain 13 modulating binding site flexibility. Our complex shows that Phe19 and Leu53 of IGF-II lock into a hydrophobic pocket unique to domain 11 of mammalian IGF2Rs. Mutagenesis analyses confirm this IGF-II 'binding-hotspot', revealing that IGF-binding proteins and IGF2R have converged on the same high-affinity site.
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33
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Williams C, Rezgui D, Prince SN, Zaccheo OJ, Foulstone EJ, Forbes BE, Norton RS, Crosby J, Hassan AB, Crump MP. Structural insights into the interaction of insulin-like growth factor 2 with IGF2R domain 11. Structure 2007; 15:1065-78. [PMID: 17850746 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor (IGF2R) mediates trafficking of mannose-6-phosphate (M6P)-containing proteins and the mitogenic hormone IGF2. IGF2R also plays an important role as a tumor suppressor, as mutation is frequently associated with human carcinogenesis. IGF2 binds to domain 11, one of 15 extracellular domains on IGF2R. The crystal structure of domain 11 and the solution structure of IGF2 have been reported, but, to date, there has been limited success when using crystallography to study the interaction of IGFs with their binding partners. As an approach to investigate the interaction between IGF2 and IGF2R, we have used heteronuclear NMR in combination with existing mutagenesis data to derive models of the domain 11-IGF2 complex by using the program HADDOCK. The models reveal that the molecular interaction is driven by critical hydrophobic residues on IGF2 and IGF2R, while a ring of flexible, charged residues on IGF2R may modulate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Williams
- Department of Organic and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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