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Fu A, Kazmirchuk TDD, Bradbury-Jost C, Golshani A, Othman M. Platelet-Type von Willebrand Disease: Complex Pathophysiology and Insights on Novel Therapeutic and Diagnostic Strategies. Semin Thromb Hemost 2024. [PMID: 39191406 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1789183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
von Willebrand disease (VWD) is the most common well-studied genetic bleeding disorder worldwide. Much less is known about platelet-type VWD (PT-VWD), a rare platelet function defect, and a "nonidentical" twin bleeding phenotype to type 2B VWD (2B-VWD). Rather than a defect in the von Willebrand factor (VWF) gene, PT-VWD is caused by a platelet GP1BA mutation leading to a hyperaffinity of the glycoprotein Ibα (GPIbα) platelet surface receptor for VWF, and thus increased platelet clearing and high-molecular-weight VWF multimer elimination. Nine GP1BA gene mutations are known. It is historically believed that this enhanced binding was enabled by the β-switch region of GPIbα adopting an extended β-hairpin form. Recent evidence suggests the pathological conformation that destabilizes the compact triangular form of the R-loop-the GPIbα protein's region for VWF binding. PT-VWD is often misdiagnosed as 2B-VWD, even the though distinction between the two is crucial for proper treatment, as the former requires platelet transfusions, while the latter requires VWF/FVIII concentrate administration. Nevertheless, these PT-VWD treatments remain unsatisfactory, owing to their high cost, low availability, risk of alloimmunity, and the need to carefully balance platelet administration. Antibodies such as 6B4 remain undependable as an alternative therapy due to their questionable efficacy and high costs for this purpose. On the other hand, synthetic peptide therapeutics developed with In-Silico Protein Synthesizer to disrupt the association between GPIbα and VWF show preliminary promise as a therapy based on in vitro experiments. Such peptides could serve as an effective diagnostic technology for discriminating between 2B-VWD and PT-VWD, or potentially all forms of VWD, based on their high specificity. This field is rapidly growing and the current review sheds light on the complex pathology and some novel potential therapeutic and diagnostic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Fu
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas D D Kazmirchuk
- Department of Biology, and the Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology (OISB), Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Calvin Bradbury-Jost
- Department of Biology, and the Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology (OISB), Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashkan Golshani
- Department of Biology, and the Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology (OISB), Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maha Othman
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- School of Baccalaureate Nursing, St. Lawrence College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura City, Egypt
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2
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Ambrosetti F, Jandova Z, Bonvin AMJJ. Information-Driven Antibody-Antigen Modelling with HADDOCK. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2552:267-282. [PMID: 36346597 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2609-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the recent years, therapeutic use of antibodies has seen a huge growth, "due to their inherent proprieties and technological advances in the methods used to study and characterize them. Effective design and engineering of antibodies for therapeutic purposes are heavily dependent on knowledge of the structural principles that regulate antibody-antigen interactions. Several experimental techniques such as X-ray crystallography, cryo-electron microscopy, NMR, or mutagenesis analysis can be applied, but these are usually expensive and time-consuming. Therefore computational approaches like molecular docking may offer a valuable alternative for the characterization of antibody-antigen complexes.Here we describe a protocol for the prediction of the 3D structure of antibody-antigen complexes using the integrative modelling platform HADDOCK. The protocol consists of (1) the identification of the antibody residues belonging to the hypervariable loops which are known to be crucial for the binding and can be used to guide the docking and (2) the detailed steps to perform docking with the HADDOCK 2.4 webserver following different strategies depending on the availability of information about epitope residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ambrosetti
- Computational Structural Biology Group, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Zuzana Jandova
- Computational Structural Biology Group, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre M J J Bonvin
- Computational Structural Biology Group, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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3
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Srivastava R. Computational Studies on Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs) for Precision Oncology. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Srivastava
- Bioinformatics CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, CGCR+CC3 Uppal Rd, IICT Colony, Habsiguda Hyderabad Telangana 500007
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4
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Ambrosetti F, Jiménez-García B, Roel-Touris J, Bonvin AMJJ. Modeling Antibody-Antigen Complexes by Information-Driven Docking. Structure 2019; 28:119-129.e2. [PMID: 31727476 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins essential for immune response. Their capability to recognize antigens with high specificity makes them excellent therapeutic targets. Understanding the structural basis of antibody-antigen interactions is therefore crucial for improving our ability to design efficient biological drugs. Computational approaches such as molecular docking are providing a valuable and fast alternative to experimental structural characterization for these complexes. We investigate here how information about complementarity-determining regions and binding epitopes can be used to drive the modeling process, and present a comparative study of four different docking software suites (ClusPro, LightDock, ZDOCK, and HADDOCK) providing specific options for antibody-antigen modeling. Their performance on a dataset of 16 complexes is reported. HADDOCK, which includes information to drive the docking, is shown to perform best in terms of both success rate and quality of the generated models in both the presence and absence of information about the epitope on the antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ambrosetti
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00184 Rome, Italy; Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Computational Structural Biology Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Brian Jiménez-García
- Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Computational Structural Biology Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Roel-Touris
- Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Computational Structural Biology Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre M J J Bonvin
- Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Computational Structural Biology Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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5
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Liu W, Liu G, Zhou H, Fang X, Fang Y, Wu J. Computer prediction of paratope on antithrombotic antibody 10B12 and epitope on platelet glycoprotein VI via molecular dynamics simulation. Biomed Eng Online 2016; 15:152. [PMID: 28155721 PMCID: PMC5260068 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-016-0272-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interaction between immunoglobulin-like receptor glycoprotein VI (GPVI) and collagen plays a central role in platelet activation and sequent firm adhesion. Of various antithrombotic agents targeting GPVI, antibody 10B12 is of great potential to block the GPVI-collagen interaction, but less is known about 10B12 paratope and GPVI epitope. METHODS Along the pathway in the computer strategy presented in our previous work, the 10B12/GPVI complex model was constructed through homology modeling and rigid-body docking, and the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was used to detect the paratope residues on 10B12 and their partners on GPVI. Quantified by free and steered MD simulations, the stabilities of hydrogen bonds and salt bridges were used to rank the contributions of interface residues to binding of 10B12 and GPVI. RESULTS We predicted 12 key and seven dispensable residues in interaction of 10B12 to GPVI with present computational procedure. Besides of the 12 key residues, two are epitope residues (LYS41 and LYS59) which had been identified by previous mutation experiments, and others, including four epitope residues (ARG38, SER44, ARG46 and TYR47 on GPVI) and six paratope residues (GLU1, ASP98, GLU102, ASP107, ASP108 and ASP111 on 10B12), were newly found and also might be important for the 10B12-GPVI binding. The seven predicted dispensable residues on GPVI were had been illustrated in previous mutation experiments. CONCLUSIONS The present computer strategy combining homology modeling, rigid body docking and MD simulation was illustrated to be effective in mapping paratope on antithrombotic antibody 10B12 to epitope on GPVI, and have large potential in drug discovery and antibody research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Liu
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guangjian Liu
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Huiyun Zhou
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiang Fang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ying Fang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Jianhua Wu
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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6
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Kaur H, Corscadden K, Ware J, Othman M. Thrombocytopathy leading to impaired in vivo haemostasis and thrombosis in platelet type von Willebrand disease. Thromb Haemost 2016; 117:543-555. [PMID: 28004055 DOI: 10.1160/th16-04-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Platelet defects due to hyper-responsive GPIbα causing enhanced VWF interaction, counter-intuitively result in bleeding rather than thrombosis. The historical explanation of platelet/VWF clearance fails to explain mechanisms of impaired haemostasis particularly in light of reported poor platelet binding to fibrinogen. This study aimed to evaluate the defects of platelets with hyper-responsive GPIbα and their contribution to impaired in vivo thrombosis. Using the PT-VWD mouse model, platelets from the hTgG233V were compared to control hTgWT mice. Platelets' pro-coagulant capacity was evaluated using flowcytometry assessment of P-selectin and annexin V. Whole blood platelet aggregation in response to ADP, collagen and thrombin was tested. Clot kinetics using laser injury thrombosis model and the effect of GPIbα inhibition in vivo using 6B4; a monoclonal antibody, were evaluated. Thrombin-induced platelet P-selectin and PS exposure were significantly reduced in hTgG233V compared to hTgWT and not significantly different when compared to unstimulated platelets. The hTgG233V platelets aggregated normally in response to collagen, and had a delayed response to ADP and thrombin, when compared to hTgWT platelets. Laser injury showed significant impairment of in vivo thrombus formation in hTgG233V compared to hTgWT mice. There was a significant lag in in vitro clot formation in turbidity assay but no impairment in thrombin generation was observed using thromboelastography. The in vivo inhibition of GPIbα facilitated new - unstable - clot formation but did not improve the lag. We conclude platelets with hyper-responsive GPIbα have complex intrinsic defects beyond the previously described mechanisms. Abnormal signalling through GPIbα and potential therapy using inhibitors require further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maha Othman
- Dr. Maha Othman, MD MSc PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Boterell Hall room 513, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada, Tel.: +1 613 533 6108, Fax: +1 613 533 2022, E-mail:
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7
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Burdorf L, Riner A, Rybak E, Salles II, De Meyer SF, Shah A, Quinn KJ, Harris D, Zhang T, Parsell D, Ali F, Schwartz E, Kang E, Cheng X, Sievert E, Zhao Y, Braileanu G, Phelps CJ, Ayares DL, Deckmyn H, Pierson RN, Azimzadeh AM, Dandro A, Karavi K. Platelet sequestration and activation during GalTKO.hCD46 pig lung perfusion by human blood is primarily mediated by GPIb, GPIIb/IIIa, and von Willebrand Factor. Xenotransplantation 2016; 23:222-236. [PMID: 27188532 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Here, we ask whether platelet GPIb and GPIIb/IIIa receptors modulate platelet sequestration and activation during GalTKO.hCD46 pig lung xenograft perfusion. METHODS GalTKO.hCD46 transgenic pig lungs were perfused with heparinized fresh human blood. Results from perfusions in which αGPIb Fab (6B4, 10 mg/l blood, n = 6), αGPIIb/IIIa Fab (ReoPro, 3.5 mg/l blood, n = 6), or both drugs (n = 4) were administered to the perfusate were compared to two additional groups in which the donor pig received 1-desamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP), 3 μg/kg (to pre-deplete von Willebrand Factor (pVWF), the main GPIb ligand), with or without αGPIb (n = 6 each). RESULTS Platelet sequestration was significantly delayed in αGPIb, αGPIb+DDAVP, and αGPIb+αGPIIb/IIIa groups. Median lung "survival" was significantly longer (>240 vs. 162 min reference, p = 0.016), and platelet activation (as CD62P and βTG) were significantly inhibited, when pigs were pre-treated with DDAVP, with or without αGPIb Fab treatment. Pulmonary vascular resistance rise was not significantly attenuated in any group, and was associated with residual thromboxane and histamine elaboration. CONCLUSIONS The GPIb-VWF and GPIIb/IIIa axes play important roles in platelet sequestration and coagulation cascade activation during GalTKO.hCD46 lung xenograft injury. GPIb blockade significantly reduces platelet activation and delays platelet sequestration in this xenolung rejection model, an effect amplified by adding αGPIIb/IIIa blockade or depletion of VWF from pig lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Burdorf
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - A Riner
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - E Rybak
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - I I Salles
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF-Ls, Kulak KU Leuven, Belgium.,Centre for Hematology, Imperial College London, UK
| | - S F De Meyer
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF-Ls, Kulak KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Shah
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - K J Quinn
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - D Harris
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - T Zhang
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - D Parsell
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - F Ali
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - E Schwartz
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - E Kang
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - X Cheng
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - E Sievert
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Y Zhao
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - G Braileanu
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - C J Phelps
- Revivicor, Inc., Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - D L Ayares
- Revivicor, Inc., Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - H Deckmyn
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF-Ls, Kulak KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - R N Pierson
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - A M Azimzadeh
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
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8
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Janse van Rensburg WJ. Comparison of common platelet receptors between the chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) and human for use in pre-clinical human-targeted anti-platelet studies. Platelets 2015; 27:322-32. [PMID: 26559117 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2015.1095878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Anti-platelet agents play a central part in the treatment and prevention of acute thrombotic events. Discriminating animal models are needed for the development of novel agents. The chacma baboon has been extensively used as a model to evaluate anti-platelet agents. However, limited data exist to prove the translatability of this species to humans. We aimed to determine the suitability of the chacma baboon in preclinical human targeted GPIIb/IIIa, GPIbα and P2Y12 studies. Light-transmission platelet aggregometry (LTA), whole blood impedance aggregometry, receptor number quantification and genomic DNA sequencing were performed. Baboon ADP and arachidonic acid-induced LTA aggregation results differed significantly from human values, even at increased concentrations. LTA ristocetin-induced agglutination was comparable between species, but baboon platelets needed twice the concentration of ristocetin to elicit a similar response. Citrated baboon blood had significantly less aggregation than humans when evaluated with impedance aggregometry. However, hirudinised baboon whole blood gave similar aggregation as humans at the same agonist concentrations. GPIIb, GPIIIa and GPIbα numbers were significantly more on the baboon platelets. None of the amino acids deemed vital for receptor function, ligand binding or receptor inhibition, were radically different between the species. However, a conservative change in a calcium-binding region of GPIIb may render the baboon platelets more sensitive to calcium-binding agents. The chacma baboon may be used for the evaluation of human-targeted GPIIb/IIIa-, GPIbα- and P2Y12-inhibiting agents. However, the best anticoagulant, optimal agonist concentrations, increase in receptor number and sequence differences must be considered for any future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Janse van Rensburg
- a Department of Haematology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of the Free State , Bloemfontein , Free State , South Africa
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9
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Loyau J, Didelot G, Malinge P, Ravn U, Magistrelli G, Depoisier JF, Pontini G, Poitevin Y, Kosco-Vilbois M, Fischer N, Thore S, Rousseau F. Robust Antibody-Antigen Complexes Prediction Generated by Combining Sequence Analyses, Mutagenesis, In Vitro Evolution, X-ray Crystallography and In Silico Docking. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:2647-62. [PMID: 26013163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hu 15C1 is a potent anti-human Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) neutralizing antibody. To better understand the molecular basis of its biological activity, we used a multidisciplinary approach to generate an accurate model of the Hu 15C1-TLR4 complex. By combining site-directed mutagenesis, in vitro antibody evolution, affinity measurements and X-ray crystallography of Fab fragments, we identified key interactions across the Hu 15C1-TLR4 interface. These contact points were used as restraints to predict the structure of the Fab region of Hu 15C1 bound to TLR4 using computational molecular docking. This model was further evaluated and validated by additional site-directed mutagenesis studies. The predicted structure of the Hu 15C1-TLR4 complex indicates that the antibody antagonizes the receptor dimerization necessary for its activation. This study exemplifies how iterative cycles of antibody engineering can facilitate the discovery of components of antibody-target interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Loyau
- Novimmune SA, Chemin des Aulx 14, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Didelot
- Novimmune SA, Chemin des Aulx 14, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Pauline Malinge
- Novimmune SA, Chemin des Aulx 14, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Ulla Ravn
- Novimmune SA, Chemin des Aulx 14, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Yves Poitevin
- Novimmune SA, Chemin des Aulx 14, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicolas Fischer
- Novimmune SA, Chemin des Aulx 14, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Thore
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Rousseau
- Novimmune SA, Chemin des Aulx 14, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland.
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10
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Advanced molecular biology techniques developed during the past few decades have allowed the industry to exploit and commercialize the natural defense mechanisms that antibodies provide. This review discusses the latest advances in antibody-engineering technologies to enhance clinical efficacy and outcomes. For the constant regions, the choice of the antibody class and isotype has to be made carefully to suit the therapeutic applications. Engineering of the Fc region, either by direct targeted mutagenesis or by modifying the nature of its
N
-glycan, has played an important role in recent years in increasing half-life or controlling effector functions. The variable regions of the antibody are responsible for binding affinity and exquisite specificity to the target molecule, which together with the Fc determine the drug's efficacy and influence the drug dose required to obtain the desired effectiveness. A key requirement during antibody development is therefore to affinity mature the variable regions when necessary, so that they bind the therapeutic target with sufficiently high affinity to guarantee effective occupancy over prolonged periods. If the antibody was obtained from a non-human source, such as rodents, a humanization process has to be applied to minimize immunogenicity while maintaining the desired binding affinity and selectivity. Finally, we discuss the next next-generation antibodies, such as antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific antibodies, and immunocytokines, which are being developed to meet future challenges.
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11
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Fang X, Fang Y, Liu L, Liu G, Wu J. Mapping paratope on antithrombotic antibody 6B4 to epitope on platelet glycoprotein Ibalpha via molecular dynamic simulations. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42263. [PMID: 22860101 PMCID: PMC3408434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of platelet receptor glycoprotein Ibα (GPIbα) to the A1 domain of von Willebrand factor (vWF) is a critical step in both physiologic hemostasis and pathologic thrombosis, for initiating platelet adhesion to subendothelium of blood vessels at sites of vascular injury. Gain-of-function mutations in GPIbα contribute to an abnormally high-affinity binding of platelets to vWF and can lead to thrombosis, an accurate complication causing heart attack and stroke. Of various antithrombotic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting human GPIbα, 6B4 is a potent one to inhibit the interaction between GPIbα and vWF-A1 under static and flow conditions. Mapping paratope to epitope with mutagenesis experiments, a traditional route in researches of these antithrombotic mAbs, is usually expensive and time-consuming. Here, we suggested a novel computational procedure, which combines with homology modeling, rigid body docking, free and steered molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, to identify key paratope residues on 6B4 and their partners on GPIbα, with hypothesis that the stable hydrogen bonds and salt bridges are the important linkers between paratope and epitope residues. Based on a best constructed model of 6B4 bound with GPIbα, the survival ratios and rupture times of all detected hydrogen bonds and salt bridges in binding site were examined via free and steered MD simulations and regarded as indices of thermal and mechanical stabilizations of the bonds, respectively. Five principal paratope residues with their partners were predicted with their high survival ratios and/or long rupture times of involved hydrogen bonds, or with their hydrogen bond stabilization indices ranked in top 5. Exciting, the present results were in good agreement with previous mutagenesis experiment data, meaning a wide application prospect of our novel computational procedure on researches of molecular of basis of ligand-receptor interactions, various antithrombotic mAbs and other antibodies as well as theoretically design of biomolecular drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Fang
- Institute of Biomechanics/School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Fang
- Institute of Biomechanics/School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (YF); (JW)
| | - Li Liu
- Institute of Biomechanics/School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangjian Liu
- Institute of Biomechanics/School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Wu
- Institute of Biomechanics/School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (YF); (JW)
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12
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Abstract
Rational engineering methods can be applied with success to optimize physicochemical characteristics of antibodies. Application of in silico analysis and prediction methods to antibody Fv regions can help to find residues affecting antibody-antigen affinity when high-resolution antibody structures or antibody-antigen complex structures are known. In these cases, the identification of residues affecting affinity can facilitate the selection of candidates for guided maturation by PCR using degenerate oligonucleotides. Here, we describe the utilization of a semi-rational approach to enhance the affinity of antibodies by combining in silico and traditional wet lab-based methods.
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13
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Jiang M, Zhao Y, Shen F, Wang F, He Y, Ruan C. Epitope mapping of human VWF A3 recognized by monoclonal antibody SZ-123 and SZ-125 using MALDI mass spectrometry. Int J Hematol 2011; 94:241-247. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-011-0904-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Energy-based analysis and prediction of the orientation between light- and heavy-chain antibody variable domains. J Mol Biol 2009; 388:941-53. [PMID: 19324053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Diversity in antibody structure is crucial to the ability of the adaptive immune system to recognize the tremendously diverse set of potential antigens. The diversity in structure is most apparent in the six hypervariable loops of the complementarity-determining regions. However, given that these loops occur at the interface of the heavy- and light-chain variable domains and form the antigen-binding site, the relative orientation of the heavy- and light-chain variable domains can create another source of structural diversity leading to changes in antigen binding. Here, we first reexamine the diversity of V(L):V(H) orientations in existing antibody crystal structures using 153 nonredundant sequences, demonstrating that the variation in V(L):V(H) orientation is greater than that expected from effects of crystal packing, antigen binding, or the presence of antibody constant regions and increases, on average, as sequence similarity decreases for residues in the interface between the domains. We developed a tool for predicting the relative orientations of the heavy- and light-chain variable domains using side-chain rotamer sampling in the interface and molecular-mechanics-based energy calculations. When using variable domain backbones from the crystal structures, the predicted orientation is very close (<1 A RMSD) to the crystallographically observed orientation in most cases, confirming that the V(L):V(H) orientation is determined by the antibody sequence and suggesting an approach to predicting the relative orientation of the variable domains when building homology models of antibodies. When applied to antibody homology models generated from templates with 55-75% sequence identity, we predict the V(L):V(H) orientation of 20 antibodies with an average/median RMSD of 2.1/1.6 A to the crystal structures.
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Scarselli M, Cantini F, Santini L, Veggi D, Dragonetti S, Donati C, Savino S, Giuliani MM, Comanducci M, Di Marcello F, Romagnoli G, Pizza M, Banci L, Rappuoli R. Epitope mapping of a bactericidal monoclonal antibody against the factor H binding protein of Neisseria meningitidis. J Mol Biol 2008; 386:97-108. [PMID: 19100746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The factor H binding protein (fHbp) is a 27-kDa membrane-anchored lipoprotein of Neisseria meningitidis that allows the survival of the bacterium in human plasma; it is also a major component of a universal vaccine against meningococcus B. In this study, we used nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mutagenesis, and in silico modeling to map the epitope recognized by MAb502, a bactericidal monoclonal antibody elicited by fHbp. The data show that the antibody recognizes a conformational epitope within a well-defined area of the immunodominant C-terminal domain of the protein that is formed by two loops connecting different beta-strands of a beta-barrel and a short alpha-helix brought in spatial proximity by the protein folding. The identification of the protective epitopes of fHbp is an important factor for understanding the mechanism(s) of an effective immune response and provides valuable guidelines for designing variants of the protein able to induce broadly protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Scarselli
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Barderas R, Desmet J, Timmerman P, Meloen R, Casal JI. Affinity maturation of antibodies assisted by in silico modeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:9029-34. [PMID: 18574150 PMCID: PMC2449359 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0801221105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rational engineering methods can be applied with reasonable success to optimize physicochemical characteristics of proteins, in particular, antibodies. Here, we describe a combined CDR3 walking randomization and rational design-based approach to enhance the affinity of the human anti-gastrin TA4 scFv. The application of this methodology to TA4 scFv, displaying only a weak overall affinity for gastrin17 (K(D) = 6 microM), resulted in a set of nine affinity-matured scFv variants with near-nanomolar affinity (K(D) = 13.2 nM for scFv TA4.112). First, CDR-H3 and CDR-L3 randomization resulted in three scFvs with an overall affinity improvement of 15- to 35-fold over the parental. Then, the modeling of two scFv constructs selected from the previous step (TA4.11 and TA4.13) was followed by a combination of manual and molecular dynamics-based docking of gastrin17 into the respective binding sites, analysis of apparent packing defects, and selection of residues for mutagenesis through phage display. Nine scFv mutants were obtained from the second maturation step. A final 454-fold improvement in affinity compared with TA4 was obtained. These scFvs showed an enhanced potency to inhibit gastrin-induced proliferation in Colo 320 WT and BxPc3 tumoral cells. In conclusion, we propose a structure-based rational method to accelerate the development of affinity-matured antibody constructs with enhanced potential for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Barderas
- *Protein Technology Unit, Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Center CNIO, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Peter Timmerman
- Pepscan Therapeutics BV, 8219 PK Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Rob Meloen
- Pepscan Therapeutics BV, 8219 PK Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Academic Biomedical Center, University of Utrecht, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J. Ignacio Casal
- *Protein Technology Unit, Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Center CNIO, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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