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Yang X, Liu C, Li Z, Wen J, He J, Lu Y, Liao Q, Wang T, Tang H, Yang X, Zeng L. Paclitaxel hyperthermia suppresses gastric cancer migration through MiR-183-5p/PPP2CA/AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin axis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2024; 150:416. [PMID: 39249161 PMCID: PMC11383839 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-024-05923-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC), a prevalent malignant tumor which is a leading cause of death from malignancy around the world. Peritoneal metastasis accounts for the major cause of mortality in patients with GC. Despite hyperthermia intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) improves the therapeutic effect of GC, it's equivocal about the mechanism under HIPEC. METHODS MiR-183-5p expression was sifted from miRNA chip and detected in both GC patients and cell lines by qRT-PCR. Gene interference and rescue experiments were performed to identified biological function in vitro and vivo. Next, we affirmed PPP2CA as targeted of miR-183-5p by dual luciferase reporter assay. Finally, the potential relationship between HIPEC and miR-183-5p was explored. RESULTS MiR-183-5p is up-regulated in GC and associated with advanced stage and poor prognosis. MiR-183-5p accelerate GC migration in vitro which is influenced by miR-183-5p/PPP2CA/AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin Axis. HIPEC exerts migration inhibition via attenuating miR-183-5p expression. CONCLUSION MiR-183-5p can be used as a potential HIPEC biomarker in patients with CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiansheng Yang
- Department of Anus and Intestine Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Medical Affair Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Second Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Juncai Wen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Puning People's Hospital, Puning, 515300, China
| | - Jinfu He
- Second Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Yunxin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Quanxing Liao
- First Department of General Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Second Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Hongsheng Tang
- Second Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China.
| | - Xianzi Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China.
| | - Lisi Zeng
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China.
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2
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Gao J, You T, Liu J, Yang L, Liu Y, Wang Y. TIPRL, a Potential Double-edge Molecule to be Targeted and Re-targeted Toward Cancer. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024; 82:1681-1691. [PMID: 38888871 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01334-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The target of rapamycin (TOR) proteins exhibits phylogenetic conservation across various species, ranging from yeast to humans, and are classified as members of the phosphatidylinositol kinase (PIK)-related kinase family. Multiple serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) protein phosphatases (PP)2A, PP4, and PP6, have been recognized as constituents of the TOR signaling pathway in mammalian cells. The protein known as TOR signaling pathway regulator-like (TIPRL) functions as a regulatory agent by impeding the activity of the catalytic subunits of PP2A. Various cellular contexts have been postulated for TIPRL, encompassing the regulation of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, inhibition of apoptosis and biogenesis, and recycling of PP2A. According to reports, there has been an observed increase in TIPRL levels in several types of carcinomas, such as non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). This review aims to comprehensively examine the significance of the Tor pathway in regulating apoptosis and proliferation of cancer cells, with a specific focus on the role of TOR signaling and TIPRL in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, 255036, China
| | - Tiantian You
- Department of Pharmacy, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, 255036, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, 255036, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, 255036, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, 255036, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, 255036, China.
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3
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Wachter F, Nowak RP, Ficarro S, Marto J, Fischer ES. Structural characterization of methylation-independent PP2A assembly guides alphafold2Multimer prediction of family-wide PP2A complexes. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107268. [PMID: 38582449 PMCID: PMC11087950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of phosphorylation-dependent signaling is a hallmark of tumorigenesis. Protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) is an essential regulator of cell growth. One scaffold subunit (A) binds to a catalytic subunit (C) to form a core AC heterodimer, which together with one of many regulatory (B) subunits forms the active trimeric enzyme. The combinatorial number of distinct PP2A complexes is large, which results in diverse substrate specificity and subcellular localization. The detailed mechanism of PP2A assembly and regulation remains elusive and reports about an important role of methylation of the carboxy terminus of PP2A C are conflicting. A better understanding of the molecular underpinnings of PP2A assembly and regulation is critical to dissecting PP2A function in physiology and disease. Here, we combined biochemical reconstitution, mass spectrometry, X-ray crystallography, and functional assays to characterize the assembly of trimeric PP2A. In vitro studies demonstrated that methylation of the carboxy-terminus of PP2A C was dispensable for PP2A assembly in vitro. To corroborate these findings, we determined the X-ray crystal structure of the unmethylated PP2A Aα-B56ε-Cα trimer complex to 3.1 Å resolution. The experimental structure superimposed well with an Alphafold2Multimer prediction of the PP2A trimer. We then predicted models of all canonical PP2A complexes providing a framework for structural analysis of PP2A. In conclusion, methylation was dispensable for trimeric PP2A assembly and integrative structural biology studies of PP2A offered predictive models for all canonical PP2A complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Wachter
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Radosław P Nowak
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott Ficarro
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jarrod Marto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric S Fischer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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4
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Kang JB, Son HK, Park DJ, Jin YB, Koh PO. Chlorogenic acid regulates the expression of protein phosphatase 2A subunit B in the cerebral cortex of a rat stroke model and glutamate-exposed neurons. Lab Anim Res 2024; 40:8. [PMID: 38429854 PMCID: PMC10905799 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-024-00196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is a serious neurological disorder caused by blockages in cerebral artery. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a phosphatase that performs a critical role in cell signaling and growth. PP2A subunit B acts as a neuroprotective agent in the nerve system. Chlorogenic acid, which is mainly found in roasted coffee, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. We hypothesized that chlorogenic acid modulates PP2A subunit B expression in ischemic stroke models and glutamate-mediated neurons. Middle artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery was operated and chlorogenic acid (30 mg/kg) or phosphate buffer saline was treated 2 h after MCAO. The cerebral cortex was collected 24 h after surgery and the change of PP2A subunit B expression was analyzed. Glutamate and/or chlorogenic acid were treated in cultured neurons, further study was performed. RESULTS A decrease in PP2A subunit B expression in MCAO animals was identified. Chlorogenic acid alleviated this decrease due to ischemic injury. Moreover, the number of PP2A subunit B-positive cells in the ischemic cerebral cortex was significantly decreased, chlorogenic acid alleviated this decrease. We also found protective effects of chlorogenic acid in neurons exposed to glutamate. Glutamate decreased the expression of PP2A subunit B and chlorogenic acid mitigated this decrease. Our results elucidated that chlorogenic acid performs neuroprotective functions and attenuates the reduction of PP2A subunit B by brain damage and glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS We showed that chlorogenic acid attenuated the decrease of PP2A subunit B in ischemic injury and neurons exposed to glutamate. Since PP2A subunit B contributes to the protection of brain tissue, we can suggest that chlorogenic acid preserves neurons by modulating PP2A subunit B during ischemic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Bin Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyoung Son
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Dong-Ju Park
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Yeung-Bae Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Phil-Ok Koh
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju, 52828, South Korea.
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5
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Nadel G, Yao Z, Hacohen-Lev-Ran A, Wainstein E, Maik-Rachline G, Ziv T, Naor Z, Admon A, Seger R. Phosphorylation of PP2Ac by PKC is a key regulatory step in the PP2A-switch-dependent AKT dephosphorylation that leads to apoptosis. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:154. [PMID: 38419089 PMCID: PMC10900696 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although GqPCR activation often leads to cell survival by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway, it was previously shown that in several cell types AKT activity is reduced and leads to JNK activation and apoptosis. The mechanism of AKT inactivation in these cells involves an IGBP1-coupled PP2Ac switch that induces the dephosphorylation and inactivation of both PI3K and AKT. However, the machinery involved in the initiation of PP2A switch is not known. METHODS We used phospho-mass spectrometry to identify the phosphorylation site of PP2Ac, and raised specific antibodies to follow the regulation of this phosphorylation. Other phosphorylations were monitored by commercial antibodies. In addition, we used coimmunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assays to follow protein-protein interactions. Apoptosis was detected by a TUNEL assay as well as PARP1 cleavage using SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. RESULTS We identified Ser24 as a phosphorylation site in PP2Ac. The phosphorylation is mediated mainly by classical PKCs (PKCα and PKCβ) but not by novel PKCs (PKCδ and PKCε). By replacing the phosphorylated residue with either unphosphorylatable or phosphomimetic residues (S24A and S24E), we found that this phosphorylation event is necessary and sufficient to mediate the PP2A switch, which ultimately induces AKT inactivation, and a robust JNK-dependent apoptosis. CONCLUSION Our results show that the PP2A switch is induced by PKC-mediated phosphorylation of Ser24-PP2Ac and that this phosphorylation leads to apoptosis upon GqPCR induction of various cells. We propose that this mechanism may provide an unexpected way to treat some cancer types or problems in the endocrine machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Nadel
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zhong Yao
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Avital Hacohen-Lev-Ran
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ehud Wainstein
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Galia Maik-Rachline
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tamar Ziv
- Smoler Proteomic Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zvi Naor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Arie Admon
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rony Seger
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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6
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Johnson H, Narayan S, Sharma AK. Altering phosphorylation in cancer through PP2A modifiers. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:11. [PMID: 38184584 PMCID: PMC10770906 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a serine/threonine phosphatase integral to the regulation of many cellular processes. Due to the deregulation of PP2A in cancer, many of these processes are turned toward promoting tumor progression. Considerable research has been undertaken to discover molecules capable of modulating PP2A activity in cancer. Because PP2A is capable of immense substrate specificity across many cellular processes, the therapeutic targeting of PP2A in cancer can be completed through either enzyme inhibitors or activators. PP2A modulators likewise tend to be effective in drug-resistant cancers and work synergistically with other known cancer therapeutics. In this review, we will discuss the patterns of PP2A deregulation in cancer, and its known downstream signaling pathways important for cancer regulation, along with many activators and inhibitors of PP2A known to inhibit cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Satya Narayan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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7
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Li C, Zhang P, Hong PP, Niu GJ, Wang XP, Zhao XF, Wang JX. White spot syndrome virus hijacks host PP2A-FOXO axes to promote its propagation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128333. [PMID: 38007022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Viruses have developed superior strategies to escape host defenses or exploit host components and enable their infection. The forkhead box transcription factor O family proteins (FOXOs) are reportedly utilized by human cytomegalovirus during their reactivation in mammals, but if FOXOs are exploited by viruses during their infection remains unclear. In the present study, we found that the FOXO of kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus) was hijacked by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) during infection. Mechanistically, the expression of leucine carboxyl methyl transferase 1 (LCMT1) was up-regulated during the early stages of WSSV infection, which activated the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) by methylation, leading to dephosphorylation of FOXO and translocation into the nucleus. The FOXO directly promoted transcription of the immediate early gene, wsv079 of WSSV, which functioned as a transcriptional activator to initiate the expression of viral early and late genes. Thus, WSSV utilized the host LCMT1-PP2A-FOXO axis to promote its replication during the early infection stage. We also found that, during the late stages of WSSV infection, the envelope protein of WSSV (VP26) promoted PP2A activity by directly binding to FOXO and the regulatory subunit of PP2A (B55), which further facilitated FOXO dephosphorylation and WSSV replication via the VP26-PP2A-FOXO axis in shrimp. Overall, this study reveals novel viral strategies by which WSSV hijacks host LCMT1-PP2A-FOXO or VP26-PP2A-FOXO axes to promote its propagation, and provides clinical targets for WSSV control in shrimp aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cang Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Pan-Pan Hong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Guo-Juan Niu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Xiao-Pei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
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8
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Qin K, Yu M, Fan J, Wang H, Zhao P, Zhao G, Zeng W, Chen C, Wang Y, Wang A, Schwartz Z, Hong J, Song L, Wagstaff W, Haydon RC, Luu HH, Ho SH, Strelzow J, Reid RR, He TC, Shi LL. Canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling: Multilayered mediators, signaling mechanisms and major signaling crosstalk. Genes Dis 2024; 11:103-134. [PMID: 37588235 PMCID: PMC10425814 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays a major role in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. The Wnt ligands are a family of 19 secreted glycoproteins that mediate their signaling effects via binding to Frizzled receptors and LRP5/6 coreceptors and transducing the signal either through β-catenin in the canonical pathway or through a series of other proteins in the noncanonical pathway. Many of the individual components of both canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling have additional functions throughout the body, establishing the complex interplay between Wnt signaling and other signaling pathways. This crosstalk between Wnt signaling and other pathways gives Wnt signaling a vital role in many cellular and organ processes. Dysregulation of this system has been implicated in many diseases affecting a wide array of organ systems, including cancer and embryological defects, and can even cause embryonic lethality. The complexity of this system and its interacting proteins have made Wnt signaling a target for many therapeutic treatments. However, both stimulatory and inhibitory treatments come with potential risks that need to be addressed. This review synthesized much of the current knowledge on the Wnt signaling pathway, beginning with the history of Wnt signaling. It thoroughly described the different variants of Wnt signaling, including canonical, noncanonical Wnt/PCP, and the noncanonical Wnt/Ca2+ pathway. Further description involved each of its components and their involvement in other cellular processes. Finally, this review explained the various other pathways and processes that crosstalk with Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Qin
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael Yu
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jiaming Fan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Piao Zhao
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Guozhi Zhao
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Interventional Neurology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523475, China
| | - Connie Chen
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Annie Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Department of Surgery Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Zander Schwartz
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Jeffrey Hong
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lily Song
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - William Wagstaff
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rex C. Haydon
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hue H. Luu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sherwin H. Ho
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jason Strelzow
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Russell R. Reid
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Department of Surgery Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Department of Surgery Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lewis L. Shi
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Peris I, Romero-Murillo S, Vicente C, Narla G, Odero MD. Regulation and role of the PP2A-B56 holoenzyme family in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188953. [PMID: 37437699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inactivation is common in cancer, leading to sustained activation of pro-survival and growth-promoting pathways. PP2A consists of a scaffolding A-subunit, a catalytic C-subunit, and a regulatory B-subunit. The functional complexity of PP2A holoenzymes arises mainly through the vast repertoire of regulatory B-subunits, which determine both their substrate specificity and their subcellular localization. Therefore, a major challenge for developing more effective therapeutic strategies for cancer is to identify the specific PP2A complexes to be targeted. Of note, the development of small molecules specifically directed at PP2A-B56α has opened new therapeutic avenues in both solid and hematological tumors. Here, we focus on the B56/PR61 family of PP2A regulatory subunits, which have a central role in directing PP2A tumor suppressor activity. We provide an overview of the mechanisms controlling the formation and regulation of these complexes, the pathways they control, and the mechanisms underlying their deregulation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Peris
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Silvia Romero-Murillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Vicente
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Goutham Narla
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maria D Odero
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Yu H, Zaveri S, Sattar Z, Schaible M, Perez Gandara B, Uddin A, McGarvey LR, Ohlmeyer M, Geraghty P. Protein Phosphatase 2A as a Therapeutic Target in Pulmonary Diseases. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1552. [PMID: 37763671 PMCID: PMC10535831 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59091552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
New disease targets and medicinal chemistry approaches are urgently needed to develop novel therapeutic strategies for treating pulmonary diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that reduced activity of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a complex heterotrimeric enzyme that regulates dephosphorylation of serine and threonine residues from many proteins, is observed in multiple pulmonary diseases, including lung cancer, smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, asthma, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Loss of PP2A responses is linked to many mechanisms associated with disease progressions, such as senescence, proliferation, inflammation, corticosteroid resistance, enhanced protease responses, and mRNA stability. Therefore, chemical restoration of PP2A may represent a novel treatment for these diseases. This review outlines the potential impact of reduced PP2A activity in pulmonary diseases, endogenous and exogenous inhibitors of PP2A, details the possible PP2A-dependent mechanisms observed in these conditions, and outlines potential therapeutic strategies for treatment. Substantial medicinal chemistry efforts are underway to develop therapeutics targeting PP2A activity. The development of specific activators of PP2A that selectively target PP2A holoenzymes could improve our understanding of the function of PP2A in pulmonary diseases. This may lead to the development of therapeutics for restoring normal PP2A responses within the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Yu
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Z.S.); (M.S.); (B.P.G.); (A.U.); (L.R.M.)
| | - Sahil Zaveri
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Z.S.); (M.S.); (B.P.G.); (A.U.); (L.R.M.)
| | - Zeeshan Sattar
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Z.S.); (M.S.); (B.P.G.); (A.U.); (L.R.M.)
| | - Michael Schaible
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Z.S.); (M.S.); (B.P.G.); (A.U.); (L.R.M.)
| | - Brais Perez Gandara
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Z.S.); (M.S.); (B.P.G.); (A.U.); (L.R.M.)
| | - Anwar Uddin
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Z.S.); (M.S.); (B.P.G.); (A.U.); (L.R.M.)
| | - Lucas R. McGarvey
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Z.S.); (M.S.); (B.P.G.); (A.U.); (L.R.M.)
| | | | - Patrick Geraghty
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Z.S.); (M.S.); (B.P.G.); (A.U.); (L.R.M.)
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11
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Guffens L, Derua R, Janssens V. PME-1 sensitizes glioblastoma cells to oxidative stress-induced cell death by attenuating PP2A-B55α-mediated inactivation of MAPKAPK2-RIPK1 signaling. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:265. [PMID: 37500619 PMCID: PMC10374899 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults. Current standard therapy is surgery followed by radiotherapy, with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide chemotherapy. GBM is characterized by almost uniformly fatal outcomes, highlighting the unmet clinical need for more efficient, biomarker-guided treatments. Protein phosphatase methylesterase-1 (PME-1), a regulator of the tumor suppressive phosphatase PP2A, promotes PP2A demethylation and inactivation, and is overexpressed in 44% of GBM, associated with increased tumor grade and cellular proliferation. Here, we aimed to investigate how reactive oxygen species (ROS), a frequent by-product of radiotherapy and temozolomide chemotherapy, regulate PP2A function via its methylesterase PME-1, and how PME-1 overexpression impacts the response of GBM cells to oxidative stress. We found that in two glioblastoma cell lines, U87MG and U251MG, expression of PME-1 is positively correlated with the sensitivity of the cells to H2O2 or t-BHP-induced oxidative stress. Experiments using the irreversible pharmacologic PME-1 inhibitor, AMZ30, and different PME-1 mutants, revealed that the methylesterase function, the PP2A binding capacity, and the nuclear localization of PME-1 are all important for the sensitizing effect of PME-1 expression. Furthermore, we identified increased nuclear localization of the PP2A-B55α subunit, increased binding of PP2A-B55α to PME-1, and increased B55α-bound PP2A-C demethylation upon oxidative stress. Lastly, we uncovered increased stress-induced phosphorylation and activity of MAPKAPK2 and RIPK1 in PME-1 overexpressing U87MG cells, which caused the observed sensitization to t-BHP treatment. Our data reveal a novel role for PME-1 in oxidative stress-induced GBM cell death, regulating nuclear PP2A-B55α activity and MAPKAPK2-RIPK1 signaling. Patients with GBM tumors overexpressing PME-1, although having a worse prognosis due to increased cellular proliferation of the tumor, could actually be more responsive to oxidative stress-inducing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Guffens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rita Derua
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
- SyBioMa, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Janssens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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12
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Wang Y, Han W, Yun S, Han J. Identification of protein phosphatase 4 catalytic subunit as a Wnt promoting factor in pan-cancer and Xenopus early embryogenesis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10240. [PMID: 37353511 PMCID: PMC10290155 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35719-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein Phosphatase 4 Catalytic Subunit (PPP4C) is an evolutionarily conserved protein involved in multiple biological and pathological events, including embryogenesis, organogenesis, cellular homeostasis, and oncogenesis. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying these processes remain largely unknown. Thus, we investigated the potential correlation between PPP4C and biological processes (BPs) and canonical Wnt signaling using pan-cancer analysis and Xenopus laevis (X. laevis) embryo model. Our results indicate that PPP4C is a potential biomarker for specific cancer types due to its high diagnostic accuracy and significant prognostic correlation. Furthermore, in multiple cancer types, PPP4C-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched in pattern specification, morphogenesis, and canonical Wnt activation. Consistently, perturbation of Ppp4c in X. laevis embryos interfered with normal embryogenesis and canonical Wnt responses. Moreover, biochemical analysis of X. laevis embryos demonstrated that both endogenous and exogenous Ppp4c negatively regulated AXIN1 (Wnt inhibitor) abundance. This study provides novel insights into PPP4C roles in pattern specification and Wnt activation. The similarities in BPs and Wnt signaling regulation regarding PPP4C support the intrinsic link between tumorigenesis and early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- YiLi Wang
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - WonHee Han
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
- Department of Neurology, F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - SeokMin Yun
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - JinKwan Han
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea.
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13
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Roy S, Batra L. Protein Phosphatase 2A: Role in T Cells and Diseases. J Immunol Res 2023; 2023:4522053. [PMID: 37234102 PMCID: PMC10208765 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4522053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a serine-threonine phosphatase that plays an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation and signal transduction. The catalytic activity of PP2A is integral in the maintenance of physiological functions which gets severely impaired in its absence. PP2A plays an essential role in the activation, differentiation, and functions of T cells. PP2A suppresses Th1 cell differentiation while promoting Th2 cell differentiation. PP2A fosters Th17 cell differentiation which contributes to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) by enhancing the transactivation of the Il17 gene. Genetic deletion of PP2A in Tregs disrupts Foxp3 expression due to hyperactivation of mTORC1 signaling which impairs the development and immunosuppressive functions of Tregs. PP2A is important in the induction of Th9 cells and promotes their antitumor functions. PP2A activation has shown to reduce neuroinflammation in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and is now used to treat multiple sclerosis (MS) clinically. In this review, we will discuss the structure and functions of PP2A in T cell differentiation and diseases and therapeutic applications of PP2A-mediated immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyasha Roy
- Immuno-Biology Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lalit Batra
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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14
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Avelar RA, Armstrong AJ, Carvette G, Gupta R, Puleo N, Colina JA, Joseph P, Sobeck AM, O'Connor CM, Raines B, Gandhi A, Dziubinski ML, Ma DS, Resnick K, Singh S, Zanotti K, Nagel C, Waggoner S, Thomas DG, Skala SL, Zhang J, Narla G, DiFeo A. Small-Molecule-Mediated Stabilization of PP2A Modulates the Homologous Recombination Pathway and Potentiates DNA Damage-Induced Cell Death. Mol Cancer Ther 2023; 22:599-615. [PMID: 36788429 PMCID: PMC10157366 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) is the most common and lethal ovarian cancer subtype. PARP inhibitors (PARPi) have become the mainstay of HGSC-targeted therapy, given that these tumors are driven by a high degree of genomic instability (GI) and homologous recombination (HR) defects. Nonetheless, approximately 30% of patients initially respond to treatment, ultimately relapsing with resistant disease. Thus, despite recent advances in drug development and an increased understanding of genetic alterations driving HGSC progression, mortality has not declined, highlighting the need for novel therapies. Using a small-molecule activator of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A; SMAP-061), we investigated the mechanism by which PP2A stabilization induces apoptosis in patient-derived HGSC cells and xenograft (PDX) models alone or in combination with PARPi. We uncovered that PP2A genes essential for cellular transformation (B56α, B56γ, and PR72) and basal phosphatase activity (PP2A-A and -C) are heterozygously lost in the majority of HGSC. Moreover, loss of these PP2A genes correlates with worse overall patient survival. We show that SMAP-061-induced stabilization of PP2A inhibits the HR output by targeting RAD51, leading to chronic accumulation of DNA damage and ultimately apoptosis. Furthermore, combination of SMAP-061 and PARPi leads to enhanced apoptosis in both HR-proficient and HR-deficient HGSC cells and PDX models. Our studies identify PP2A as a novel regulator of HR and indicate PP2A modulators as a therapeutic therapy for HGSC. In summary, our findings further emphasize the potential of PP2A modulators to overcome PARPi insensitivity, given that targeting RAD51 presents benefits in overcoming PARPi resistance driven by BRCA1/2 mutation reversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita A. Avelar
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Gracie Carvette
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Riya Gupta
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Noah Puleo
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jose A. Colina
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Peronne Joseph
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Alexander M. Sobeck
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Caitlin M. O'Connor
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Genetic Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Brynne Raines
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Genetic Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Agharnan Gandhi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michele L. Dziubinski
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Daniel S. Ma
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daffyd G. Thomas
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Junran Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Goutham Narla
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Genetic Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Analisa DiFeo
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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15
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Creighton MT, Nemie-Feyissa D, Zaman N, Johansen SS, Dysjaland H, Heidari B, Lillo C. Loss of LEUCINE CARBOXYL METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 interferes with metal homeostasis in Arabidopsis and enhances susceptibility to environmental stresses. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 279:153843. [PMID: 36265226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The biochemical function of LEUCINE CARBOXYL METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (LCMT1) is to transfer a methyl group from the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the catalytic subunits of PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2A (PP2Ac), PP4 and PP6. This post-translational modification by LCMT1 is found throughout eukaryotes from yeast to animals and plants, indicating that its function is essential. However, Arabidopsis with knocked out LCMT1 still grows and develops almost normally, at least under optimal growth conditions. We therefore proposed that the presence of LCMT1 would be important under non-optimal growth conditions and favoured plant survival during evolution. To shed light on the physiological functions of plant LCMT1, phenotypes of the lcmt1 mutant and wild type Arabidopsis were compared under various conditions including exposure to heavy metals, variable chelator concentrations, and increased temperature. The lcmt1 mutant was found to be more susceptible to these environmental changes than wild type and resulted in poor growth of seedlings and rosette stage plants. Element analysis of rosette stage plants mainly showed a difference between the lcmt1 mutant and wild type regarding concentrations of sodium and boron, two-fold up or halved, respectively. In both lcmt1 and wild type, lack of EDTA in the growth medium resulted in enhanced concentration of copper, manganese, zinc and sulphur, and especially lcmt1 growth was hampered by these conditions. The altered phenotype in response to stress, the element and mRNA transcript analysis substantiate that LCMT1 has an important role in metal homeostasis and show that functional LCMT1 is necessary to prevent damages from heat, heavy metals or lack of chelator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Creighton
- IKBM, Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Dugassa Nemie-Feyissa
- IKBM, Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Nabeela Zaman
- IKBM, Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Sverre S Johansen
- IKBM, Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Hege Dysjaland
- IKBM, Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Behzad Heidari
- IKBM, Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Cathrine Lillo
- IKBM, Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4036, Stavanger, Norway.
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16
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LCMT1 indicates poor prognosis and is essential for cell proliferation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Transl Oncol 2022; 27:101572. [PMID: 36401967 PMCID: PMC9673118 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most malignant type of cancers. Leuci carboxyl methyltransferase 1 (LCMT1) is a protein methyltransferase that plays an improtant regulatory role in both normal and cancer cells. The aim of this study is to evaluate the expression pattern and clinical significance of LCMT1 in HCC. METHODS The expression pattern and clinical relevance of LCMT1 were determined using the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) program, and our datasets. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies were employed to investigate the cellular functions of LCMT1 in vitro and in vivo. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis, western blotting, enzymatic assay, and high-performance liquid chromatography were applied to reveal the underlying molecular functions of LCMT1. RESULTS LCMT1 was upregulated in human HCC tissues, which correlated with a "poor" prognosis. The siRNA-mediated knockdown of LCMT1 inhibited glycolysis, promoted mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased intracellular pyruvate levels by upregulating the expression of alani-neglyoxylate and serine-pyruvate aminotransferase (AGXT). The overexpression of LCMT1 showed the opposite results. Silencing LCMT1 inhibited the proliferation of HCC cells in vitro and reduced the growth of tumor xenografts in mice. Mechanistically, the effect of LCMT1 on the proliferation of HCC cells was partially dependent on PP2A. CONCLUSIONS Our data revealed a novel role of LCMT1 in the proliferation of HCC cells. In addition, we provided novel insights into the effects of glycolysis-related pathways on the LCMT1regulated progression of HCC, suggesting LCMT1 as a novel therapeutic target for HCC therapy.
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17
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Sun J, Yang M, Zhao W, Wang F, Yang L, Tan C, Hu T, Zhu H, Zhao G. Research progress on the relationship between the TOR signaling pathway regulator, epigenetics, and tumor development. Front Genet 2022; 13:1006936. [PMID: 36212146 PMCID: PMC9539685 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1006936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all cellular activities depend on protein folding, signaling complex assembly/disassembly, and epigenetic regulation. One of the most important regulatory mechanisms responsible for controlling these cellular processes is dynamic protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. Alterations in phosphorylation networks have major consequences in the form of disorders, including cancer. Many signaling cascades, including the target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling, are important participants in the cell cycle, and dysregulation in their phosphorylation/dephosphorylation status has been linked to malignancies. As a TOR signaling regulator, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is responsible for most of the phosphatase activities inside the cells. On the other hand, TOR signaling pathway regulator (TIPRL) is an essential PP2A inhibitory protein. Many other physiological roles have also been suggested for TIPRL, such as modulation of TOR pathways, apoptosis, and cell proliferation. It is also reported that TIPRL was increased in various carcinomas, including non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). Considering the function of PP2A as a tumor suppressor and also the effect of the TIPRL/PP2A axis on apoptosis and proliferation of cancer cells, this review aims to provide a complete view of the role of TIPRL in cancer development in addition to describing TIPRL/PP2A axis and its epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaen Sun
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Minglei Yang
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weidi Zhao
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fajiu Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liangwei Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chuntao Tan
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tianjun Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huangkai Zhu
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Huangkai Zhu, ; Guofang Zhao,
| | - Guofang Zhao
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Huangkai Zhu, ; Guofang Zhao,
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18
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Sontag JM, Schuhmacher D, Taleski G, Jordan A, Khan S, Hoffman A, Gomez RJ, Mazalouskas MD, Hanks SK, Spiller BW, Sontag E, Wadzinski BE. A new paradigm for regulation of protein phosphatase 2A function via Src and Fyn kinase-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102248. [PMID: 35820485 PMCID: PMC9396060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a major phospho-Ser/Thr phosphatase and a key regulator of cellular signal transduction pathways. While PP2A dysfunction has been linked to human cancer and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), PP2A regulation remains relatively poorly understood. It has been reported that the PP2A catalytic subunit (PP2Ac) is inactivated by a single phosphorylation at the Tyr307 residue by tyrosine kinases such as v-Src. However, multiple mass spectrometry studies have revealed the existence of other putative PP2Ac phosphorylation sites in response to activation of Src and Fyn, two major Src family kinases (SFKs). Here, using PP2Ac phosphomutants and novel phosphosite-specific PP2Ac antibodies, we show that cellular pools of PP2Ac are instead phosphorylated on both Tyr127 and Tyr284 upon Src activation, and on Tyr284 following Fyn activation. We found these phosphorylation events enhanced the interaction of PP2Ac with SFKs. In addition, we reveal SFK-mediated phosphorylation of PP2Ac at Y284 promotes dissociation of the regulatory Bα subunit, altering PP2A substrate specificity; the phosphodeficient Y127/284F and Y284F PP2Ac mutants prevented SFK-mediated phosphorylation of Tau at the CP13 (pSer202) epitope, a pathological hallmark of AD, and SFK-dependent activation of ERK, a major growth regulatory kinase upregulated in many cancers. Our findings demonstrate a novel PP2A regulatory mechanism that challenges the existing dogma on the inhibition of PP2A catalytic activity by Tyr307 phosphorylation. We propose dysregulation of SFK signaling in cancer and AD can lead to alterations in PP2A phosphorylation and subsequent deregulation of key PP2A substrates, including ERK and Tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Sontag
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Diana Schuhmacher
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Goce Taleski
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony Jordan
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sarah Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alexander Hoffman
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Rey J Gomez
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Matthew D Mazalouskas
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Steven K Hanks
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Benjamin W Spiller
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Estelle Sontag
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
| | - Brian E Wadzinski
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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19
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PP2A-B55: substrates and regulators in the control of cellular functions. Oncogene 2022; 41:1-14. [PMID: 34686773 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PP2A is a major serine/threonine phosphatase class involved in the regulation of cell signaling through the removal of protein phosphorylation. This class of phosphatases is comprised of different heterotrimeric complexes displaying distinct substrate specificities. The present review will focus on one specific heterocomplex, the phosphatase PP2A-B55. Herein, we will report the direct substrates of this phosphatase identified to date, and its impact on different cell signaling cascades. We will additionally describe its negative regulation by its inhibitors Arpp19 and ENSA and their upstream kinase Greatwall. Finally, we will describe the essential molecular features defining PP2A-B55 substrate specificity that confer the correct temporal pattern of substrate dephosphorylation. The main objective of this review is to provide the reader with a unique source compiling all the knowledge of this particular holoenzyme that has evolved as a key enzyme for cell homeostasis and cancer development.
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20
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Sergienko NM, Donner DG, Delbridge LMD, McMullen JR, Weeks KL. Protein phosphatase 2A in the healthy and failing heart: New insights and therapeutic opportunities. Cell Signal 2021; 91:110213. [PMID: 34902541 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatases have emerged as critical regulators of phosphoprotein homeostasis in settings of health and disease. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) encompasses a large subfamily of enzymes that remove phosphate groups from serine/threonine residues within phosphoproteins. The heterogeneity in PP2A structure, which arises from the grouping of different catalytic, scaffolding and regulatory subunit isoforms, creates distinct populations of catalytically active enzymes (i.e. holoenzymes) that localise to different parts of the cell. This structural complexity, combined with other regulatory mechanisms, such as interaction of PP2A heterotrimers with accessory proteins and post-translational modification of the catalytic and/or regulatory subunits, enables PP2A holoenzymes to target phosphoprotein substrates in a highly specific manner. In this review, we summarise the roles of PP2A in cardiac physiology and disease. PP2A modulates numerous processes that are vital for heart function including calcium handling, contractility, β-adrenergic signalling, metabolism and transcription. Dysregulation of PP2A has been observed in human cardiac disease settings, including heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Efforts are underway, particularly in the cancer field, to develop therapeutics targeting PP2A activity. The development of small molecule activators of PP2A (SMAPs) and other compounds that selectively target specific PP2A holoenzymes (e.g. PP2A/B56α and PP2A/B56ε) will improve understanding of the function of different PP2A species in the heart, and may lead to the development of therapeutics for normalising aberrant protein phosphorylation in settings of cardiac remodelling and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M Sergienko
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne VIC 3004, Australia; Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Daniel G Donner
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne VIC 3004, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Lea M D Delbridge
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Julie R McMullen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne VIC 3004, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Physiology and Department of Medicine Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora VIC 3086, Australia; Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Kate L Weeks
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia.
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21
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Liang J, Huang Y, Yang C, Huang S, Xie J, Nong X, Liu J, Zhang Y, Zhang Z. The effect of PPP2CA expression on the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and its molecular biological characteristics. J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 12:3008-3021. [PMID: 35070426 PMCID: PMC8748071 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-21-720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the role of the PPP2CA gene in the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its molecular biological characteristics. METHODS We performed comparison of the expression of PPP2CA in HCC and non-HCC tissues of HCC patients who underwent surgery for the first time in the Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from July 2017 to July 2019, and retrospectively analyzed the relevant clinical data and prognosis. The GSE76427 data set and bioinformatics and public databases were used to compare the expression of PPP2CA between HCC and non-cancer tissues. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis was performed of PPP2CA and its differential genes and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of PPP2CA and its differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was constructed from the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) database and visualized by Cytoscape software. RESULTS The immunohistochemistry (IHC) of tissue sections confirmed that PPP2CA was highly expressed in most HCC tissues; the high expression of PPP2CA was significantly correlated with microvascular invasion (MVI) and portal vein tumor thrombi (P<0.05). Participants in the PPP2CA high expression group had worse overall survival (OS; P=0.04) and recurrence-free survival (RFS; P=0.019). The PPP2CA gene and 71 DEGs were mainly enriched in the nuclear division, organelle fission, nuclear chromosome separation, and chromatid separation process, and KEGG analysis revealed enrichment in drug metabolism-cytochrome metabolism of xenobiotics by P450 and cytochrome P450. Finally, through the PPI network, CCNA2, AURKB, TOP2A, NCAPG, MCM2, CDC20, CCMB2, AURKA, and MGST1 were identified as the top 9 highly connected hub genes. CONCLUSIONS The PPP2CA gene is highly expressed in HCC tissues. The high expression of PPP2CA is significantly associated with poor prognosis. Through the analysis of DEGs, GO and KEGG pathway analysis, it was found that PPP2CA may act on liver cancer through multiple targets and multiple pathways, and PPP2CA plays a promoting role in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchang Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Chenglei Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Shen Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Jinlong Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Xiang Nong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Jianyong Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Yumei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
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22
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Lyons SP, Greiner EC, Cressey LE, Adamo ME, Kettenbach AN. Regulation of PP2A, PP4, and PP6 holoenzyme assembly by carboxyl-terminal methylation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23031. [PMID: 34845248 PMCID: PMC8630191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02456-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of Phosphoprotein Phosphatases (PPPs) is responsible for most cellular serine and threonine dephosphorylation. PPPs achieve substrate specificity and selectivity by forming multimeric holoenzymes. PPP holoenzyme assembly is tightly controlled, and changes in the cellular repertoire of PPPs are linked to human disease, including cancer and neurodegeneration. For PP2A, PP4, and PP6, holoenzyme formation is in part regulated by carboxyl (C)-terminal methyl-esterification (often referred to as "methylation"). Here, we use mass spectrometry-based proteomics, methylation-ablating mutations, and genome editing to elucidate the role of C-terminal methylation on PP2A, PP4, and PP6 holoenzyme assembly. We find that the catalytic subunits of PP2A, PP4, and PP6 are frequently methylated in cancer cells and that deletion of the C-terminal leucine faithfully recapitulates loss of methylation. We observe that loss of PP2A methylation consistently reduced B55, B56, and B72 regulatory subunit binding in cancer and non-transformed cell lines. However, Striatin subunit binding is only affected in non-transformed cells. For PP4, we find that PP4R1 and PP4R3β bind in a methylation-dependent manner. Intriguingly, loss of methylation does not affect PP6 holoenzymes. Our analyses demonstrate in an unbiased, comprehensive, and isoform-specific manner the crucial regulatory function of endogenous PPP methylation in transformed and non-transformed cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P Lyons
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | | | | | - Arminja N Kettenbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
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23
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Wu Q, Zhou D, Wu R, Shi R, Shen X, Jin N, Gu J, Gu JH, Liu F, Chu D. Excess folic acid supplementation before and during pregnancy and lactation activates β-catenin in the brain of male mouse offspring. Brain Res Bull 2021; 178:133-143. [PMID: 34808323 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Folic acid (FA) supplementation in early pregnancy is recommended to protect against birth defects. But excess FA has exhibited neurodevelopmental toxicity. We previously reported that the mice treated with 2.5-fold the dietary requirement of FA one week before mating and throughout pregnancy and lactation displayed abnormal behaviors in the offspring. Here we found the levels of non-phosphorylated β-catenin (active) were increased in the brains of weaning and adult FA-exposed offspring. Meanwhile, demethylation of protein phosphatase 2 A catalytic subunit (PP2Ac), which suppresses its enzyme activity in regulatory subunit dependent manner, was significantly inhibited. Among the upstream regulators of β-catenin, PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β but not Wnt signaling was stimulated in FA-exposed brains only at weaning. In mouse neuroblastoma N2a cells, knockdown of PP2Ac or leucine carboxyl methyltransferase-1 (LCMT-1), or overexpression of PP2Ac methylation-deficient mutant decreased β-catenin dephosphorylation. These results suggest that excess FA may activate β-catenin via suppressing PP2Ac demethylation, providing a novel mechanism for the influence of FA on neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, China
| | - Dingwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, China
| | - Ruozhen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, China
| | - Ruirui Shi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, 226018 Nantong, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, China
| | - Nana Jin
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, China
| | - Jianlan Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, China
| | - Jin-Hua Gu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, 226018 Nantong, China.
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, United States.
| | - Dandan Chu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, China.
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24
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Yang CL, Qiu X, Lin JY, Chen XY, Zhang YM, Hu XY, Zhong JH, Tang S, Li XY, Xiang BD, Zhang ZM. Potential Role and Clinical Value of PPP2CA in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2021; 9:661-671. [PMID: 34722181 PMCID: PMC8516843 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2020.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is associated with many cancers. This study aimed to clarify whether PPP2CA, which encodes the alpha isoform of the catalytic subunit of PP2A, plays a role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to identify the potential underlying molecular pathways. METHODS Based on bioinformatics, public databases and our in-house RNA-Seq database, we analyzed the clinical value and molecular mechanism of PPP2CA in HCC. RESULTS Data were analyzed from 2,545 patients with HCC and 1,993 controls without HCC indexed in The Cancer Genome Atlas database, the Gene Expression Omnibus database and our in-house RNA-Seq database. PPP2CA expression was significantly higher in HCC tissue than in non-cancerous tissues (standardized mean difference: 0.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.50-0.89). PPP2CA expression was able to differentiate HCC from non-HCC, with an area under the summary receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.75-0.83). Immunohistochemistry of tissue sections confirmed that PPP2CA protein was up-regulated in HCC tissues. High PPP2CA expression in HCC patients was associated with shorter overall, progression-free and disease-free survival. Potential molecular pathways through which PPP2CA may be involved in HCC were determined using miRWalk 2.0 as well as analysis of Gene Ontology categories, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways, and protein-protein interaction networks. CONCLUSIONS PPP2CA is up-regulated in HCC and higher expression correlates with worse prognosis. PPP2CA shows potential as a diagnostic marker for HCC. Future studies should examine whether PPP2CA contributes to HCC through the candidate microRNAs, pathways and hub genes identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Lei Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xue Qiu
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jin-Yan Lin
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yu-Mei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao-Yin Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jian-Hong Zhong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shen Tang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xi-Yi Li
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Bang-De Xiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Correspondence to: Zhi-Ming Zhang and Bang-De Xiang, Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, Guangxi Liver Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering and Technology Research Center, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, He Di Rd #71, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9823-4945 (ZMZ), https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1877-7139 (BDX). Tel: +86-771-533-0855, Fax: +86-771-531-2000, E-mail: (ZMZ), (BDX)
| | - Zhi-Ming Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Correspondence to: Zhi-Ming Zhang and Bang-De Xiang, Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, Guangxi Liver Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering and Technology Research Center, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, He Di Rd #71, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9823-4945 (ZMZ), https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1877-7139 (BDX). Tel: +86-771-533-0855, Fax: +86-771-531-2000, E-mail: (ZMZ), (BDX)
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25
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Targeting protein phosphatase PP2A for cancer therapy: development of allosteric pharmaceutical agents. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1545-1556. [PMID: 34192314 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Tumor initiation is driven by oncogenes that activate signaling networks for cell proliferation and survival involving protein phosphorylation. Protein kinases in these pathways have proven to be effective targets for pharmaceutical inhibitors that have progressed to the clinic to treat various cancers. Here, we offer a narrative about the development of small molecule modulators of the protein Ser/Thr phosphatase 2A (PP2A) to reduce the activation of cell proliferation and survival pathways. These novel drugs promote the assembly of select heterotrimeric forms of PP2A that act to limit cell proliferation. We discuss the potential for the near-term translation of this approach to the clinic for cancer and other human diseases.
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26
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Guo R, Ning Y, Ma Y, Lin Q, Shen N, Shi P. Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR/microRNA-761 sponge regulates PPME1 and further influences cell biological functions in thyroid carcinoma. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2021; 6:438-445. [PMID: 34195365 PMCID: PMC8223458 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas display good therapeutic outcomes, but there are still some patients who are not sensitive to the general treatments lose their treatment opportunities. Thus, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms that cause thyroid carcinoma, so as to find effective diagnostic and therapeutic targets. AIM OF THE STUDY To explore the role of homeobox transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) in thyroid carcinoma through protein phosphatase methylesterase 1 (PPME1) by sponging microRNA 761 (miR-761). METHODS The regulation network amongst HOTAIR, miR-761 and PPME1 was predicted by online sources. RT-PCR was conducted to evaluate the expression of HOTAIR and miR-761 in tumor tissues. Clinical data was collected and analyzed by Chi-square test. Cell apoptosis and proliferation was evaluated using three types of cancer cells (HTh-7, CAL-62, BCPAP) after treated with si-HOTAIR and miR-761inhibitor. The binding site among HOTAIR, miR-761 and PPME1 was verified by dual luciferase reporter assay. PPME1 expression was measured after HOTAIR and miR-761 were suppressed by western blot. Survival time was measured in nude mice using log-rank test. RESULTS HOTAIR was expressed to a significantly greater extent than miR-761 in thyroid tumor tissues (P < .001). miR-761 and PPME1 were negatively correlated (coef = -1.91, P < .001). HOTAIR competitively binds to miR-761 and miR-761 directly targets PPME1. HOTAIR was highly correlated with TNM (χ 2 = 5.797, P = .016), tumor size (χ 2 = 7.955, P = .005) and lymphatic metastasis (χ 2 = 6.0, P = .014). HOTAIR promoted cell proliferation and inhibited cell apoptosis, whereas miR-761 did not. HOTAIR elevated and miR-761 suppressed PPME1 expression. HOTAIR expression appears to affect the survival time in vivo. CONCLUSION HOTAIR regulated thyroid cancer cells by binding to miR-761 through PPME1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runsheng Guo
- Department of General SurgeryJiading District Central Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Yong Ning
- Department of General SurgeryJiading District Central Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Ye Ma
- Department of General SurgeryJiading District Central Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Qianhuang Lin
- Department of General SurgeryJiading District Central Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Na Shen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Peidong Shi
- Department of General SurgeryJiading District Central Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghaiChina
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Regulation of Cardiac PKA Signaling by cAMP and Oxidants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050663. [PMID: 33923287 PMCID: PMC8146537 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathologies, such as cancer, inflammatory and cardiac diseases are commonly associated with long-term increased production and release of reactive oxygen species referred to as oxidative stress. Thereby, protein oxidation conveys protein dysfunction and contributes to disease progression. Importantly, trials to scavenge oxidants by systemic antioxidant therapy failed. This observation supports the notion that oxidants are indispensable physiological signaling molecules that induce oxidative post-translational modifications in target proteins. In cardiac myocytes, the main driver of cardiac contractility is the activation of the β-adrenoceptor-signaling cascade leading to increased cellular cAMP production and activation of its main effector, the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). PKA-mediated phosphorylation of substrate proteins that are involved in excitation-contraction coupling are responsible for the observed positive inotropic and lusitropic effects. PKA-actions are counteracted by cellular protein phosphatases (PP) that dephosphorylate substrate proteins and thus allow the termination of PKA-signaling. Both, kinase and phosphatase are redox-sensitive and susceptible to oxidation on critical cysteine residues. Thereby, oxidation of the regulatory PKA and PP subunits is considered to regulate subcellular kinase and phosphatase localization, while intradisulfide formation of the catalytic subunits negatively impacts on catalytic activity with direct consequences on substrate (de)phosphorylation and cardiac contractile function. This review article attempts to incorporate the current perception of the functionally relevant regulation of cardiac contractility by classical cAMP-dependent signaling with the contribution of oxidant modification.
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Mazhar S, Leonard D, Sosa A, Schlatzer D, Thomas D, Narla G. Challenges and Reinterpretation of Antibody-Based Research on Phosphorylation of Tyr 307 on PP2Ac. Cell Rep 2021; 30:3164-3170.e3. [PMID: 32130915 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant hyperphosphorylation of the protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit (PP2Ac) at Tyr307 has been associated with aggressive disease and poor clinical outcome in multiple cancers. However, the study of reversible phosphorylation at this site has relied entirely upon the use of antibodies-most prominently, the clone E155. Here, we provide evidence that the E155 and F-8 phospho-Tyr307 antibodies cannot differentiate between phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of PP2Ac. The form of PP2Ac bound by these antibodies in H358 cells is unphosphorylated at the C-terminal tail. Furthermore, these antibodies are sensitive to additional protein modifications that occur near Tyr307, including Thr304 phosphorylation and Leu309 methylation, when these post-translational modifications are present. Thus, studies that used these antibodies to report PP2Ac hyperphosphorylation require reinterpretation, as these antibodies cannot be reliably used as readouts for a single PP2Ac post-translational modification (PTM) change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Mazhar
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Daniel Leonard
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Alejandro Sosa
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Daniela Schlatzer
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Dafydd Thomas
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Goutham Narla
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Frohner IE, Mudrak I, Schüchner S, Anrather D, Hartl M, Sontag JM, Sontag E, Wadzinski BE, Preglej T, Ellmeier W, Ogris E. PP2A C Phospho-Tyr 307 Antibodies Are Not Specific for this Modification but Are Sensitive to Other PP2A C Modifications Including Leu 309 Methylation. Cell Rep 2021; 30:3171-3182.e6. [PMID: 32130916 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is an important regulator of signal transduction pathways and a tumor suppressor. Phosphorylation of the PP2A catalytic subunit (PP2AC) at tyrosine 307 has been claimed to inactivate PP2A and was examined in more than 180 studies using commercial antibodies, but this modification was never identified using mass spectrometry. Here we show that the most cited pTyr307 monoclonal antibodies, E155 and F-8, are not specific for phosphorylated Tyr307 but instead are hampered by PP2AC methylation at leucine 309 or phosphorylation at threonine 304. Other pTyr307 antibodies are sensitive to PP2AC methylation as well, and some cross-react with pTyr residues in general, including phosphorylated hemagglutinin tags. We identify pTyr307 using targeted mass spectrometry after transient overexpression of PP2AC and Src kinase. Yet under such conditions, none of the tested antibodies show exclusive pTyr307 specificity. Thus, data generated using these antibodies need to be revisited, and the mechanism of PP2A inactivation needs to be redefined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid E Frohner
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingrid Mudrak
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Schüchner
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorothea Anrather
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Max Perutz Labs, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Hartl
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Max Perutz Labs, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Marie Sontag
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Estelle Sontag
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Brian E Wadzinski
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Teresa Preglej
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilfried Ellmeier
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Egon Ogris
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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30
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The Function of Selenium in Central Nervous System: Lessons from MsrB1 Knockout Mouse Models. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051372. [PMID: 33806413 PMCID: PMC7961861 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MsrB1 used to be named selenoprotein R, for it was first identified as a selenocysteine containing protein by searching for the selenocysteine insert sequence (SECIS) in the human genome. Later, it was found that MsrB1 is homologous to PilB in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which is a methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr), specifically reducing L-methionine sulfoxide (L-Met-O) in proteins. In humans and mice, four members constitute the Msr family, which are MsrA, MsrB1, MsrB2, and MsrB3. MsrA can reduce free or protein-containing L-Met-O (S), whereas MsrBs can only function on the L-Met-O (R) epimer in proteins. Though there are isomerases existent that could transfer L-Met-O (S) to L-Met-O (R) and vice-versa, the loss of Msr individually results in different phenotypes in mice models. These observations indicate that the function of one Msr cannot be totally complemented by another. Among the mammalian Msrs, MsrB1 is the only selenocysteine-containing protein, and we recently found that loss of MsrB1 perturbs the synaptic plasticity in mice, along with the astrogliosis in their brains. In this review, we summarized the effects resulting from Msr deficiency and the bioactivity of selenium in the central nervous system, especially those that we learned from the MsrB1 knockout mouse model. We hope it will be helpful in better understanding how the trace element selenium participates in the reduction of L-Met-O and becomes involved in neurobiology.
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31
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Gnanaprakash M, Staniszewski A, Zhang H, Pitstick R, Kavanaugh MP, Arancio O, Nicholls RE. Leucine Carboxyl Methyltransferase 1 Overexpression Protects Against Cognitive and Electrophysiological Impairments in Tg2576 APP Transgenic Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:1813-1829. [PMID: 33459709 PMCID: PMC8203222 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: The serine/threonine protein phosphatase, PP2A, is thought to play a central role in the molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and the activity and substrate specificity of PP2A is regulated, in part, through methylation and demethylation of its catalytic subunit. Previously, we found that transgenic overexpression of the PP2A methyltransferase, LCMT-1, or the PP2A methylesterase, PME-1, altered the sensitivity of mice to impairments caused by acute exposure to synthetic oligomeric amyloid-β (Aβ). Objective: Here we sought to test the possibility that these molecules also controlled sensitivity to impairments caused by chronically elevated levels of Aβ produced in vivo. Methods: To do this, we examined the effects of transgenic LCMT-1, or PME-1 overexpression on cognitive and electrophysiological impairments caused by chronic overexpression of mutant human APP in Tg2576 mice. Results: We found that LCMT-1 overexpression prevented impairments in short-term spatial memory and synaptic plasticity in Tg2576 mice, without altering APP expression or soluble Aβ levels. While the magnitude of the effects of PME-1 overexpression in Tg2576 mice was small and potentially confounded by the emergence of non-cognitive impairments, Tg2576 mice that overexpressed PME-1 showed a trend toward earlier onset and/or increased severity of cognitive and electrophysiological impairments. Conclusion: These data suggest that the PP2A methyltransferase, LCMT-1, and the PP2A methylesterase, PME-1, may participate in the molecular pathogenesis of AD by regulating sensitivity to the pathogenic effects of chronically elevated levels of Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumathi Gnanaprakash
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Agnieszka Staniszewski
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Ottavio Arancio
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Russell E Nicholls
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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32
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Specificity determinants of phosphoprotein phosphatases controlling kinetochore functions. Essays Biochem 2021; 64:325-336. [PMID: 32501472 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Kinetochores are instrumental for accurate chromosome segregation by binding to microtubules in order to move chromosomes and by delaying anaphase onset through the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Dynamic phosphorylation of kinetochore components is key to control these activities and is tightly regulated by temporal and spatial recruitment of kinases and phosphoprotein phosphatases (PPPs). Here we focus on PP1, PP2A-B56 and PP2A-B55, three PPPs that are important regulators of mitosis. Despite the fact that these PPPs share a very similar active site, they target unique ser/thr phosphorylation sites to control kinetochore function. Specificity is in part achieved by PPPs binding to short linear motifs (SLiMs) that guide their substrate specificity. SLiMs bind to conserved pockets on PPPs and are degenerate in nature, giving rise to a range of binding affinities. These SLiMs control the assembly of numerous substrate specifying complexes and their position and binding strength allow PPPs to target specific phosphorylation sites. In addition, the activity of PPPs is regulated by mitotic kinases and inhibitors, either directly at the activity level or through affecting PPP-SLiM interactions. Here, we discuss recent progress in understanding the regulation of PPP specificity and activity and how this controls kinetochore biology.
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33
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Kamenz J, Gelens L, Ferrell JE. Bistable, Biphasic Regulation of PP2A-B55 Accounts for the Dynamics of Mitotic Substrate Phosphorylation. Curr Biol 2020; 31:794-808.e6. [PMID: 33357450 PMCID: PMC7904671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The phosphorylation of mitotic proteins is bistable, which contributes to the decisiveness of the transitions into and out of M phase. The bistability in substrate phosphorylation has been attributed to bistability in the activation of the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk1. However, more recently it has been suggested that bistability also arises from positive feedback in the regulation of the Cdk1-counteracting phosphatase PP2A-B55. Here, we demonstrate biochemically using Xenopus laevis egg extracts that the Cdk1-counter-acting phosphatase PP2A-B55 functions as a bistable switch, even when the bistability of Cdk1 activation is suppressed. In addition, Cdk1 regulates PP2A-B55 in a biphasic manner; low concentrations of Cdk1 activate PP2A-B55 and high concentrations inactivate it. As a consequence of this incoherent feedforward regulation, PP2A-B55 activity rises concurrently with Cdk1 activity during interphase and suppresses substrate phosphorylation. PP2A-B55 activity is then sharply downregulated at the onset of mitosis. During mitotic exit, Cdk1 activity initially falls with no obvious change in substrate phosphorylation; dephosphorylation then commences once PP2A-B55 spikes in activity. These findings suggest that changes in Cdk1 activity are permissive for mitotic entry and exit but that the changes in PP2A-B55 activity are the ultimate trigger. Mitotic transitions are accompanied by drastic changes in the phosphorylation state of proteins. Kamenz et al. demonstrate biochemically that the major mitotic phosphatase PP2A-B55 is regulated by incoherent feedforward and double-negative feedback loops to promote rapid and switch-like mitotic entry and exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kamenz
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5174, USA.
| | - Lendert Gelens
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5174, USA; Laboratory of Dynamics in Biological Systems, KU Leuven, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - James E Ferrell
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5174, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA.
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34
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Goguet-Rubio P, Amin P, Awal S, Vigneron S, Charrasse S, Mechali F, Labbé JC, Lorca T, Castro A. PP2A-B55 Holoenzyme Regulation and Cancer. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111586. [PMID: 33266510 PMCID: PMC7700614 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a post-translational modification essential for the control of the activity of most enzymes in the cell. This protein modification results from a fine-tuned balance between kinases and phosphatases. PP2A is one of the major serine/threonine phosphatases that is involved in the control of a myriad of different signaling cascades. This enzyme, often misregulated in cancer, is considered a tumor suppressor. In this review, we will focus on PP2A-B55, a particular holoenzyme of the family of the PP2A phosphatases whose specific role in cancer development and progression has only recently been highlighted. The discovery of the Greatwall (Gwl)/Arpp19-ENSA cascade, a new pathway specifically controlling PP2A-B55 activity, has been shown to be frequently altered in cancer. Herein, we will review the current knowledge about the mechanisms controlling the formation and the regulation of the activity of this phosphatase and its misregulation in cancer.
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35
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Nasa I, Kettenbach AN. Effects of carboxyl-terminal methylation on holoenzyme function of the PP2A subfamily. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:2015-2027. [PMID: 33125487 PMCID: PMC8380034 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoprotein Phosphatases (PPPs) are enzymes highly conserved from yeast and human and catalyze the majority of the serine and threonine dephosphorylation in cells. To achieve substrate specificity and selectivity, PPPs form multimeric holoenzymes consisting of catalytic, structural/scaffolding, and regulatory subunits. For the Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A)-subfamily of PPPs, holoenzyme assembly is at least in part regulated by an unusual carboxyl-terminal methyl-esterification, commonly referred to as 'methylation'. Carboxyl-terminal methylation is catalyzed by Leucine carboxyl methyltransferase-1 (LCMT1) that utilizes S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) as the methyl donor and removed by protein phosphatase methylesterase 1 (PME1). For PP2A, methylation dictates regulatory subunit selection and thereby downstream phosphorylation signaling. Intriguingly, there are four families of PP2A regulatory subunits, each exhibiting different levels of methylation sensitivity. Thus, changes in PP2A methylation stoichiometry alters the complement of PP2A holoenzymes in cells and creates distinct modes of kinase opposition. Importantly, selective inactivation of PP2A signaling through the deregulation of methylation is observed in several diseases, most prominently Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this review, we focus on how carboxyl-terminal methylation of the PP2A subfamily (PP2A, PP4, and PP6) regulates holoenzyme function and thereby phosphorylation signaling, with an emphasis on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Nasa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, U.S.A
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, U.S.A
| | - Arminja N Kettenbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, U.S.A
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, U.S.A
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36
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Dzulko M, Pons M, Henke A, Schneider G, Krämer OH. The PP2A subunit PR130 is a key regulator of cell development and oncogenic transformation. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188453. [PMID: 33068647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a major serine/threonine phosphatase. This enzyme is involved in a plethora of cellular processes, including apoptosis, autophagy, cell proliferation, and DNA repair. Remarkably, PP2A can act as a context-dependent tumor suppressor or promoter. Active PP2A complexes consist of structural (PP2A-A), regulatory (PP2A-B), and catalytic (PP2A-C) subunits. The regulatory subunits define the substrate specificity and the subcellular localization of the holoenzyme. Here we condense the increasing evidence that the PP2A B-type subunit PR130 is a critical regulator of cell identity and oncogenic transformation. We summarize knowledge on the biological functions of PR130 in normal and transformed cells, targets of the PP2A-PR130 complex, and how diverse extra- and intracellular stimuli control the expression and activity of PR130. We additionally review the impact of PP2A-PR130 on cardiac functions, neuronal processes, and anti-viral defense and how this might affect cancer development and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Dzulko
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Miriam Pons
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Henke
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Günter Schneider
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver H Krämer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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37
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Nasa I, Cressey LE, Kruse T, Hertz EPT, Gui J, Graves LM, Nilsson J, Kettenbach AN. Quantitative kinase and phosphatase profiling reveal that CDK1 phosphorylates PP2Ac to promote mitotic entry. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/648/eaba7823. [PMID: 32900880 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aba7823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The reciprocal regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatases (PPPs) by protein kinases is essential to cell cycle progression and control, particularly during mitosis for which the role of kinases has been extensively studied. PPPs perform much of the serine/threonine dephosphorylation in eukaryotic cells and achieve substrate selectivity and specificity through the interaction of distinct regulatory subunits with conserved catalytic subunits in holoenzyme complexes. Using a mass spectrometry-based chemical proteomics approach to enrich, identify, and quantify endogenous PPP holoenzyme complexes combined with kinase profiling, we investigated the phosphorylation-dependent regulation of PPP holoenzymes in mitotic cells. We found that cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) phosphorylated a threonine residue on the catalytic subunit of the phosphatase PP2A, which disrupted its holoenzyme formation with the regulatory subunit B55. The consequent decrease in the dephosphorylation of PP2A-B55 substrates promoted mitotic entry. This direct phosphorylation by CDK1 was in addition to a previously reported indirect mechanism, thus adding a layer to the interaction between CDK1 and PP2A in regulating mitotic entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Nasa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
| | - Lauren E Cressey
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Thomas Kruse
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil P T Hertz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jiang Gui
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Lee M Graves
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jakob Nilsson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arminja N Kettenbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA. .,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
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38
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Keshri R, Rajeevan A, Kotak S. PP2A--B55γ counteracts Cdk1 and regulates proper spindle orientation through the cortical dynein adaptor NuMA. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs243857. [PMID: 32591484 PMCID: PMC7406356 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.243857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper orientation of the mitotic spindle is critical for accurate development and morphogenesis. In human cells, spindle orientation is regulated by the evolutionarily conserved protein NuMA, which interacts with dynein and enriches it at the cell cortex. Pulling forces generated by cortical dynein orient the mitotic spindle. Cdk1-mediated phosphorylation of NuMA at threonine 2055 (T2055) negatively regulates its cortical localization. Thus, only NuMA not phosphorylated at T2055 localizes at the cell cortex. However, the identity and the mechanism of action of the phosphatase complex involved in T2055 dephosphorylation remains elusive. Here, we characterized the PPP2CA-B55γ (PPP2R2C)-PPP2R1B complex that counteracts Cdk1 to orchestrate cortical NuMA for proper spindle orientation. In vitro reconstitution experiments revealed that this complex is sufficient for T2055 dephosphorylation. Importantly, we identified polybasic residues in NuMA that are critical for T2055 dephosphorylation, and for maintaining appropriate cortical NuMA levels for accurate spindle elongation. Furthermore, we found that Cdk1-mediated phosphorylation and PP2A-B55γ-mediated dephosphorylation at T2055 are reversible events. Altogether, this study uncovers a novel mechanism by which Cdk1 and its counteracting PP2A-B55γ complex orchestrate spatiotemporal levels of cortical force generators for flawless mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Keshri
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, 560012 Bangalore, India
| | - Ashwathi Rajeevan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, 560012 Bangalore, India
| | - Sachin Kotak
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, 560012 Bangalore, India
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39
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Wei H, Zhang HL, Wang XC, Xie JZ, An DD, Wan L, Wang JZ, Zeng Y, Shu XJ, Westermarck J, Lu YM, Ohlmeyer M, Liu R. Direct Activation of Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) by Tricyclic Sulfonamides Ameliorates Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis in Cell and Animal Models. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:1087-1103. [PMID: 32096091 PMCID: PMC7609734 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00841-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease for which there are limited therapeutic strategies. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity is decreased in AD brains, which promotes the hyperphosphorylation of Tau and APP, thus participate in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and β-amyloid (Aβ) overproduction. In this study, the effect of synthetic tricyclic sulfonamide PP2A activators (aka SMAPs) on reducing AD-like pathogenesis was evaluated in AD cell models and AD-like hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) rat models. SMAPs effectively increased PP2A activity, and decreased tau phosphorylation and Aβ40/42 levels in AD cell models. In HHcy-AD rat models, cognitive impairments induced by HHcy were rescued by SMAP administration. HHcy-induced tau hyperphosphorylation and Aβ overproduction were ameliorated through increasing PP2A activity on compound treatment. Importantly, SMAP therapy also prevented neuronal cell spine loss and neuronal synapse impairment in the hippocampus of HHcy-AD rats. In summary, our data reveal that pharmacological PP2A reactivation may be a novel therapeutic strategy for AD treatment, and that the tricyclic sulfonamides constitute a novel candidate class of AD therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wei
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui-Liang Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Zhao Xie
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan-Dan An
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Wan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Clinical Laboratory, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi-Ji Shu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jukka Westermarck
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - You-Ming Lu
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Michael Ohlmeyer
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Atux Iskay LLC, Plainsboro, NJ, USA.
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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40
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Reduced Expression of the PP2A Methylesterase, PME-1, or the PP2A Methyltransferase, LCMT-1, Alters Sensitivity to Beta-Amyloid-Induced Cognitive and Electrophysiological Impairments in Mice. J Neurosci 2020; 40:4596-4608. [PMID: 32341098 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2983-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-amyloid (Aβ) is thought to play a critical role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and application of soluble oligomeric forms of Aβ produces AD-like impairments in cognition and synaptic plasticity in experimental systems. We found previously that transgenic overexpression of the PP2A methylesterase, PME-1, or the PP2A methyltransferase, LCMT-1, altered the sensitivity of mice to Aβ-induced impairments, suggesting that PME-1 inhibition may be an effective approach for preventing or treating these impairments. To explore this possibility, we examined the behavioral and electrophysiological effects of acutely applied synthetic Aβ oligomers in male and female mice heterozygous for either a PME-1 KO or an LCMT-1 gene-trap mutation. We found that heterozygous PME-1 KO mice were resistant to Aβ-induced impairments in cognition and synaptic plasticity, whereas LCMT-1 gene-trap mice showed increased sensitivity to Aβ-induced impairments. The heterozygous PME-1 KO mice produced normal levels of endogenous Aβ and exhibited normal electrophysiological responses to picomolar concentrations of Aβ, suggesting that reduced PME-1 expression in these animals protects against Aβ-induced impairments without impacting normal physiological Aβ functions. Together, these data provide additional support for roles for PME-1 and LCMT-1 in regulating sensitivity to Aβ-induced impairments, and suggest that inhibition of PME-1 may constitute a viable therapeutic approach for selectively protecting against the pathologic actions of Aβ in AD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Elevated levels of β-amyloid (Aβ) in the brain are thought to contribute to the cognitive impairments observed in Alzheimer's disease patients. Here we show that genetically reducing endogenous levels of the PP2A methylesterase, PME-1, prevents the cognitive and electrophysiological impairments caused by acute exposure to pathologic concentrations of Aβ without impairing normal physiological Aβ function or endogenous Aβ production. Conversely, reducing endogenous levels of the PP2A methyltransferase, LCMT-1, increases sensitivity to Aβ-induced impairments. These data offer additional insights into the molecular factors that control sensitivity to Aβ-induced impairments, and suggest that inhibiting PME-1 may constitute a viable therapeutic avenue for preventing Aβ-related impairments in Alzheimer's disease.
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41
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Leonard D, Huang W, Izadmehr S, O'Connor CM, Wiredja DD, Wang Z, Zaware N, Chen Y, Schlatzer DM, Kiselar J, Vasireddi N, Schüchner S, Perl AL, Galsky MD, Xu W, Brautigan DL, Ogris E, Taylor DJ, Narla G. Selective PP2A Enhancement through Biased Heterotrimer Stabilization. Cell 2020; 181:688-701.e16. [PMID: 32315618 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of protein phosphatases, including the family of serine/threonine phosphatases designated PP2A, is essential for the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer. The ability of PP2A to dephosphorylate hundreds of proteins is regulated by over 40 specificity-determining regulatory "B" subunits that compete for assembly and activation of heterogeneous PP2A heterotrimers. Here, we reveal how a small molecule, DT-061, specifically stabilizes the B56α-PP2A holoenzyme in a fully assembled, active state to dephosphorylate selective substrates, such as its well-known oncogenic target, c-Myc. Our 3.6 Å structure identifies molecular interactions between DT-061 and all three PP2A subunits that prevent dissociation of the active enzyme and highlight inherent mechanisms of PP2A complex assembly. Thus, our findings provide fundamental insights into PP2A complex assembly and regulation, identify a unique interfacial stabilizing mode of action for therapeutic targeting, and aid in the development of phosphatase-based therapeutics tailored against disease specific phospho-protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Leonard
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sudeh Izadmehr
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Caitlin M O'Connor
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Danica D Wiredja
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Zhizhi Wang
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nilesh Zaware
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yinghua Chen
- PEPCC Facility, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Daniela M Schlatzer
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Janna Kiselar
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nikhil Vasireddi
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Stefan Schüchner
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/2, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Abbey L Perl
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Matthew D Galsky
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Wenqing Xu
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David L Brautigan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Egon Ogris
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/2, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Derek J Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Goutham Narla
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Kauko O, Imanishi SY, Kulesskiy E, Yetukuri L, Laajala TD, Sharma M, Pavic K, Aakula A, Rupp C, Jumppanen M, Haapaniemi P, Ruan L, Yadav B, Suni V, Varila T, Corthals GL, Reimand J, Wennerberg K, Aittokallio T, Westermarck J. Phosphoproteome and drug-response effects mediated by the three protein phosphatase 2A inhibitor proteins CIP2A, SET, and PME-1. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:4194-4211. [PMID: 32071079 PMCID: PMC7105317 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) critically regulates cell signaling and is a human tumor suppressor. PP2A complexes are modulated by proteins such as cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A), protein phosphatase methylesterase 1 (PME-1), and SET nuclear proto-oncogene (SET) that often are deregulated in cancers. However, how they impact cellular phosphorylation and how redundant they are in cellular regulation is poorly understood. Here, we conducted a systematic phosphoproteomics screen for phosphotargets modulated by siRNA-mediated depletion of CIP2A, PME-1, and SET (to reactivate PP2A) or the scaffolding A-subunit of PP2A (PPP2R1A) (to inhibit PP2A) in HeLa cells. We identified PP2A-modulated targets in diverse cellular pathways, including kinase signaling, cytoskeleton, RNA splicing, DNA repair, and nuclear lamina. The results indicate nonredundancy among CIP2A, PME-1, and SET in phosphotarget regulation. Notably, PP2A inhibition or reactivation affected largely distinct phosphopeptides, introducing a concept of nonoverlapping phosphatase inhibition- and activation-responsive sites (PIRS and PARS, respectively). This phenomenon is explained by the PPP2R1A inhibition impacting primarily dephosphorylated threonines, whereas PP2A reactivation results in dephosphorylation of clustered and acidophilic sites. Using comprehensive drug-sensitivity screening in PP2A-modulated cells to evaluate the functional impact of PP2A across diverse cellular pathways targeted by these drugs, we found that consistent with global phosphoproteome effects, PP2A modulations broadly affect responses to more than 200 drugs inhibiting a broad spectrum of cancer-relevant targets. These findings advance our understanding of the phosphoproteins, pharmacological responses, and cellular processes regulated by PP2A modulation and may enable the development of combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Kauko
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland; TuBS and TuDMM Doctoral Programmes, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Susumu Y Imanishi
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Evgeny Kulesskiy
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laxman Yetukuri
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Teemu Daniel Laajala
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Mukund Sharma
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland; TuBS and TuDMM Doctoral Programmes, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Karolina Pavic
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Anna Aakula
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Christian Rupp
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Mikael Jumppanen
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka Haapaniemi
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Luyao Ruan
- Computational Biology Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Bhagwan Yadav
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veronika Suni
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Taru Varila
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Garry L Corthals
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Jüri Reimand
- Computational Biology Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Krister Wennerberg
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Jukka Westermarck
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland.
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43
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Wei H, Zhang HL, Xie JZ, Meng DL, Wang XC, Ke D, Zeng J, Liu R. Protein Phosphatase 2A as a Drug Target in the Treatment of Cancer and Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Med Sci 2020; 40:1-8. [PMID: 32166659 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-020-2140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a major serine/threonine phosphatase which participates in the regulation of multiple cellular processes. As a confirmed tumor suppressor, PP2A activity is downregulated in tumors and its re-activation can induce apoptosis of cancer cells. In the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, decreased PP2A activity also plays a key role in promoting tau hyperphosphorylation and Aβ generation. In this review, we discussed compounds aiming at modulating PP2A activity in the treatment of cancer or AD. The upstream factors that inactivate PP2A in diseases have not been fully elucidated and further studies are needed. It will help for the refinement and development of novel and clinically tractable PP2A-targeted compounds or therapies for the treatment of tumor and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wei
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hui-Liang Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jia-Zhao Xie
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dong-Li Meng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dan Ke
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Ji Zeng
- Department of Clinic Laboratory, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
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44
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Hou TY, Zhou Y, Zhu LS, Wang X, Pang P, Wang DQ, Liuyang ZY, Man H, Lu Y, Zhu LQ, Liu D. Correcting abnormalities in miR-124/PTPN1 signaling rescues tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2020; 154:441-457. [PMID: 31951013 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs have been implicated in diverse physiological and pathological processes. We previously reported that aberrant microRNA-124 (miR-124)/non-receptor-type protein phosphatase 1 (PTPN1) signaling plays an important role in the synaptic disorders associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we further investigated the potential role of miR-124/PTPN1 in the tau pathology of AD. We first treated the mice with intra-hippocampal stereotactic injections. Then, we used quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) to detect the expression of microRNAs. Western blotting was used to measure the level of PTPN1, the level of tau protein, the phosphorylation of tau at AD-related sites, and alterations in the activity of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) and protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A). Immunohistochemistry was also used to detect changes in tau phosphorylation levels at AD-related sites and somadendritic aggregation. Soluble and insoluble tau protein was separated by 70% formic acid (FA) extraction to examine tau solubility. Finally, behavioral experiments (including the Morris water maze, fear conditioning, and elevated plus maze) were performed to examine learning and memory ability and emotion-related behavior. We found that artificially replicating the abnormalities in miR-124/PTPN1 signaling induced AD-like tau pathology in the hippocampus of wild-type mice, including hyperphosphorylation at multiple sites, insolubility and somadendritic aggregation, as well as learning/memory deficits. We also found that disruption of miR-124/PTPN1 signaling was caused by the loss of RE1-silencing transcription factor protein, which can be initiated by Aβ insults or oxidative stress, as observed in the brains of P301S mice. Correcting the deregulation of miR-124/PTPN1 signaling rescued the tau pathology and learning/memory impairments in the P301S mice. We also found that miR-124/PTPN1 abnormalities induced activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) and inactivation of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) by promoting tyrosine phosphorylation, implicating an imbalance in tau kinase/phosphatase. Thus, targeting the miR-124/PTPN1 signaling pathway is a promising therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Yao Hou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disorders of the Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,The Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disorders of the Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,The Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Shuang Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disorders of the Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,The Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiong Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disorders of the Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Pei Pang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disorders of the Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,The Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Ding-Qi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disorders of the Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,The Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Yu Liuyang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disorders of the Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hengye Man
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Youming Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disorders of the Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,The Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disorders of the Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,The Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disorders of the Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,The Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.,Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
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45
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Jin N, Shi R, Jiang Y, Chu D, Gong CX, Iqbal K, Liu F. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β suppresses the expression of protein phosphatase methylesterase-1 through β-catenin. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:9672-9688. [PMID: 31714894 PMCID: PMC6874473 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is the major tau phosphatase. Its activity toward tau is regulated by the methylation of PP2A catalytic subunit (PP2Ac) at Leu309. Protein phosphatase methylesterase-1 (PME-1) demethylates PP2Ac and suppresses its activity. We previously found that glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) suppresses PME-1 expression. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is unknown. In the present study, we analyzed the promoter of PME-1 gene and found that human PME-1 promoter contains two lymphoid enhancer binding factor-1/T-cell factor (LEF1/TCF) cis-elements in which β-catenin serves as a co-activator. β-catenin acted on these two cis-elements and promoted PME-1 expression. GSK-3β phosphorylated β-catenin and suppressed its function in promoting PME-1 expression. Inhibition and activation of GSK-3β by PI3K-AKT pathway promoted and suppressed, respectively, PME-1 expression in primary cultured neurons, SH-SY5Y cells and in the mouse brain. These findings suggest that GSK-3β phosphorylates β-catenin and suppresses its function on PME-1 expression, resulting in an increase of PP2Ac methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Jin
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Ruirui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Yanli Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Dandan Chu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Cheng-Xin Gong
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Khalid Iqbal
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
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46
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Wang Y, Song X, Liu D, Lou YX, Luo P, Zhu T, Wang Q, Chen N. IMM-H004 reduced okadaic acid-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting Tau pathology in vitro and in vivo. Neurotoxicology 2019; 75:221-232. [PMID: 31562916 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore effects and mechanisms of 004 (IMM-H004), a novel coumarin derivative, in OKA (okadaic acid)-induced AD (Alzheimer's disease)-like model. In vitro, MTT, LDH, and Annexin V/FITC flow cytometry assay were used to test cell survival. In vivo, OKA microinjection was conducted to simulate AD-like neuropathology. Morris water maze and Nissl staining were used to detect spatial memory function and neuronal damage respectively. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to study the mechanisms of 004 in Tau pathology. The results showed that 004 reduced cell death and increased survival in PC12 cells, and decreased neuronal injury in the hippocampus in rats. 004 improved learning and memory functions in OKA-treated rats. The mechanistic studies indicated that 004 inhibited phosphorylation of Tau protein by down-regulating the activity of protein kinases CDK5 and GSK3β and increasing PP2A activity. Overall, 004 improved spatial memory impairments and neuron cells injury induced by OKA; on the other hand, 004 inhibited Tau hyperphosphorylation by regulating CDK5, GSK3β and PP2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Xiuyun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Yu-Xia Lou
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Piao Luo
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Tianbi Zhu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Naihong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China; Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China.
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47
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Orlandella FM, Mariniello RM, Iervolino PLC, Imperlini E, Mandola A, Verde A, De Stefano AE, Pane K, Franzese M, Esposito S, Basolo F, Orrù S, Salvatore G. miR-650 promotes motility of anaplastic thyroid cancer cells by targeting PPP2CA. Endocrine 2019; 65:582-594. [PMID: 30927143 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-01910-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aberrant expression of miRNAs is crucial in several tissues tumorigenesis including thyroid. Recent studies demonstrated that miR-650 plays different role depending on the cancer type. Herein, we investigated the role of miR-650 in thyroid carcinoma. METHODS The expression of miR-650 was analyzed in human thyroid tissues by q-RT-PCR. Anaplastic (8505C, CAL62, SW1736) and papillary (TPC-1) thyroid cancer cell lines were used to dissect the role of miR-650 on malignant hallmarks of transformation. Label-free proteomic analysis was exploited to unravel the targets of miR-650, while luciferase reporter assay and functional experiments were performed to confirm a selected target. Spearman's rank correlation test was used to assess the association between miR-650 and its target in human thyroid cancer tissues. RESULTS miR-650 is over-expressed in anaplastic (ATC) thyroid carcinoma where it enhances cell migration and invasion. Proteomic label-free and bioinformatics analysis revealed that the serine-threonine protein phosphatase 2 catalytic subunit alpha (PPP2CA) is a target of miR-650; these finding were confirmed by luciferase assay. Restoration of PPP2CA mRNA, deprived of its 3'UTR, is able to revert the malignant phenotype induced by miR-650 in HEK-293 cells. Importantly, PPP2CA is down-regulated in ATC tissues and is inversely correlated with miR-650. CONCLUSIONS miR-650 displayed oncogenic activity in ATC cells through targeting PPP2CA phosphatase. These results suggest that miR-650/PPP2CA axis could be modulated to interfere with motile ability of thyroid carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raffaela Mariarosaria Mariniello
- CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a r.l., Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università "Parthenope", Via Medina 40, 80133, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Esther Imperlini
- IRCCS SDN, Napoli, Via Emanuele Gianturco 113, 80143, Napoli, Italy
| | - Annalisa Mandola
- CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a r.l., Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università "Parthenope", Via Medina 40, 80133, Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Verde
- CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a r.l., Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Elisa De Stefano
- CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a r.l., Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università "Parthenope", Via Medina 40, 80133, Napoli, Italy
| | - Katia Pane
- IRCCS SDN, Napoli, Via Emanuele Gianturco 113, 80143, Napoli, Italy
| | - Monica Franzese
- IRCCS SDN, Napoli, Via Emanuele Gianturco 113, 80143, Napoli, Italy
| | - Silvia Esposito
- CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a r.l., Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Napoli, Italy
| | - Fulvio Basolo
- Dipartimento di Patologia Chirugica, Medica, Molecolare e dell' Area Critica dell' Università di Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefania Orrù
- IRCCS SDN, Napoli, Via Emanuele Gianturco 113, 80143, Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università "Parthenope", Via Medina 40, 80133, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuliana Salvatore
- IRCCS SDN, Napoli, Via Emanuele Gianturco 113, 80143, Napoli, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università "Parthenope", Via Medina 40, 80133, Napoli, Italy.
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Interplay between Phosphatases and the Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome in Mitosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080814. [PMID: 31382469 PMCID: PMC6721574 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate division of cells into two daughters is a process that is vital to propagation of life. Protein phosphorylation and selective degradation have emerged as two important mechanisms safeguarding the delicate choreography of mitosis. Protein phosphatases catalyze dephosphorylation of thousands of sites on proteins, steering the cells through establishment of the mitotic phase and exit from it. A large E3 ubiquitin ligase, the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) becomes active during latter stages of mitosis through G1 and marks hundreds of proteins for destruction. Recent studies have revealed the complex interregulation between these two classes of enzymes. In this review, we highlight the direct and indirect mechanisms by which phosphatases and the APC/C mutually influence each other to ensure accurate spatiotemporal and orderly progression through mitosis, with a particular focus on recent insights and conceptual advances.
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Elgenaidi IS, Spiers JP. Hypoxia modulates protein phosphatase 2A through HIF-1α dependent and independent mechanisms in human aortic smooth muscle cells and ventricular cardiomyocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:1745-1763. [PMID: 30825189 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although protein phosphatases regulate multiple cellular functions, their modulation under hypoxia remains unclear. We investigated expression of the protein phosphatase system under normoxic/hypoxic conditions and the mechanism by which hypoxia alters protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human cardiovascular cells were cultured in cell type specific media under normoxic or hypoxic conditions (1% O2 ). Effects on mRNA expression, phosphatase activity, post-translational modification, and involvement of hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) were assessed using RT-PCR, immunoblotting, an activity assay, and siRNA silencing. KEY RESULTS All components of the protein phosphatase system studied were expressed in each cell line. Hypoxia attenuated mRNA expression of the transcripts in a cell line- and time-dependent manner. In human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC) and AC16 cells, hypoxia decreased PP2Ac activity and mRNA expression without altering PP2Ac abundance. Hypoxia increased demethylated PP2Ac (DPP2Ac) and phosphatase methylesterase 1 (PME-1) abundance but decreased leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 1 (LCMT-1) abundance. HIF-1α siRNA prevented the hypoxia-mediated decrease in phosphatase activity and expression of the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PPP2CA), independently of altering pPP2Ac, DPP2Ac, LCMT-1, or PME-1 abundance. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Cardiovascular cells express multiple components of the PP2A system. In HASMC and AC16 cells, hypoxia inhibits PP2A activity through HIF-1α-dependent and -independent mechanisms, with the latter being consistent with altered PP2A holoenzyme assembly. This indicates a complex inhibitory effect of hypoxia on the PP2A system, and highlights PP2A as a therapeutic target for diseases associated with dysregulated protein phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Paul Spiers
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Gu SH, Chen CH, Lin PL, Hsieh HY. Role of protein phosphatase 2A in PTTH-stimulated prothoracic glands of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 274:97-105. [PMID: 30668972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the roles of a major serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)-stimulated prothoracic glands (PGs) of Bombyx mori were evaluated. Immunoblotting analysis showed that Bombyx PGs contained a structural A subunit (A), a regulatory B subunit (B), and a catalytic C subunit (C), with each subunit undergoing development-specific changes. The protein levels of each subunit were not affected by PTTH treatment. However, the highly conserved tyrosine dephosphorylation of PP2A C subunit (PP2Ac), which appears to be related to activity, was increased by PTTH treatment in a time-dependent manner. We further demonstrated that phospholipase C (PLC), Ca2+, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are upstream signaling for the PTTH-stimulated dephosphorylation of PP2Ac. The determination of PP2A enzymatic activity showed that PP2A enzymatic activity was stimulated by PTTH treatment both in vitro and in vivo. Okadaic acid (OA), a specific PP2A inhibitor, prevented the PTTH-stimulated dephosphorylation of PP2Ac and reduced both basal and PTTH-stimulated PP2A enzymatic activity. The determination of ecdysteroid secretion showed that treatment with OA did not affect basal ecdysteroid secretion but did significantly inhibit PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroid secretion, indicating that PTTH-stimulated PP2A activity is involved in ecdysteroidogenesis. Treatment with OA stimulated the basal phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and 4E-binding protein (4E-BP) without affecting PTTH-stimulated ERK and 4E-BP phosphorylation. From these results, we hypothesize that PTTH-regulated PP2A signaling is a necessary component for the stimulation of ecdysteroidogenesis, potentially by mediating the link between ERK and TOR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hong Gu
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, 1 Kuan-Chien Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chien-Hung Chen
- Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, 89 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Jen-Te Township, Tainan County 717, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Ling Lin
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, 1 Kuan-Chien Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiao-Yen Hsieh
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, 1 Kuan-Chien Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC
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