1
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Davis EH, Wang B, White M, Huang YJS, Sarathy VV, Wang T, Bourne N, Higgs S, Barrett ADT. Impact of yellow fever virus envelope protein on wild-type and vaccine epitopes and tissue tropism. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:39. [PMID: 35322047 PMCID: PMC8942996 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00460-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelope (E) protein of flaviviruses is functionally associated with viral tissue tropism and pathogenicity. For yellow fever virus (YFV), viscerotropic disease primarily involving the liver is pathognomonic for wild-type (WT) infection. In contrast, the live-attenuated vaccine (LAV) strain 17D does not cause viscerotropic disease and reversion to virulence is associated with neurotropic disease. The relationship between structure-function of the E protein for WT strain Asibi and its LAV derivative 17D strain is poorly understood; however, changes to WT and vaccine epitopes have been associated with changes in virulence. Here, a panel of Asibi and 17D infectious clone mutants were generated with single-site mutations at the one membrane residue and each of the eight E protein amino acid substitutions that distinguish the two strains. The mutants were characterized with respect to WT-specific and vaccine-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) binding to virus plus binding of virus to brain, liver, and lung membrane receptor preparations (MRPs) generated from AG129 mice. This approach shows that amino acids in the YFV E protein domains (ED) I and II contain the WT E protein epitope, which overlap with those that mediate YFV binding to mouse liver. Furthermore, amino acids in EDIII associated with the vaccine epitope overlap with those that facilitate YFV binding mouse brain MRPs. Taken together, these data suggest that the YFV E protein is a key determinant in the phenotype of WT and 17D vaccine strains of YFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H Davis
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Binbin Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Yan-Jang S Huang
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Center on Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Vanessa V Sarathy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Nigel Bourne
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Center on Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Alan D T Barrett
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA.
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA.
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2
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Antonelli ACB, Almeida VP, de Castro FOF, Silva JM, Pfrimer IAH, Cunha-Neto E, Maranhão AQ, Brígido MM, Resende RO, Bocca AL, Fonseca SG. In silico construction of a multiepitope Zika virus vaccine using immunoinformatics tools. Sci Rep 2022; 12:53. [PMID: 34997041 PMCID: PMC8741764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03990-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus from the Flaviviridae family and Flavivirus genus. Neurological events have been associated with ZIKV-infected individuals, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, an autoimmune acute neuropathy that causes nerve demyelination and can induce paralysis. With the increase of ZIKV infection incidence in 2015, malformation and microcephaly cases in newborns have grown considerably, which suggested congenital transmission. Therefore, the development of an effective vaccine against ZIKV became an urgent need. Live attenuated vaccines present some theoretical risks for administration in pregnant women. Thus, we developed an in silico multiepitope vaccine against ZIKV. All structural and non-structural proteins were investigated using immunoinformatics tools designed for the prediction of CD4 + and CD8 + T cell epitopes. We selected 13 CD8 + and 12 CD4 + T cell epitopes considering parameters such as binding affinity to HLA class I and II molecules, promiscuity based on the number of different HLA alleles that bind to the epitopes, and immunogenicity. ZIKV Envelope protein domain III (EDIII) was added to the vaccine construct, creating a hybrid protein domain-multiepitope vaccine. Three high scoring continuous and two discontinuous B cell epitopes were found in EDIII. Aiming to increase the candidate vaccine antigenicity even further, we tested secondary and tertiary structures and physicochemical parameters of the vaccine conjugated to four different protein adjuvants: flagellin, 50S ribosomal protein L7/L12, heparin-binding hemagglutinin, or RS09 synthetic peptide. The addition of the flagellin adjuvant increased the vaccine's predicted antigenicity. In silico predictions revealed that the protein is a probable antigen, non-allergenic and predicted to be stable. The vaccine’s average population coverage is estimated to be 87.86%, which indicates it can be administered worldwide. Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) of individuals with previous ZIKV infection were tested for cytokine production in response to the pool of CD4 and CD8 ZIKV peptide selected. CD4 + and CD8 + T cells showed significant production of IFN-γ upon stimulation and IL-2 production was also detected by CD8 + T cells, which indicated the potential of our peptides to be recognized by specific T cells and induce immune response. In conclusion, we developed an in silico universal vaccine predicted to induce broad and high-coverage cellular and humoral immune responses against ZIKV, which can be a good candidate for posterior in vivo validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara Barbosa Antonelli
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Rua 235 s/n, sala 335, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Vinnycius Pereira Almeida
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Rua 235 s/n, sala 335, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Oliveira Feitosa de Castro
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Rua 235 s/n, sala 335, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brazil.,Departament of Master in Environmental Sciences and Health, School of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Irmtraut Araci Hoffmann Pfrimer
- Departament of Master in Environmental Sciences and Health, School of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii) - National Institute of Science and Technology (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andréa Queiroz Maranhão
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii) - National Institute of Science and Technology (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Macedo Brígido
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii) - National Institute of Science and Technology (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Simone Gonçalves Fonseca
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Rua 235 s/n, sala 335, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brazil. .,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii) - National Institute of Science and Technology (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil.
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3
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Hyatt JG, Prévost S, Devos JM, Mycroft-West CJ, Skidmore MA, Winter A. Molecular Changes in Dengue Envelope Protein Domain III upon Interaction with Glycosaminoglycans. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110935. [PMID: 33187224 PMCID: PMC7697694 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue fever is a rapidly emerging vector-borne viral disease with a growing global burden of approximately 390 million new infections per annum. The Dengue virus (DENV) is a flavivirus spread by female mosquitos of the aedes genus, but the mechanism of viral endocytosis is poorly understood at a molecular level, preventing the development of effective transmission blocking vaccines (TBVs). Recently, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) have been identified as playing a role during initial viral attachment through interaction with the third domain of the viral envelope protein (EDIII). Here, we report a systematic study investigating the effect of a range of biologically relevant GAGs on the structure and oligomeric state of recombinantly generated EDIII. We provide novel in situ biophysical evidence that heparin and chondroitin sulphate C induce conformational changes in EDIII at the secondary structure level. Furthermore, we report the ability of chondroitin sulphate C to bind EDIII and induce higher-order dynamic molecular changes at the tertiary and quaternary structure levels which are dependent on pH, GAG species, and the GAG sulphation state. Lastly, we conducted ab initio modelling of Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) data to visualise the induced oligomeric state of EDIII caused by interaction with chondroitin sulphate C, which may aid in TBV development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G. Hyatt
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (J.G.H.); (C.J.M.-W.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Sylvain Prévost
- Large Scale Structures Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France;
| | - Juliette M. Devos
- Life Sciences Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France;
| | - Courtney J. Mycroft-West
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (J.G.H.); (C.J.M.-W.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Mark A. Skidmore
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (J.G.H.); (C.J.M.-W.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Anja Winter
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (J.G.H.); (C.J.M.-W.); (M.A.S.)
- Life Sciences Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-01782-7-33117
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4
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Lorusso A, Marini V, Di Gennaro A, Ronchi GF, Casaccia C, Carelli G, Passantino G, D'Alterio N, D'Innocenzo V, Savini G, Monaco F, Horton DL. Antigenic relationship among zoonotic flaviviruses from Italy. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 68:91-97. [PMID: 30517880 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we report studies of the antigenic relationship of West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV), two zoonotic flaviviruses from Italy, together with a Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) strain and compared them with their genetic relationship using the immunodominant viral E protein. Thirty-nine isolates and reference strains were inactivated and used to immunize rabbits to produce hyper immune sera. Serum samples were tested by neutralization against all isolates and results visualized by generating antigenic map. Strains of WNV, USUV, and JEV grouped in separate clusters on the antigenic map. JEV was closer antigenically to USUV (mean of 3.5 Antigenic Unit, AU, equivalent to a 2-fold change in antibody titer) than to WNV strains (mean of 6 AU). A linear regression model predicted, on average, one unit of antigenic change, equivalent to a 2-fold change in antibody titer, for every 22 amino acid substitutions in the E protein ectodomain. Overall, antigenic map was demonstrated to be robust and consistent with phylogeny of the E protein. Indeed, the map provided a reliable means of visualizing and quantifying the relationship between these flaviviruses. Further antigenic analyses employing representative strains of extant serocomplexes are currently underway. This will provide a more in deep knowledge of antigenic relationships between flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy.
| | - Valeria Marini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Annapia Di Gennaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Casaccia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Grazia Carelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | | | - Nicola D'Alterio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo D'Innocenzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Federica Monaco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Daniel L Horton
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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5
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Baykov IK, Emelyanova LA, Sokolova LM, Karelina EM, Matveev AL, Babkin IV, Khlusevich YА, Podgornyy VF, Tikunova NV. ANALYSIS OF DOMAIN SPECIFICITY OF THE PROTECTIVE CHIMERIC ANTIBODY ch14D5a AGAINST GLYCOPROTEIN E OF TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2018. [DOI: 10.18699/vj18.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A drug for the prevention and therapy of tick-borne encephalitis virus is being developed on the basis of the protective chimeric antibody ch14D5a. At the same time, the epitope recognized by this antibody on the surface of glycoprotein E has not been localized yet. The aim of this work was to identify the domain of glycoprotein E, to which the protective antibody ch14D5a binds. As a result, four recombinant variants of glycoprotein E were generated using the bacterial expression system: (1) the rE protein containing the domains D1, D2, and D3 of glycoprotein E; (2) the rED1+2 protein containing domains D1 and D2; (3) the rED3_301 protein, which is domain D3 of glycoprotein E, and (4) the rED3_294 protein comprising domain D3 and a hinge region connecting domains D1 and D3. The rED3_294 and rED3_301 proteins were obtained in soluble monomeric form. The rE and rED1+2 proteins were extracted from the inclusion bodies of Escherichia coli. Using Western blot analysis and surface plasmon resonance analysis, it was demonstrated that the protective chimeric antibody ch14D5a and its Fab fragment bound specifically to domain D3 of glycoprotein E. Since the antibodies recognizing epitopes on the surface of domain D3 do not tend to cause antibody-dependent enhancement of the infection as compared to antibodies directed to domains D1 and D2, the data obtained confirm the promise of using the antibody ch14D5a in the development of a therapeutic preparation against the tick-borne encephalitis virus.
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6
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Sarathy VV, Pitcher TJ, Gromowski GD, Roehrig JT, Barrett ADT. A DENV-2-type-specific monoclonal antibody binds to the DENV-complex-reactive antigenic site on envelope protein domain 3. J Gen Virol 2017. [PMID: 28631593 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dengue virus (DENV) envelope (E) protein is the major component of the viral surface and is structurally subdivided into three domains, ED1, ED2 and ED3. ED3 elicits potent neutralizing antibodies and contains two major antigenic sites: the DENV-type-specific and DENV-complex-reactive antigenic sites. Each site is composed of a limited subset of residues that are required for monoclonal antibody (mAb) binding. Here we show that DENV-2-type-specific mAb 9A3D-8 utilizes the functionally critical residues K307, V308, K310, I312, P332, L387, L389 and N390 for ED3 binding. Surprisingly, this DENV-type-specific epitope is predicted to overlap with the ED3 DENV-complex-reactive antigenic site on the viral surface. Further, this unique binding site enables mAb 9A3D-8 to neutralize virus infectivity at relatively low occupancy of virions compared to other ED3 mAbs identified to date. Together, the data in this study indicate that this is a new DENV-2-type-specific antigenic site on ED3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa V Sarathy
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX 77555, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Trevor J Pitcher
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Present address: The Binding Site, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Gregory D Gromowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Present address: Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - John T Roehrig
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Alan D T Barrett
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX 77555, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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7
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Recovery of West Nile Virus Envelope Protein Domain III Chimeras with Altered Antigenicity and Mouse Virulence. J Virol 2016; 90:4757-4770. [PMID: 26912625 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02861-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Flaviviruses are positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses responsible for millions of human infections annually. The envelope (E) protein of flaviviruses comprises three structural domains, of which domain III (EIII) represents a discrete subunit. The EIII gene sequence typically encodes epitopes recognized by virus-specific, potently neutralizing antibodies, and EIII is believed to play a major role in receptor binding. In order to assess potential interactions between EIII and the remainder of the E protein and to assess the effects of EIII sequence substitutions on the antigenicity, growth, and virulence of a representative flavivirus, chimeric viruses were generated using the West Nile virus (WNV) infectious clone, into which EIIIs from nine flaviviruses with various levels of genetic diversity from WNV were substituted. Of the constructs tested, chimeras containing EIIIs from Koutango virus (KOUV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), and Bagaza virus (BAGV) were successfully recovered. Characterization of the chimeras in vitro and in vivo revealed differences in growth and virulence between the viruses, within vivo pathogenesis often not being correlated within vitro growth. Taken together, the data demonstrate that substitutions of EIII can allow the generation of viable chimeric viruses with significantly altered antigenicity and virulence. IMPORTANCE The envelope (E) glycoprotein is the major protein present on the surface of flavivirus virions and is responsible for mediating virus binding and entry into target cells. Several viable West Nile virus (WNV) variants with chimeric E proteins in which the putative receptor-binding domain (EIII) sequences of other mosquito-borne flaviviruses were substituted in place of the WNV EIII were recovered, although the substitution of several more divergent EIII sequences was not tolerated. The differences in virulence and tissue tropism observed with the chimeric viruses indicate a significant role for this sequence in determining the pathogenesis of the virus within the mammalian host. Our studies demonstrate that these chimeras are viable and suggest that such recombinant viruses may be useful for investigation of domain-specific antibody responses and the more extensive definition of the contributions of EIII to the tropism and pathogenesis of WNV or other flaviviruses.
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8
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Maillard RA, Liu T, Beasley DWC, Barrett ADT, Hilser VJ, Lee JC. Thermodynamic mechanism for the evasion of antibody neutralization in flaviviruses. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10315-24. [PMID: 24950171 PMCID: PMC4111217 DOI: 10.1021/ja503318x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Mutations
in the epitopes of antigenic proteins can confer viral
resistance to antibody-mediated neutralization. However, the fundamental
properties that characterize epitope residues and how mutations affect
antibody binding to alter virus susceptibility to neutralization remain
largely unknown. To address these questions, we used an ensemble-based
algorithm to characterize the effects of mutations on the thermodynamics
of protein conformational fluctuations. We applied this method to
the envelope protein domain III (ED3) of two medically important flaviviruses:
West Nile and dengue 2. We determined an intimate relationship between
the susceptibility of a residue to thermodynamic perturbations and
epitope location. This relationship allows the successful identification
of the primary epitopes in each ED3, despite their high sequence and
structural similarity. Mutations that allow the ED3 to evade detection
by the antibody either increase or decrease conformational fluctuations
of the epitopes through local effects or long-range interactions.
Spatially distant interactions originate in the redistribution of
conformations of the ED3 ensembles, not through a mechanically connected
array of contiguous amino acids. These results reconcile previous
observations of evasion of neutralization by mutations at a distance
from the epitopes. Finally, we established a quantitative correlation
between subtle changes in the conformational fluctuations of the epitope
and large defects in antibody binding affinity. This correlation suggests
that mutations that allow viral growth, while reducing neutralization,
do not generate significant structural changes and underscores the
importance of protein fluctuations and long-range interactions in
the mechanism of antibody-mediated neutralization resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Maillard
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, ‡Department of Microbiology & Immunology, §Department of Pathology, ∥Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, ⊥Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and #Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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9
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Mansfield KL, Horton DL, Johnson N, Li L, Barrett ADT, Smith DJ, Galbraith SE, Solomon T, Fooks AR. Flavivirus-induced antibody cross-reactivity. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2821-2829. [PMID: 21900425 PMCID: PMC3352572 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.031641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue viruses (DENV) cause countless human deaths each year, whilst West Nile virus (WNV) has re-emerged as an important human pathogen. There are currently no WNV or DENV vaccines licensed for human use, yet vaccines exist against other flaviviruses. To investigate flavivirus cross-reactivity, sera from a human cohort with a history of vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and yellow fever virus (YFV) were tested for antibodies by plaque reduction neutralization test. Neutralization of louping ill virus (LIV) occurred, but no significant neutralization of Murray Valley encephalitis virus was observed. Sera from some individuals vaccinated against TBEV and JEV neutralized WNV, which was enhanced by YFV vaccination in some recipients. Similarly, some individuals neutralized DENV-2, but this was not significantly influenced by YFV vaccination. Antigenic cartography techniques were used to generate a geometric illustration of the neutralization titres of selected sera against WNV, TBEV, JEV, LIV, YFV and DENV-2. This demonstrated the individual variation in antibody responses. Most sera had detectable titres against LIV and some had titres against WNV and DENV-2. Generally, LIV titres were similar to titres against TBEV, confirming the close antigenic relationship between TBEV and LIV. JEV was also antigenically closer to TBEV than WNV, using these sera. The use of sera from individuals vaccinated against multiple pathogens is unique relative to previous applications of antigenic cartography techniques. It is evident from these data that notable differences exist between amino acid sequence identity and mapped antigenic relationships within the family Flaviviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Mansfield
- Brain Infections Group, University of Liverpool, UK.,Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Daniel L Horton
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Alan D T Barrett
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Derek J Smith
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | | | - Tom Solomon
- Brain Infections Group, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- National Centre for Zoonoses Research, University of Liverpool, UK.,Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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10
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Grossman M, Tworowski D, Dym O, Lee MH, Levy Y, Murphy G, Sagi I. The intrinsic protein flexibility of endogenous protease inhibitor TIMP-1 controls its binding interface and affects its function. Biochemistry 2010; 49:6184-92. [PMID: 20545310 DOI: 10.1021/bi902141x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein flexibility is thought to play key roles in numerous biological processes, including antibody affinity maturation, signal transduction, and enzyme catalysis, yet only limited information is available regarding the molecular details linking protein dynamics with function. A single point mutation at the distal site of the endogenous tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) enables this clinical target protein to tightly bind and inhibit membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) by increasing only the association constant. The high-resolution X-ray structure of this complex determined at 2 A could not explain the mechanism of enhanced binding and pointed to a role for protein conformational dynamics. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations reveal that the high-affinity TIMP-1 mutants exhibit significantly reduced binding interface flexibility and more stable hydrogen bond networks. This was accompanied by a redistribution of the ensemble of substrates to favorable binding conformations that fit the enzyme catalytic site. Apparently, the decrease in backbone flexibility led to a lower entropy cost upon formation of the complex. This work quantifies the effect of a single point mutation on the protein conformational dynamics and function of TIMP-1. Here we argue that controlling the intrinsic protein dynamics of MMP endogenous inhibitors may be utilized for rationalizing the design of selective novel protein inhibitors for this class of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Grossman
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Danecek P, Lu W, Schein CH. PCP consensus sequences of flaviviruses: correlating variance with vector competence and disease phenotype. J Mol Biol 2009; 396:550-63. [PMID: 19969003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Computational methods are needed to design multivalent vaccines against flaviviruses (FVs) such as the West Nile virus or the dengue virus (DENV). OBJECTIVE We aimed to use physicochemical property (PCP) consensus sequences of FV strains to delineate conserved motifs, areas of maximum variability, and specific loci that correlate with arthropod vector, serotype, and disease severity. METHODS PCP consensus sequences for 27 species were prepared from 928 annotated sequences catalogued in Flavitrack. Alignments of these correlated well with the known structures of the NS3 protease domain and envelope (E) proteins. The PCPMer suite was used to identify motifs common to all FVs. Areas of PCP variability that correlated with phenotype were plotted on the structures. RESULTS Despite considerable diversity at the amino acid level, PCPs for both proteins were well conserved throughout the FVs. A series of insertions in E separated tick- from mosquito-borne viruses and all arthropod-borne viruses from isolates with no known vector or directly from insects. Comparison of a PCP consensus sequence of E derived from 600 DENV strains (DENV600) with individual ones for DENV1-DENV4 showed that most major serotype-specific variation occurs near these insertions. The DENV600 differed from one prepared from eight hemorrhagic or fatal strains from four DENV serotypes at only three positions, two of which overlap known escape mutant sites. CONCLUSIONS Comparing consensus sequences showed that substantial changes occur in only a few areas of the E protein. PCP consensus sequences can contribute to the design of multivalent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Danecek
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0857, USA
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Wahala WMPB, Kraus AA, Haymore LB, Accavitti-Loper MA, de Silva AM. Dengue virus neutralization by human immune sera: role of envelope protein domain III-reactive antibody. Virology 2009; 392:103-13. [PMID: 19631955 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dengue viruses (DENV) are the etiological agents of dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). The DENV complex consists of four closely related viruses designated DENV serotypes 1 through 4. Although infection with one serotype induces cross reactive antibody to all 4 serotypes, the long-term protective antibody response is restricted to the serotype responsible for infection. Cross reactive antibodies appear to enhance infection during a second infection with a different serotype. The goal of the present study was to characterize the binding specificity and functional properties of human DENV immune sera. The study focused on domain III of the viral envelope protein (EDIII), as this region has a well characterized epitope that is recognized by strongly neutralizing serotype-specific mouse monoclonal antibodies (Mabs). Our results demonstrate that EDIII-reactive antibodies are present in primary and secondary DENV immune human sera. Human antibodies bound to a serotype specific epitope on EDIII after primary infection and a serotype cross reactive epitope on EDIII after secondary infection. However, EDIII binding antibodies constituted only a small fraction of the total antibody in immune sera binding to DENV. Studies with complete and EDIII antibody depleted human immune sera demonstrated that EDIII binding antibodies play a minor role in DENV neutralization. We propose that human antibodies directed to other epitopes on the virus are primarily responsible for DENV neutralization. Our results have implications for understanding protective immunity following natural DENV infection and for evaluating DENV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M P B Wahala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, CB#7290 University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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René Albani J. Fluorescence Lifetimes of Tryptophan: Structural Origin and Relation with So → 1Lb and So → 1La Transitions. J Fluoresc 2009; 19:1061-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-009-0506-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Crill WD, Hughes HR, Delorey MJ, Chang GJJ. Humoral immune responses of dengue fever patients using epitope-specific serotype-2 virus-like particle antigens. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4991. [PMID: 19337372 PMCID: PMC2659788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a serious mosquito-borne pathogen causing significant global disease burden, either as classic dengue fever (DF) or in its most severe manifestation dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Nearly half of the world's population is at risk of dengue disease and there are estimated to be millions of infections annually; a situation which will continue to worsen with increasing expansion of the mosquito vectors and epidemic DF/DHF. Currently there are no available licensed vaccines or antivirals for dengue, although significant effort has been directed toward the development of safe and efficacious dengue vaccines for over 30 years. Promising vaccine candidates are in development and testing phases, but a better understanding of immune responses to DENV infection and vaccination is needed. Humoral immune responses to DENV infection are complex and may exacerbate pathogenicity, yet are essential for immune protection. In this report, we develop DENV-2 envelope (E) protein epitope-specific antigens and measure immunoglobulin responses to three distinct epitopes in DENV-2 infected human serum samples. Immunoglobulin responses to DENV-2 infection exhibited significant levels of individual variation. Antibody populations targeting broadly cross-reactive epitopes centered on the fusion peptide in structural domain II were large, highly variable, and greater in primary than in secondary DENV-2 infected sera. E protein domain III cross-reactive immunoglobulin populations were similarly variable and much larger in IgM than in IgG. DENV-2 specific domain III IgG formed a very small proportion of the antibody response yet was significantly correlated with DENV-2 neutralization, suggesting that the highly protective IgG recognizing this epitope in murine studies plays a role in humans as well. This report begins to tease apart complex humoral immune responses to DENV infection and is thus important for improving our understanding of dengue disease and immunological correlates of protection, relevant to DENV vaccine development and testing.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Base Sequence
- DNA Primers
- Dengue/immunology
- Epitope Mapping
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Conformation
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne D Crill
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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