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The structure and characterization of human cytochrome P450 8B1 supports future drug design for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetes. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102344. [PMID: 35944583 PMCID: PMC9463588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Quitian-Useche YF, Sánchez-Ortiz BL, Borges SF, Ramos B, de Souza GC, Batista MA, da Silva Hage Melim LI, Ferreira IM, Carvalho JCT, Borges RS. Fatty ethanolamide of Bertholletia excelsa triglycerides (Brazil nuts): anti-inflammatory action and acute toxicity evaluation in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:1519-1537. [PMID: 34498144 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00867-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fatty amides (N-alkylamides) are bioactive lipids that are widely distributed in microorganisms, animals, and plants. The low yield in the extraction process of spilantol, a fatty amide, which is mainly related to its diverse biological effects, compromises its application on a large scale. Thus, this study proposes an alternative method to synthesise fatty amides from Bertholletia excelsa (AGBe) oil, with a chemical structure similar to that of spilantol. Carrageenan-induced abdominal oedema in vivo models were used in zebrafish (Danio rerio). In in vivo studies, oral AGBe produced no signs of toxicity. In the histopathological study, AGBe did not cause significant changes in the main metabolising organs (liver, kidneys, and intestines). All doses of AGBe (100 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 750 mg/kg) were effective in reducing oedema by 65%, 69%, and 95%, respectively, producing a dose-response effect compared to the control group, and spilantol-inhibited oedema by 48%. In the in silico study, with the use of molecular docking, it was observed that among the AGBe, the molecules 18:1, ω-7-ethanolamine, and 18:1, ω-9-ethanolamine stood out, with 21 interactions for COX-2 and 20 interactions for PLA2, respectively, surpassing the spilantol standard with 15 interactions for COX-2 and PLA2. The anti-inflammatory action hypothesis was confirmed in the in silico study, demonstrating the involvement of AGBe in the process of inhibiting the enzymes COX-2 and PLA2. Therefore, based on all the results obtained and the fact that until the dose of 1000 mg/kg was administered orally in zebrafish, it was not possible to determine the LD50; it can be said that AGBe is effective and safe for anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesica Fernanda Quitian-Useche
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. JK, km 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68902-280, Brazil.,Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. JK, km 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68902-280, Brazil
| | - Brenda Lorena Sánchez-Ortiz
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. JK, km 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68902-280, Brazil
| | - Swanny Ferreira Borges
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. JK, km 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68902-280, Brazil.,Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. JK, km 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68902-280, Brazil
| | - Benilson Ramos
- Laboratório de Biocatálise e Síntese Orgânica Aplicada, Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Curso de Química, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. JK, km 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68902-280, Brazil
| | - Gisele Custódio de Souza
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. JK, km 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68902-280, Brazil
| | - Mateus Alves Batista
- Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica e Medicinal (PharMedChem), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. JK, km 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68902-280, Brazil
| | - Lorane Izabel da Silva Hage Melim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. JK, km 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68902-280, Brazil.,Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica e Medicinal (PharMedChem), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. JK, km 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68902-280, Brazil
| | - Irlon Maciel Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. JK, km 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68902-280, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biocatálise e Síntese Orgânica Aplicada, Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Curso de Química, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. JK, km 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68902-280, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Tavares Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. JK, km 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68902-280, Brazil.,Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. JK, km 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68902-280, Brazil
| | - Raphaelle Sousa Borges
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. JK, km 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68902-280, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. JK, km 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68902-280, Brazil.
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Engineering 'Enzymelink' for screening lead compounds to inhibit mPGES-1 while maintaining prostacyclin synthase activity. Future Med Chem 2021; 13:1091-1103. [PMID: 34080888 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2021-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study investigated our Enzymelinks, COX-2-10aa-mPGES-1 and COX-2-10aa-PGIS, as cellular cross-screening targets for quick identification of lead compounds to inhibit inflammatory PGE2 biosynthesis while maintaining prostacyclin synthesis. Methods: We integrated virtual and wet cross-screening using Enzymelinks to rapidly identify lead compounds from a large compound library. Results: From 380,000 compounds virtually cross-screened with the Enzymelinks, 1576 compounds were identified and used for wet cross-screening using HEK293 cells that overexpressed individual Enzymelinks as targets. The top 15 lead compounds that inhibited mPGES-1 activity were identified. The top compound that specifically inhibited inflammatory PGE2 biosynthesis alone without affecting COX-2 coupled to PGI2 synthase (PGIS) for PGI2 biosynthesis was obtained. Conclusion: Enzymelink technology could advance cyclooxygenase pathway-targeted drug discovery to a significant degree.
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Couto N, Newton JRA, Russo C, Karunakaran E, Achour B, Al-Majdoub ZM, Sidaway J, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Clench MR, Barber J. Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics and Substrate-Based Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Xenobiotic Metabolizing Enzymes in Ex Vivo Human Skin and a Human Living Skin Equivalent Model. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 49:39-52. [PMID: 33139459 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We report for the first time label-free quantification of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (XME), transporters, redox enzymes, proteases, and nucleases in six human skin explants and a three-dimensional living skin equivalent model from LabSkin. We aimed to evaluate the suitability of LabSkin as an alternative to animal testing for the development of topical formulations. More than 2000 proteins were identified and quantified from total cellular protein. Alcohol dehydrogenase 1C, the most abundant phase I XME in human skin, and glutathione S-transferase pi 1, the most abundant phase II XME in human skin, were present in similar abundance in LabSkin. Several esterases were quantified and esterase activity was confirmed in LabSkin using substrate-based mass spectrometry imaging. No cytochrome P450 (P450) activity was observed for the substrates tested, in agreement with the proteomics data, where the cognate P450s were absent in both human skin and LabSkin. Label-free protein quantification allowed insights into other related processes such as redox homeostasis and proteolysis. For example, the most abundant antioxidant enzymes were thioredoxin and peroxiredoxin-1. This systematic determination of functional equivalence between human skin and LabSkin is a key step toward the construction of a representative human in vitro skin model, which can be used as an alternative to current animal-based tests for chemical safety and for predicting dosage of topically administered drugs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The use of label-free quantitative mass spectrometry to elucidate the abundance of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, transporters, redox enzymes, proteases, and nucleases in human skin enhance our understanding of the skin physiology and biotransformation of topical drugs and cosmetics. This will help to develop mathematical models to predict drug metabolism in human skin and to develop more robust in vitro engineered human skin tissue as alternatives to animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narciso Couto
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.C., E.K.) and Sheffield Collaboratorium for Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilms (SCARAB) (N.C., E.K.), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., B.A., Z.M.A.-M., A.R.-H., J.B.); Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom (J.R.A.N., C.R., M.R.C.); Phenotox Ltd., Bollington, United Kingdom (J.S.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (A.R.-H.)
| | - Jillian R A Newton
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.C., E.K.) and Sheffield Collaboratorium for Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilms (SCARAB) (N.C., E.K.), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., B.A., Z.M.A.-M., A.R.-H., J.B.); Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom (J.R.A.N., C.R., M.R.C.); Phenotox Ltd., Bollington, United Kingdom (J.S.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (A.R.-H.)
| | - Cristina Russo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.C., E.K.) and Sheffield Collaboratorium for Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilms (SCARAB) (N.C., E.K.), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., B.A., Z.M.A.-M., A.R.-H., J.B.); Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom (J.R.A.N., C.R., M.R.C.); Phenotox Ltd., Bollington, United Kingdom (J.S.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (A.R.-H.)
| | - Esther Karunakaran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.C., E.K.) and Sheffield Collaboratorium for Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilms (SCARAB) (N.C., E.K.), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., B.A., Z.M.A.-M., A.R.-H., J.B.); Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom (J.R.A.N., C.R., M.R.C.); Phenotox Ltd., Bollington, United Kingdom (J.S.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (A.R.-H.)
| | - Brahim Achour
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.C., E.K.) and Sheffield Collaboratorium for Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilms (SCARAB) (N.C., E.K.), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., B.A., Z.M.A.-M., A.R.-H., J.B.); Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom (J.R.A.N., C.R., M.R.C.); Phenotox Ltd., Bollington, United Kingdom (J.S.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (A.R.-H.)
| | - Zubida M Al-Majdoub
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.C., E.K.) and Sheffield Collaboratorium for Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilms (SCARAB) (N.C., E.K.), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., B.A., Z.M.A.-M., A.R.-H., J.B.); Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom (J.R.A.N., C.R., M.R.C.); Phenotox Ltd., Bollington, United Kingdom (J.S.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (A.R.-H.)
| | - James Sidaway
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.C., E.K.) and Sheffield Collaboratorium for Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilms (SCARAB) (N.C., E.K.), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., B.A., Z.M.A.-M., A.R.-H., J.B.); Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom (J.R.A.N., C.R., M.R.C.); Phenotox Ltd., Bollington, United Kingdom (J.S.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (A.R.-H.)
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.C., E.K.) and Sheffield Collaboratorium for Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilms (SCARAB) (N.C., E.K.), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., B.A., Z.M.A.-M., A.R.-H., J.B.); Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom (J.R.A.N., C.R., M.R.C.); Phenotox Ltd., Bollington, United Kingdom (J.S.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (A.R.-H.)
| | - Malcolm R Clench
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.C., E.K.) and Sheffield Collaboratorium for Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilms (SCARAB) (N.C., E.K.), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., B.A., Z.M.A.-M., A.R.-H., J.B.); Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom (J.R.A.N., C.R., M.R.C.); Phenotox Ltd., Bollington, United Kingdom (J.S.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (A.R.-H.)
| | - Jill Barber
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (N.C., E.K.) and Sheffield Collaboratorium for Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilms (SCARAB) (N.C., E.K.), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., B.A., Z.M.A.-M., A.R.-H., J.B.); Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom (J.R.A.N., C.R., M.R.C.); Phenotox Ltd., Bollington, United Kingdom (J.S.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (A.R.-H.)
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5
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Biringer RG. The enzymology of the human prostanoid pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:4569-4586. [PMID: 32430846 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05526-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostanoids are short-lived autocrine and paracrine signaling molecules involved in a wide range of biological functions. They have been shown to be intimately involved in many different disease states when their regulation becomes dysfunctional. In order to fully understand the progression of any disease state or the biological functions of the well state, a complete evaluation of the genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics of the system is necessary. This review is focused on the enzymology for the enzymes involved in the synthesis of the prostanoids (prostaglandins, prostacyclins and thromboxanes). In particular, the isolation and purification of the enzymes, their enzymatic parameters and catalytic mechanisms are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Gregory Biringer
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA.
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6
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Adrian-Kalchhauser I, Blomberg A, Larsson T, Musilova Z, Peart CR, Pippel M, Solbakken MH, Suurväli J, Walser JC, Wilson JY, Alm Rosenblad M, Burguera D, Gutnik S, Michiels N, Töpel M, Pankov K, Schloissnig S, Winkler S. The round goby genome provides insights into mechanisms that may facilitate biological invasions. BMC Biol 2020; 18:11. [PMID: 31992286 PMCID: PMC6988351 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-019-0731-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The invasive benthic round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) is the most successful temperate invasive fish and has spread in aquatic ecosystems on both sides of the Atlantic. Invasive species constitute powerful in situ experimental systems to study fast adaptation and directional selection on short ecological timescales and present promising case studies to understand factors involved the impressive ability of some species to colonize novel environments. We seize the unique opportunity presented by the round goby invasion to study genomic substrates potentially involved in colonization success. Results We report a highly contiguous long-read-based genome and analyze gene families that we hypothesize to relate to the ability of these fish to deal with novel environments. The analyses provide novel insights from the large evolutionary scale to the small species-specific scale. We describe expansions in specific cytochrome P450 enzymes, a remarkably diverse innate immune system, an ancient duplication in red light vision accompanied by red skin fluorescence, evolutionary patterns of epigenetic regulators, and the presence of osmoregulatory genes that may have contributed to the round goby’s capacity to invade cold and salty waters. A recurring theme across all analyzed gene families is gene expansions. Conclusions The expanded innate immune system of round goby may potentially contribute to its ability to colonize novel areas. Since other gene families also feature copy number expansions in the round goby, and since other Gobiidae also feature fascinating environmental adaptations and are excellent colonizers, further long-read genome approaches across the goby family may reveal whether gene copy number expansions are more generally related to the ability to conquer new habitats in Gobiidae or in fish. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12915-019-0731-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Adrian-Kalchhauser
- Program Man-Society-Environment, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Bern, Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Austria.
| | - Anders Blomberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, 41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tomas Larsson
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, 41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zuzana Musilova
- Department of Zoology, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 12844, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Claire R Peart
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshaderner Strasse 2, 82152 Planegg-, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Martin Pippel
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Monica Hongroe Solbakken
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jaanus Suurväli
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Strasse 47a, 50674, Köln, Germany
| | - Jean-Claude Walser
- Genetic Diversity Centre, ETH, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joanna Yvonne Wilson
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Magnus Alm Rosenblad
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, 41390, Gothenburg, Sweden.,NBIS Bioinformatics Infrastructure for Life Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, 41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Demian Burguera
- Department of Zoology, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 12844, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Silvia Gutnik
- Biocenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nico Michiels
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mats Töpel
- University of Bern, Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Austria
| | - Kirill Pankov
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Siegfried Schloissnig
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylke Winkler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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Izabel da Silva Hage-Melim L, Curtolo Poiani JG, Tomich de Paula da Silva CH, Boylan F. In silico study of the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties of some N-methylanthranilates and their analogs. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Rendic SP, Peter Guengerich F. Human cytochrome P450 enzymes 5-51 as targets of drugs and natural and environmental compounds: mechanisms, induction, and inhibition - toxic effects and benefits. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 50:256-342. [PMID: 30717606 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1483401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) enzymes have long been of interest due to their roles in the metabolism of drugs, pesticides, pro-carcinogens, and other xenobiotic chemicals. They have also been of interest due to their very critical roles in the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroids, vitamins, and certain eicosanoids. This review covers the 22 (of the total of 57) human P450s in Families 5-51 and their substrate selectivity. Furthermore, included is information and references regarding inducibility, inhibition, and (in some cases) stimulation by chemicals. We update and discuss important aspects of each of these 22 P450s and questions that remain open.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- b Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA
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9
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Gnedenko O, Yablokov E, Ershov P, Svirid A, Shkel T, Haidukevich I, Strushkevich N, Gilep A, Usanov S, Ivanov A. Interaction of prostacyclin synthase with cytochromes P450. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 65:63-66. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20196501063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Biosensor experiments on investigation of interaction between prostacyclin synthase (PGIS) and different proteins of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase systems were perfomed. Interaction of PGIS with microsomal (CYP21A2, CYP2E1) and mitochondrial (CYP27A1, CYP11B1, CYP11B2, CYP11A1) cytochrome P450s was detected. Kinetic and equilibrium parameters of protein complexes formation were determined. Data obtained suggest an essential role of these hemoproteins interaction in regulation of prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - P.V. Ershov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - A.V. Svirid
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry National Academy of Science of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - T.V. Shkel
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry National Academy of Science of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - I.V. Haidukevich
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry National Academy of Science of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - N.V. Strushkevich
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry National Academy of Science of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - A.A. Gilep
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry National Academy of Science of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - S.A. Usanov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry National Academy of Science of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - A.S. Ivanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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10
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Yang HC, Ge YC, Yang CH, Chao WC. Substrate Channeling of Prostaglandin H2 on the Stereochemical Control of a Cascade Cyclization Route. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Ching Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chi Ge
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chih Chao
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
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11
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Yang HC, Yang CH, Huang MY, Lu JF, Wang JS, Yeh YQ, Jeng US. Homology Modeling and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Combined with X-ray Solution Scattering Defining Protein Structures of Thromboxane and Prostacyclin Synthases. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:11229-11240. [PMID: 29168638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b08299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A combination of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and X-ray scattering (SAXS) has emerged as the approach of choice for studying protein structures and dynamics in solution. This approach has potential applications for membrane proteins that neither are soluble nor form crystals easily. We explore the water-coupled dynamic structures of thromboxane synthase (TXAS) and prostacyclin synthase (PGIS) from scanning HPLC-SAXS measurements combined with MD ensemble analyses. Both proteins are heme-containing enzymes in the cytochrome P450 family, known as prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) isomerase, with counter-functions in regulation of platelet aggregation. Currently, the X-ray crystallographic structures of PGIS are available, but those for TXAS are not. The use of homology modeling of the TXAS structure with ns-μs explicit water solvation MD simulations allows much more accurate estimation of the configuration space with loop motion and origin of the protein behaviors in solution. In contrast to the stability of the conserved PGIS structure in solution, the pronounced TXAS flexibility has been revealed to have unstructured loop regions in connection with the characteristic P450 structural elements. The MD-derived and experimental-solution SAXS results are in excellent agreement. The significant protein internal motions, whole-molecule structures, and potential problems with protein folding, crystallization, and functionality are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Ching Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University , New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University , New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University , New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Feng Lu
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University , New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Jinn-Shyan Wang
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University , New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Qi Yeh
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center , Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - U-Ser Jeng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center , Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan.,Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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12
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Anti-inflammatory and antialgic actions of a nanoemulsion of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil and a molecular docking study of its major chemical constituents. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 26:183-195. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0374-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Seo MJ, Oh DK. Prostaglandin synthases: Molecular characterization and involvement in prostaglandin biosynthesis. Prog Lipid Res 2017; 66:50-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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14
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HARA S. Prostaglandin terminal synthases as novel therapeutic targets. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2017; 93:703-723. [PMID: 29129850 PMCID: PMC5743848 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.93.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exert their anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects by reducing prostaglandin (PG) production via the inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX). However, the gastrointestinal, renal and cardiovascular side effects associated with the pharmacological inhibition of the COX enzymes have focused renewed attention onto other potential targets for NSAIDs. PGH2, a COX metabolite, is converted to each PG species by species-specific PG terminal synthases. Because of their potential for more selective modulation of PG production, PG terminal synthases are now being investigated as a novel target for NSAIDs. In this review, I summarize the current understanding of PG terminal synthases, with a focus on microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1) and PGI synthase (PGIS). mPGES-1 and PGIS cooperatively exacerbate inflammatory reactions but have opposing effects on carcinogenesis. mPGES-1 and PGIS are expected to be attractive alternatives to COX as therapeutic targets for several diseases, including inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro HARA
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Nijoukubo D, Tanaka Y, Okuno Y, Yin G, Kitazawa T, Peterson RE, Kubota A, Teraoka H. Protective effect of prostacyclin against pre-cardiac edema caused by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and a thromboxane receptor agonist in developing zebrafish. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 156:111-117. [PMID: 27174823 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The role of prostaglandin pathways has been suggested in some toxicological responses to dioxins. Cyclooxygenase type 2b (COX2b), thromboxane synthase, and the thromboxane receptor (TP) pathway have been implicated in mediating 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced pre-cardiac edema in developing zebrafish at 55 h post fertilization (hpf). Pre-cardiac edema refers to edema located in a small cavity between the heart and body wall of zebrafish eleutheroembryos. In the present study, we assessed the role of prostacyclin, which counteracts some biological effects of thromboxane, in TCDD-induced pre-cardiac edema. Pre-cardiac edema induced by TCDD exposure (0.5 and 1 ppb) beginning at 24 hpf was markedly inhibited by exposure to beraprost (5 and 10 μM), a prostacyclin receptor (IP) agonist, beginning at 33 hpf. The preventive effect of beraprost was reduced by exposure to CAY10441 (10 μM), an IP antagonist starting at 33 hpf. Knockdowns of the IP receptor (IP-KD) with two different morpholinos caused edema by themselves and enhanced pre-cardiac edema caused by the low concentration of TCDD (0.5 ppb). On the other hand, short exposure beginning at 48 hpf to U46619 (7.5-30 μM), a thromboxane receptor agonist caused pre-cardiac edema, which was inhibited by exposure beginning at 48 hpf to both ICI-192,605 (24 μM), a TP antagonist, and beraprost. Expression of prostacyclin synthase was increased from fertilization, plateaued by 48 hpf, and was maintained until at least 96 hpf. Overall, the results demonstrate a preventive effect of prostacyclin on TCDD-induced pre-cardiac edema in developing zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nijoukubo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Tanaka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Yuki Okuno
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Guojun Yin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan; Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
| | - Takio Kitazawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | | | - Akira Kubota
- Diagnostic Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Hiroki Teraoka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan.
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16
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Yang Y, Zhang H, Usharani D, Bu W, Im S, Tarasev M, Rwere F, Pearl NM, Meagher J, Sun C, Stuckey J, Shaik S, Waskell L. Structural and functional characterization of a cytochrome P450 2B4 F429H mutant with an axial thiolate-histidine hydrogen bond. Biochemistry 2014; 53:5080-91. [PMID: 25029089 PMCID: PMC4131899 DOI: 10.1021/bi5003794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The structural basis of the regulation of microsomal cytochrome P450 (P450) activity was investigated by mutating the highly conserved heme binding motif residue, Phe429, on the proximal side of cytochrome P450 2B4 to a histidine. Spectroscopic, pre-steady-state and steady-state kinetic, thermodynamic, theoretical, and structural studies of the mutant demonstrate that formation of an H-bond between His429 and the unbonded electron pair of the Cys436 axial thiolate significantly alters the properties of the enzyme. The mutant lost >90% of its activity; its redox potential was increased by 87 mV, and the half-life of the oxyferrous mutant was increased ∼37-fold. Single-crystal electronic absorption and resonance Raman spectroscopy demonstrated that the mutant was reduced by a small dose of X-ray photons. The structure revealed that the δN atom of His429 forms an H-bond with the axial Cys436 thiolate whereas the εN atom forms an H-bond with the solvent and the side chain of Gln357. The amide of Gly438 forms the only other H-bond to the tetrahedral thiolate. Theoretical quantification of the histidine-thiolate interaction demonstrates a significant electron withdrawing effect on the heme iron. Comparisons of structures of class I-IV P450s demonstrate that either a phenylalanine or tryptophan is often found at the location corresponding to Phe429. Depending on the structure of the distal pocket heme, the residue at this location may or may not regulate the thermodynamic properties of the P450. Regardless, this residue appears to protect the thiolate from solvent, oxidation, protonations, and other deleterious reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Yang
- Department
of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan
and VA Medical Center, 2215 Fuller Road, Building 31, Room 225, Ann
Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Haoming Zhang
- Department
of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan
and VA Medical Center, 2215 Fuller Road, Building 31, Room 225, Ann
Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Dandamudi Usharani
- Institute
of Chemistry and Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum
Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Weishu Bu
- Department
of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan
and VA Medical Center, 2215 Fuller Road, Building 31, Room 225, Ann
Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Sangchoul Im
- Department
of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan
and VA Medical Center, 2215 Fuller Road, Building 31, Room 225, Ann
Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Michael Tarasev
- Department
of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan
and VA Medical Center, 2215 Fuller Road, Building 31, Room 225, Ann
Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Freeborn Rwere
- Department
of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan
and VA Medical Center, 2215 Fuller Road, Building 31, Room 225, Ann
Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Naw May Pearl
- Department
of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan
and VA Medical Center, 2215 Fuller Road, Building 31, Room 225, Ann
Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Jennifer Meagher
- Life
Science Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Cuthbert Sun
- Department
of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan
and VA Medical Center, 2215 Fuller Road, Building 31, Room 225, Ann
Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Jeanne Stuckey
- Life
Science Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute
of Chemistry and Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum
Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lucy Waskell
- Department
of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan
and VA Medical Center, 2215 Fuller Road, Building 31, Room 225, Ann
Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
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17
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Chen W, Lee MK, Jefcoate C, Kim SC, Chen F, Yu JH. Fungal cytochrome p450 monooxygenases: their distribution, structure, functions, family expansion, and evolutionary origin. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:1620-34. [PMID: 24966179 PMCID: PMC4122930 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenase superfamily contributes a broad array of biological functions in living organisms. In fungi, CYPs play diverse and pivotal roles in versatile metabolism and fungal adaptation to specific ecological niches. In this report, CYPomes in the 47 genomes of fungi belong to the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Zygomycota have been studied. The comparison of fungal CYPomes suggests that generally fungi possess abundant CYPs belonging to a variety of families with the two global families CYP51 and CYP61, indicating individuation of CYPomes during the evolution of fungi. Fungal CYPs show highly conserved characteristic motifs, but very low overall sequence similarities. The characteristic motifs of fungal CYPs are distinguishable from those of CYPs in animals, plants, and especially archaea and bacteria. The four representative motifs contribute to the general function of CYPs. Fungal CYP51s and CYP61s can be used as the models for the substrate recognition sites analysis. The CYP proteins are clustered into 15 clades and the phylogenetic analyses suggest that the wide variety of fungal CYPs has mainly arisen from gene duplication. Two large duplication events might have been associated with the booming of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. In addition, horizontal gene transfer also contributes to the diversification of fungal CYPs. Finally, a possible evolutionary scenario for fungal CYPs along with fungal divergences is proposed. Our results provide the fundamental information for a better understanding of CYP distribution, structure and function, and new insights into the evolutionary events of fungal CYPs along with the evolution of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanping Chen
- Department of Food Microbiology, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, ChinaDepartment of Bacteriology and Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Mi-Kyung Lee
- Department of Bacteriology and Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Colin Jefcoate
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Sun-Chang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Dae-Jon, Republic of Korea
| | - Fusheng Chen
- Department of Food Microbiology, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jae-Hyuk Yu
- Department of Bacteriology and Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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18
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Tempel W, Grabovec I, MacKenzie F, Dichenko YV, Usanov SA, Gilep AA, Park HW, Strushkevich N. Structural characterization of human cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1925-32. [PMID: 24927729 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m050765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic conversion to bile acids is a major elimination route for cholesterol in mammals. CYP7A1 catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in classic bile acid biosynthesis, converting cholesterol to 7α-hydroxycholesterol. To identify the structural determinants that govern the stereospecific hydroxylation of cholesterol, we solved the crystal structure of CYP7A1 in the ligand-free state. The structure-based mutation T104L in the B' helix, corresponding to the nonpolar residue of CYP7B1, was used to obtain crystals of complexes with cholest-4-en-3-one and with cholesterol oxidation product 7-ketocholesterol (7KCh). The structures reveal a motif of residues that promote cholest-4-en-3-one binding parallel to the heme, thus positioning the C7 atom for hydroxylation. Additional regions of the binding cavity (most distant from the access channel) are involved to accommodate the elongated conformation of the aliphatic side chain. Structural complex with 7KCh shows an active site rigidity and provides an explanation for its inhibitory effect. Based on our previously published data, we proposed a model of cholesterol abstraction from the membrane by CYP7A1 for metabolism. CYP7A1 structural data provide a molecular basis for understanding of the diversity of 7α-hydroxylases, on the one hand, and cholesterol-metabolizing enzymes adapted for their specific activity, on the other hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Tempel
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Irina Grabovec
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry NAS of Belarus, Minsk, 220141 Belarus
| | - Farrell MacKenzie
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | | | - Sergey A Usanov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry NAS of Belarus, Minsk, 220141 Belarus
| | - Andrei A Gilep
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry NAS of Belarus, Minsk, 220141 Belarus
| | - Hee-Won Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
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19
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Shen JY, Chao WC, Liu C, Pan HA, Yang HC, Chen CL, Lan YK, Lin LJ, Wang JS, Lu JF, Chun-Wei Chou S, Tang KC, Chou PT. Probing water micro-solvation in proteins by water catalysed proton-transfer tautomerism. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2611. [PMID: 24177573 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientists have made tremendous efforts to gain understanding of the water molecules in proteins via indirect measurements such as molecular dynamic simulation and/or probing the polarity of the local environment. Here we present a tryptophan analogue that exhibits remarkable water catalysed proton-transfer properties. The resulting multiple emissions provide unique fingerprints that can be exploited for direct sensing of a site-specific water environment in a protein without disrupting its native structure. Replacing tryptophan with the newly developed tryptophan analogue we sense different water environments surrounding the five tryptophans in human thromboxane A₂ synthase. This development may lead to future research to probe how water molecules affect the folding, structures and activities of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Yi Shen
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan [2]
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900
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21
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Abstract
X-ray crystal structures are available for 29 eukaryotic microsomal, chloroplast, or mitochondrial cytochrome P450s, including two non-monooxygenase P450s. These structures provide a basis for understanding structure-function relations that underlie their distinct catalytic activities. Moreover, structural plasticity has been characterized for individual P450s that aids in understanding substrate binding in P450s that mediate drug clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric F Johnson
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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22
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Yu X, Cojocaru V, Wade RC. Conformational diversity and ligand tunnels of mammalian cytochrome P450s. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2013; 60:134-45. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Yu
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group; Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies; Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Vlad Cojocaru
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine; Münster; Germany
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23
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Cárdenas-Rodríguez N, Lara-Padilla E, Bandala C, López-Cruz J, Uscanga-Carmona C, Lucio-Monter PF, Floriano-Sánchez E. CYP2W1, CYP4F11 and CYP8A1 polymorphisms and interaction of CYP2W1 genotypes with risk factors in Mexican women with breast cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:837-46. [PMID: 22631658 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.3.837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BCa) is the leading type of cancer in Mexican women. Genetic factors, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of P450 system, have been reported in BCa. In this report, and for the first time in the literature, we analyzed the rs3735684 (7021 G>A), rs11553651 (15016 G>T) and rs56195291 (60020 C>G) polymorphisms in the CYP2W1, 4F11 and 8A1 genes in patients with BCa and in healthy Mexican women to identify a potential association between these polymorphisms and BCa risk. Patients and controls were used for polymorphism analysis using an allelic discrimination assay with TaqMan probes and confirmed by DNA sequencing. Links with clinic-pathological characteristics were also analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using the standard χ2 or Fisher exact test statistic. No significant differences were observed in the distributions of CYP2W1 (OR 8.6, 95%CI 0.43-172.5 P>0.05; OR 2.0, 95%CI 0.76-5.4, P>0.05) and CYP4F11 (OR 0.3, 95%CI 0.01-8.4 P>0.05) genotypes between the patients and controls. Only the CYP8A1 CC genotype was detected in patients with BCa and the controls. All polymorphism frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) in the controls (P>0.05). We found a significant association between BCa risk and smoking, use of oral contraceptives or hormonal replacement therapy (HRT), obesity, hyperglycemia, chronic diseases, family history of cancer and menopausal status in the population studied (P<0.05). Tobacco, oral contraceptive or HRT, chronic diseases and obesity or overweight were strongly associated with almost eight, thirty-five, nine and five-fold increased risk for BCa. Tobaco, obesity and hyperglycemia significantly increased the risk of BCa in the patients carrying variant genotypes of CYP2W1 (P<0.05). These results indicate that the CYP2W1 rs3735684, CYP4F11 rs11553651 and CYP8A1 rs56195291 SNPs are not a key risk factor for BCa in Mexican women. This study did not detect an association between the CYP2W1, 4F11 and 8A1 genes polymorphisms and BCa risk in a Mexican population. However, some clinico-pathological risk factors interact with CYP2W1 genotypes and modifies susceptibility to BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Cárdenas-Rodríguez
- Section of Research and Graduate Studies, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico.
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry,
Hutchison Hall, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627,
United States
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25
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Chao WC, Lu JF, Wang JS, Yang HC, Chen HH, Lan YK, Yu YC, Chou PT, Wang LH. Probing the Interaction between Prostacyclin Synthase and Prostaglandin H2 Analogues or Inhibitors via a Combination of Resonance Raman Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Approaches. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:18870-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja206918w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ya-Chien Yu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Lee-Ho Wang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States
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26
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Goldstone JV, McArthur AG, Kubota A, Zanette J, Parente T, Jönsson ME, Nelson DR, Stegeman JJ. Identification and developmental expression of the full complement of Cytochrome P450 genes in Zebrafish. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:643. [PMID: 21087487 PMCID: PMC3012610 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing use of zebrafish in drug discovery and mechanistic toxicology demands knowledge of cytochrome P450 (CYP) gene regulation and function. CYP enzymes catalyze oxidative transformation leading to activation or inactivation of many endogenous and exogenous chemicals, with consequences for normal physiology and disease processes. Many CYPs potentially have roles in developmental specification, and many chemicals that cause developmental abnormalities are substrates for CYPs. Here we identify and annotate the full suite of CYP genes in zebrafish, compare these to the human CYP gene complement, and determine the expression of CYP genes during normal development. Results Zebrafish have a total of 94 CYP genes, distributed among 18 gene families found also in mammals. There are 32 genes in CYP families 5 to 51, most of which are direct orthologs of human CYPs that are involved in endogenous functions including synthesis or inactivation of regulatory molecules. The high degree of sequence similarity suggests conservation of enzyme activities for these CYPs, confirmed in reports for some steroidogenic enzymes (e.g. CYP19, aromatase; CYP11A, P450scc; CYP17, steroid 17a-hydroxylase), and the CYP26 retinoic acid hydroxylases. Complexity is much greater in gene families 1, 2, and 3, which include CYPs prominent in metabolism of drugs and pollutants, as well as of endogenous substrates. There are orthologous relationships for some CYP1 s and some CYP3 s between zebrafish and human. In contrast, zebrafish have 47 CYP2 genes, compared to 16 in human, with only two (CYP2R1 and CYP2U1) recognized as orthologous based on sequence. Analysis of shared synteny identified CYP2 gene clusters evolutionarily related to mammalian CYP2 s, as well as unique clusters. Conclusions Transcript profiling by microarray and quantitative PCR revealed that the majority of zebrafish CYP genes are expressed in embryos, with waves of expression of different sets of genes over the course of development. Transcripts of some CYP occur also in oocytes. The results provide a foundation for the use of zebrafish as a model in toxicological, pharmacological and chemical disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared V Goldstone
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
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27
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Pochapsky TC, Kazanis S, Dang M. Conformational plasticity and structure/function relationships in cytochromes P450. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:1273-96. [PMID: 20446763 PMCID: PMC2959183 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450s are a superfamily of enzymes that are found in all kingdoms of living organisms, and typically catalyze the oxidative addition of atomic oxygen to an unactivated C-C or C-H bond. Over 8000 nonredundant sequences of putative and confirmed P450 enzymes have been identified, but three-dimensional structures have been determined for only a small fraction of these. While all P450 enzymes for which structures have been determined share a common global fold, the flexibility and modularity of structure around the active site account for the ability of P450 enzymes to accommodate a vast number of structurally dissimilar substrates and support a wide range of selective oxidations. In this review, known P450 structures are compared, and some structural criteria for prediction of substrate selectivity and reaction type are suggested. The importance of dynamic processes such as redox-dependent and effector-induced conformational changes in determining catalytic competence and regio- and stereoselectivity is discussed, and noncrystallographic methods for characterizing P450 structures and dynamics, in particular, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Pochapsky
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, USA.
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Pan R, Zhang XJ, Zhang ZJ, Zhou Y, Tian WX, He RQ. Substrate-induced changes in protease active site conformation impact on subsequent reactions with substrates. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:22950-6. [PMID: 20484054 PMCID: PMC2906288 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.103549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic catalysis of biochemical reactions is essential to all living systems. The "lock and key" and "induced fit" models were early contributions to our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the reaction between an enzyme and its substrate. However, whether a given substrate-induced conformation is rigid or remains flexible has not yet been determined. By measuring the enzyme activity and intrinsic fluorescence of a nonspecific Eisenia fetida protease-I with different chromogenic substrates, we show that in subsequent reactions of protease with substrates, both the "lock and key" and "induced fit" mechanisms are used depending on the degree of conformational change required. Chromozym-Th- or chromosym-Ch-induced protease conformations were unable to bind chromozym-U. The chromosym-U-induced protease conformation remained flexible and could be further induced by chromozym-Th and chromozym-Ch. When low concentrations of guanidine HCl were used to disturb the conformation of the enzyme, only small changes in intrinsic fluorescence of the chromozym-Th-induced protease were detected, in contrast to the native enzyme whose intrinsic fluorescence markedly increased. This indicates that the substrate-induced enzyme was relatively rigid compared with the native protease. Utilizing a lock and key mechanism for secondary substrate reactions may have adaptive value in that it facilitates high efficiency in enzymatic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Pan
- From the
State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Da Tun Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xue-Jing Zhang
- From the
State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Da Tun Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100101, China
- the
Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 4A Da Tun Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100101, China, and
| | - Zi-Jian Zhang
- From the
State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Da Tun Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100101, China
- the
Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yu Quan Road, Shi Jing Shan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- From the
State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Da Tun Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100101, China
- the
Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yu Quan Road, Shi Jing Shan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei-Xi Tian
- the
Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yu Quan Road, Shi Jing Shan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rong-Qiao He
- From the
State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Da Tun Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100101, China
- the
Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yu Quan Road, Shi Jing Shan District, Beijing 100049, China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) is a common precursor for the synthesis of five different Prostanoids via specific Prostanoid Synthases. The binding of this substrate with these Synthases is not properly understood. Moreover, currently no crystal structure of complexes bound with PGH2 has been reported. Hence, understanding the interactions of PGH2 and characterizing its binding sites in these synthases is crucial for developing novel therapeutics based on these proteins as targets. RESULTS Shape and physico-chemical properties of the PGH2 binding sites of the four prostanoid synthases were analyzed and compared in order to understand the molecular basis of the specificity. This study provides models with predicted pockets for the binding of PGH2 with PGD, PGE, PGF and PGI Synthases. The results closely match with available experimental data. The comparison showed seven physico-chemical features that are common to the four PGH2 binding sites. However this common pattern is not statistically unique and is not specific enough to distinguish between proteins that can or cannot bind PGH2. A large scale search in ASTRAL data bank, a non redundant Protein Data Bank, for a similar pattern showed the uniqueness of each of the PGH2 binding site in these Synthases. CONCLUSION The binding pockets in PGDS, PGES, PGFS and PGIS are unique and do not share significant commonality which can be characterized as a PGH2 binding site. Local comparison of these protein structures highlights a case of convergent evolution in analogous functional sites.
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Wang B, Yang LP, Zhang XZ, Huang SQ, Bartlam M, Zhou SF. New insights into the structural characteristics and functional relevance of the human cytochrome P450 2D6 enzyme. Drug Metab Rev 2010; 41:573-643. [PMID: 19645588 DOI: 10.1080/03602530903118729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To date, the crystal structures of at least 12 human CYPs (1A2, 2A6, 2A13, 2C8, 2C9, 2D6, 2E1, 2R1, 3A4, 7A1, 8A1, and 46A1) have been determined. CYP2D6 accounts for only a small percentage of all hepatic CYPs (< 2%), but it metabolizes approximately 25% of clinically used drugs with significant polymorphisms. CYP2D6 also metabolizes procarcinogens and neurotoxins, such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, and indolealkylamines. Moreover, the enzyme utilizes hydroxytryptamines and neurosteroids as endogenous substrates. Typical CYP2D6 substrates are usually lipophilic bases with an aromatic ring and a nitrogen atom, which can be protonated at physiological pH. Substrate binding is generally followed by oxidation (5-7 A) from the proposed nitrogen-Asp301 interaction. A number of homology models have been constructed to explore the structural features of CYP2D6, while antibody studies also provide useful structural information. Site-directed mutagenesis studies have demonstrated that Glu216, Asp301, Phe120, Phe481, and Phe483 play important roles in determining the binding of ligands to CYP2D6. The structure of human CYP2D6 has been recently determined and shows the characteristic CYP fold observed for other members of the CYP superfamily. The lengths and orientations of the individual secondary structural elements in the CYP2D6 structure are similar to those seen in other human CYP2 members, such as CYP2C9 and 2C8. The 2D6 structure has a well-defined active-site cavity located above the heme group with a volume of approximately 540 A(3), which is larger than equivalent cavities in CYP2A6 (260 A(3)), 1A2 (375 A(3)), and 2E1 (190 A(3)), but smaller than those in CYP3A4 (1385 A(3)) and 2C8 (1438 A(3)). Further studies are required to delineate the molecular mechanisms involved in CYP2D6 ligand interactions and their implications for drug development and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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31
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On the mechanism of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase type-2--a theoretical study of endoperoxide reaction with MeS(-). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 20:338-40. [PMID: 19914067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.10.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The reaction pathways of deprotonation versus nucleophilic substitution involving mPGES-2 enzyme catalysis were investigated by ab initio molecular orbital theory calculations for the reaction of methylthiolate with the endoperoxide core of PGH(2) and by the combined quantum mechanical molecular mechanical methods. The calculations showed that deprotonation mechanism is energetically more favorable than the nucleophilic substitution pathway.
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32
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Yanai T, Mori S. Density Functional Studies on Isomerization of Prostaglandin H2to Prostacyclin Catalyzed by Cytochrome P450. Chemistry 2009; 15:4464-73. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Yanai TK, Mori S. Density functional studies on thromboxane biosynthesis: mechanism and role of the heme-thiolate system. Chem Asian J 2009; 3:1900-11. [PMID: 18844316 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200800253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Reaction mechanisms for the isomerization of prostaglandin H(2) to thromboxane A(2), and degradation to 12-L-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid (HHT) and malondialdehyde (MDA), catalyzed by thromboxane synthase, were investigated using the unrestricted Becke-three-parameter plus Lee-Yang-Parr (UB3LYP) density functional level theory. In addition to the reaction pathway through Fe(IV)-porphyrin intermediates, a new reaction pathway through Fe(III)-porphyrin pi-cation radical intermediates was found. Both reactions proceed with the homolytic cleavage of endoperoxide O-O to give an alkoxy radical. This intermediate converts into an allyl radical intermediate by a C-C homolytic cleavage, followed by the formation of thromboxane A(2) having a 6-membered ring through a one electron transfer, or the degradation into HHT and MDA. The proposed mechanism shows that an iron(III)-containing system having electron acceptor ability is essential for the 6-membered ring formation leading to thromboxane A(2). Our results suggest that the step of the endoperoxide O-O homolytic bond cleavage has the highest activation energy following the binding of prostaglandin H(2) to thromboxane synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya K Yanai
- Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, Bunkyo, Mito 310-8512, Japan
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Modes of heme binding and substrate access for cytochrome P450 CYP74A revealed by crystal structures of allene oxide synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:13883-8. [PMID: 18787124 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0804099105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s exist ubiquitously in all organisms and are involved in many biological processes. Allene oxide synthase (AOS) is a P450 enzyme that plays a key role in the biosynthesis of oxylipin jasmonates, which are involved in signal and defense reactions in higher plants. The crystal structures of guayule (Parthenium argentatum) AOS (CYP74A2) and its complex with the substrate analog 13(S)-hydroxyoctadeca-9Z,11E-dienoic acid have been determined. The structures exhibit a classic P450 fold but possess a heme-binding mode with an unusually long heme binding loop and a unique I-helix. The structures also reveal two channels through which substrate and product may access and leave the active site. The entrances are defined by a loop between beta3-2 and beta3-3. Asn-276 in the substrate binding site may interact with the substrate's hydroperoxy group and play an important role in catalysis, and Lys-282 at the entrance may control substrate access and binding. These studies provide both structural insights into AOS and related P450s and a structural basis to understand the distinct reaction mechanism.
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35
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Chang Z, Li L, Pan Z, Wang X. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of allene oxide synthase, cytochrome P450 CYP74A2, from Parthenium argentatum. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2008; 64:668-70. [PMID: 18607105 PMCID: PMC2443977 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309108017545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxylipins are oxygenated derivatives of fatty acids and pivotal signaling molecules in plants and animals. Allene oxide synthase (AOS) is a key cytochrome P450 CYP74 enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of plant oxylipin jasmonates to convert 13(S)-hydroperoxide to allene oxide. Guayule (Parthenium argentatum) AOS, CYP74A2, was expressed in Escherichia coli. Protein was purified using affinity chromatography and size exclusion chromatography, and then crystallized. Two different crystal forms were obtained from 0.2 M (NH(4))H(2)PO(4), 50% MPD, 0.1 M Tris, pH 8.5 at 277 K using the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method. Preliminary X-ray analysis was carried out, and the crystals were found to belong to the tetragonal space group I422 with cell parameters a = b = 126.5, c = 163.9 A, and the monoclinic space group C2 with cell parameters a = 336.5, b = 184.2, c = 159.0 A, beta = 118.6 degrees . Diffraction data were collected to 2.4 A resolution from a tetragonal form of crystal using a home X-ray source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhan Chang
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Lenong Li
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Pan
- USDA, ARS, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, PO Box 8048, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
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