1
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Zhao H. Recent advances in enzymatic carbon-carbon bond formation. RSC Adv 2024; 14:25932-25974. [PMID: 39161440 PMCID: PMC11331486 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03885a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic carbon-carbon (C-C) bond formation reactions have become an effective and invaluable tool for designing new biological and medicinal molecules, often with asymmetric features. This review provides a systematic overview of key C-C bond formation reactions and enzymes, with the focus of reaction mechanisms and recent advances. These reactions include the aldol reaction, Henry reaction, Knoevenagel condensation, Michael addition, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation, Mannich reaction, Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) reaction, Diels-Alder reaction, acyloin condensations via Thiamine Diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent enzymes, oxidative and reductive C-C bond formation, C-C bond formation through C1 resource utilization, radical enzymes for C-C bond formation, and other C-C bond formation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhao
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota St. Paul MN 55108 USA
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2
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Ji H, Li Y, Sun H, Chen R, Zhou R, Yang Y, Wang R, You C, Xiao A, Yi L. Decoding the Cell Atlas and Inflammatory Features of Human Intracranial Aneurysm Wall by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e032456. [PMID: 38390814 PMCID: PMC10944067 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.032456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracranial aneurysm (IA) is common and occasionally results in life-threatening hemorrhagic strokes. However, the cell architecture and inflammation in the IA dome remain less understood. METHODS AND RESULTS Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on ruptured and unruptured human IA domes for delineating the cell atlas, gene expression perturbations, and inflammation features. Two external bulk mRNA sequencing-based data sets and serological results of 126 patients were collected for validation. As a result, a total of 21 332 qualified cells were captured. Vascular cells, including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and pericytes, were assigned in extremely sparse numbers (4.84%), and were confirmed by immunofluorescence staining. Pericytes, characterized by ABCC9 and HIGD1B, were identified in the IA dome for the first time. Abundant immune cells were identified, with the proportion of monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils being remarkably higher in ruptured IA. The lymphocyte compartment was also thoroughly categorized. By leveraging external data sets and machine learning algorithms, macrophages were robustly associated with IA rupture, irrespective of their polarization status. The single nucleotide polymorphism rs2280543, which is identified in East Asian populations, was associated with macrophage metabolic reprogramming through regulating TALDO1 expression. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into the cellular architecture and inflammatory features in the IA dome and may enlighten novel therapeutics for unruptured IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Haogeng Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Ruiqi Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Ran Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yongbo Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chao You
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Anqi Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Liu Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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3
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Wang Y, Ferrinho S, Connaris H, Goss RJM. The Impact of Viral Infection on the Chemistries of the Earth's Most Abundant Photosynthesizes: Metabolically Talented Aquatic Cyanobacteria. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1218. [PMID: 37627283 PMCID: PMC10452541 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are the most abundant photosynthesizers on earth, and as such, they play a central role in marine metabolite generation, ocean nutrient cycling, and the control of planetary oxygen generation. Cyanobacteriophage infection exerts control on all of these critical processes of the planet, with the phage-ported homologs of genes linked to photosynthesis, catabolism, and secondary metabolism (marine metabolite generation). Here, we analyze the 153 fully sequenced cyanophages from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database and the 45 auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) that they deliver into their hosts. Most of these AMGs are homologs of those found within cyanobacteria and play a key role in cyanobacterial metabolism-encoding proteins involved in photosynthesis, central carbon metabolism, phosphate metabolism, methylation, and cellular regulation. A greater understanding of cyanobacteriophage infection will pave the way to a better understanding of carbon fixation and nutrient cycling, as well as provide new tools for synthetic biology and alternative approaches for the use of cyanobacteria in biotechnology and sustainable manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Wang
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, UK; (S.F.); (H.C.)
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SX, UK
| | - Scarlet Ferrinho
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, UK; (S.F.); (H.C.)
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SX, UK
| | - Helen Connaris
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, UK; (S.F.); (H.C.)
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SX, UK
| | - Rebecca J. M. Goss
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, UK; (S.F.); (H.C.)
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SX, UK
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4
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Guo Q, Liu MM, Zheng SH, Zheng LJ, Ma Q, Cheng YK, Zhao SY, Fan LH, Zheng HD. Methanol-Dependent Carbon Fixation for Irreversible Synthesis of d-Allulose from d-Xylose by Engineered Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:14255-14263. [PMID: 36286250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
d-Allulose is a rare hexose with great application potential, owing to its moderate sweetness, low energy, and unique physiological functions. The current strategies for d-allulose production, whether industrialized or under development, utilize six-carbon sugars such as d-glucose or d-fructose as a substrate and are usually based on the principle of reversible Izumoring epimerization. In this work, we designed a novel route that coupled the pathways of methanol reduction, pentose phosphate (PP), ribulose monophosphate (RuMP), and allulose monophosphate (AuMP) for Escherichia coli to irreversibly synthesize d-allulose from d-xylose and methanol. After improving the expression of AlsE by SUMO fusion and regulating the carbon fluxes by knockout of FrmRAB, RpiA, PfkA, and PfkB, the titer of d-allulose in fed-batch fermentation reached ≈70.7 mM, with a yield of ≈0.471 mM/mM on d-xylose or ≈0.512 mM/mM on methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Guo
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Ming Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang-He Zheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Jie Zheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Ma
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Kai Cheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Su-Ying Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Hai Fan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Dong Zheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, People's Republic of China
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5
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Kim YE, Cho KH, Bang I, Kim CH, Ryu YS, Kim Y, Choi EM, Nong LK, Kim D, Lee SK. Characterization of an Entner-Doudoroff pathway-activated Escherichia coli. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:120. [PMID: 36352474 PMCID: PMC9648032 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia coli have both the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway (EMPP) and Entner-Doudoroff pathway (EDP) for glucose breakdown, while the EDP primarily remains inactive for glucose metabolism. However, EDP is a more favorable route than EMPP for the production of certain products. RESULTS EDP was activated by deleting the pfkAB genes in conjunction with subsequent adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE). The evolved strains acquired mutations in transcriptional regulatory genes for glycolytic process (crp, galR, and gntR) and in glycolysis-related genes (gnd, ptsG, and talB). The genotypic, transcriptomic and phenotypic analyses of those mutations deepen our understanding of their beneficial effects on cellulosic biomass bio-conversion. On top of these scientific understandings, we further engineered the strain to produce higher level of lycopene and 3-hydroxypropionic acid. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the E. coli strain has innate capability to use EDP in lieu of EMPP for glucose metabolism, and this versatility can be harnessed to further engineer E. coli for specific biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Eun Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hyun Cho
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ina Bang
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Shin Ryu
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuchan Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mi Choi
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Linh Khanh Nong
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyuk Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Kuk Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Li Y, Huang H, Zhang X. Identification of catabolic pathway for 1-deoxy-D-sorbitol in Bacillus licheniformis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 586:81-86. [PMID: 34837836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
1-Deoxy-D-sorbitol, the 1-deoxy analogue of D-sorbitol, has been detected in human urine as well as in natural herbs and spices. Although there are sporadic reports about 1-deoxy-D-sorbitol dehydrogenase, the complete catabolic pathway of 1-deoxy-D-sorbitol remains unsolved. Informed by the promiscuous activities of fructose-6-phosphate aldolase (FSA) which is involved in the sorbitol (glucitol) utilization (gut) operon and guided by the large scale bioinformatics analysis, we predicted and then experimentally verified the gut operon encoded by Bacillus licheniformis ATCC14580 is responsible for the catabolism of both D-sorbitol and 1-deoxy-D-sorbitol by in vitro activity assays of pathway enzymes, in vivo growth phenotypes, and transcriptomic studies. Moreover, the phylogenetic distribution analysis suggests that the D-sorbitol and 1-deoxy-D-sorbitol catabolic gene cluster is mostly conserved in members of Firmicutes phylum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Ecological Science, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Hua Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Ecological Science, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Xinshuai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Ecological Science, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
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7
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Cai T, Sun H, Qiao J, Zhu L, Zhang F, Zhang J, Tang Z, Wei X, Yang J, Yuan Q, Wang W, Yang X, Chu H, Wang Q, You C, Ma H, Sun Y, Li Y, Li C, Jiang H, Wang Q, Ma Y. Cell-free chemoenzymatic starch synthesis from carbon dioxide. Science 2021; 373:1523-1527. [PMID: 34554807 DOI: 10.1126/science.abh4049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Cai
- Department of Strategic and Integrative Research, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China.,National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Hongbing Sun
- Department of Strategic and Integrative Research, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China.,National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Jing Qiao
- Department of Strategic and Integrative Research, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China.,National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Leilei Zhu
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Strategic and Integrative Research, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China.,National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Zijing Tang
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xinlei Wei
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Jiangang Yang
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Qianqian Yuan
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Wangyin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xue Yang
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Huanyu Chu
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Qian Wang
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Chun You
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Hongwu Ma
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yuanxia Sun
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Strategic and Integrative Research, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China.,National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Can Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Huifeng Jiang
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Qinhong Wang
- Department of Strategic and Integrative Research, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China.,National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yanhe Ma
- Department of Strategic and Integrative Research, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China.,National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
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8
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Lee SH, Yeom SJ, Kim SE, Oh DK. Development of aldolase-based catalysts for the synthesis of organic chemicals. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:306-319. [PMID: 34462144 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aldol chemicals are synthesized by condensation reactions between the carbon units of ketones and aldehydes using aldolases. The efficient synthesis of diverse organic chemicals requires intrinsic modification of aldolases via engineering and design, as well as extrinsic modification through immobilization or combination with other catalysts. This review describes the development of aldolases, including their engineering and design, and the selection of desired aldolases using high-throughput screening, to enhance their catalytic properties and perform novel reactions. Aldolase-containing catalysts, which catalyze the aldol reaction combined with other enzymatic and/or chemical reactions, can efficiently synthesize diverse complex organic chemicals using inexpensive and simple materials as substrates. We also discuss the current challenges and emerging solutions for aldolase-based catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Hwa Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Yeom
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Eun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Pfeifenschneider J, Markert B, Stolzenberger J, Brautaset T, Wendisch VF. Transaldolase in Bacillus methanolicus: biochemical characterization and biological role in ribulose monophosphate cycle. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:63. [PMID: 32204692 PMCID: PMC7092467 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01750-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Gram-positive facultative methylotrophic bacterium Bacillus methanolicus uses the sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (SBPase) variant of the ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) cycle for growth on the C1 carbon source methanol. Previous genome sequencing of the physiologically different B. methanolicus wild-type strains MGA3 and PB1 has unraveled all putative RuMP cycle genes and later, several of the RuMP cycle enzymes of MGA3 have been biochemically characterized. In this study, the focus was on the characterization of the transaldolase (Ta) and its possible role in the RuMP cycle in B. methanolicus. RESULTS The Ta genes of B. methanolicus MGA3 and PB1 were recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli, and the gene products were purified and characterized. The PB1 Ta protein was found to be active as a homodimer with a molecular weight of 54 kDa and displayed KM of 0.74 mM and Vmax of 16.3 U/mg using Fructose-6 phosphate as the substrate. In contrast, the MGA3 Ta gene, which encodes a truncated Ta protein lacking 80 amino acids at the N-terminus, showed no Ta activity. Seven different mutant genes expressing various full-length MGA3 Ta proteins were constructed and all gene products displayed Ta activities. Moreover, MGA3 cells displayed Ta activities similar as PB1 cells in crude extracts. CONCLUSIONS While it is well established that B. methanolicus can use the SBPase variant of the RuMP cycle this study indicates that B. methanolicus possesses Ta activity and may also operate the Ta variant of the RuMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Pfeifenschneider
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Benno Markert
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jessica Stolzenberger
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Trygve Brautaset
- Department of Biotechnology, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Volker F Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
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10
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Reja A, Afrose SP, Das D. Aldolase Cascade Facilitated by Self‐Assembled Nanotubes from Short Peptide Amphiphiles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antara Reja
- Department of Chemical Sciences & Centre for Advanced Functional MaterialsIndian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246 India
| | - Syed Pavel Afrose
- Department of Chemical Sciences & Centre for Advanced Functional MaterialsIndian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246 India
| | - Dibyendu Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences & Centre for Advanced Functional MaterialsIndian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246 India
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11
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Reja A, Afrose SP, Das D. Aldolase Cascade Facilitated by Self-Assembled Nanotubes from Short Peptide Amphiphiles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:4329-4334. [PMID: 31920004 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Early evolution benefited from a complex network of reactions involving multiple C-C bond forming and breaking events that were critical for primitive metabolism. Nature gradually chose highly evolved and complex enzymes such as lyases to efficiently facilitate C-C bond formation and cleavage with remarkable substrate selectivity. Reported here is a lipidated short peptide which accesses a homogenous nanotubular morphology to efficiently catalyze C-C bond cleavage and formation. This system shows morphology-dependent catalytic rates, suggesting the formation of a binding pocket and registered enhancements in the presence of the hydrogen-bond donor tyrosine, which is exploited by extant aldolases. These assemblies showed excellent substrate selectivity and templated the formation of a specific adduct from a pool of possible adducts. The ability to catalyze metabolically relevant cascade transformations suggests the importance of such systems in early evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antara Reja
- Department of Chemical Sciences & Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Syed Pavel Afrose
- Department of Chemical Sciences & Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Dibyendu Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences & Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
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12
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Yang X, Yuan Q, Luo H, Li F, Mao Y, Zhao X, Du J, Li P, Ju X, Zheng Y, Chen Y, Liu Y, Jiang H, Yao Y, Ma H, Ma Y. Systematic design and in vitro validation of novel one-carbon assimilation pathways. Metab Eng 2019; 56:142-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Xu B, Wei X, Chen M, Xie K, Zhang Y, Huang Z, Dong T, Hu W, Zhou K, Han X, Wu X, Xia Y. Glycylglycine plays critical roles in the proliferation of spermatogonial stem cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:3802-3810. [PMID: 31485625 PMCID: PMC6755143 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line‑derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is critical for the proliferation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, an unbiased metabolomic analysis was performed to examine the metabolic modifications in SSCs following GDNF deprivation, and 11 metabolites were observed to decrease while three increased. Of the 11 decreased metabolites identified, glycylglycine was observed to significantly rescue the proliferation of the impaired SSCs, while no such effect was observed by adding sorbitol. However, the expression of self‑renewal genes, including B‑cell CLL/lymphoma 6 member B, ETS variant 5, GDNF family receptor α1 and early growth response protein 4 remained unaltered following glycylglycine treatment. This finding suggests that although glycylglycine serves an important role in the proliferation of SSCs, it is not required for the self‑renewal of SSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Minjian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Kaipeng Xie
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, P.R. China
- Department of Women Health Care, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, P.R. China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Tianyu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Weiyue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Kun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Xiumei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Yankai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
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14
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Ma H, Engel S, Enugala TR, Al-Smadi D, Gautier C, Widersten M. New Stereoselective Biocatalysts for Carboligation and Retro-Aldol Cleavage Reactions Derived from d-Fructose 6-Phosphate Aldolase. Biochemistry 2018; 57:5877-5885. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Ma
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sarah Engel
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thilak Reddy Enugala
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Derar Al-Smadi
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Candice Gautier
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Widersten
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Hernández K, Szekrenyi A, Clapés P. Nucleophile Promiscuity of Natural and Engineered Aldolases. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1353-1358. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Hernández
- Department of Chemical Biology and Molecular Modelling; Catalonia Institute for Advanced Chemistry IQAC-CSIC; Jordi Girona 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Anna Szekrenyi
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Pere Clapés
- Department of Chemical Biology and Molecular Modelling; Catalonia Institute for Advanced Chemistry IQAC-CSIC; Jordi Girona 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
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16
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Zeymer C, Zschoche R, Hilvert D. Optimization of Enzyme Mechanism along the Evolutionary Trajectory of a Computationally Designed (Retro-)Aldolase. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12541-12549. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen Zeymer
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Zschoche
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Donald Hilvert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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17
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Stellmacher L, Sandalova T, Schneider S, Schneider G, Sprenger GA, Samland AK. Novel mode of inhibition by D-tagatose 6-phosphate through a Heyns rearrangement in the active site of transaldolase B variants. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 72:467-76. [PMID: 27050126 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798316001170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Transaldolase B (TalB) and D-fructose-6-phosphate aldolase A (FSAA) from Escherichia coli are C-C bond-forming enzymes. Using kinetic inhibition studies and mass spectrometry, it is shown that enzyme variants of FSAA and TalB that exhibit D-fructose-6-phosphate aldolase activity are inhibited covalently and irreversibly by D-tagatose 6-phosphate (D-T6P), whereas no inhibition was observed for wild-type transaldolase B from E. coli. The crystal structure of the variant TalB(F178Y) with bound sugar phosphate was solved to a resolution of 1.46 Å and revealed a novel mode of covalent inhibition. The sugar is bound covalently via its C2 atom to the ℇ-NH2 group of the active-site residue Lys132. It is neither bound in the open-chain form nor as the closed-ring form of D-T6P, but has been converted to β-D-galactofuranose 6-phosphate (D-G6P), a five-membered ring structure. The furanose ring of the covalent adduct is formed via a Heyns rearrangement and subsequent hemiacetal formation. This reaction is facilitated by Tyr178, which is proposed to act as acid-base catalyst. The crystal structure of the inhibitor complex is compared with the structure of the Schiff-base intermediate of TalB(E96Q) formed with the substrate D-fructose 6-phosphate determined to a resolution of 2.20 Å. This comparison highlights the differences in stereochemistry at the C4 atom of the ligand as an essential determinant for the formation of the inhibitor adduct in the active site of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Stellmacher
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tatyana Sandalova
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 17 165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah Schneider
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gunter Schneider
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17 177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georg A Sprenger
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anne K Samland
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
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18
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Stellmacher L, Sandalova T, Leptihn S, Schneider G, Sprenger GA, Samland AK. Acid-Base Catalyst Discriminates between a Fructose 6-Phosphate Aldolase and a Transaldolase. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Stellmacher
- Institut für Mikrobiologie; Universität Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70550 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Tatyana Sandalova
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Solna; Karolinska Institutet; 17165 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Sebastian Leptihn
- Institut für Mikrobiologie; Universität Hohenheim; Garbenstrasse 30 70599 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Gunter Schneider
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet; 17177 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Georg A. Sprenger
- Institut für Mikrobiologie; Universität Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70550 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Anne K. Samland
- Institut für Mikrobiologie; Universität Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70550 Stuttgart Germany
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19
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Sautner V, Friedrich MM, Lehwess-Litzmann A, Tittmann K. Converting Transaldolase into Aldolase through Swapping of the Multifunctional Acid-Base Catalyst: Common and Divergent Catalytic Principles in F6P Aldolase and Transaldolase. Biochemistry 2015; 54:4475-86. [PMID: 26131847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transaldolase (TAL) and fructose-6-phosphate aldolase (FSA) both belong to the class I aldolase family and share a high degree of structural similarity and sequence identity. The molecular basis of the different reaction specificities (transferase vs aldolase) has remained enigmatic. A notable difference between the active sites is the presence of either a TAL-specific Glu (Gln in FSA) or a FSA-specific Tyr (Phe in TAL). Both residues seem to have analoguous multifunctional catalytic roles but are positioned at different faces of the substrate locale. We have engineered a TAL double variant (Glu to Gln and Phe to Tyr) with an active site resembling that of FSA. This variant indeed exhibits aldolase activity as its main activity with a catalytic efficiency even larger than that of authentic FSA, while TAL activity is greatly impaired. Structural analysis of this variant in complex with the dihydroxyacetone Schiff base formed upon substrate cleavage identifies the introduced Tyr (genuine in FSA) to catalyze protonation of the central carbanion-enamine intermediate as a key determinant of the aldolase reaction. Our studies pinpoint that the Glu in TAL and the Tyr in FSA, although located at different positions at the active site, similarly act as bona fide acid-base catalysts in numerous catalytic steps, including substrate binding, dehydration of the carbinolamine, and substrate cleavage. We propose that the different spatial positions of the multifunctional Glu in TAL and of the corresponding multifunctional Tyr in FSA relative to the substrate locale are critically controlling reaction specificity through either unfavorable (TAL) or favorable (FSA) geometry of proton transfer onto the common carbanion-enamine intermediate. The presence of both potential acid-base residues, Glu and Tyr, in the active site of TAL has deleterious effects on substrate binding and cleavage, most likely resulting from a differently organized H-bonding network. Large-scale motions of the protein associated with opening and closing of the active site that seem to bear relevance for catalysis are observed as covalent intermediates are exclusively observed in the "closed" conformation of the active site. Pre-steady-state kinetics are used to monitor catalytic processes and structural transitions and to refine the kinetic framework of TAL catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Sautner
- Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Department of Molecular Enzymology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mascha Miriam Friedrich
- Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Department of Molecular Enzymology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anja Lehwess-Litzmann
- Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Department of Molecular Enzymology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kai Tittmann
- Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Department of Molecular Enzymology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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20
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Guérard-Hélaine C, de Berardinis V, Besnard-Gonnet M, Darii E, Debacker M, Debard A, Fernandes C, Hélaine V, Mariage A, Pellouin V, Perret A, Petit JL, Sancelme M, Lemaire M, Salanoubat M. Genome Mining for Innovative Biocatalysts: New Dihydroxyacetone Aldolases for the Chemist’s Toolbox. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Wei M, Li Z, Li T, Wu B, Liu Y, Qu J, Li X, Li L, Cai L, Wang PG. Transforming Flask Reaction into Cell-Based Synthesis: Production of Polyhydroxylated Molecules via Engineered Escherichia coli. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohui Wei
- Center
for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Zijie Li
- The
Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry
of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Tiehai Li
- Center
for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Baolin Wu
- Center
for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Center
for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Jingyao Qu
- Center
for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Xu Li
- Center
for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Center
for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Li Cai
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Carolina Salkehatchie, Walterboro, South Carolina 29488, United States
| | - Peng George Wang
- Center
for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
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22
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Jones LH, Narayanan A, Hett EC. Understanding and applying tyrosine biochemical diversity. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:952-69. [PMID: 24623162 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00018h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights some of the recent advances made in our understanding of the diversity of tyrosine biochemistry and shows how this has inspired novel applications in numerous areas of molecular design and synthesis, including chemical biology and bioconjugation. The pathophysiological implications of tyrosine biochemistry will be presented from a molecular perspective and the opportunities for therapeutic intervention explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn H Jones
- Pfizer R&D, Chemical Biology Group, BioTherapeutics Chemistry, WorldWide Medicinal Chemistry, 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
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23
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Tittmann K. Sweet siblings with different faces: the mechanisms of FBP and F6P aldolase, transaldolase, transketolase and phosphoketolase revisited in light of recent structural data. Bioorg Chem 2014; 57:263-280. [PMID: 25267444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nature has evolved different strategies for the reversible cleavage of ketose phosphosugars as essential metabolic reactions in all domains of life. Prominent examples are the Schiff-base forming class I FBP and F6P aldolase as well as transaldolase, which all exploit an active center lysine to reversibly cleave the C3-C4 bond of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate or fructose-6-phosphate to give two 3-carbon products (aldolase), or to shuttle 3-carbon units between various phosphosugars (transaldolase). In contrast, transketolase and phosphoketolase make use of the bioorganic cofactor thiamin diphosphate to cleave the preceding C2-C3 bond of ketose phosphates. While transketolase catalyzes the reversible transfer of 2-carbon ketol fragments in a reaction analogous to that of transaldolase, phosphoketolase forms acetyl phosphate as final product in a reaction that comprises ketol cleavage, dehydration and phosphorolysis. In this review, common and divergent catalytic principles of these enzymes will be discussed, mostly, but not exclusively, on the basis of crystallographic snapshots of catalysis. These studies in combination with mutagenesis and kinetic analysis not only delineated the stereochemical course of substrate binding and processing, but also identified key catalytic players acting at the various stages of the reaction. The structural basis for the different chemical fates and lifetimes of the central enamine intermediates in all five enzymes will be particularly discussed, in addition to the mechanisms of substrate cleavage, dehydration and ring-opening reactions of cyclic substrates. The observation of covalent enzymatic intermediates in hyperreactive conformations such as Schiff-bases with twisted double-bond linkages in transaldolase and physically distorted substrate-thiamin conjugates with elongated substrate bonds to be cleaved in transketolase, which probably epitomize a canonical feature of enzyme catalysis, will be also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tittmann
- Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Georg-August University Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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24
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Szekrenyi A, Soler A, Garrabou X, Guérard-Hélaine C, Parella T, Joglar J, Lemaire M, Bujons J, Clapés P. Engineering the Donor Selectivity ofD-Fructose-6-Phosphate Aldolase for Biocatalytic Asymmetric Cross-Aldol Additions of Glycolaldehyde. Chemistry 2014; 20:12572-83. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Windle CL, Müller M, Nelson A, Berry A. Engineering aldolases as biocatalysts. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 19:25-33. [PMID: 24780276 PMCID: PMC4012138 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aldolases are seen as an attractive route to the production of biologically important compounds due to their ability to form carbon-carbon bonds. However, for many industrial reactions there are no naturally occurring enzymes, and so many different engineering approaches have been used to address this problem. Engineering methods have been used to alter the stability, substrate specificity and stereospecificity of aldolases to produce excellent enzymes for biocatalytic processes. Recently greater understanding of the aldolase mechanism has allowed many successes with both rational engineering approaches and computational design of aldolases. Rational engineering approaches have produced desired enzymes quickly and efficiently while combination of computational design with laboratory methods has created enzymes with activity approaching that of natural enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Windle
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Marion Müller
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Adam Nelson
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Alan Berry
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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26
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DHAP-dependent aldolases from (hyper)thermophiles: biochemistry and applications. Extremophiles 2013; 18:1-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-013-0593-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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27
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28
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FSAB: A new fructose-6-phosphate aldolase from Escherichia coli. Cloning, over-expression and comparative kinetic characterization with FSAA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Widmann M, Pleiss J, Samland AK. Computational tools for rational protein engineering of aldolases. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2012; 2:e201209016. [PMID: 24688657 PMCID: PMC3962226 DOI: 10.5936/csbj.201209016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this mini-review we describe the different strategies for rational protein engineering and summarize the computational tools available. Computational tools can either be used to design focused libraries, to predict sequence-function relationships or for structure-based molecular modelling. This also includes de novo design of enzymes. Examples for protein engineering of aldolases and transaldolases are given in the second part of the mini-review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Widmann
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jürgen Pleiss
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anne K Samland
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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30
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Cheriyan M, Toone EJ, Fierke CA. Improving upon nature: active site remodeling produces highly efficient aldolase activity toward hydrophobic electrophilic substrates. Biochemistry 2012; 51:1658-68. [PMID: 22316217 DOI: 10.1021/bi201899b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The substrate specificity of enzymes is frequently narrow and constrained by multiple interactions, limiting the use of natural enzymes in biocatalytic applications. Aldolases have important synthetic applications, but the usefulness of these enzymes is hampered by their narrow reactivity profile with unnatural substrates. To explore the determinants of substrate selectivity and alter the specificity of Escherichia coli 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate (KDPG) aldolase, we employed structure-based mutagenesis coupled with library screening of mutant enzymes localized to the bacterial periplasm. We identified two active site mutations (T161S and S184L) that work additively to enhance the substrate specificity of this aldolase to include catalysis of retro-aldol cleavage of (4S)-2-keto-4-hydroxy-4-(2'-pyridyl)butyrate (S-KHPB). These mutations improve the value of k(cat)/K(M)(S-KHPB) by >450-fold, resulting in a catalytic efficiency that is comparable to that of the wild-type enzyme with the natural substrate while retaining high stereoselectivity. Moreover, the value of k(cat)(S-KHPB) for this mutant enzyme, a parameter critical for biocatalytic applications, is 3-fold higher than the maximal value achieved by the natural aldolase with any substrate. This mutant also possesses high catalytic efficiency for the retro-aldol cleavage of the natural substrate, KDPG, and a >50-fold improved activity for cleavage of 2-keto-4-hydroxy-octonoate, a nonfunctionalized hydrophobic analogue. These data suggest a substrate binding mode that illuminates the origin of facial selectivity in aldol addition reactions catalyzed by KDPG and 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogalactonate aldolases. Furthermore, targeting mutations to the active site provides a marked improvement in substrate selectivity, demonstrating that structure-guided active site mutagenesis combined with selection techniques can efficiently identify proteins with characteristics that compare favorably to those of naturally occurring enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Cheriyan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Samland AK, Baier S, Schürmann M, Inoue T, Huf S, Schneider G, Sprenger GA, Sandalova T. Conservation of structure and mechanism within the transaldolase enzyme family. FEBS J 2012; 279:766-78. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Fessner WD, Heyl D, Rale M. Multi-enzymatic cascade synthesis of d-fructose 6-phosphate and deoxy analogs as substrates for high-throughput aldolase screening. Catal Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cy20092a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Lehwess-Litzmann A, Neumann P, Parthier C, Lüdtke S, Golbik R, Ficner R, Tittmann K. Twisted Schiff base intermediates and substrate locale revise transaldolase mechanism. Nat Chem Biol 2011; 7:678-84. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Phage auxiliary metabolic genes and the redirection of cyanobacterial host carbon metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:E757-64. [PMID: 21844365 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1102164108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanophages infecting the marine cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus encode and express genes for the photosynthetic light reactions. Sequenced cyanophage genomes lack Calvin cycle genes, however, suggesting that photosynthetic energy harvested via phage proteins is not used for carbon fixation. We report here that cyanophages carry and express a Calvin cycle inhibitor, CP12, whose host homologue directs carbon flux from the Calvin cycle to the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Phage CP12 was coexpressed with phage genes involved in the light reactions, deoxynucleotide biosynthesis, and the PPP, including a transaldolase gene that is the most prevalent PPP gene in cyanophages. Phage transaldolase was purified to homogeneity from several strains and shown to be functional in vitro, suggesting that it might facilitate increased flux through this key reaction in the host PPP, augmenting production of NADPH and ribose 5-phosphate. Kinetic measurements of phage and host transaldolases revealed that the phage enzymes have k(cat)/K(m) values only approximately one third of the corresponding host enzymes. The lower efficiency of phage transaldolase may be a tradeoff for other selective advantages such as reduced gene size: we show that more than half of host-like cyanophage genes are significantly shorter than their host homologues. Consistent with decreased Calvin cycle activity and increased PPP and light reaction activity under infection, the host NADPH/NADP ratio increased two-fold in infected cells. We propose that phage-augmented NADPH production fuels deoxynucleotide biosynthesis for phage replication, and that the selection pressures molding phage genomes involve fitness advantages conferred through mobilization of host energy stores.
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36
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Samland AK, Rale M, Sprenger GA, Fessner WD. The transaldolase family: new synthetic opportunities from an ancient enzyme scaffold. Chembiochem 2011; 12:1454-74. [PMID: 21574238 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aldol reactions constitute a powerful methodology for carbon-carbon bond formation in synthetic organic chemistry. Biocatalytic carboligation by aldolases offers a green, uniquely regio- and stereoselective tool with which to perform these transformations. Recent advances in the field, fueled by both discovery and protein engineering, have greatly improved the synthetic opportunities for the atom-economic asymmetric synthesis of chiral molecules with potential pharmaceutical relevance. New aldolases derived from the transaldolase scaffold (based on transaldolase B and fructose-6-phosphate aldolase from Escherichia coli) have been shown to be unusually flexible in their substrate scope; this makes them particularly valuable for addressing an expanded molecular range of complex polyfunctional targets. Extensive knowledge arising from structural and molecular biochemical studies makes it possible to address the remaining limitations of the methodology by engineering tailored biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K Samland
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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37
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Brovetto M, Gamenara D, Méndez PS, Seoane GA. C-C bond-forming lyases in organic synthesis. Chem Rev 2011; 111:4346-403. [PMID: 21417217 DOI: 10.1021/cr100299p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Brovetto
- Grupo de Fisicoquímica Orgánica y Bioprocesos, Departamento de Química Orgánica, DETEMA, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Gral. Flores 2124, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
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Rale M, Schneider S, Sprenger GA, Samland AK, Fessner WD. Broadening deoxysugar glycodiversity: natural and engineered transaldolases unlock a complementary substrate space. Chemistry 2011; 17:2623-32. [PMID: 21290439 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The majority of prokaryotic drugs are produced in glycosylated form, with the deoxygenation level in the sugar moiety having a profound influence on the drug's bioprofile. Chemical deoxygenation is challenging due to the need for tedious protective group manipulations. For a direct biocatalytic de novo generation of deoxysugars by carboligation, with regiocontrol over deoxygenation sites determined by the choice of enzyme and aldol components, we have investigated the substrate scope of the F178Y mutant of transaldolase B, TalB(F178Y), and fructose 6-phosphate aldolase, FSA, from E. coli against a panel of variously deoxygenated aldehydes and ketones as aldol acceptors and donors, respectively. Independent of substrate structure, both enzymes catalyze a stereospecific carboligation resulting in the D-threo configuration. In combination, these enzymes have allowed the preparation of a total of 22 out of 24 deoxygenated ketose-type products, many of which are inaccessible by available enzymes, from a [3×8] substrate matrix. Although aliphatic and hydroxylated aliphatic aldehydes were good substrates, D-lactaldehyde was found to be an inhibitor possibly as a consequence of inactive substrate binding to the catalytic Lys residue. A 1-hydroxy-2-alkanone moiety was identified as a common requirement for the donor substrate, whereas propanone and butanone were inactive. For reactions involving dihydroxypropanone, TalB(F178Y) proved to be the superior catalyst, whereas for reactions involving 1-hydroxybutanone, FSA is the only choice; for conversions using hydroxypropanone, both TalB(F178Y) and FSA are suitable. Structure-guided mutagenesis of Ser176 to Ala in the distant binding pocket of TalB(F178Y), in analogy with the FSA active site, further improved the acceptance of hydroxypropanone. Together, these catalysts are valuable new entries to an expanding toolbox of biocatalytic carboligation and complement each other well in their addressable constitutional space for the stereospecific preparation of deoxysugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura Rale
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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Garrabou X, Joglar J, Parella T, Crehuet R, Bujons J, Clapés P. Redesign of the Phosphate Binding Site of L-Rhamnulose- 1-Phosphate Aldolase towards a Dihydroxyacetone Dependent Aldolase. Adv Synth Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201000719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Schneider S, Gutiérrez M, Sandalova T, Schneider G, Clapés P, Sprenger GA, Samland AK. Redesigning the active site of transaldolase TalB from Escherichia coli: new variants with improved affinity towards nonphosphorylated substrates. Chembiochem 2010; 11:681-90. [PMID: 20148428 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported on a transaldolase B variant (TalB F178Y) that is able to use dihydroxyacetone (DHA) as donor in aldol reactions. In a second round of protein engineering, we aimed at improving the affinity of this variant towards nonphosphorylated acceptor aldehydes, that is, glyceraldehyde (GA). The anion binding site was identified in the X-ray structure of TalB F178Y where a sulfate ion from the buffer was bound in the active site. Therefore, we performed site-directed saturation mutagenesis at three residues forming the putative phosphate binding site, Arg181, Ser226 and Arg228. The focused libraries were screened for the formation of D-fructose from DHA and d,l-GA by using an adjusted colour assay. The best results with respect to the synthesis of D-fructose were achieved with the TalB F178Y/R181E variant, which exhibited an at least fivefold increase in affinity towards d,l-GA (K(M)=24 mM). We demonstrated that this double mutant can use D-GA, glycolaldehyde and the L-isomer, L-GA, as acceptor substrates. This resulted in preparative synthesis of D-fructose, D-xylulose and L-sorbose when DHA was used as donor. Hence, we engineered a DHA-dependent aldolase that can synthesise the formation of polyhydroxylated compounds from simple and cheap substrates at preparative scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schneider
- Institute of Microbiology, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, Germany
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Castillo J, Guérard-Hélaine C, Gutiérrez M, Garrabou X, Sancelme M, Schürmann M, Inoue T, Hélaine V, Charmantray F, Gefflaut T, Hecquet L, Joglar J, Clapés P, Sprenger G, Lemaire M. A Mutant D-Fructose-6-Phosphate Aldolase (Ala129Ser) with Improved Affinity towards Dihydroxyacetone for the Synthesis of Polyhydroxylated Compounds. Adv Synth Catal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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42
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Samland AK, Sprenger GA. Transaldolase: from biochemistry to human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 41:1482-94. [PMID: 19401148 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The role of the enzyme transaldolase (TAL) in central metabolism, its biochemical properties, structure, and role in human disease is reviewed. The nearly ubiquitous enzyme transaldolase is a part of the pentose phosphate pathway and transfers a dihydroxyacetone group from donor compounds (fructose 6-phosphate or sedoheptulose 7-phosphate) to aldehyde acceptor compounds. The phylogeny of transaldolases shows that five subfamilies can be distinguished, three of them with proven TAL enzyme activity, one with unclear function, and the fifth subfamily comprises transaldolase-related enzymes, the recently discovered fructose 6-phosphate aldolases. The three-dimensional structure of a bacterial (Escherichia coli TAL B) and the human enzyme (TALDO1) has been solved. Based on the 3D-structure and mutagenesis studies, the reaction mechanism was deduced. The cofactor-less enzyme proceeds with a Schiff base intermediate (bound dihydroxyacetone). While a transaldolase deficiency is well tolerated in many microorganisms, it leads to severe symptoms in homozygous TAL-deficient human patients. The involvement of TAL in oxidative stress and apoptosis, in multiple sclerosis, and in cancer is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K Samland
- The Institute of Microbiology, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, Stuttgart, Germany.
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