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Beltran-Huarac J, Yamaleyeva DN, Dotti G, Hingtgen S, Sokolsky-Papkov M, Kabanov AV. Magnetic Control of Protein Expression via Magneto-mechanical Actuation of ND-PEGylated Iron Oxide Nanocubes for Cell Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:19877-19891. [PMID: 37040569 PMCID: PMC10143622 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Engineered cells used as smart vehicles for delivery of secreted therapeutic proteins enable effective treatment of cancer and certain degenerative, autoimmune, and genetic disorders. However, current cell-based therapies use mostly invasive tools for tracking proteins and do not allow for controlled secretion of therapeutic proteins, which could result in unconstrained killing of surrounding healthy tissues or ineffective killing of host cancer cells. Regulating the expression of therapeutic proteins after success of therapy remains elusive. In this study, a noninvasive therapeutic approach mediated by magneto-mechanical actuation (MMA) was developed to remotely regulate the expression of the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) protein, which is secreted by transduced cells. Stem cells, macrophages, and breast cancer cells were transduced with a lentiviral vector encoding the SGpL2TR protein. SGpL2TR comprises TRAIL and GpLuc domains optimized for cell-based applications. Our approach relies on the remote actuation of cubic-shape highly magnetic field responsive superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) coated with nitrodopamine PEG (ND-PEG), which are internalized within the cells. Cubic ND-PEG-SPIONs actuated by superlow frequency alternating current magnetic fields can translate magnetic forces into mechanical motion and in turn spur mechanosensitive cellular responses. Cubic ND-PEG-SPIONs were artificially designed to effectively operate at low magnetic field strengths (<100 mT) retaining approximately 60% of their saturation magnetization. Compared to other cells, stems cells were more sensitive to the interaction with actuated cubic ND-PEG-SPIONs, which clustered near the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Luciferase, ELISA, and RT-qPCR analyses revealed a marked TRAIL downregulation (secretion levels were depleted down to 30%) when intracellular particles at 0.100 mg/mL Fe were actuated by magnetic fields (65 mT and 50 Hz for 30 min). Western blot studies indicated actuated, intracellular cubic ND-PEG-SPIONs can cause mild ER stress at short periods (up to 3 h) of postmagnetic field treatment thus leading to the unfolded protein response. We observed that the interaction of TRAIL polypeptides with ND-PEG can also contribute to this response. To prove the applicability of our approach, we used glioblastoma cells, which were exposed to TRAIL secreted from stem cells. We demonstrated that in the absence of MMA treatment, TRAIL essentially killed glioblastoma cells indiscriminately, but when treated with MMA, we were able to control the cell killing rate by adjusting the magnetic doses. This approach can expand the capabilities of stem cells to serve as smart vehicles for delivery of therapeutic proteins in a controlled manner without using interfering and expensive drugs, while retaining their potential to regenerate damaged tissue after treatment. This approach brings forth new alternatives to regulate protein expression noninvasively for cell therapy and other cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Beltran-Huarac
- Center
for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering
and Molecular Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department
of Physics, Howell Science Complex, East
Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, United States
| | - Dina N. Yamaleyeva
- Joint
UNC/NC State Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- Lineberger
Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Shawn Hingtgen
- Division
of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Therapeutics, Eshelman School
of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Marina Sokolsky-Papkov
- Center
for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering
and Molecular Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Alexander V. Kabanov
- Center
for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering
and Molecular Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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2
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Kim SH, Kwon D, Lee S, Ki SH, Jeong HG, Hong JT, Lee YH, Jung YS. Polyhexamethyleneguanidine Phosphate-Induced Cytotoxicity in Liver Cells Is Alleviated by Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid (TUDCA) via a Reduction in Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091023. [PMID: 31484321 PMCID: PMC6770470 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyhexamethyleneguanidine phosphate (PHMG-P) is a widely used polymeric antimicrobial agent known to induce significant pulmonary toxicity. Several studies have reported that the liver also can be a target organ of polyhexamethyleneguanidine (PHMG) toxicity, but the exact effect of this compound on liver cells is not well understood. To identify the mechanism of PHMG hepatotoxicity, HepG2 cells were exposed to PHMG-P for 72 h. The cell viability was significantly decreased by PHMG-P in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The mitochondrial membrane potential was markedly reduced by PHMG-P and the apoptotic signaling cascade was activated. The increases observed in C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), p-IRE, and p-JNK levels in PHMG-P-treated cells indicated the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress. To verify the role of ER stress in PHMG-P-induced cytotoxicity, HepG2 cells were pretreated with the chemical chaperone, tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) and then co-treated with TUDCA and PHMG-P for 24 h. Interestingly, TUDCA inhibited PHMG-P-induced ER stress and cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. The apoptotic cell death and mitochondrial depolarization were also prevented by TUDCA. The proteins involved in the apoptotic pathway were all normalized to their control levels in TUDCA-treated cells. In conclusion, the results suggest that PHMG-P induced significant cytotoxicity in liver cells and ER stress-mediated apoptosis, which may be an important mechanism mediating this hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sou Hyun Kim
- Lab of Molecular Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Doyoung Kwon
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2280, USA.
| | - Seunghyun Lee
- Lab of Molecular Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Sung Hwan Ki
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea.
| | - Hye Gwang Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea.
| | - Yun-Hee Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Young-Suk Jung
- Lab of Molecular Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
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3
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Martínez-Puente DH, Pérez-Trujillo JJ, Gutiérrez-Puente Y, Rodríguez-Rocha H, García-García A, Saucedo-Cárdenas O, Montes-de-Oca-Luna R, Loera-Arias MJ. Targeting HPV-16 antigens to the endoplasmic reticulum induces an endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:149-158. [PMID: 30604352 PMCID: PMC6363615 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-018-0952-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Very promising results have been observed with a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) vaccine based on human papillomavirus type-16 (HPV-16) antigen retention and delivery system in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, the mechanism by which these antigens are processed once they reach this organelle is still unknown. Therefore, we evaluated whether this system awakens a stress response in the ER. Different DNA constructs based on E6 and E7 mutant antigens fused to an ER signal peptide (SP), a signal for retention in the ER (KDEL), or both signals (SPK), were transfected into HEK-293 cells. Overexpression of E6 and E7 antigens targeted to the ER (SP, and SPK constructs) induced ER stress, which was indicated by an increase of the ER-stress markers GRP78/BiP and CHOP. Additionally, the ER stress response was mediated by the ATF4 transcription factor, which was translocated into the nucleus. Besides, the overexpressed antigens were degraded by the proteasome. Through a cycloheximide-chase assay, we demonstrated that when both protein synthesis and proteasome were inhibited, the overexpressed antigens were degraded. Interestingly, when proteasome was blocked autophagy was increased and the ER stress response decreased. Taken together, these results indicate that the antigens are initially degraded by the ERAD pathway, and autophagy degradation pathway can be induced to compensate the proteasome inhibition. Therefore, we provided a new insight into the mechanism by which E6 and E7 mutant antigens are processed once they reach the ER, which will help to improve the development of more effective vaccines against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Martínez-Puente
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Madero y Aguirre Pequeño s/n Mitras Centro, 66460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - José J Pérez-Trujillo
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Madero y Aguirre Pequeño s/n Mitras Centro, 66460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Yolanda Gutiérrez-Puente
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
| | - Humberto Rodríguez-Rocha
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Madero y Aguirre Pequeño s/n Mitras Centro, 66460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Aracely García-García
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Madero y Aguirre Pequeño s/n Mitras Centro, 66460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Odila Saucedo-Cárdenas
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Madero y Aguirre Pequeño s/n Mitras Centro, 66460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Delegación Nuevo León, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Roberto Montes-de-Oca-Luna
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Madero y Aguirre Pequeño s/n Mitras Centro, 66460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - María J Loera-Arias
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Madero y Aguirre Pequeño s/n Mitras Centro, 66460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México.
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AKT-mTOR signaling modulates the dynamics of IRE1 RNAse activity by regulating ER-mitochondria contacts. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16497. [PMID: 29184100 PMCID: PMC5705697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16662-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol Requiring Enzyme-1 (IRE1) is the most conserved transducer of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), a surveillance mechanism that ensures homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in eukaryotes. IRE1 activation orchestrates adaptive responses, including lipid anabolism, metabolic reprogramming, increases in protein folding competency, and ER expansion/remodeling. However, we still know surprisingly little regarding the principles by which this ER transducer is deactivated upon ER stress clearance. Here we show that Protein Kinase B-mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (PKB/AKT-mTOR) signaling controls the dynamics of IRE1 deactivation by regulating ER-mitochondria physical contacts and the autophosphorylation state of IRE1. AKT-mTOR-mediated attenuation of IRE1 activity is important for ER remodelling dynamics and cell survival in the face of recursive, transient ER stress. Our observations suggest that IRE1 attenuation is an integral component of anabolic programmes regulated by AKT-mTOR. We suggest that AKT-mTOR activity is part of a 'timing mechanism' to deactivate IRE1 immediately following engagement of the UPR, in order to limit prolonged IRE1 RNAse activity that could lead to damaging inflammation or apoptosis.
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5
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Song Y, Xu K, Yu C, Dong L, Chen P, Lv Y, Chiang MY, Li L, Liu W, Yang L. The use of mechano growth factor to prevent cartilage degeneration in knee osteoarthritis. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:738-749. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, Bioengineering CollegeChongqing University Chongqing China
- Biosystems and Biomaterials DivisionNational Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg MD USA
| | - Kang Xu
- 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, Bioengineering CollegeChongqing University Chongqing China
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA USA
| | - Can Yu
- 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, Bioengineering CollegeChongqing University Chongqing China
| | - Lili Dong
- 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, Bioengineering CollegeChongqing University Chongqing China
| | - Peixing Chen
- 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, Bioengineering CollegeChongqing University Chongqing China
| | - Yonggang Lv
- 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, Bioengineering CollegeChongqing University Chongqing China
| | - Martin Y.M. Chiang
- Biosystems and Biomaterials DivisionNational Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg MD USA
| | - Linhao Li
- 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, Bioengineering CollegeChongqing University Chongqing China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang University Beijing China
| | - Wanqian Liu
- 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, Bioengineering CollegeChongqing University Chongqing China
| | - Li Yang
- 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, Bioengineering CollegeChongqing University Chongqing China
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6
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Dolinay T, Himes BE, Shumyatcher M, Lawrence GG, Margulies SS. Integrated Stress Response Mediates Epithelial Injury in Mechanical Ventilation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:193-203. [PMID: 28363030 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0404oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) is a severe complication of mechanical ventilation that can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome. VILI is characterized by damage to the epithelial barrier with subsequent pulmonary edema and profound hypoxia. Available lung-protective ventilator strategies offer only a modest benefit in preventing VILI because they cannot impede alveolar overdistension and concomitant epithelial barrier dysfunction in the inflamed lung regions. There are currently no effective biochemical therapies to mitigate injury to the alveolar epithelium. We hypothesize that alveolar stretch activates the integrated stress response (ISR) pathway and that the chemical inhibition of this pathway mitigates alveolar barrier disruption during stretch and mechanical ventilation. Using our established rat primary type I-like alveolar epithelial cell monolayer stretch model and in vivo rat mechanical ventilation that mimics the alveolar overdistension seen in acute respiratory distress syndrome, we studied epithelial responses to mechanical stress. Our studies revealed that the ISR signaling pathway is a key modulator of epithelial permeability. We show that prolonged epithelial stretch and injurious mechanical ventilation activate the ISR, leading to increased alveolar permeability, cell death, and proinflammatory signaling. Chemical inhibition of protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, an upstream regulator of the pathway, resulted in decreased injury signaling and improved barrier function after prolonged cyclic stretch and injurious mechanical ventilation. Our results provide new evidence that therapeutic targeting of the ISR can mitigate VILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Dolinay
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Blanca E Himes
- 2 Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, and
| | - Maya Shumyatcher
- 2 Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, and
| | - Gladys Gray Lawrence
- 3 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Susan S Margulies
- 3 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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7
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Gong J, Wang XZ, Wang T, Chen JJ, Xie XY, Hu H, Yu F, Liu HL, Jiang XY, Fan HD. Molecular signal networks and regulating mechanisms of the unfolded protein response. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2017; 18:1-14. [PMID: 28070992 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1600043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Within the cell, several mechanisms exist to maintain homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). One of the primary mechanisms is the unfolded protein response (UPR). In this review, we primarily focus on the latest signal webs and regulation mechanisms of the UPR. The relationships among ER stress, apoptosis, and cancer are also discussed. Under the normal state, binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) interacts with the three sensors (protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α)). Under ER stress, misfolded proteins interact with BiP, resulting in the release of BiP from the sensors. Subsequently, the three sensors dimerize and autophosphorylate to promote the signal cascades of ER stress. ER stress includes a series of positive and negative feedback signals, such as those regulating the stabilization of the sensors/BiP complex, activating and inactivating the sensors by autophosphorylation and dephosphorylation, activating specific transcription factors to enable selective transcription, and augmenting the ability to refold and export. Apart from the three basic pathways, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-phospholipase C-γ (PLCγ)-mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway, induced only in solid tumors, can also activate ATF6 and PERK signal cascades, and IRE1α also can be activated by activated RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT). A moderate UPR functions as a pro-survival signal to return the cell to its state of homeostasis. However, persistent ER stress will induce cells to undergo apoptosis in response to increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS), Ca2+ in the cytoplasmic matrix, and other apoptosis signal cascades, such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and P38, when cellular damage exceeds the capacity of this adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gong
- Sichuan Radio and TV University, Chengdu 610073, China
| | - Xing-Zhi Wang
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Chen
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Xiao-Yuan Xie
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Hui Hu
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Fang Yu
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Hui-Lin Liu
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Xing-Yan Jiang
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Han-Dong Fan
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
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8
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Shen W, Feng Z, Wang P, Zhang J. FAM172A controls endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress related to NF-κB signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09918e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
FAM172A is an anti-oncogene and plays a vital role in controlling cell proliferation and cell cycle by inducing the arrest of G1/S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Shen
- Department of Ultrasound
- The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University
- Hohhot
- China
| | - Zhiqiang Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery
- Air Force General Hospital
- Beijing 100142
- China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
- Air Force General Hospital
- Beijing 100142
- China
| | - Jinqian Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine
- Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital
- Southern Medical University
- Guangzhou 510317
- China
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9
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Mittal SPK, Kulkarni AP, Mathai J, Chattopadhyay S, Pal JK. Dose-dependent differential response of mammalian cells to cytoplasmic stress is mediated through the heme-regulated eIF2α kinase. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 54:186-97. [PMID: 25086227 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The heme-regulated inhibitor (HRI), a regulator of translation initiation, is known to be activated and upregulated, and it acts as either a cytoprotective player promoting cell survival or as an inducer of apoptosis during stress. However, the exact role of HRI in these two responses has not been elucidated. In the present investigation, using human cell lines, we attempted to unravel the molecular mechanism(s) of HRI-mediated differential response and the involved signaling pathways. While during low dose (5 μM) lead acetate treatment, cells did not show any diminished cell survival, significant level of apoptosis was observed at high dose (100 μM) lead acetate. Based on the results of an interactome analysis, we determined the interaction of HRI with PI-3-Kca, only at a low dose stress, which is followed by phosphorylation and activation of its downstream target, AKT. Interestingly, such an interaction and AKT activation was not observed at a high dose stress. On the other hand, an increased level of APAF-1 and activation of caspases were observed. These results indicate a critical role of HRI in cell survival during low dose stress, and in apoptosis at high dose stress. Furthermore, HRI knockdown cells are sensitized even to 5 μM lead treatment leading to caspase activation and apoptosis. Our results taken together thus elucidate for the first time the molecular mechanism and the involved signaling pathways for dose-dependent differential response of mammalian cells to lead exposure. These findings thus suggest the possibility of using HRI downregulation as a therapeutic strategy to sensitize cancer cells subjected to apoptogenic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti P K Mittal
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Pune, Pune 411007, India; National Centre for Cell Science, University of Pune Campus, Pune 411007, India
| | | | - Jinumary Mathai
- National Centre for Cell Science, University of Pune Campus, Pune 411007, India
| | - Samit Chattopadhyay
- National Centre for Cell Science, University of Pune Campus, Pune 411007, India
| | - Jayanta K Pal
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Pune, Pune 411007, India.
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10
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Pinto VI, Senini VW, Wang Y, Kazembe MP, McCulloch CA. Filamin A protects cells against force-induced apoptosis by stabilizing talin- and vinculin-containing cell adhesions. FASEB J 2014; 28:453-63. [PMID: 24097310 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-233759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In mechanically loaded tissues such as weight-bearing joints, myocardium, and periodontal ligament, pathophysiological forces can disrupt cell-matrix contacts, which can induce cell death, leading to tissue and organ dysfunction. Protection against force-induced cell death may be mediated by filamin A (FLNa), an actin-binding protein that regulates β1 integrin-mediated cell adhesion. We examined the affect of filamin expression on collagen distribution and cell death in the periodontal ligament, a force-loaded tissue. Conditional deletion of FLNa in fibroblasts was associated with 2-fold increase of acellular areas in periodontal ligament and 7-fold higher proportions of apoptotic cells. In cultured fibroblasts with FLNa knockdown, we examined the affect of supraphysiological forces (1 pN/μm(2) cell area; applied through the β1 integrin) on recruitment of talin and vinculin to focal adhesions and on apoptosis. Compared with the wild type, FLNa-knockdown cells exhibited 3-fold increases in floating cells after overnight force application and a 2-fold increase in cell detachment. Force induced time-dependent reductions (P<0.05) in the numbers of activated β1 integrin-, talin-, and vinculin-stained adhesions in FLNa-knockdown compared with those in wild-type cells. We conclude that FLNa protects against apoptosis in force-loaded cells, and this protection is mediated by enhanced formation and maturation of matrix adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa I Pinto
- 1Room 244, Fitzgerald Building, 150 College St., University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E2, Canada.
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11
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Wang Y, Hu J, Cai Y, Xu S, Weng B, Peng K, Wei X, Wei T, Zhou H, Li X, Liang G. An oxygen-chelate complex, palladium bis-acetylacetonate, induces apoptosis in H460 cells via endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway rather than interacting with DNA. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9601-11. [PMID: 24274598 DOI: 10.1021/jm4016312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Current precious-metal-containing anticancer agents are mostly chelated with N-containing ligands and function by interacting with DNA. In the present study, Pd(acac)2, a Pd(II) complex containing four O-donor ligands, has been evaluated as an active anticancer agent. Pd(acac)2 showed no interaction with N-ligand-containing DNA and the S-ligand-containing DMSO, probably because of the two six-member chelate rings that limit the release of the central Pd nuclei to bind to other ligands. Importantly, we found that Pd(acac)2 exhibited better growth inhibitory effects than cisplatin in several cancer cells. Treatment with Pd(acac)2 significantly induced apoptosis in H460 cells. Mechanistically, Pd(acac)2 induced the activation of a series of key components in ER stress-mediated apoptotic pathway, followed by caspase cleavage and activation, while cisplatin showed no similar effects. CHOP knockdown by specific siRNA significantly attenuated Pd(acac)2-induced cell apoptosis. Finally, Pd(acac)2 significantly inhibits H460 cell growth in xenograft mouse models. Taken together, these mechanistic insights on Pd(acac)2 provide us with a novel mechanism and strategy for the development of precious-metal-based anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
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12
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Vannuvel K, Renard P, Raes M, Arnould T. Functional and morphological impact of ER stress on mitochondria. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1802-18. [PMID: 23629871 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past years, knowledge and evidence about the existence of crosstalks between cellular organelles and their potential effects on survival or cell death have been constantly growing. More recently, evidence accumulated showing an intimate relationship between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. These close contacts not only establish extensive physical links allowing exchange of lipids and calcium but they can also coordinate pathways involved in cell life and death. It is now obvious that ER dysfunction/stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) as well as mitochondria play major roles in apoptosis. However, while the effects of major ER stress on cell death have been largely studied and reviewed, it becomes more and more evident that cells might regularly deal with sublethal ER stress, a condition that does not necessarily lead to cell death but might affect the function/activity of other organelles such as mitochondria. In this review, we will particularly focus on these new, interesting and intriguing metabolic and morphological events that occur during the early adaptative phase of the ER stress, before the onset of cell death, and that remain largely unknown. Relevance and implication of these mitochondrial changes in response to ER stress conditions for human diseases such as type II diabetes and Alzheimer's disease will also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleen Vannuvel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, URBC-NARILIS, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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Evans-Molina C, Hatanaka M, Mirmira RG. Lost in translation: endoplasmic reticulum stress and the decline of β-cell health in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013; 15 Suppl 3:159-69. [PMID: 24003933 PMCID: PMC3777692 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Emerging data illustrate a pivotal role for activation of β-cell endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways in diabetes pathophysiology. The purpose of this review is to appraise the evidence for β-cell ER stress in human type 1 and 2 diabetes, review the molecular signalling pathways involved in the unfolded protein response and ER stress signalling, and to provide data from polyribosome profiling to illustrate the impact of ER stress on the mRNA translation response. Finally, we will discuss existing and novel therapeutic strategies that target β-cell ER stress and discuss their use in rodent and human type 1 and 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmella Evans-Molina
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN, USA
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN, USA
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN, USA
| | - Masayuki Hatanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN, USA
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN, USA
| | - Raghavendra G. Mirmira
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN, USA
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN, USA
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN, USA
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14
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Joshi M, Kulkarni A, Pal JK. Small molecule modulators of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α kinases, the key regulators of protein synthesis. Biochimie 2013; 95:1980-90. [PMID: 23939221 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha kinases (eIF-2α kinases) are key mediators of stress response in cells. In mammalian cells, there are four eIF-2α kinases, namely HRI (Heme-Regulated Inhibitor), PKR (RNA-dependent Protein Kinase), PERK (PKR-like ER Kinase) and GCN2 (General Control Non-derepressible 2). These kinases get activated during diverse cytoplasmic stress conditions and phosphorylate the alpha-subunit of eIF2, leading to global protein synthesis inhibition. Therefore, eIF-2α kinases play a vital role in various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and cell signaling. Deregulation of eIF-2α kinases and protein synthesis has been linked to numerous pathological conditions such as certain cancers, anemia and neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, modulation of these kinases by small molecules holds a great therapeutic promise. In this review we have compiled the available information on inhibitors and activators of these four eIF-2α kinases. The review concludes with a note on the selectivity issue of currently available modulators and future perspectives for the design of specific small molecule probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manali Joshi
- Bioinformatics Center, University of Pune, Pune - 411007, Maharashtra, India.
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Blaustein M, Pérez-Munizaga D, Sánchez MA, Urrutia C, Grande A, Risso G, Srebrow A, Alfaro J, Colman-Lerner A. Modulation of the Akt pathway reveals a novel link with PERK/eIF2α, which is relevant during hypoxia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69668. [PMID: 23922774 PMCID: PMC3726764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) and the Akt signaling pathway share several regulatory functions and have the capacity to determine cell outcome under specific conditions. However, both pathways have largely been studied independently. Here, we asked whether the Akt pathway regulates the UPR. To this end, we used a series of chemical compounds that modulate PI3K/Akt pathway and monitored the activity of the three UPR branches: PERK, IRE1 and ATF6. The antiproliferative and antiviral drug Akt-IV strongly and persistently activated all three branches of the UPR. We present evidence that activation of PERK/eIF2α requires Akt and that PERK is a direct Akt target. Chemical activation of this novel Akt/PERK pathway by Akt-IV leads to cell death, which was largely dependent on the presence of PERK and IRE1. Finally, we show that hypoxia-induced activation of eIF2α requires Akt, providing a physiologically relevant condition for the interaction between Akt and the PERK branch of the UPR. These data suggest the UPR and the Akt pathway signal to one another as a means of controlling cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Blaustein
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas y Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Pérez-Munizaga
- Fundación Ciencia y Vida, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Alejandro Sánchez
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas y Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Alicia Grande
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas y Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Risso
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas y Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anabella Srebrow
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas y Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Alejandro Colman-Lerner
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas y Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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16
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Rong JX, Blachford C, Feig JE, Bander I, Mayne J, Kusunoki J, Miller C, Davis M, Wilson M, Dehn S, Thorp E, Tabas I, Taubman MB, Rudel LL, Fisher EA. ACAT inhibition reduces the progression of preexisting, advanced atherosclerotic mouse lesions without plaque or systemic toxicity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 33:4-12. [PMID: 23139293 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.252056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) converts cholesterol to cholesteryl esters in plaque foam cells. Complete deficiency of macrophage ACAT has been shown to increase atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice because of cytotoxicity from free cholesterol accumulation, whereas we previously showed that partial ACAT inhibition by Fujirebio compound F1394 decreased early atherosclerosis development. In this report, we tested F1394 effects on preestablished, advanced lesions of apolipoprotein-E-deficient mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Apolipoprotein-E-deficient mice on Western diet for 14 weeks developed advanced plaques, and were either euthanized (Baseline), or continued on Western diet with or without F1394 and euthanized after 14 more weeks. F1394 was not associated with systemic toxicity. Compared with the baseline group, lesion size progressed in both groups; however, F1394 significantly retarded plaque progression and reduced plaque macrophage, free and esterified cholesterol, and tissue factor contents compared with the untreated group. Apoptosis of plaque cells was not increased, consistent with the decrease in lesional free cholesterol. There was no increase in plaque necrosis and unimpaired efferocytosis (phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells). The effects of F1394 were independent of changes in plasma cholesterol levels. CONCLUSIONS Partial ACAT inhibition by F1394 lowered plaque cholesterol content and had other antiatherogenic effects in advanced lesions in apolipoprotein-E-deficient mice without overt systemic or plaque toxicity, suggesting the continued potential of ACAT inhibition for the clinical treatment of atherosclerosis, in spite of recent trial data.
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Affiliation(s)
- James X Rong
- Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Research Program of the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology and the Department of Medicine (Cardiology), New York University School of Medicine, Smilow 7, 522 First Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA
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17
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Lin WC, Chuang YC, Chang YS, Lai MD, Teng YN, Su IJ, Wang CCC, Lee KH, Hung JH. Endoplasmic reticulum stress stimulates p53 expression through NF-κB activation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39120. [PMID: 22859938 PMCID: PMC3408479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induction of apoptosis by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is implicated as the major factor in the development of multiple diseases. ER stress also appears to be a potentially useful major response to many chemotherapeutic drugs and environmental chemical compounds. A previous study has indicated that one major apoptotic regulator, p53, is significantly increased in response to ER stress, and participates in ER stress-induced apoptosis. However, the regulators of p53 expression during ER stress are still not fully understood. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this report, we demonstrate that induction of p53 expression is mediated through NF-κB signaling pathways during ER stress in MCF-7 cells. Tunicamycin or brefeldin A, two ER stress inducers, increased p53 expression in MCF-7 and Hela cells. We found p53 nuclear localization, activity, and phosphorylation at serine 15 on p53 increased during ER stress. Nuclear translocation of NF-κB and activity of NF-κB were also observed during ER stress. ER stress-induced p53 expression was significantly inhibited by coincubation with the NF-κB inhibitor, Bay 11-7082 and downregulation of NF-κB p65 expression. The role of p53 in mediating Brefeldin A-induced apoptosis was also investigated. Induction of p53 expression by Brefeldin A was correlated to Brefeldin A-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, downregulation of p53 expression by p53 siRNA significantly reduced Brefeldin A-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, NF-κB activation and induction of p53 expression is essential for ER stress-induced cell death which is important for therapeutic effects of clinical cancer drugs. Our results may provide insight into the mechanism of cancer chemotherapy efficacy that is associated with induction of ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chi Lin
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Yu-Chi Chuang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Sheng Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Derg Lai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Infectious Diseases and Signaling Research Center, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ni Teng
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ih-Jen Su
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Clay C. C. Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kuan-Han Lee
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hsiang Hung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
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18
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Huang C, Bruggeman LA, Hydo LM, Miller RT. Shear stress induces cell apoptosis via a c-Src-phospholipase D-mTOR signaling pathway in cultured podocytes. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:1075-85. [PMID: 22472346 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The glomerular capillary wall, composed of endothelial cells, the glomerular basement membrane and the podocytes, is continually subjected to hemodynamic force arising from tractional stress due to blood pressure and shear stress due to blood flow. Exposure of glomeruli to abnormal hemodynamic force such as hyperfiltration is associated with glomerular injury and progressive renal disease, and the conversion of mechanical stimuli to chemical signals in the regulation of the process is poorly understood in podocytes. By examining DNA fragmentation, apoptotic nuclear changes and cytochrome c release, we found that shear stress induced cell apoptosis in cultured podocytes. Meanwhile, podocytes exposed to shear stress also stimulated c-Src phosphorylation, phospholipase D (PLD) activation and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Using the antibodies against c-Src, PLD(1), and PLD(2) to perform reciprocal co-immunoprecipitations and in vitro PLD activity assay, our data indicated that c-Src interacted with and activated PLD(1) but not PLD(2). The inhibition of shear stress-induced c-Src phosphorylation by PP(2) (a specific inhibitor of c-Src kinase) resulted in reduced PLD activity. Phosphatidic acid, produced by shear stress-induced PLD activation, stimulated mTOR signaling, and caused podocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfa Huang
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, USA.
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Liu J, Hoppman N, O'Connell JR, Wang H, Streeten EA, McLenithan JC, Mitchell BD, Shuldiner AR. A functional haplotype in EIF2AK3, an ER stress sensor, is associated with lower bone mineral density. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:331-41. [PMID: 22028037 PMCID: PMC3319695 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
EIF2AK3 is a type I transmembrane protein that functions as an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor to regulate global protein synthesis. Rare mutations in EIF2AK3 cause Wolcott-Rallison syndrome (OMIM 226980), an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by diabetes, epiphyseal dysplasia, osteoporosis, and growth retardation. To investigate the role of common genetic variation in EIF2AK3 as a determinant of bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis, we sequenced all exons and flanking regions, then genotyped six potentially functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in this gene in 997 Amish subjects for association analysis, and attempted replication in 887 Mexican Americans. We found that the minor allele of a nonsynonymous SNP rs13045 had borderline associations with decreased forearm BMD in both discovery and replication cohorts (unadjusted p = 0.036 and β = -0.007 for the Amish; unadjusted p = 0.031 and β = -0.008 for Mexican Americans). A meta-analysis indicated this association achieved statistical significance in the combined sample (unadjusted p = 0.003; Bonferroni corrected p = 0.009). Rs13045 and three other potentially functional SNPs, a promoter SNP (rs6547787) and two nonsynonymous SNPs (rs867529 and rs1805165), formed two haplotypes: a low-BMD associated haplotype, denoted haplotype B [minor allele frequency (MAF) = 0.311] and a common haplotype A (MAF = 0.676). There were no differences in mRNA expression in lymphoblastoid cell lines between the two haplotypes. However, after treating lymphoblastoid cell lines with thapsigargin to induce ER stress, cell lines with haplotype B showed increased sensitivity to ER stress (p = 0.014) compared with cell lines with haplotype A. Taken together, our results suggest that common nonsynonymous sequence variants in EIF2AK3 have a modest effect on ER stress response and may contribute to the risk for low BMD through this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Nicole Hoppman
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jeffrey R O'Connell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Streeten
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - John C McLenithan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Braxton D Mitchell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Alan R Shuldiner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Abraham T, Pin CL, Watson AJ. Embryo collection induces transient activation of XBP1 arm of the ER stress response while embryo vitrification does not. Mol Hum Reprod 2011; 18:229-42. [PMID: 22155729 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gar076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryo cryopreservation has become a standard procedure in the practice of assisted reproduction. While routinely performed in IVF labs, the effects of embryo vitrification on the molecular mechanisms governing preimplantation development remain largely unknown. The endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) response is an evolutionary conserved mechanism that cells employ to manage ER stress. ER stress can be defined as an imbalance between protein synthesis and secretion within the ER. The primary focus of this study was to investigate whether standard embryo manipulations, including embryo collection, culture and vitrification, result in activation of the ER stress pathway in vitro and to determine whether the embryo utilizes the unfolded protein response as an adaptive response. Our results indicate that the major ER stress pathway constituents are present at all stages of preimplantation development and that the activation of ER stress pathways can be induced at the 8-cell, morula and blastocyst stages. Additionally, we have demonstrated that the IRE1α arm of the ER Stress pathway is activated in freshly collected embryos but contrastingly, this ER Stress arm is not activated following embryo vitrification. It is important to understand the possible stresses that Assisted Reproductive Technologies place on the embryo and the mechanisms the embryo employs to adapt to these stresses. This study indicates that among the adaptive pathways available, cultured mammalian embryos can employ the ER stress pathway. Assisted reproduction techniques should be aware that their activities may induce the ER stress pathway in their patients' early embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Abraham
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6C 2V5
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Mala JGS, Rose C. Interactions of heat shock protein 47 with collagen and the stress response: An unconventional chaperone model? Life Sci 2010; 87:579-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced transcription factor, CHOP, is crucial for dendritic cell IL-23 expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:17698-703. [PMID: 20876114 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1011736107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response detects malfunctions in cellular physiology, and microbial pattern recognition receptors recognize external threats posed by infectious agents. This study has investigated whether proinflammatory cytokine expression by monocyte-derived dendritic cells is affected by the induction of ER stress. Activation of ER stress, in combination with Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, markedly enhanced expression of mRNA of the unique p19 subunit of IL-23, and also significantly augmented secretion of IL-23 protein. These effects were not seen for IL-12 secretion. The IL-23 gene was found to be a target of the ER stress-induced transcription factor C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), which exhibited enhanced binding in the context of both ER stress and TLR stimulation. Knockdown of CHOP in U937 cells significantly reduced the synergistic effects of TLR and ER stress on IL-23p19 expression, but did not affect expression of other LPS-responsive genes. The integration of ER stress signals and the requirement for CHOP in the induction of IL-23 responses was also investigated in a physiological setting: infection of myeloid cells with Chlamydia trachomatis resulted in the expression of CHOP mRNA and induced the binding of CHOP to the IL-23 promoter. Furthermore, knockdown of CHOP significantly reduced the expression of IL-23 in response to this intracellular bacterium. Therefore, the effects of pathogens and other environmental factors on ER stress can profoundly affect the nature of innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Chan MWC, Hinz B, McCulloch CA. Mechanical induction of gene expression in connective tissue cells. Methods Cell Biol 2010; 98:178-205. [PMID: 20816235 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(10)98008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrices of mammals undergo coordinated synthesis and degradation, dynamic remodeling processes that enable tissue adaptations to a broad range of environmental factors, including applied mechanical forces. The soft and mineralized connective tissues of mammals also exhibit a wide repertoire of mechanical properties, which enable their tissue-specific functions and modulate cellular responses to forces. The expression of genes in response to applied forces are important for maintaining the support, attachment, and function of various organs including kidney, heart, liver, lung, joint, and periodontium. Several high-prevalence diseases of extracellular matrices including arthritis, heart failure, and periodontal diseases involve pathological levels of mechanical forces that impact the gene expression repertoires and function of bone, cartilage, and soft connective tissues. Recent work on the application of mechanical forces to cultured connective tissue cells and various in vivo force models have enabled study of the regulatory networks that control mechanically induced gene expression in connective tissue cells. In addition to the influence of mechanical forces on the expression of type 1 collagen, which is the most abundant protein of mammals, new work has shown that the expression of a wide range of matrix, signaling, and cytoskeletal proteins are regulated by exogenous mechanical forces and by the forces generated by cells themselves. In this chapter, we first discuss the fundamental nature of the extracellular matrix in health and the impact of mechanical forces. Next we consider the utilization of several, widely employed model systems for mechanical stimulation of cells. Finally, we consider in detail how application of tensile forces to cultured cardiac fibroblasts can be used for the characterization of the signaling systems by which mechanical forces regulate myofibroblast differentiation that is seen in cardiac pressure overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W C Chan
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Fitzgerald Building, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2
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