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Hordijk S, Carter T, Bierings R. A new look at an old body: molecular determinants of Weibel-Palade body composition and von Willebrand factor exocytosis. J Thromb Haemost 2024; 22:1290-1303. [PMID: 38307391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2024.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Endothelial cells, forming a monolayer along blood vessels, intricately regulate vascular hemostasis, inflammatory responses, and angiogenesis. A key determinant of these functions is the controlled secretion of Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs), which are specialized endothelial storage organelles housing a presynthesized pool of the hemostatic protein von Willebrand factor and various other hemostatic, inflammatory, angiogenic, and vasoactive mediators. This review delves into recent mechanistic insights into WPB biology, including the biogenesis that results in their unique morphology, the acquisition of intraluminal vesicles and other cargo, and the contribution of proton pumps to organelle acidification. Additionally, in light of a number of proteomic approaches to unravel the regulatory networks that control WPB formation and secretion, we provide a comprehensive overview of the WPB exocytotic machinery, including their molecular and cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Hordijk
- Hematology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. https://twitter.com/SophieHordijk
| | - Tom Carter
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruben Bierings
- Hematology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ma J, Hao Z, Zhang Y, Li L, Huang X, Wang Y, Chen L, Yang G, Li W. Physical Contacts Between Mitochondria and WPBs Participate in WPB Maturation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:108-123. [PMID: 37942609 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.319939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs) are endothelial cell-specific cigar-shaped secretory organelles containing various biologically active molecules. WPBs play crucial roles in thrombosis, hemostasis, angiogenesis, and inflammation. The main content of WPBs is the procoagulant protein vWF (von Willebrand factor). Physical contacts and functional cross talk between mitochondria and other organelles have been demonstrated. Whether an interorganellar connection exists between mitochondria and WPBs is unknown. METHODS We observed physical contacts between mitochondria and WPBs in human umbilical vein endothelial cells by electron microscopy and living cell confocal microscopy. We developed an artificial intelligence-assisted method to quantify the duration and length of organelle contact sites in live cells. RESULTS We found there existed physical contacts between mitochondria and WPBs. Disruption of mitochondrial function affected the morphology of WPBs. Furthermore, we found that Rab3b, a small GTPase on the WPBs, was enriched at the mitochondrion-WPB contact sites. Rab3b deficiency reduced interaction between the two organelles and impaired the maturation of WPBs and vWF multimer secretion. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that Rab3b plays a crucial role in mediating the mitochondrion-WPB contacts, and that mitochondrion-WPB coupling is critical for the maturation of WPBs in vascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, China (J.M., Z.H., W.L.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (J.M., Z.H., W.L.)
- Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, China (J.M., Z.H., W.L.)
| | - Zhenhua Hao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (J.M., Z.H., W.L.)
- Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, China (J.M., Z.H., W.L.)
| | - Yudong Zhang
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation (Y.Z., G.Y.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.Z., G.Y.)
| | - Liuju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Biomedical Imaging Center, School of Future Technology (L.L., L.C.), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Huang
- Biomedical Engineering Department (X.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology (Y.W.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liangyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Biomedical Imaging Center, School of Future Technology (L.L., L.C.), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ge Yang
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation (Y.Z., G.Y.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.Z., G.Y.)
| | - Wei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, China (J.M., Z.H., W.L.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (J.M., Z.H., W.L.)
- Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, China (J.M., Z.H., W.L.)
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Zhi Y, Li T, Li Y, Zhang T, Du M, Zhang Q, Wang X, Hu G. Protective role of Cecropin AD against LPS-induced intestinal mucosal injury in chickens. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1290182. [PMID: 38162646 PMCID: PMC10757607 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1290182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cecropin AD (CAD), a renowned antimicrobial peptide, has shown promising potential in treating various bacterial infections. This study investigates the protective effects of CAD against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal adversities in chickens. Methods Sixty SPF-grade chicks were divided into groups and exposed to different dosages of CAD, followed by LPS administration. The study assessed the impact of CAD on intestinal mucosal injury markers, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Results LPS significantly increased Diamine oxidase (DAO) and D-lactate (D-LA) levels, both indicators of intestinal mucosal injury. CAD treatment substantially attenuated these elevations, particularly at higher dosages. Additionally, CAD markedly reduced oxidative stress in intestinal tissues, as shown by normalized antioxidant levels and decreased reactive oxygen species. Histological analysis supported these findings, showing better-preserved villi structures in CAD-treated groups. Furthermore, CAD significantly reduced IL-6 and IL-8 expression post-LPS stimulation and effectively regulated the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, decreasing associated factors like NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1b, and IL-18. Discussion The study demonstrates CAD's therapeutic potential in alleviating LPS-induced intestinal injuries. The protective effects are primarily attributed to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidative actions and modulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Tingyu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxuan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Mengze Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (Ministry of Education of China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Ge Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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Coperchini F, De Marco G, Croce L, Denegri M, Greco A, Magri F, Tonacchera M, Imbriani M, Rotondi M, Chiovato L. PFOA, PFHxA and C6O4 differently modulate the expression of CXCL8 in normal thyroid cells and in thyroid cancer cell lines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:63522-63534. [PMID: 37052835 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26797-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Industrial chemical PFAS are persistent pollutants. Long chain PFAS were taken out of production due to their risk for human health, however, new congeners PFAS have been introduced. The in vitro effects of the long-chain PFOA, the short-chain PFHxA and the new-generation C6O4 were evaluated in normal and in thyroid cancer cell lines in terms of cell viability and proliferation, and secretion of a pro-tumorigenic chemokine (CXCL8), both at the mRNA and at the protein level. The Nthy-ory 3-1 normal-thyroid cell line, the TPC-1 and the 8505C (RET/PTC rearranged and BRAFV600e mutated, respectively) thyroid-cancer cell lines were exposed to increasing concentrations of each PFAS in a time-course. We evaluated viability using WST-1 (confirmed by AnnexinV/PI) and proliferation using the cristal-violet test. To evaluate CXCL8 mRNA we used RT-PCR and measured CXCL8 in the supernatants by ELISA. The exposure to none PFAS did not affect thyroid cells viability (except for a reduction of 8505C cells viability after 144 h) or proliferation. Individual PFAS differently modulated CXCL8 mRNA and protein level. PFOA increased CXCL8 both at mRNA and protein level in the three cell lines; PFHxA increased CXCL8 mRNA in the three cell lines, but increased the protein only in TPC-1 cells; C6O4 increased the CXCL8 mRNA only in thyroid cancer cell lines, but never increased the CXCL8 protein. The results of the present study indicate that the in vitro exposure to different PFAS may modulate both at the mRNA and secreted protein levels of CXCL8 in normal and cancer thyroid cells. Strikingly different effects emerged according to the specific cell type and to the targeted analyte (CXCL8 mRNA or protein).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Coperchini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia (PV), 27100, Italy
| | - Giuseppina De Marco
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit, University of Pisa (PI), via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Croce
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia (PV), 27100, Italy
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Pavia (PV), 27100, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo (PA), 90133, Italy
| | - Marco Denegri
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Molecular Cardiology, 27100, Pavia (PV), Italy
| | - Alessia Greco
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Pavia (PV), 27100, Italy
| | - Flavia Magri
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia (PV), 27100, Italy
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Pavia (PV), 27100, Italy
| | - Massimo Tonacchera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit, University of Pisa (PI), via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marcello Imbriani
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia (PV), Italy
| | - Mario Rotondi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia (PV), 27100, Italy
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Pavia (PV), 27100, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo (PA), 90133, Italy
| | - Luca Chiovato
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Pavia (PV), 27100, Italy.
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Kany S, Vollrath JT, Relja B. Cytokines in Inflammatory Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236008. [PMID: 31795299 PMCID: PMC6929211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 941] [Impact Index Per Article: 188.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to briefly discuss a short list of a broad variety of inflammatory cytokines. Numerous studies have implicated that inflammatory cytokines exert important effects with regard to various inflammatory diseases, yet the reports on their specific roles are not always consistent. They can be used as biomarkers to indicate or monitor disease or its progress, and also may serve as clinically applicable parameters for therapies. Yet, their precise role is not always clearly defined. Thus, in this review, we focus on the existing literature dealing with the biology of cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, IL-33, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-10, and IL-8. We will briefly focus on the correlations and role of these inflammatory mediators in the genesis of inflammatory impacts (e.g., shock, trauma, immune dysregulation, osteoporosis, and/or critical illness).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinwan Kany
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
- Department of Cardiology with Emphasis on Electrophysiology, University Heart Centre, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Tilmann Vollrath
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Borna Relja
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-391-6721395
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Kany S, Janicova A, Relja B. Innate Immunity and Alcohol. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111981. [PMID: 31739600 PMCID: PMC6912266 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immunity has evolved during millions of years, and thus, equivalent or comparable components are found in most vertebrates, invertebrates, and even plants. It constitutes the first line of defense against molecules, which are either pathogen-derived or a danger signal themselves, and not seldom both. These molecular patterns are comprised of highly conserved structures, a common trait in innate immunity, and constitute very potent triggers for inflammation mediated via extracellular or intracellular pattern recognition receptors. Human culture is often interweaved with the consumption of alcohol, in both drinking habits, its acute or chronical misuse. Apart from behavioral effects as often observed in intoxicated individuals, alcohol consumption also leads to immunological modulation on the humoral and cellular levels. In the last 20 years, major advances in this field of research have been made in clinical studies, as well as in vitro and in vivo research. As every physician will experience intoxicated patients, it is important to be aware of the changes that this cohort undergoes. This review will provide a summary of the current knowledge on the influence of alcohol consumption on certain factors of innate immunity after a hit, followed by the current studies that display the effect of alcohol with a description of the model, the mode of alcohol administration, as well as its dose. This will provide a way for the reader to evaluate the findings presented.
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CCL2 nitration is a negative regulator of chemokine-mediated inflammation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44384. [PMID: 28290520 PMCID: PMC5349559 DOI: 10.1038/srep44384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines promote leukocyte recruitment during inflammation. The oxidative burst is an important effector mechanism, this leads to the generation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS), including peroxynitrite (ONOO). The current study was performed to determine the potential for nitration to alter the chemical and biological properties of the prototypical CC chemokine, CCL2. Immunofluorescence was performed to assess the presence of RNS in kidney biopsies. Co-localisation was observed between RNS-modified tyrosine residues and the chemokine CCL2 in diseased kidneys. Nitration reduced the potential of CCL2 to stimulate monocyte migration in diffusion gradient chemotaxis assays (p < 0.05). This was consistent with a trend towards reduced affinity of the nitrated chemokine for its cognate receptor CCR2b. The nitrated chemokine was unable to induce transendothelial monocyte migration in vitro and failed to promote leukocyte recruitment when added to murine air pouches (p < 0.05). This could potentially be attributed to reduced glycosaminoglycan binding ability, as surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy showed that nitration reduced heparan sulphate binding by CCL2. Importantly, intravenous administration of nitrated CCL2 also inhibited the normal recruitment of leukocytes to murine air pouches filled with unmodified CCL2. Together these data suggest that nitration of CCL2 during inflammation provides a mechanism to limit and resolve acute inflammation.
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Lebel-Haziv Y, Meshel T, Soria G, Yeheskel A, Mamon E, Ben-Baruch A. Breast cancer: coordinated regulation of CCL2 secretion by intracellular glycosaminoglycans and chemokine motifs. Neoplasia 2015; 16:723-40. [PMID: 25246273 PMCID: PMC4234876 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine CCL2 (MCP-1) has been identified as a prominent tumor-promoting factor in breast cancer. The major source for CCL2 is in the tumor cells; thus, identifying the mechanisms regulating CCL2 release by these cells may enable the future design of modalities inhibiting CCL2 secretion and consequently reduce tumorigenicity. Using cells deficient in expression of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and short hairpin RNAs reducing heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) expression, we found that intracellular HS and CS (= GAGs) partly controlled the trafficking of CCL2 from the Golgi toward secretion. Next, we determined the secretion levels of GFP-CCL2-WT and GFP-CCL2-variants mutated in GAG-binding domains and/or in the 40s loop of CCL2 (45TIVA48). We have identified partial roles for R18+K19, H66, and the 45TIVA48 motif in regulating CCL2 secretion. We have also demonstrated that in the absence of R24 or R18+K19 +45TIVA48, the secretion of CCL2 by breast tumor cells was almost abolished. Analyses of the intracellular localization of GFP-CCL2-mutants in the Golgi or the endoplasmic reticulum revealed particular intracellular processes in which these CCL2 sequences controlled its intracellular trafficking and secretion. The R24, 45TIVA48 and R18+K19 +45TIVA48 domains controlled CCL2 secretion also in other cell types. We propose that targeting these chemokine regions may lead to reduced secretion of CCL2 by breast cancer cells (and potentially also by other malignant cells). Such a modality may limit tumor growth and metastasis, presumably without affecting general immune activities (as discussed below).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaeli Lebel-Haziv
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tsipi Meshel
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gali Soria
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adva Yeheskel
- Bioinformatics Unit, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Elad Mamon
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adit Ben-Baruch
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Kiskin NI, Babich V, Knipe L, Hannah MJ, Carter T. Differential cargo mobilisation within Weibel-Palade bodies after transient fusion with the plasma membrane. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108093. [PMID: 25233365 PMCID: PMC4169479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory chemokines can be selectively released from Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs) during kiss-and-run exocytosis. Such selectivity may arise from molecular size filtering by the fusion pore, however differential intra-WPB cargo re-mobilisation following fusion-induced structural changes within the WPB may also contribute to this process. To determine whether WPB cargo molecules are differentially re-mobilised, we applied FRAP to residual post-fusion WPB structures formed after transient exocytosis in which some or all of the fluorescent cargo was retained. Transient fusion resulted in WPB collapse from a rod to a spheroid shape accompanied by substantial swelling (>2 times by surface area) and membrane mixing between the WPB and plasma membranes. Post-fusion WPBs supported cumulative WPB exocytosis. To quantify diffusion inside rounded organelles we developed a method of FRAP analysis based on image moments. FRAP analysis showed that von Willebrand factor-EGFP (VWF-EGFP) and the VWF-propolypeptide-EGFP (Pro-EGFP) were immobile in post-fusion WPBs. Because Eotaxin-3-EGFP and ssEGFP (small soluble cargo proteins) were largely depleted from post-fusion WPBs, we studied these molecules in cells preincubated in the weak base NH4Cl which caused WPB alkalinisation and rounding similar to that produced by plasma membrane fusion. In these cells we found a dramatic increase in mobilities of Eotaxin-3-EGFP and ssEGFP that exceeded the resolution of our method (∼ 2.4 µm2/s mean). In contrast, the membrane mobilities of EGFP-CD63 and EGFP-Rab27A in post-fusion WPBs were unchanged, while P-selectin-EGFP acquired mobility. Our data suggest that selective re-mobilisation of chemokines during transient fusion contributes to selective chemokine secretion during transient WPB exocytosis. Selective secretion provides a mechanism to regulate intravascular inflammatory processes with reduced risk of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai I. Kiskin
- Division of Physical Biochemistry, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Neurophysiology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Babich
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laura Knipe
- Division of Physical Biochemistry, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Hannah
- Microbiology Services Colindale, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Carter
- Division of Physical Biochemistry, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
- Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University, London, United Kingdom
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Serglycin secretion is part of the inflammatory response in activated primary human endothelial cells in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2498-505. [PMID: 24513305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial cells have important functions in e.g. regulating blood pressure, coagulation and host defense reactions. Serglycin is highly expressed by endothelial cells, but there is limited data on the roles of this proteoglycan in immune reactions. METHODS Cultured primary human endothelial cells were exposed to proinflammatory agents lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β). The response in serglycin synthesis, secretion and intracellular localization and effect on the proteoglycan binding chemokines CXCL-1 and CXCL-8 were determined by qRT-PCR, Western blotting, immunocytochemistry, ELISA and serglycin knockdown experiments. RESULTS Both LPS and IL-1β increased the synthesis and secretion of serglycin, while only IL-1β increased serglycin mRNA expression. Stimulation increased the number of serglycin containing vesicles, with a greater portion of large vesicles after LPS treatment. Also, increased intracellular and secreted levels of CXCL-1 and CXCL-8 were observed. The increase in CXCL-8 secretion was unchanged in serglycin knockdown cells. However, the increase in CXCL-1 secretion from IL-1β stimulation was reduced 27% in serglycin knockdown cells; while the LPS-induced secretion was not affected. In serglycin expressing cells CXCL-1 positive vesicles were evenly distributed throughout the cytoplasm, while confided to the Golgi region in serglycin knockdown cells. This was the case only for IL-1β stimulated cells. LPS-induced CXCL-1 distribution was unaffected by serglycin expression. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that different signaling pathways are involved in regulating secretion of serglycin and partner molecules in activated endothelial cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This knowledge increases our understanding of the roles of serglycin in immune reactions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Matrix-mediated cell behaviour and properties.
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11
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Hol J, Otterdal K, Breland UM, Stang E, Pedersen TM, Hagelsteen K, Ranheim T, Kasprzycka M, Halvorsen B, Haraldsen G, Aukrust P. Statins affect the presentation of endothelial chemokines by targeting to multivesicular bodies. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40673. [PMID: 22815786 PMCID: PMC3398041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In addition to lowering cholesterol, statins are thought to beneficially modulate inflammation. Several chemokines including CXCL1/growth-related oncogene (GRO)-α, CXCL8/interleukin (IL)-8 and CCL2/monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 are important in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and can be influenced by statin-treatment. Recently, we observed that atorvastatintreatment alters the intracellular content and subcellular distribution of GRO-α in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon. Methodology/ Principal Findings The effect of atorvastatin on secretion levels and subcellular distribution of GRO-α, IL-8 and MCP-1 in HUVECs activated by interleukin (IL)-1β were evaluated by ELISA, confocal microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy. Atorvastatin increased the intracellular contents of GRO-α, IL-8, and MCP-1 and induced colocalization with E-selectin in multivesicular bodies. This effect was prevented by adding the isoprenylation substrate GGPP, but not the cholesterol precursor squalene, indicating that atorvastatin exerts these effects by inhibiting isoprenylation rather than depleting the cells of cholesterol. Conclusions/ Significance Atorvastatin targets inflammatory chemokines to the endocytic pathway and multivesicular bodies and may contribute to explain the anti-inflammatory effect of statins at the level of endothelial cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Hol
- Division of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari Otterdal
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Unni M. Breland
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Stang
- Division of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Turid M. Pedersen
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Trine Ranheim
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guttorm Haraldsen
- Division of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Mechanisms regulating the secretion of the promalignancy chemokine CCL5 by breast tumor cells: CCL5's 40s loop and intracellular glycosaminoglycans. Neoplasia 2012; 14:1-19. [PMID: 22355269 DOI: 10.1593/neo.111122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine CCL5 (RANTES) plays active promalignancy roles in breast malignancy. The secretion of CCL5 by breast tumor cells is an important step in its tumor-promoting activities; therefore, inhibition of CCL5 secretion may have antitumorigenic effects. We demonstrate that, in breast tumor cells, CCL5 secretion necessitated the trafficking of CCL5-containing vesicles on microtubules from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the post-Golgi stage, and CCL5 release was regulated by the rigidity of the actin cytoskeleton. Focusing on the 40s loop of CCL5, we found that the (43)TRKN(46) sequence of CCL5 was indispensable for its inclusion in motile vesicles, and for its secretion. The TRKN-mutated chemokine reached the Golgi, but trafficked along the ER-to-post-Golgi route differently than the wild-type (WT) chemokine. Based on the studies showing that the 40s loop of CCL5 mediates its binding to glycosaminoglycans (GAG), we analyzed the roles of GAG in regulating CCL5 secretion. TRKN-mutated CCL5 had lower propensity for colocalization with GAG in the Golgi compared to the WT chemokine. Secretion of WT CCL5 was significantly reduced in CHO mutant cells deficient in GAG synthesis, and the WT chemokine acquired an ER-like distribution in these cells, similar to that of TRKN-mutated CCL5 in GAG-expressing cells. The release of WT CCL5 was also reduced after inhibition of GAG presence/synthesis by intracellular expression of heparanase, inhibition of GAG sulfation, and sulfate deprivation. The need for a (43)TRKN(46) motif and for a GAG-mediated process in CCL5 secretion may enable the future design of modalities that prevent CCL5 release by breast tumor cells.
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Uehara K, Uehara A. P2Y1, P2Y6, and P2Y12 receptors in rat splenic sinus endothelial cells: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 136:557-67. [PMID: 21879346 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0859-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Localization of three P2X and six P2Y receptors in sinus endothelial cells of the rat spleen was examined by immunofluorescent microscopy, and ultrastructural localization of the detected receptors was examined by immunogold electron microscopy. In immunofluorescent microscopy, labeling for anti-P2Y1, P2Y6, and P2Y12 receptors was detected in endothelial cells, but P2X1, P2X2, P2X4, P2Y2, P2Y4, and P2Y13 receptors was not detected. P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors were prominently localized in the basal parts of endothelial cells. P2Y6 receptor was not only predominantly localized in the basal parts of endothelial cells, but also in the superficial layer. Triple immunofluorescent staining for a combination of two P2Y receptors and actin filaments showed that P2Y1, P2Y6, and P2Y12 receptors were individually localized in endothelial cells. Phospholipase C-β3, phospholipase C- γ2, and inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors, related to the release of the intracellular Ca(2+) from the endoplasmic reticulum, were also predominantly localized in the basal parts of endothelial cells. In immunogold electron microscopy, labeling for P2Y1, P2Y6, and P2Y12 receptors were predominantly localized in the basal part of endothelial cells and, in addition, in the junctional membrane, basal plasma membrane, and caveolae in the basal part of endothelial cells. Labeling for phospholipase C-β3 and phospholipase C-γ2 was dominantly localized in the basal parts and in close proximity to the plasma membranes of endothelial cells. The possible functional roles of these P2Y receptors in splenic sinus endothelial cells are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoko Uehara
- Department of Cell Biology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Jonan-ku, Japan.
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The blood-brain barrier, chemokines and multiple sclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1812:220-30. [PMID: 20692338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The infiltration of leukocytes into the central nervous system (CNS) is an essential step in the neuropathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Leukocyte extravasation from the bloodstream is a multistep process that depends on several factors including fluid dynamics within the vasculature and molecular interactions between circulating leukocytes and the vascular endothelium. An important step in this cascade is the presence of chemokines on the vascular endothelial cell surface. Chemokines displayed along the endothelial lumen bind chemokine receptors on circulating leukocytes, initiating intracellular signaling that culminates in integrin activation, leukocyte arrest, and extravasation. The presence of chemokines at the endothelial lumen can help guide the movement of leukocytes through peripheral tissues during normal immune surveillance, host defense or inflammation. The expression and display of homeostatic or inflammatory chemokines therefore critically determine which leukocyte subsets extravasate and enter the peripheral tissues. Within the CNS, however, infiltrating leukocytes that cross the endothelium face additional boundaries to parenchymal entry, including the abluminal presence of localizing cues that prevent egress from perivascular spaces. This review focuses on the differential display of chemokines along endothelial surfaces and how they impact leukocyte extravasation into parenchymal tissues, especially within the CNS. In particular, the display of chemokines by endothelial cells of the blood brain barrier may be altered during CNS autoimmune disease, promoting leukocyte entry into this immunologically distinct site. Recent advances in microscopic techniques, including two-photon and intravital imaging have provided new insights into the mechanisms of chemokine-mediated capture of leukocytes within the CNS.
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Abstract
Endothelial cells are reported to contain several distinct populations of regulated secretory organelles, including Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs), the tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) organelle, and the type-2 chemokine-containing organelle. We show that the tPA and type-2 organelles in human endothelial cells represent a single compartment primarily responsible for unstimulated secretion of tPA or, in cells exposed to interleukin-1β (IL-1β), the cytokines IL-8, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and growth-regulated oncogene-α (GRO-α). This compartment was distinct from WPBs in that it lacked detectable von Willebrand factor, P-selectin, Rab27a, or CD63 immunoreactivity, displayed no time-dependent decrease in intragranule pH, underwent detectable unstimulated exocytosis, and was very poorly responsive to Ca(2+)-elevating secretagogues. WPBs could also contain tPA, and in IL-1β-treated cells, IL-8, IL-6, MCP-1, and GRO-α, and were the primary source for histamine or ionomycin-stimulated secretion of these molecules. However, analysis of the storage efficiency of cytokines and tPA revealed that all were very poorly stored compared with von Willebrand factor. The nonmammalian, nonsecretory protein EGFP, when expressed in the secretory pathway, also entered WPBs and had a storage efficiency similar to tPA and the cytokines tested. Based on these data, we proposed a revised model for storage and secretion of cytokines and tPA.
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