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Clark G, Tripathy MK, Roux SJ. Growth regulation by apyrases: Insights from altering their expression level in different organisms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1323-1335. [PMID: 37947023 PMCID: PMC10904326 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Apyrase (APY) enzymes are nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) diphosphohydrolases that can remove the terminal phosphate from NTPs and nucleoside diphosphates but not from nucleoside monophosphates. They have conserved structures and functions in yeast, plants, and animals. Among the most studied APYs in plants are those in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana; AtAPYs) and pea (Pisum sativum; PsAPYs), both of which have been shown to play major roles in regulating plant growth and development. Valuable insights on their functional roles have been gained by transgenically altering their transcript abundance, either by constitutively expressing or suppressing APY genes. This review focuses on recent studies that have provided insights on the mechanisms by which APY activity promotes growth in different organisms. Most of these studies have used transgenic lines that constitutively expressed APY in multiple different plants and in yeast. As APY enzymatic activity can also be changed post-translationally by chemical blockage, this review also briefly covers studies that used inhibitors to suppress APY activity in plants and fungi. It concludes by summarizing some of the main unanswered questions about how APYs regulate plant growth and proposes approaches to answering them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Clark
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 100 E 24th Street, TX 78712, USA
| | | | - Stanley J Roux
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 100 E 24th Street, TX 78712, USA
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2
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Zhu J, Wang Y, Chen C, Ji L, Hong X, Liu X, Chen H, Wei C, Zhu X, Li W. Identification of Sex-Specific Markers and Candidate Genes Using WGS Sequencing Reveals a ZW-Type Sex-Determination System in the Chinese Soft-Shell Turtle ( Pelodiscus sinensis). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:819. [PMID: 38255893 PMCID: PMC10815769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Male and female Chinese soft-shelled turtles (Pelodiscus sinensis) have sex-dimorphic growth patterns, and males have higher commercial value because of their larger size and thicker calipash. Thus, developing sex-specific markers is beneficial to studies on all-male breeding in P. sinensis. Here, we developed an accurate and efficient workflow for the screening of sex-specific sequences with ZW or XY sex determination systems. Based on this workflow, female and male P. sinensis reference genomes of 2.23 Gb and 2.26 Gb were obtained using de novo assembly. After aligning and filtering, 4.01 Mb female-specific sequences were finally identified. Subsequently, the seven developed sex-specific primer pairs were 100% accurate in preliminary, population, and embryonic validation. The presence and absence of bands for the primers of P44, P45, P66, P67, P68, and P69, as well as two and one bands for the PB1 primer, indicate that the embryos are genetically female and male, respectively. NR and functional annotations identified several sex-determining candidate genes and related pathways, including Ran, Eif4et, and Crkl genes, and the insulin signaling pathway and the cAMP signaling pathway, respectively. Collectively, our results reveal that a ZW-type sex-determination system is present in P. sinensis and provide novel insights for the screening of sex-specific markers, sex-control breeding, and the studies of the sex determination mechanism of P. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxian Zhu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China;
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; (Y.W.); (C.C.); (L.J.); (X.H.); (X.L.); (H.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Yongchang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; (Y.W.); (C.C.); (L.J.); (X.H.); (X.L.); (H.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; (Y.W.); (C.C.); (L.J.); (X.H.); (X.L.); (H.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Liqin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; (Y.W.); (C.C.); (L.J.); (X.H.); (X.L.); (H.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Xiaoyou Hong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; (Y.W.); (C.C.); (L.J.); (X.H.); (X.L.); (H.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; (Y.W.); (C.C.); (L.J.); (X.H.); (X.L.); (H.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Haigang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; (Y.W.); (C.C.); (L.J.); (X.H.); (X.L.); (H.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Chengqing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; (Y.W.); (C.C.); (L.J.); (X.H.); (X.L.); (H.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Xinping Zhu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China;
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; (Y.W.); (C.C.); (L.J.); (X.H.); (X.L.); (H.C.); (C.W.)
| | - Wei Li
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China;
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; (Y.W.); (C.C.); (L.J.); (X.H.); (X.L.); (H.C.); (C.W.)
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3
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Novel Variants of SOX4 in Patients with Intellectual Disability. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043519. [PMID: 36834931 PMCID: PMC9964377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
SOX4 is a transcription factor with pleiotropic functions required for different developmental processes, such as corticogenesis. As with all SOX proteins, it contains a conserved high mobility group (HMG) and exerts its function via interaction with other transcription factors, such as POU3F2. Recently, pathogenic SOX4 variants have been identified in several patients who had clinical features overlapping with Coffin-Siris syndrome. In this study, we identified three novel variants in unrelated patients with intellectual disability, two of which were de novo (c.79G>T, p.Glu27*; c.182G>A p.Arg61Gln) and one inherited (c.355C>T, p.His119Tyr). All three variants affected the HMG box and were suspected to influence SOX4 function. We investigated the effects of these variants on transcriptional activation by co-expressing either wildtype (wt) or mutant SOX4 with its co-activator POU3F2 and measuring their activity in reporter assays. All variants abolished SOX4 activity. While our experiments provide further support for the pathogenicity of SOX4 loss-of-function (LOF) variants as a cause of syndromic intellectual disability (ID), our results also indicate incomplete penetrance associated with one variant. These findings will improve classification of novel, putatively pathogenic SOX4 variants.
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Zhu J, Lei L, Chen C, Wang Y, Liu X, Geng L, Li R, Chen H, Hong X, Yu L, Wei C, Li W, Zhu X. Whole-Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Gender Dimorphic Expressions of Mrnas and Non-Coding Rnas in Chinese Soft-Shell Turtle ( Pelodiscus sinensis). BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060834. [PMID: 35741355 PMCID: PMC9219891 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
In aquaculture, the Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) is an economically important species with remarkable gender dimorphism in its growth patterns. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon have not been elucidated well. Here, we conducted a whole-transcriptome analysis of the female and male gonads of P. sinensis. Overall, 7833 DE mRNAs, 619 DE lncRNAs, 231 DE circRNAs, and 520 DE miRNAs were identified. Some "star genes" associated with sex differentiation containing dmrt1, sox9, and foxl2 were identified. Additionally, some potential genes linked to sex differentiation, such as bmp2, ran, and sox3, were also isolated in P. sinensis. Functional analysis showed that the DE miRNAs and DE ncRNAs were enriched in the pathways related to sex differentiation, including ovarian steroidogenesis, the hippo signaling pathway, and the calcium signaling pathway. Remarkably, a lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction network was constructed, containing the key genes associated with sex differentiation, including fgf9, foxl3, and dmrta2. Collectively, we constructed a gender dimorphism profile of the female and male gonads of P. sinensis, profoundly contributing to the exploration of the major genes and potential ncRNAs involved in the sex differentiation of P. sinensis. More importantly, we highlighted the potential functions of ncRNAs for gene regulation during sex differentiation in P. sinensis as well as in other turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; (J.Z.); (L.L.); (C.C.); (Y.W.); (X.L.); (L.G.); (R.L.); (H.C.); (X.H.); (L.Y.); (C.W.)
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Luo Lei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; (J.Z.); (L.L.); (C.C.); (Y.W.); (X.L.); (L.G.); (R.L.); (H.C.); (X.H.); (L.Y.); (C.W.)
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; (J.Z.); (L.L.); (C.C.); (Y.W.); (X.L.); (L.G.); (R.L.); (H.C.); (X.H.); (L.Y.); (C.W.)
| | - Yakun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; (J.Z.); (L.L.); (C.C.); (Y.W.); (X.L.); (L.G.); (R.L.); (H.C.); (X.H.); (L.Y.); (C.W.)
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; (J.Z.); (L.L.); (C.C.); (Y.W.); (X.L.); (L.G.); (R.L.); (H.C.); (X.H.); (L.Y.); (C.W.)
| | - Lulu Geng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; (J.Z.); (L.L.); (C.C.); (Y.W.); (X.L.); (L.G.); (R.L.); (H.C.); (X.H.); (L.Y.); (C.W.)
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Ruiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; (J.Z.); (L.L.); (C.C.); (Y.W.); (X.L.); (L.G.); (R.L.); (H.C.); (X.H.); (L.Y.); (C.W.)
| | - Haigang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; (J.Z.); (L.L.); (C.C.); (Y.W.); (X.L.); (L.G.); (R.L.); (H.C.); (X.H.); (L.Y.); (C.W.)
| | - Xiaoyou Hong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; (J.Z.); (L.L.); (C.C.); (Y.W.); (X.L.); (L.G.); (R.L.); (H.C.); (X.H.); (L.Y.); (C.W.)
| | - Lingyun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; (J.Z.); (L.L.); (C.C.); (Y.W.); (X.L.); (L.G.); (R.L.); (H.C.); (X.H.); (L.Y.); (C.W.)
| | - Chengqing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; (J.Z.); (L.L.); (C.C.); (Y.W.); (X.L.); (L.G.); (R.L.); (H.C.); (X.H.); (L.Y.); (C.W.)
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; (J.Z.); (L.L.); (C.C.); (Y.W.); (X.L.); (L.G.); (R.L.); (H.C.); (X.H.); (L.Y.); (C.W.)
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xinping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; (J.Z.); (L.L.); (C.C.); (Y.W.); (X.L.); (L.G.); (R.L.); (H.C.); (X.H.); (L.Y.); (C.W.)
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (X.Z.)
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5
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Fu D, Pfannenstiel L, Demelash A, Phoon YP, Mayell C, Cabrera C, Liu C, Zhao J, Dermawan J, Patil D, DeVecchio J, Kalady M, Souers AJ, Phillips DC, Li X, Gastman B. MCL1 nuclear translocation induces chemoresistance in colorectal carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:63. [PMID: 35042842 PMCID: PMC8766550 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AbstractColorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and deadliest forms of cancer. Myeloid Cell Leukemia 1 (MCL1), a pro-survival member of the Bcl-2 protein family is associated with chemo-resistance in CRC. The ability of MCL1 to inhibit apoptosis by binding to the BH3 domains of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members is a well-studied means by which this protein confers resistance to multiple anti-cancer therapies. We found that specific DNA damaging chemotherapies promote nuclear MCL1 translocation in CRC models. In p53null CRC, this process is associated with resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, the mechanism of which is distinct from the classical mitochondrial protection. We previously reported that MCL1 has a noncanonical chemoresistance capability, which requires a novel loop domain that is distinct from the BH3-binding domain associated with anti-apoptotic function. Herein we disclose that upon treatment with specific DNA-damaging chemotherapy, this loop domain binds directly to alpha-enolase which in turn binds to calmodulin; we further show these protein−protein interactions are critical in MCL1’s nuclear import and chemoresistance. We additionally observed that in chemotherapy-treated p53−/− CRC models, MCL1 nuclear translocation confers sensitivity to Bcl-xL inhibitors, which has significant translational relevance given the co-expression of these proteins in CRC patient samples. Together these findings indicate that chemotherapy-induced MCL1 translocation represents a novel resistance mechanism in CRC, while also exposing an inherent and targetable Bcl-xL co-dependency in these cancers. The combination of chemotherapy and Bcl-xL inhibitors may thus represent a rational means of treating p53−/− CRC via exploitation of this unique MCL1-based chemoresistance mechanism.
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6
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Ambulkar PS, Waghmare JE, Verma Shivkumar P, Narang P, Pal AK. A missense mutation (c.226C>A) in HMG box SRY gene affects nNLS function in 46,XY sex reversal female. Andrologia 2021; 53:e14011. [PMID: 33570214 DOI: 10.1111/and.14011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The SRY initiates cascade of gene expression that transforms the undifferentiated gonad, genital ridge into testis. Mutations of the SRY gene is associated with complete gonadal dysgenesis in females with 46,XY karyotype. Primary amenorrhea is one of the clinical findings to express the genetic cause in 46,XY sex reversal. Here, we report a 26-year-old married woman presenting with primary amenorhea and complete gonadal dysgenesis. The clinical phenotypes were hypoplastic uterus with streak gonad and underdeveloped secondary sexual characters. The cytogenetic analysis confirmed 46,XY sex reversal karyotype of a female. Using molecular approach, we screened open reading frame of the SRY gene by PCR and targeted DNA Sanger sequencing. The patient was confirmed with nucleotide substitution (c.226C>A; p.Arg76Ser) at in HMG box domain of SRY gene that causes 46,XY sex reversal female. Mutation prediction algorithms suggest that alteration might be disease causing mutation and mutated (p.Arg76Ser) amino acid deleteriously affects HMG box nNLS region of SRY protein. Clinical phenotypes and in silico analysis confirmed that missense substitution (p.Arg76Ser) impaired nNLS binding Calmodulin-mediated nuclear transport of SRY from cytoplasm to nucleus. The mutation affects down regulation of male sex differentiation pathway and is responsible for 46,XY sex reversal female with gonadal dysgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prafulla S Ambulkar
- Centre for Genetics & Genomics, Department of Anatomy, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha, India
| | - Jwalant E Waghmare
- Centre for Genetics & Genomics, Department of Anatomy, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha, India
| | - Poonam Verma Shivkumar
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha, India
| | - Pratibha Narang
- Centre for Genetics & Genomics, Department of Anatomy, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha, India.,Department of Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha, India
| | - Asoke K Pal
- Centre for Genetics & Genomics, Department of Anatomy, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha, India
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7
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Entamoeba histolytica protein CaBP3 uses a calcium dependent nuclear localisation pathway in mammalian cells. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/exp.2020.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractEntamoeba histolytica is a major cause of dysentery that leads to a high level of morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. Calmodulin-like calcium binding protein EhCaBP3 of E. histolytica is directly involved in disease mechanisms with roles in cytoskeleton dynamics and scission during erythrophagocytosis in a calcium dependent fashion. Interestingly, EhCaBP3 is also present in the nucleus of E. histolytica. We have used a transfected cell system to show that EhCaBP3 is capable of calcium dependent nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. Our data confirms and extends recent findings suggesting presence of a calcium dependent nuclear transport pathway in E. histolytica.
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8
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Li A, Zhou J, Widelitz RB, Chow RH, Chuong CM. Integrating Bioelectrical Currents and Ca 2+ Signaling with Biochemical Signaling in Development and Pathogenesis. Bioelectricity 2020; 2:210-220. [PMID: 34476353 PMCID: PMC8370337 DOI: 10.1089/bioe.2020.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Roles of bioelectrical signals are increasingly recognized in excitable and nonexcitable non-neural tissues. Diverse ion-selective channels, pumps, and gap junctions participate in bioelectrical signaling, including those transporting calcium ions (Ca2+). Ca2+ is the most versatile transported ion, because it serves as an electrical charge carrier and a biochemical regulator for multiple molecular binding, enzyme, and transcription activities. We aspire to learn how bioelectrical signals crosstalk to biochemical/biomechanical signals. In this study, we review four recent studies showing how bioelectrical currents and Ca2+ signaling affect collective dermal cell migration during feather bud elongation, affect chondrogenic differentiation in limb development, couple with mechanical tension in aligning gut smooth muscle, and affect mitochondrial function and skeletal muscle atrophy. We observe bioelectrical signals involved in several developmental and pathological conditions in chickens and mice at multiple spatial scales: cellular, cellular collective, and subcellular. These examples inspire novel concept and approaches for future basic and translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Jingsong Zhou
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Randall B. Widelitz
- Department of Pathology and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Robert H. Chow
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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9
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Wang L, Cai R, Liu F, Lv Y, Zhang Y, Duan S, Izaz A, Zhou J, Wang H, Duan R, Wu X, Li T. Molecular cloning, characterization, mRNA expression changes and nucleocytoplasmic shuttling during kidney embryonic development of SOX9 in Alligator sinensis. Gene 2020; 731:144334. [PMID: 31935508 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
SOX9 plays a crucial, extensive and conservative role in the process of somatic tissue development and adult regeneration through the positive self-regulation mediated by SOM across all vertebrates. In this study, we have cloned SOX9 from the kidney of hatchling Alligator sinensis. The full-length of SOX9 cDNA is 3878 bp with an open reading frame encoding 494 amino acids. Amino acid alignment analyses indicated that the SOX9 exhibit highly conserved functional domains. Using the droplet digital PCR, the mRNA abundances of SOX9 during nephrogenesis in A. sinensis showed prominent changes in the embryonic development, suggesting that SOX9 might combines a vital role in the regulation of complex renal development. Interestingly, we detected the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of SOX9 protein using immunofluorescence, implying that nucleocytoplasmic shuttling is critical to the regulation of SOX9 in the renal embryonic development. Collectively, these data provide an important foundation for further studies on renal developmental biology and molecular biology of non-mammalian SOX9. Furthermore, it provides new insights into the phenomenon of SOX9 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling in Alligator sinensis, which is probably of great significance to the development of kidney metanephros embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Ruiqing Cai
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Fengnan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Yang Lv
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Shulong Duan
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Ali Izaz
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Jue Zhou
- Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Renjie Duan
- Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Xiaobing Wu
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China.
| | - Tiechen Li
- Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
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10
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Castelli MA, Whiteley SL, Georges A, Holleley CE. Cellular calcium and redox regulation: the mediator of vertebrate environmental sex determination? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:680-695. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan A. Castelli
- CSIROAustralian National Wildlife Collection, GPO Box 1700 Canberra 2601 Australia
- Institute for Applied EcologyUniversity of Canberra Canberra 2617 Australia
| | - Sarah L. Whiteley
- CSIROAustralian National Wildlife Collection, GPO Box 1700 Canberra 2601 Australia
- Institute for Applied EcologyUniversity of Canberra Canberra 2617 Australia
| | - Arthur Georges
- Institute for Applied EcologyUniversity of Canberra Canberra 2617 Australia
| | - Clare E. Holleley
- CSIROAustralian National Wildlife Collection, GPO Box 1700 Canberra 2601 Australia
- Institute for Applied EcologyUniversity of Canberra Canberra 2617 Australia
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11
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Ernst S, Müller-Newen G. Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling of STATs. A Target for Intervention? Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111815. [PMID: 31752278 PMCID: PMC6895884 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins are transcription factors that in the latent state are located predominantly in the cytoplasm. Activation of STATs through phosphorylation of a single tyrosine residue results in nuclear translocation. The requirement of tyrosine phosphorylation for nuclear accumulation is shared by all STAT family members but mechanisms of nuclear translocation vary between different STATs. These differences offer opportunities for specific intervention. To achieve this, the molecular mechanisms of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of STATs need to be understood in more detail. In this review we will give an overview on the various aspects of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of latent and activated STATs with a special focus on STAT3 and STAT5. Potential targets for cancer treatment will be identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ernst
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Confocal Microscopy Facility, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research IZKF, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Müller-Newen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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12
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Jiménez-González V, Ogalla-García E, García-Quintanilla M, García-Quintanilla A. Deciphering GRINA/Lifeguard1: Nuclear Location, Ca 2+ Homeostasis and Vesicle Transport. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20164005. [PMID: 31426446 PMCID: PMC6719933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20164005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The Glutamate Receptor Ionotropic NMDA-Associated Protein 1 (GRINA) belongs to the Lifeguard family and is involved in calcium homeostasis, which governs key processes, such as cell survival or the release of neurotransmitters. GRINA is mainly associated with membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, endosome, and the cell surface, but its presence in the nucleus has not been explained yet. Here we dissect, with the help of different software tools, the potential roles of GRINA in the cell and how they may be altered in diseases, such as schizophrenia or celiac disease. We describe for the first time that the cytoplasmic N-terminal half of GRINA (which spans a Proline-rich domain) contains a potential DNA-binding sequence, in addition to cleavage target sites and probable PY-nuclear localization sequences, that may enable it to be released from the rest of the protein and enter the nucleus under suitable conditions, where it could participate in the transcription, alternative splicing, and mRNA export of a subset of genes likely involved in lipid and sterol synthesis, ribosome biogenesis, or cell cycle progression. To support these findings, we include additional evidence based on an exhaustive review of the literature and our preliminary data of the protein–protein interaction network of GRINA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Ogalla-García
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Meritxell García-Quintanilla
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Albert García-Quintanilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
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13
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The TRPV4 channel links calcium influx to DDX3X activity and viral infectivity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2307. [PMID: 29899501 PMCID: PMC5998047 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04776-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion channels are well placed to transduce environmental cues into signals used by cells to generate a wide range of responses, but little is known about their role in the regulation of RNA metabolism. Here we show that the TRPV4 cation channel binds the DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX3X and regulates its function. TRPV4-mediated Ca2+ influx releases DDX3X from the channel and drives DDX3X nuclear translocation, a process that involves calmodulin (CaM) and the CaM-dependent kinase II. Genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of TRPV4 diminishes DDX3X-dependent functions, including nuclear viral export and translation. Furthermore, TRPV4 mediates Ca2+ influx and nuclear accumulation of DDX3X in cells exposed to the Zika virus or the purified viral envelope protein. Consequently, targeting of TRPV4 reduces infectivity of dengue, hepatitis C and Zika viruses. Together, our results highlight the role of TRPV4 in the regulation of DDX3X-dependent control of RNA metabolism and viral infectivity. The ion channel TRPV4 senses many environmental cues, but its role in virus infection is not known. Here, Doñate-Macián et al. show that Zika virus induces TRPV4-mediated Ca2+ influx into cells, resulting in the nuclear accumulation of the DDX3X RNA helicase, which increases virus replication.
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14
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Radhakrishnan S, Valenzuela N. Chromosomal Context Affects the Molecular Evolution of Sex-linked Genes and Their Autosomal Counterparts in Turtles and Other Vertebrates. J Hered 2018; 108:720-730. [PMID: 29036698 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esx082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex chromosomes evolve differently from autosomes because natural selection acts distinctly on them given their reduced recombination and smaller population size. Various studies of sex-linked genes compared with different autosomal genes within species support these predictions. Here, we take a novel alternative approach by comparing the rate of evolution between subsets of genes that are sex-linked in selected reptiles/vertebrates and the same genes located in autosomes in other amniotes. We report for the first time the faster evolution of Z-linked genes in a turtle (the Chinese softshell turtle Pelodiscus sinensis) relative to autosomal orthologs in other taxa, including turtles with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). This faster rate was absent in its close relative, the spiny softshell turtle (Apalone spinifera), thus revealing important lineage effects, and was only surpassed by mammalian-X linked genes. In contrast, we found slower evolution of X-linked genes in the musk turtle Staurotypus triporcatus (XX/XY) and homologous Z-linked chicken genes. TSD lineages displayed overall faster sequence evolution than taxa with genotypic sex determination (GSD), ruling out global effects of GSD on molecular evolution beyond those by sex-linkage. Notably, results revealed a putative selective sweep around two turtle genes involved in vertebrate gonadogenesis (Pelodiscus-Z-linked Nf2 and Chrysemys-autosomal Tspan7). Our observations reveal important evolutionary changes at the gene level mediated by chromosomal context in turtles despite their low overall evolutionary rate and illuminate sex chromosome evolution by empirically testing expectations from theoretical models. Genome-wide analyses are warranted to test the generality and prevalence of the observed patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srihari Radhakrishnan
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Nicole Valenzuela
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
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15
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Shi Y, Liu W, He M. Proteome and Transcriptome Analysis of Ovary, Intersex Gonads, and Testis Reveals Potential Key Sex Reversal/Differentiation Genes and Mechanism in Scallop Chlamys nobilis. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 20:220-245. [PMID: 29546597 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-9800-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bivalve mollusks exhibit hermaphroditism and sex reversal/differentiation. Studies generally focus on transcriptional profiling and specific genes related to sex determination and differentiation. Few studies on sex reversal/differentiation have been reported. A combination analysis of gonad proteomics and transcriptomics was conducted on Chlamys nobilis to provide a systematic understanding of sex reversal/differentiation in bivalves. We obtained 4258 unique peptides and 93,731 unigenes with good correlation between messenger RNA and protein levels. Candidate genes in sex reversal/differentiation were found: 15 genes differentially expressed between sexes were identified and 12 had obvious sexual functions. Three novel genes (foxl2, β-catenin, and sry) were expressed highly in intersex individuals and were likely involved in the control of gonadal sex in C. nobilis. High expression of foxl2 or β-catenin may inhibit sry and activate 5-HT receptor and vitellogenin to maintain female development. High expression of sry may inhibit foxl2 and β-catenin and activate dmrt2, fem-1, sfp2, sa6, Amy-1, APCP4, and PLK to maintain male function. High expression of sry, foxl2, and β-catenin in C. nobilis may be involved in promoting and maintaining sex reversal/differentiation. The downstream regulator may not be dimorphic expressed genes, but genes expressed in intersex individuals, males and females. Different expression patterns of sex-related genes and gonadal histological characteristics suggested that C. nobilis may change its sex from male to female. These findings suggest highly conserved sex reversal/differentiation with diverged regulatory pathways during C. nobilis evolution. This study provides valuable genetic resources for understanding sex reversal/differentiation (intersex) mechanisms and pathways underlying bivalve reproductive regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Wenguang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Maoxian He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
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16
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Reprint of: Importins in the maintenance and lineage commitment of ES cells. Neurochem Int 2017; 106:14-23. [PMID: 28550879 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus of a eukaryotic cell is separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope, and nuclear pores within the envelope facilitate nucleocytoplasmic transport and the exchange of information. Gene regulation is a key component of biological activity regulation in the cell. Transcription factors control the expression levels of various genes that are necessary for the maintenance or conversion of cellular states during animal development. Because transcription factor activities determine the extent of transcription of target genes, the number of active transcription factors must be tightly regulated. In this regard, the nuclear translocation of a transcription factor is an important determinant of its activity. Therefore, it is becoming clear that the nucleocytoplasmic transport machinery is involved in cell differentiation and organism development. This review examines the regulation of transcription factors by the nucleocytoplasmic transport machinery in ES cells.
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17
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O-GlcNAc cycling and the regulation of nucleocytoplasmic dynamics. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:427-436. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20160171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic carbohydrate post-translational modification (PTM) O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is found on thousands of proteins throughout the nucleus and cytoplasm, and rivals phosphorylation in terms of the number of substrates and pathways influenced. O-GlcNAc is highly conserved and essential in most organisms, with disruption of O-GlcNAc cycling linked to diseases ranging from cancer to neurodegeneration. Nuclear pore proteins were the first identified O-GlcNAc-modified substrates, generating intense and ongoing interest in understanding the role of O-GlcNAc cycling in nuclear pore complex structure and function. Recent advances in detecting and altering O-GlcNAcylation levels have provided insights into many mechanisms by which O-GlcNAcylation influences the nucleocytoplasmic localization and stability of protein targets. The emerging view is that the multifunctional enzymes of O-GlcNAc cycling are critical nutrient-sensing components of a complex network of signaling cascades involving multiple PTMs. Furthermore, O-GlcNAc plays a role in maintaining the structural integrity of the nuclear pore and regulating its function as the gatekeeper of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking.
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18
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Importins in the maintenance and lineage commitment of ES cells. Neurochem Int 2017; 105:32-41. [PMID: 28163061 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus of a eukaryotic cell is separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope, and nuclear pores within the envelope facilitate nucleocytoplasmic transport and the exchange of information. Gene regulation is a key component of biological activity regulation in the cell. Transcription factors control the expression levels of various genes that are necessary for the maintenance or conversion of cellular states during animal development. Because transcription factor activities determine the extent of transcription of target genes, the number of active transcription factors must be tightly regulated. In this regard, the nuclear translocation of a transcription factor is an important determinant of its activity. Therefore, it is becoming clear that the nucleocytoplasmic transport machinery is involved in cell differentiation and organism development. This review examines the regulation of transcription factors by the nucleocytoplasmic transport machinery in ES cells.
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19
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5-Flurouracil disrupts nuclear export and nuclear pore permeability in a calcium dependent manner. Apoptosis 2016; 22:393-405. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1338-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Maly IV, Hofmann WA. Calcium-regulated import of myosin IC into the nucleus. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 73:341-50. [PMID: 27192697 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Myosin IC is a molecular motor involved in intracellular transport, cell motility, and transcription. Its mechanical properties are regulated by calcium via calmodulin binding, and its functions in the nucleus depend on import from the cytoplasm. The import has recently been shown to be mediated by the nuclear localization signal located within the calmodulin-binding domain. In the present paper, it is demonstrated that mutations in the calmodulin-binding sequence shift the intracellular distribution of myosin IC to the nucleus. The redistribution is displayed by isoform B, described originally as the "nuclear myosin," but is particularly pronounced with isoform C, the normally cytoplasmic isoform. Furthermore, experimental elevation of the intracellular calcium concentration induces a rapid import of myosin into the nucleus. The import is blocked by the importin β inhibitor importazole. These findings are consistent with a mechanism whereby calmodulin binding prevents recognition of the nuclear localization sequence by importin β, and the steric inhibition of import is released by cell signaling leading to the intracellular calcium elevation. The results establish a mechanistic connection between the calcium regulation of the motor function of myosin IC in the cytoplasm and the induction of its import into the nucleus. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Maly
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Wilma A Hofmann
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
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21
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Yatsu R, Miyagawa S, Kohno S, Saito S, Lowers RH, Ogino Y, Fukuta N, Katsu Y, Ohta Y, Tominaga M, Guillette LJ, Iguchi T. TRPV4 associates environmental temperature and sex determination in the American alligator. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18581. [PMID: 26677944 PMCID: PMC4683465 DOI: 10.1038/srep18581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), commonly found among reptiles, is a sex determination mode in which the incubation temperature during a critical temperature sensitive period (TSP) determines sexual fate of the individual rather than the individual’s genotypic background. In the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), eggs incubated during the TSP at 33 °C (male producing temperature: MPT) yields male offspring, whereas incubation temperatures below 30 °C (female producing temperature: FPT) lead to female offspring. However, many of the details of the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive, and the molecular link between environmental temperature and sex determination pathway is yet to be elucidated. Here we show the alligator TRPV4 ortholog (AmTRPV4) to be activated at temperatures proximate to the TSD-related temperature in alligators, and using pharmacological exposure, we show that AmTRPV4 channel activity affects gene expression patterns associated with male differentiation. This is the first experimental demonstration of a link between a well-described thermo-sensory mechanism, TRPV4 channel, and its potential role in regulation of TSD in vertebrates, shedding unique new light on the elusive TSD molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Yatsu
- Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki Aichi 444-8787 Japan.,Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki Aichi 444-8787 Japan
| | - Shinichi Miyagawa
- Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki Aichi 444-8787 Japan.,Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki Aichi 444-8787 Japan
| | - Satomi Kohno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, and Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Science Center, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston SC 29412 USA
| | - Shigeru Saito
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki Aichi 444-8787 Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki Aichi 444-8787 Japan
| | - Russell H Lowers
- Innovative Health Applications, Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island FL 32899 USA
| | - Yukiko Ogino
- Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki Aichi 444-8787 Japan.,Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki Aichi 444-8787 Japan
| | - Naomi Fukuta
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki Aichi 444-8787 Japan
| | - Yoshinao Katsu
- Graduate School of Life Science and Department of Biological Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo Hokkaido 062-8520 Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Ohta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyama Tottori 680-8553 Japan
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki Aichi 444-8787 Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki Aichi 444-8787 Japan
| | - Louis J Guillette
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, and Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Science Center, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston SC 29412 USA
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki Aichi 444-8787 Japan.,Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki Aichi 444-8787 Japan
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22
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Kelkar P, Walter A, Papadopoulos S, Mroß C, Munck M, Peche VS, Noegel AA. Nesprin-2 mediated nuclear trafficking and its clinical implications. Nucleus 2015; 6:479-89. [PMID: 26645154 PMCID: PMC4915507 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2015.1128608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear translocation of proteins has a crucial role in the pathogenesis of cancer, Alzheimer disease and viral infections. A complete understanding of nuclear trafficking mechanisms is therefore necessary in order to establish effective intervention strategies. Here we elucidate the role of Nesprin-2 in Ca2+/Calmodulin mediated nuclear transport. Nesprin-2 is an actin-binding nuclear envelope (NE) protein with roles in maintaining nuclear structure and location, regulation of transcription and mechanotransduction. Upon depletion of Nesprin-2 using shRNA, HaCaT cells show abnormal localization of the shuttling proteins BRCA1 and NF-κB. We show that their nuclear transport is unlikely due to the canonical RAN mediated nuclear import, but rather to a RAN independent Ca2+/Calmodulin driven mechanism involving Nesprin-2. We report novel interactions between the actin-binding domain of Nesprin-2 and Calmodulin and between the NLS containing region of BRCA1 and Calmodulin. Strikingly, displacing Nesprins from the NE resulted in increased steady state Ca2+ concentrations in the cytoplasm suggesting a previously unidentified role of Nesprins in Ca2+ regulation. On comparing Nesprin-2 and BRCA1 localization in the ovarian cancer cell lines SKOV-3 and Caov-3, Nesprin-2 and BRCA1 were localized to the NE envelope and the nucleus in SKOV-3, respectively, and to the cytoplasm in Caov-3 cells. Fibroblasts obtained from EDMD5 (Emery Dreifuss muscular dystrophy) patients showed loss of Nesprin-2 from the nuclear envelope, corresponding reduced nuclear localization of BRCA1 and enhanced cytoplasmic Ca2+. Taken together, the data suggests a novel role of Nesprin-2 in Ca2+/Calmodulin mediated nuclear trafficking and provides new insights which can guide future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Kelkar
- a Institute for Biochemistry I; Medical Faculty; University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany.,b Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD); University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany.,c Center for Molecular Medicine; University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany
| | - Anna Walter
- d Institute of Vegetative Physiology; Medical Faculty; University of Cologne ; Köln ; Germany
| | - Symeon Papadopoulos
- d Institute of Vegetative Physiology; Medical Faculty; University of Cologne ; Köln ; Germany
| | - Carmen Mroß
- a Institute for Biochemistry I; Medical Faculty; University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany.,b Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD); University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany.,c Center for Molecular Medicine; University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany
| | - Martina Munck
- a Institute for Biochemistry I; Medical Faculty; University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany.,b Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD); University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany.,c Center for Molecular Medicine; University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany
| | - Vivek S Peche
- a Institute for Biochemistry I; Medical Faculty; University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany.,b Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD); University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany.,c Center for Molecular Medicine; University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany
| | - Angelika A Noegel
- a Institute for Biochemistry I; Medical Faculty; University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany.,b Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD); University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany.,c Center for Molecular Medicine; University of Cologne ; Köln , Germany
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23
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Bauer NC, Doetsch PW, Corbett AH. Mechanisms Regulating Protein Localization. Traffic 2015; 16:1039-61. [PMID: 26172624 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellular functions are dictated by protein content and activity. There are numerous strategies to regulate proteins varying from modulating gene expression to post-translational modifications. One commonly used mode of regulation in eukaryotes is targeted localization. By specifically redirecting the localization of a pool of existing protein, cells can achieve rapid changes in local protein function. Eukaryotic cells have evolved elegant targeting pathways to direct proteins to the appropriate cellular location or locations. Here, we provide a general overview of these localization pathways, with a focus on nuclear and mitochondrial transport, and present a survey of the evolutionarily conserved regulatory strategies identified thus far. We end with a description of several specific examples of proteins that exploit localization as an important mode of regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Bauer
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Current address: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Paul W Doetsch
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anita H Corbett
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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24
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McFadden MJ, Hryciw T, Brown A, Junop MS, Brennan JD. Evaluation of the calmodulin-SOX9 interaction by "magnetic fishing" coupled to mass spectrometry. Chembiochem 2014; 15:2411-9. [PMID: 25233956 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of calmodulin (CaM)-based protein interactions has been touted as a potential means for modulating several disease pathways. Among these is SOX9, which is a DNA binding protein that is involved in chrondrocyte differentiation and regulation of the hormones that control sexual development. In this work, we employed a "magnetic fishing"/mass spectrometry assay in conjunction with intrinsic fluorescence to examine the interaction of CaM with the CaM-binding domain of SOX9 (SOX-CAL), and to assess the modulation of this interaction by known anti-CaM compounds. Our data show that there is a high affinity interaction between CaM and SOX-CAL (27±9 nM), and that SOX-CAL bound to the same location as the well-known CaM antagonist melittin; unexpectedly, we also found that addition of CaM-binding small molecules initially produced increased SOX-CAL binding, indicative of binding to both the well-known high-affinity CaM binding site and a second, lower-affinity binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan J McFadden
- Biointerfaces Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1 (Canada)
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25
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Abramowitz LK, Olivier-Van Stichelen S, Hanover JA. Chromosome imbalance as a driver of sex disparity in disease. J Genomics 2014; 2:77-88. [PMID: 25031659 PMCID: PMC4091450 DOI: 10.7150/jgen.8123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been recognized that men and women exhibit different risks for diverse disorders ranging from metabolic to autoimmune diseases. However, the underlying causes of these disparities remain obscure. Analysis of patients with chromosomal abnormalities, including Turner syndrome (45X) and Klinefelter syndrome (47XXY), has highlighted the importance of X-linked gene dosage as a contributing factor for disease susceptibility. Escape from X-inactivation and X-linked imprinting can result in transcriptional differences between normal men and women as well as in patients with sex chromosome abnormalities. Animal models support a role for X-linked gene dosage in disease with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) emerging as a prime candidate for a pleiotropic effector. OGT encodes a highly regulated nutrient-sensing epigenetic modifier with established links to immunity, metabolism and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara K Abramowitz
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0851, USA
| | | | - John A Hanover
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0851, USA
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Prokop JW, Underwood AC, Turner ME, Miller N, Pietrzak D, Scott S, Smith C, Milsted A. Analysis of Sry duplications on the Rattus norvegicus Y-chromosome. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:792. [PMID: 24228692 PMCID: PMC3840628 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene copy number variation plays a large role in the evolution of genomes. In Rattus norvegicus and other rodent species, the Y-chromosome has accumulated multiple copies of Sry loci. These copy number variations have been previously linked with changes in phenotype of animal models such as the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). This study characterizes the Y-chromosome in the Sry region of Rattus norvegicus, while addressing functional variations seen in the Sry protein products. Results Eleven Sry loci have been identified in the SHR with one (nonHMG Sry) containing a frame shift mutation. The nonHMGSry is found and conserved in the related WKY and SD rat strains. Three new, previously unidentified, Sry loci were identified in this study (Sry3BII, Sry4 and Sry4A) in both SHR and WKY. Repetitive element analysis revealed numerous LINE-L1 elements at regions where conservation is lost among the Sry copies. In addition we have identified a retrotransposed copy of Med14 originating from spliced mRNA, two autosomal genes (Ccdc110 and HMGB1) and a normal mammalian Y-chromosome gene (Zfy) in the Sry region of the rat Y-chromosome. Translation of the sequences of each Sry gene reveals eight proteins with amino acid differences leading to changes in nuclear localization and promoter activation of a Sry-responsive gene. Sry-β (coded by the Sry2 locus) has an increased cytoplasmic fraction due to alterations at amino acid 21. Sry-γ has altered gene regulation of the Sry1 promoter due to changes at amino acid 76. Conclusions The duplication of Sry on the Rattus norvegicus Y-chromosome has led to proteins with altered functional ability that may have been selected for functions in addition to testis determination. Additionally, several other genes not normally found on the Y-chromosome have duplicated new copies into the region around the Sry genes. These suggest a role of active transposable elements in the evolution of the mammalian Y-chromosome in species such as Rattus norvegicus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amy Milsted
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, 302 Buchtel Commons, 44325-3908 Akron, OH, USA.
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Berchtold MW, Villalobo A. The many faces of calmodulin in cell proliferation, programmed cell death, autophagy, and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1843:398-435. [PMID: 24188867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) is a ubiquitous Ca(2+) receptor protein mediating a large number of signaling processes in all eukaryotic cells. CaM plays a central role in regulating a myriad of cellular functions via interaction with multiple target proteins. This review focuses on the action of CaM and CaM-dependent signaling systems in the control of vertebrate cell proliferation, programmed cell death and autophagy. The significance of CaM and interconnected CaM-regulated systems for the physiology of cancer cells including tumor stem cells, and processes required for tumor progression such as growth, tumor-associated angiogenesis and metastasis are highlighted. Furthermore, the potential targeting of CaM-dependent signaling processes for therapeutic use is discussed.
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Key Words
- (4-[3,5-bis-[2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-4,5-dihydro-pyrazol-1-yl]-benzoic acid
- (4-[3,5-bis-[2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-vinyl]-4,5-dihydro-pyrazol-1-yl]-phenyl)-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-methanone
- (−) enantiomer of dihydropyrine 3-methyl-5-3-(4,4-diphenyl-1-piperidinyl)-propyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-piridine-3,5-dicarboxylate-hydrochloride (niguldipine)
- 1-[N,O-bis(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-N-methyl-l-tyrosyl]-4-phenylpiperazine
- 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate
- 2-chloro-(ε-amino-Lys(75))-[6-(4-(N,N′-diethylaminophenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-4-yl]-CaM adduct
- 3′-(β-chloroethyl)-2′,4′-dioxo-3,5′-spiro-oxazolidino-4-deacetoxy-vinblastine
- 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene
- Apoptosis
- Autophagy
- B859-35
- CAPP(1)-CaM
- Ca(2+) binding protein
- Calmodulin
- Cancer biology
- Cell proliferation
- DMBA
- EBB
- FL-CaM
- FPCE
- HBC
- HBCP
- J-8
- KAR-2
- KN-62
- KN-93
- N-(4-aminobutyl)-2-naphthalenesulfonamide
- N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide
- N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide
- N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide
- N-8-aminooctyl-5-iodo-naphthalenesulfonamide
- N-[2-[N-(4-chlorocinnamyl)-N-methylaminomethyl]phenyl]-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide
- O-(4-ethoxyl-butyl)-berbamine
- RITC-CaM
- TA-CaM
- TFP
- TPA
- W-12
- W-13
- W-5
- W-7
- fluorescein-CaM adduct
- fluphenazine-N-2-chloroethane
- norchlorpromazine-CaM adduct
- rhodamine isothiocyanate-CaM adduct
- trifluoperazine
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin W Berchtold
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Biocenter 4-2-09 Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Antonio Villalobo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Department of Cancer Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Arturo Duperier 4, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Novel role of calmodulin in regulating protein transport to mitochondria in a unicellular eukaryote. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:4579-93. [PMID: 24043313 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00829-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lower eukaryotes like the kinetoplastid parasites are good models to study evolution of cellular pathways during steps to eukaryogenesis. In this study, a kinetoplastid parasite, Leishmania donovani, was used to understand the process of mitochondrial translocation of a nucleus-encoded mitochondrial protein, the mitochondrial tryparedoxin peroxidase (mTXNPx). We report the presence of an N-terminal cleavable mitochondrial targeting signal (MTS) validated through deletion and grafting experiments. We also establish a novel finding of calmodulin (CaM) binding to the MTS of mTXNPx through specific residues. Mutation of CaM binding residues, keeping intact the residues involved in mitochondrial targeting and biochemical inhibition of CaM activity both in vitro and in vivo, prevented mitochondrial translocation. Through reconstituted import assays, we demonstrate obstruction of mitochondrial translocation either in the absence of CaM or Ca(2+) or in the presence of CaM inhibitors. We also demonstrate the prevention of temperature-driven mTXNPx aggregation in the presence of CaM. These findings establish the idea that CaM is required for the transport of the protein to mitochondria through maintenance of translocation competence posttranslation.
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Fodor J, Matta C, Oláh T, Juhász T, Takács R, Tóth A, Dienes B, Csernoch L, Zákány R. Store-operated calcium entry and calcium influx via voltage-operated calcium channels regulate intracellular calcium oscillations in chondrogenic cells. Cell Calcium 2013; 54:1-16. [PMID: 23664335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chondrogenesis is known to be regulated by calcium-dependent signalling pathways in which temporal aspects of calcium homeostasis are of key importance. We aimed to better characterise calcium influx and release functions with respect to rapid calcium oscillations in cells of chondrifying chicken high density cultures. We found that differentiating chondrocytes express the α1 subunit of voltage-operated calcium channels (VOCCs) at both mRNA and protein levels, and that these ion channels play important roles in generating Ca(2+) influx for oscillations as nifedipine interfered with repetitive calcium transients. Furthermore, VOCC blockade abrogated chondrogenesis and almost completely blocked cell proliferation. The contribution of internal Ca(2+) stores via store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) seems to be indispensable to both Ca(2+) oscillations and chondrogenesis. Moreover, this is the first study to show the functional expression of STIM1/STIM2 and Orai1, molecules that orchestrate SOCE, in chondrogenic cells. Inhibition of SOCE combined with ER calcium store depletion abolished differentiation and severely diminished proliferation, suggesting the important role of internal pools in calcium homeostasis of differentiating chondrocytes. Finally, we present an integrated model for the regulation of calcium oscillations of differentiating chondrocytes that may have important implications for studies of chondrogenesis induced in various stem cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Fodor
- Department of Physiology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Schmidt CM, Hood WR. Calcium availability influences litter size and sex ratio in white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). PLoS One 2012; 7:e41402. [PMID: 22870218 PMCID: PMC3409861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of offspring typically requires investment of resources derived from both the environment and maternal somatic reserves. As such, the availability of either of these types of resources has the potential to limit the degree to which resources are allocated to reproduction. Theory and empirical studies have argued that mothers modify reproductive performance relative to exogenous resource availability and maternal condition by adjusting size, number or sex of offspring produced. These relationships have classically been defined relative to availability of energy sources; however, in vertebrates, calcium also plays a critical role in offspring production, as a considerable amount of calcium is required to support the development of offspring skeleton(s). We tested whether the availability of calcium influences reproductive output by providing female white-footed mice with a low-calcium or standard diet from reproductive maturity to senescence. We then compared maternal skeletal condition and reproductive output, based on offspring mass, offspring number and litter sex ratio, between dietary treatments. Mothers on the low-calcium diet exhibited diminished skeletal condition at senescence and produced smaller and strongly female-biased litters. We show that skeletal condition and calcium intake can influence sex ratio and reproductive output following general theoretical models of resource partitioning during reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Schmidt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn Alabama, United States of America.
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31
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Paterson CP, Ayalew LE, Tikoo SK. Mapping of nuclear import signal and importin α3 binding regions of 52K protein of bovine adenovirus-3. Virology 2012; 432:63-72. [PMID: 22739443 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The L1 region of bovine adenovirus (BAdV)-3 encodes a non-structural protein designated 52K. Anti-52K serum detected a protein of 40kDa, which localized to the nucleus but not to the nucleolus in BAdV-3-infected or transfected cells. Analysis of mutant 52K proteins suggested that three basic residues ((105)RKR(107)) of the identified domain (amino acids (102)GMPRKRVLT(110)) are essential for nuclear localization of 52K. The nuclear import of a GST-52K fusion protein utilizes the classical importin α/β-dependent nuclear transport pathway. The 52K protein is preferentially bound to the cellular nuclear import receptor importin α3. Although deletion of amino acid 102-110 is sufficient to abrogate the nuclear localization of 52K, amino acid 90-133 are required for interaction with importin-α3 and localizing a cytoplasmic protein to the nucleus. These results suggest that 52K contains a bipartite NLS, which preferentially utilize an importin α3 nuclear import receptor-mediated pathway to transport 52K to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn P Paterson
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3 Canada
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32
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Angelopoulou R, Lavranos G, Manolakou P. Sex determination strategies in 2012: towards a common regulatory model? Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2012; 10:13. [PMID: 22357269 PMCID: PMC3311596 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-10-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex determination is a complicated process involving large-scale modifications in gene expression affecting virtually every tissue in the body. Although the evolutionary origin of sex remains controversial, there is little doubt that it has developed as a process of optimizing metabolic control, as well as developmental and reproductive functions within a given setting of limited resources and environmental pressure. Evidence from various model organisms supports the view that sex determination may occur as a result of direct environmental induction or genetic regulation. The first process has been well documented in reptiles and fish, while the second is the classic case for avian species and mammals. Both of the latter have developed a variety of sex-specific/sex-related genes, which ultimately form a complete chromosome pair (sex chromosomes/gonosomes). Interestingly, combinations of environmental and genetic mechanisms have been described among different classes of animals, thus rendering the possibility of a unidirectional continuous evolutionary process from the one type of mechanism to the other unlikely. On the other hand, common elements appear throughout the animal kingdom, with regard to a) conserved key genes and b) a central role of sex steroid control as a prerequisite for ultimately normal sex differentiation. Studies in invertebrates also indicate a role of epigenetic chromatin modification, particularly with regard to alternative splicing options. This review summarizes current evidence from research in this hot field and signifies the need for further study of both normal hormonal regulators of sexual phenotype and patterns of environmental disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxani Angelopoulou
- Experimental Embryology Unit, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, Athens University, Athens, Greece
| | - Giagkos Lavranos
- Experimental Embryology Unit, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, Athens University, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Manolakou
- Experimental Embryology Unit, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, Athens University, Athens, Greece
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33
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Two- and Three-Dimensional Culture of Keratinocyte Stem and Precursor Cells Derived from Primary Murine Epidermal Cultures. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011; 8:402-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9314-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sim H, Argentaro A, Czech DP, Bagheri-Fam S, Sinclair AH, Koopman P, Boizet-Bonhoure B, Poulat F, Harley VR. Inhibition of SRY-calmodulin complex formation induces ectopic expression of ovarian cell markers in developing XY gonads. Endocrinology 2011; 152:2883-93. [PMID: 21558314 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor sex-determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY) plays a key role in human sex determination, because mutations in SRY cause disorders of sex development in XY individuals. During gonadal development, Sry in pre-Sertoli cells activates Sox9 gene transcription, committing the fate of the bipotential gonad to become a testis rather than an ovary. The high-mobility group domain of human SRY contains two independent nuclear localization signals, one bound by calmodulin (CaM) and the other by importin-β. Although XY females carry SRY mutations in these nuclear localization signals that affect SRY nuclear import in transfected cells, it is not known whether these transport mechanisms are essential for gonadal development and sex determination. Here, we show that mouse Sry protein binds CaM and that a CaM antagonist reduces CaM binding, nuclear accumulation, and transcriptional activity of Sry in transfected cells. CaM antagonist treatment of cultured, sexually indifferent XY mouse fetal gonads led to reduced expression of the Sry target gene Sox9, defects in testicular cord formation, and ectopic expression of the ovarian markers Rspondin1 and forkhead box L2. These results indicate the importance of CaM for SRY nuclear import, transcriptional activity, testis differentiation, and sex determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Sim
- Molecular Genetics and Development Division, Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Level 4 Block E, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
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35
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The Saccharomyces cerevisiae ubiquitin E3 ligase Asr1p targets calmodulin for ubiquitylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 411:197-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Chien CD, Kirilyuk A, Li JV, Zhang W, Lahusen T, Schmidt MO, Oh AS, Wellstein A, Riegel AT. Role of the nuclear receptor coactivator AIB1-Delta4 splice variant in the control of gene transcription. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:26813-27. [PMID: 21636853 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.216200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogene amplified in breast cancer 1 (AIB1) is a nuclear receptor coactivator that plays a major role in the progression of various cancers. We previously identified a splice variant of AIB1 called AIB1-Δ4 that is overexpressed in breast cancer. Using mass spectrometry, we define the translation initiation of AIB1-Δ4 at Met(224) of the full-length AIB1 sequence and have raised an antibody to a peptide representing the acetylated N terminus. We show that AIB1-Δ4 is predominantly localized in the cytoplasm, although leptomycin B nuclear export inhibition demonstrates that AIB1-Δ4 can enter and traffic through the nucleus. Our data indicate an import mechanism enhanced by other coactivators such as p300/CBP. We report that the endogenously and exogenously expressed AIB1-Δ4 is recruited as efficiently as full-length AIB1 to estrogen-response elements of genes, and it enhances estrogen-dependent transcription more effectively than AIB1. Expression of an N-terminal AIB1 protein fragment, which is lost in the AIB1-Δ4 isoform, potentiates AIB1 as a coactivator. This suggests a model whereby the transcriptional activity of AIB1 is squelched by a repressive mechanism utilizing the N-terminal domain and that the increased coactivator function of AIB1-Δ4 is due to the loss of this inhibitory domain. Finally, we show, using Scorpion primer technology, that AIB1-Δ4 expression is correlated with metastatic capability of human cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Chien
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Chen J, Liu MY, Parish CR, Chong BH, Khachigian L. Nuclear import of early growth response-1 involves importin-7 and the novel nuclear localization signal serine-proline-serine. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:905-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Amano K, Hata K, Muramatsu S, Wakabayashi M, Takigawa Y, Ono K, Nakanishi M, Takashima R, Kogo M, Matsuda A, Nishimura R, Yoneda T. Arid5a cooperates with Sox9 to stimulate chondrocyte-specific transcription. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:1300-11. [PMID: 21346191 PMCID: PMC3078073 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-07-0566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SRY-box-containing gene 9 (Sox9) is an essential transcription factor in chondrocyte lineage determination and differentiation. Recent studies demonstrated that Sox9 controls the transcription of chondrocyte-specific genes in association with several other transcriptional regulators. To further understand the molecular mechanisms by which Sox9 influences transcriptional events during chondrocyte differentiation, we attempted to identify transcriptional partners of Sox9 and to examine their roles in chondrocyte differentiation. We isolated AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 5a (Arid5a; also known as Mrf1) as an activator of the Col2a1 gene promoter from an ATDC5 cDNA library. Arid5a was highly expressed in cartilage and induced during chondrocyte differentiation. Furthermore, Arid5a physically interacted with Sox9 in nuclei and up-regulated the chondrocyte-specific action of Sox9. Overexpression of Arid5a stimulated chondrocyte differentiation in vitro and in an organ culture system. In contrast, Arid5a knockdown inhibited Col2a1 expression in chondrocytes. In addition, Arid5a binds directly to the promoter region of the Col2a1 gene and stimulates acetylation of histone 3 in the region. Our results suggest that Arid5a may directly interact with Sox9 and thereby enhance its chondrocyte-specific action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Amano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Jamali T, Jamali Y, Mehrbod M, Mofrad MRK. Nuclear pore complex: biochemistry and biophysics of nucleocytoplasmic transport in health and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 287:233-86. [PMID: 21414590 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386043-9.00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are the gateways connecting the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. This structures are composed of over 30 different proteins and 60-125 MDa of mass depending on type of species. NPCs are bilateral pathways that selectively control the passage of macromolecules into and out of the nucleus. Molecules smaller than 40 kDa diffuse through the NPC passively while larger molecules require facilitated transport provided by their attachment to karyopherins. Kinetic studies have shown that approximately 1000 translocations occur per second per NPC. Maintaining its high selectivity while allowing for rapid translocation makes the NPC an efficient chemical nanomachine. In this review, we approach the NPC function via a structural viewpoint. Putting together different pieces of this puzzle, this chapter confers an overall insight into what molecular processes are engaged in import/export of active cargos across the NPC and how different transporters regulate nucleocytoplasmic transport. In the end, the correlation of several diseases and disorders with the NPC structural defects and dysfunctions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jamali
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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Markaki M, Tavernarakis N. Modeling human diseases in Caenorhabditis elegans. Biotechnol J 2010; 5:1261-76. [PMID: 21154667 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Genes linked to human diseases often function in evolutionarily conserved pathways, which can be readily dissected in simple model organisms. Because of its short lifespan and well-known biology, coupled with a completely sequenced genome that shares extensive homology with that of mammals, Caenorhabditis elegans is one of the most versatile and powerful model organisms. Research in C. elegans has been instrumental for the elucidation of molecular pathways implicated in many human diseases. In this review, we introduce C. elegans as a model organism for biomedical research and we survey recent relevant findings that shed light on the basic molecular determinants of human disease pathophysiology. The nematode holds promise of providing clear leads towards the identification of potential targets for the development of new therapeutic interventions against human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Markaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, N. Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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42
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Kanduc D. Protein information content resides in rare peptide segments. Peptides 2010; 31:983-8. [PMID: 20153390 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Discovering the informational rule(s) underlying structure-function relationships in the protein language is at the core of biology. Current theories have proven inadequate to explain the origins of biological information such as that found in nucleotide and amino acid sequences. Here, we demonstrate that the information content of an amino acid motif correlates with the motif rarity. A structured analysis of the scientific literature supports the theory that rare pentapeptide words have higher significance than more common pentapeptides in biological cell 'talk'. This study expands on our previous research showing that the immunological information contained in an amino acid sequence is inversely related to the sequence frequency in the host proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darja Kanduc
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, Italy.
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Hanover JA, Krause MW, Love DC. The hexosamine signaling pathway: O-GlcNAc cycling in feast or famine. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1800:80-95. [PMID: 19647043 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The enzymes of O-GlcNAc cycling couple the nutrient-dependent synthesis of UDP-GlcNAc to O-GlcNAc modification of Ser/Thr residues of key nuclear and cytoplasmic targets. This series of reactions culminating in O-GlcNAcylation of targets has been termed the hexosamine signaling pathway (HSP). The evolutionarily ancient enzymes of O-GlcNAc cycling have co-evolved with other signaling effecter molecules; they are recruited to their targets by many of the same mechanisms used to organize canonic kinase-dependent signaling pathways. This co-recruitment of the enzymes of O-GlcNAc cycling drives a binary switch impacting pathways of anabolism and growth (nutrient uptake) and catabolic pathways (nutrient sparing and salvage). The hexosamine signaling pathway (HSP) has thus emerged as a versatile cellular regulator modulating numerous cellular signaling cascades influencing growth, metabolism, cellular stress, circadian rhythm, and host-pathogen interactions. In mammals, the nutrient-sensing HSP has been harnessed to regulate such cell-specific functions as neutrophil migration, and activation of B-cells and T-cells. This review summarizes the diverse approaches being used to examine O-GlcNAc cycling. It will emphasize the impact O-GlcNAcylation has upon signaling pathways that may be become deregulated in diseases of the immune system, diabetes mellitus, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Hanover
- Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Tartakoff AM, Tao T. Comparative and evolutionary aspects of macromolecular translocation across membranes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 42:214-29. [PMID: 19643202 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Membrane barriers preserve the integrity of organelles of eukaryotic cells, yet the genesis and ongoing functions of the same organelles requires that their limiting membranes allow import and export of selected macromolecules. Multiple distinct mechanisms are used for this purpose, only some of which have been traced to prokaryotes. Some can accommodate both monomeric and also large heterooligomeric cargoes. The best characterized of these is nucleocytoplasmic transport. This synthesis compares the unidirectional and bidirectional mechanisms of macromolecular transport of the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, peroxisomes and the nucleus, calls attention to the powerful experimental approaches which have been used for their elucidation, discusses their regulation and evolutionary origins, and highlights relatively unexplored areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Tartakoff
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology Program, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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