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Shao S, Sun Y, Zhao D, Tian Y, Yang Y, Luo N. A ubiquitination-related risk model for predicting the prognosis and immunotherapy response of gastric adenocarcinoma patients. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16868. [PMID: 38313020 PMCID: PMC10838090 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is crucial for the growth of cancer. However, the role of ubiquitination-related genes (URGs) in stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) remains unclear. Differentially expressed URGs (DE-URGs) were examined in the whole TCGA-STAD dataset, and the prognosis-related genes were discovered from the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) training set. Prognostic genes were discovered using selection operator regression analysis and absolute least shrinkage (LASSO). A multivariate Cox analysis was further employed, and a polygene-based risk assessment system was established. Signatures were verified using the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database record GSE84433 and the TCGA test set. Using the MEXPRESS dataset, a detailed analysis of gene expression and methylation was carried out. Using the DAVID database, DE-URG function and pathway enrichment was examined. The identified 163 DE-URGs were significantly associated with pathways related to protein ubiquitination, cell cycle, and cancer. A prognostic signature based on 13 DE-URGs was constructed, classifying patients into two risk groups. Compared to low-risk patients, people at high risk had considerably shorter survival times. Cox regression analyses considered prognostic parameters independent of age and risk score and were used to generate nomograms. Calibration curves show good agreement between nomogram predictions and observations. Furthermore, the results of the MEXPRESS analysis indicated that 13 prognostic DE-URGs had an intricate methylation profile. The enhanced Random Forest-based model showed greater efficacy in predicting prognosis, mutation, and immune infiltration. The in vitro validation, including CCK8, EdU, Transwell, and co-culture Transwell, proved that RNF144A was a potent oncogene in STAD and could facilitate the migration of M2 macrophages. In this research, we have created a genetic model based on URGs that can appropriately gauge a patient's prognosis and immunotherapy response, providing clinicians with a reliable tool for prognostic assessment and supporting clinical treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Shao
- General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yang Sun
- General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yifan Yang
- General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Nan Luo
- Infection, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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2
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Yang B, Pei J, Lu C, Wang Y, Shen M, Qin X, Huang Y, Yang X, Zhao X, Ma S, Song Z, Liang Y, Wang H, Wang J. RNF144A promotes antiviral responses by modulating STING ubiquitination. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57528. [PMID: 37955227 PMCID: PMC10702816 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon (IFN) genes (STING, also named MITA, ERIS, MPYS, or TMEM173) plays an essential role in DNA virus- or cytosolic DNA-triggered innate immune responses. Here, we demonstrate that the RING-in-between RING (RBR) E3 ubiquitin ligase family member RING-finger protein (RNF) 144A interacts with STING and promotes its K6-linked ubiquitination at K236, thereby enhancing STING translocation from the ER to the Golgi and downstream signaling pathways. The K236R mutant of STING displays reduced activity in promoting innate immune signal transduction. Overexpression of RNF144A upregulates HSV-1- or cytosolic DNA-induced immune responses, while knockdown of RNF144A expression has the opposite effect. In addition, Rnf144a-deficient cells exhibit impaired DNA virus- or cytosolic DNA-triggered signaling, and RNF144A protects mice from DNA virus infection. In contrast, RNF144A does not affect RNA virus- or cytosolic RNA-triggered innate immune responses. Taken together, our findings identify a new positive regulator of DNA virus- or cytosolic DNA-triggered signaling pathways and a critical ubiquitination site important for fully functional STING during antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Inflammation and ImmunologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory MedicineXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted DrugXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Jinyong Pei
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Inflammation and ImmunologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory MedicineXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted DrugXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Chen Lu
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Inflammation and ImmunologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory MedicineXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted DrugXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Yi Wang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Inflammation and ImmunologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory MedicineXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted DrugXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Mengyang Shen
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Inflammation and ImmunologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory MedicineXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted DrugXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Xiao Qin
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Inflammation and ImmunologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory MedicineXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted DrugXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Yulu Huang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Inflammation and ImmunologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory MedicineXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted DrugXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Xi Yang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Inflammation and ImmunologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory MedicineXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted DrugXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Laboratory MedicineThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Shujun Ma
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Inflammation and ImmunologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory MedicineXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted DrugXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Zhishan Song
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Inflammation and ImmunologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory MedicineXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted DrugXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Yinming Liang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted DrugXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Ping Yuan LaboratoryXinxiangChina
| | - Hui Wang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory MedicineXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted DrugXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Jie Wang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Inflammation and ImmunologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory MedicineXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted DrugXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
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3
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Cheng H, Wang X. The role of E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases in bladder cancer development and immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1202633. [PMID: 37215134 PMCID: PMC10196180 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1202633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the common malignant urothelial tumors. Post-translational modification (PTMs), including ubiquitination, acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation, have been revealed to participate in bladder cancer initiation and progression. Ubiquitination is the common PTM, which is conducted by E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme, E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. E3 ubiquitin ligases play a key role in bladder oncogenesis and progression and drug resistance in bladder cancer. Therefore, in this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the functions of E3 ubiquitin ligases in bladder cancer development. Moreover, we provide the evidence of E3 ubiquitin ligases in regulation of immunotherapy in bladder cancer. Furthermore, we mention the multiple compounds that target E3 ubiquitin ligases to improve the therapy efficacy of bladder cancer. We hope our review can stimulate researchers and clinicians to investigate whether and how targeting E3 ubiquitin ligases acts a novel strategy for bladder cancer therapy.
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Rusilowicz-Jones EV, Brazel AJ, Frigenti F, Urbé S, Clague MJ. Membrane compartmentalisation of the ubiquitin system. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 132:171-184. [PMID: 34895815 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We now have a comprehensive inventory of ubiquitin system components. Understanding of any system also needs an appreciation of how components are organised together. Quantitative proteomics has provided us with a census of their relative populations in several model cell types. Here, by examining large scale unbiased data sets, we seek to identify and map those components, which principally reside on the major organelles of the endomembrane system. We present the consensus distribution of > 50 ubiquitin modifying enzymes, E2s, E3s and DUBs, that possess transmembrane domains. This analysis reveals that the ER and endosomal compartments have a diverse cast of resident E3s, whilst the Golgi and mitochondria operate with a more restricted palette. We describe key functions of ubiquitylation that are specific to each compartment and relate this to their signature complement of ubiquitin modifying components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma V Rusilowicz-Jones
- Dept. of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signaling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Ailbhe J Brazel
- Dept. of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signaling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth W23 F2K6, Ireland
| | - Francesca Frigenti
- Dept. of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signaling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Sylvie Urbé
- Dept. of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signaling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.
| | - Michael J Clague
- Dept. of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signaling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.
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5
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Vieira P, Jesus V, Cândido MA, Pacheco-Soares C, Castilho M, Raniero L. Specific nanomarkers fluorescence in vitro analysis for EGFR overexpressed cells in triple-negative breast cancer and malign glioblastoma. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 39:102997. [PMID: 35781094 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR receptor) is encoded by the EGFR gene. EGFR receptor signaling pathways are activated by EGF protein, regulating cell actions. Overexpression of EGFR receptor may be linked to malignancies with a poor prognosis. As a result, EGFR receptor is being studied for a variety of tumor diagnostics, spurring the development of innovative approaches to increase quality and efficiency. Nanomaterials can recognize cancer cells by specifically targeting of molecular pathways, underscoring the importance of nanomedicine. In this study, we synthesized EGFR-specific nanomarkers by functionalizing EGF protein and Chlorin e6 in gold nanoparticles. These nanoparticles use active targeting to deliver EGF protein to EGFR receptor, and Chlorin e6 serves as a fluorescent marker molecule METHODS: : Nanomarkers were examined in vitro in MDA-MB-468 and M059J cell lines. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry were used to examine the distribution, uptake, internalization, and fluorescence intensity of nanomarkers in vitro RESULTS: : The results show that both lines examined accumulate nanomarkers. However, MDA-MB-468 had the highest intensity due to its EGFR receptor overexpression properties CONCLUSION: : The findings point to ideal properties for detecting EGFR receptor overexpressed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Vieira
- Nanosensors Laboratory, Research & Development Institute, Vale do Paraíba University, 12244-000, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Viviane Jesus
- Nanosensors Laboratory, Research & Development Institute, Vale do Paraíba University, 12244-000, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marcela Aparecida Cândido
- Nanosensors Laboratory, Research & Development Institute, Vale do Paraíba University, 12244-000, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Cristina Pacheco-Soares
- Dynamics of Cellular Compartments Laboratory, Research & Development Institute, Vale do Paraíba University, 12244-000, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Maiara Castilho
- Bionanotechnology Laboratory, Research & Development Institute, Vale do Paraíba University, 12244-000, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Leandro Raniero
- Nanosensors Laboratory, Research & Development Institute, Vale do Paraíba University, 12244-000, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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6
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Manku G, Kong CC, Culty M. Role of the Ubiquitin Ligase RNF149 in the Development of Rat Neonatal Gonocytes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:896507. [PMID: 35634494 PMCID: PMC9136010 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.896507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Male reproductive function depends on the formation of spermatogonial stem cells from their neonatal precursors, the gonocytes. Previously, we identified several UPS enzymes dynamically altered during gonocyte differentiation. The present work focuses on understanding the role of the RING finger protein 149 (RNF149), an E3 ligase that we found to be strongly expressed in gonocytes and downregulated in spermatogonia. The quantification of RNF149 mRNA from postnatal day (PND) 2 to 35 (puberty) in rat testis, brain, liver, kidney, and heart indicated that its highest levels are found in the testis. RNF149 knock-down in PND3 rat gonocytes was performed to better understand its role in gonocyte development. While a proliferative cocktail of PDGF-BB and 17β-estradiol (P+E) increased both the expression levels of the cell proliferation marker PCNA and RNF149 in mock cells, the effects of P+E on both genes were reduced in cells treated with RNF149 siRNA, suggesting that RNF149 expression is regulated during gonocyte proliferation and that there might be a functional link between RNF149 and PCNA. To examine RNF149 subcellular localization, EGFP-tagged RNF149 vectors were constructed, after determining the rat testis RNF149 mRNA sequence. Surprisingly, two variant transcripts were expressed in rat tissues, predicting truncated proteins, one containing the PA and the other the RING functional domains. Transfection in mouse F9 embryonal carcinoma cells and C18-4 spermatogonial cell lines showed differential subcellular profiles of the two truncated proteins. Overall, the results of this study support a role for RNF149 in gonocyte proliferation and suggest its transcription to variant mRNAs resulting in two proteins with different functional domains. Future studies will examine the respective roles of these variant proteins in the cell lines and isolated gonocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Manku
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- The Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Chi-Chon Kong
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- The Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Martine Culty
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- The Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Martine Culty,
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Ho SR, Lee YC, Ittmann MM, Lin FT, Chan KS, Lin WC. RNF144A deficiency promotes PD-L1 protein stabilization and carcinogen-induced bladder tumorigenesis. Cancer Lett 2021; 520:344-360. [PMID: 34400221 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RNF144A is a DNA damage-induced E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets proteins involved in genome instability for degradation, e.g., DNA-PKcs and BMI1. RNF144A is frequently mutated or epigenetically silenced in cancer, providing the rationale to evaluate RNF144A loss of function in tumorigenesis. Here we report that RNF144A-deficient mice are more prone to the development of bladder tumors upon carcinogen exposure. In addition to DNA-PKcs and BMI1, we identify the immune checkpoint protein PD-L1 as a novel degradation target of RNF144A, since these proteins are expressed at higher levels in Rnf144a KO tumors. RNF144A interacts with PD-L1 in the plasma membrane and intracellular vesicles and promotes poly-ubiquitination and degradation of PD-L1. Therefore, Rnf144a KO stabilizes PD-L1 and leads to a reduction of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cell populations in the BBN-induced bladder tumors. The bladder tumors developed in WT and Rnf144a KO mice primarily express CK5 and CK14, markers of basal cancer subtype, as expected in BBN-induced bladder tumors. Intriguingly, the Rnf144a KO tumors also express GATA3, a marker for the luminal subtype, suggesting that RNF144A loss of function promotes features of cellular differentiation. Such differentiation features in Rnf144a KO tumors likely result from a decrease of EGFR expression, consistent with the reported role of RNF144A in maintaining EGFR expression. In summary, for the first time our study demonstrates the in vivo tumor suppressor activity of RNF144A upon carcinogenic insult. Loss of RNF144A promotes the expression of DNA-PKcs, BMI1 and PD-L1, likely contributing to the carcinogen-induced bladder tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiuh-Rong Ho
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yu-Cheng Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michael M Ittmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Fang-Tsyr Lin
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Keith Syson Chan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Weei-Chin Lin
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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8
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Trasierras AM, Luna JM, Ventura S. Improving the understanding of cancer in a descriptive way: An emerging pattern mining‐based approach. INT J INTELL SYST 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/int.22503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - José María Luna
- Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) University of Cordoba Córdoba Spain
| | - Sebastián Ventura
- Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) University of Cordoba Córdoba Spain
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9
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Stegemiller MR, Murdoch GK, Rowan TN, Davenport KM, Becker GM, Hall JB, Murdoch BM. Genome-Wide Association Analyses of Fertility Traits in Beef Heifers. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020217. [PMID: 33540904 PMCID: PMC7913221 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of livestock to reproduce efficiently is critical to the sustainability of animal agriculture. Antral follicle count (AFC) and reproductive tract scores (RTS) can be used to estimate fertility in beef heifers, but the genetic mechanisms influencing variation in these measures are not well understood. Two genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were conducted to identify the significant loci associated with these traits. In total, 293 crossbred beef heifers were genotyped on the Bovine GGP 50K chip and genotypes were imputed to 836,121 markers. A GWAS was performed with the AFC phenotype for 217 heifers with a multi-locus mixed model, conducted using the year, age at time of sampling and principal component analysis groupings as the covariates. The RTS GWAS was performed with 289 heifers using an additive correlation/trend test comparing prepubertal to pubertal heifers. The loci on chromosomes 2, 3 and 23 were significant in the AFC GWAS and the loci on chromosomes 2, 8, 10 and 11 were significant in the RTS GWAS. The significant region on chromosome 2 was similar between both analyses. These regions contained genes associated with cell proliferation, transcription, apoptosis and development. This study proposes candidate genes for beef cattle fertility, although future research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan R. Stegemiller
- Department of Animal, Veterinary & Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843, USA; (M.R.S.); (G.K.M.); (K.M.D.); (G.M.B.)
| | - Gordon K. Murdoch
- Department of Animal, Veterinary & Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843, USA; (M.R.S.); (G.K.M.); (K.M.D.); (G.M.B.)
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Troy N. Rowan
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - Kimberly M. Davenport
- Department of Animal, Veterinary & Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843, USA; (M.R.S.); (G.K.M.); (K.M.D.); (G.M.B.)
| | - Gabrielle M. Becker
- Department of Animal, Veterinary & Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843, USA; (M.R.S.); (G.K.M.); (K.M.D.); (G.M.B.)
| | - John B. Hall
- Department of Animal, Veterinary & Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843, USA; (M.R.S.); (G.K.M.); (K.M.D.); (G.M.B.)
- Nancy M. Cummings Research, Education, and Extension Center, University of Idaho, Carmen, ID 83462, USA
- Correspondence: (J.B.H.); (B.M.M.); Tel.: +1-208-756-2749 (J.B.H.); +1-208-885-2088 (B.M.M.)
| | - Brenda M. Murdoch
- Department of Animal, Veterinary & Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843, USA; (M.R.S.); (G.K.M.); (K.M.D.); (G.M.B.)
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Correspondence: (J.B.H.); (B.M.M.); Tel.: +1-208-756-2749 (J.B.H.); +1-208-885-2088 (B.M.M.)
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10
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Han SH, Kim KT. RNF144a induces ERK-dependent cell death under oxidative stress via downregulation of vaccinia-related kinase 3. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs247304. [PMID: 33067254 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.247304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia-related kinase 3 (VRK3) has been reported to be a negative regulator of ERK (ERK1 and ERK2; also known as MAPK3 and MAPK1, respectively) that protects cells from persistent ERK activation and inhibits ERK-dependent apoptosis. Here we report that the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF144a promotes the degradation of VRK3 via polyubiquitylation and thus affects VRK3-mediated ERK activity. Under oxidative stress, VRK3 migrates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, which increases its chance of interacting with RNF144a, thereby promoting the degradation of VRK3. Overexpression of RNF144a increases ERK activity via downregulation of VRK3 and promotes ERK-dependent apoptosis. In contrast, depletion of RNF144a increases the protein level of VRK3 and protects cells from excessive ERK activity. These findings suggest that VRK3 protects cells by suppressing oxidative stress-induced ERK, and that RNF144a sensitively regulates this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyun Han
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong-Tai Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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11
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Wang P, Dai X, Jiang W, Li Y, Wei W. RBR E3 ubiquitin ligases in tumorigenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 67:131-144. [PMID: 32442483 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RING-in-between-RING (RBR) E3 ligases are one class of E3 ligases that is characterized by the unique RING-HECT hybrid mechanism to function with E2s to transfer ubiquitin to target proteins for degradation. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that RBR E3 ligases play essential roles in neurodegenerative diseases, infection, inflammation and cancer. Accumulated evidence has revealed that RBR E3 ligases exert their biological functions in various types of cancers by modulating the degradation of tumor promoters or suppressors. Hence, we summarize the differential functions of RBR E3 ligases in a variety of human cancers. In general, ARIH1, RNF14, RNF31, RNF144B, RNF216, and RBCK1 exhibit primarily oncogenic roles, whereas ARIH2, PARC and PARK2 mainly have tumor suppressive functions. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms by which different RBR E3 ligases are involved in tumorigenesis and progression are also described. We discuss the further investigation is required to comprehensively understand the critical role of RBR E3 ligases in carcinogenesis. We hope our review can stimulate the researchers to deeper explore the mechanism of RBR E3 ligases-mediated carcinogenesis and to develop useful inhibitors of these oncogenic E3 ligases for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233030, China
| | - Xiaoming Dai
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wenxiao Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuyun Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233030, China.
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, USA.
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12
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Li KS, Zhu XD, Liu HD, Zhang SZ, Li XL, Xiao N, Liu XF, Xu B, Lei M, Zhang YY, Shi WK, Cao MQ, Xu YF, Tang ZY, Sun HC. NT5DC2 promotes tumor cell proliferation by stabilizing EGFR in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:335. [PMID: 32382041 PMCID: PMC7206140 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage; however, the effect of systemic therapy on advanced HCC remains undetermined. Therefore, new treatment targets must be identified. We analyzed Gene Expression Omnibus datasets from two HCC patient cohorts and found that NT5DC2 was associated with vascular invasion and poor survival. In two hepatoma cell lines, NT5DC2 overexpression promoted HCC cell proliferation and clone formation in vitro and promoted tumor growth in vivo. Coimmunoprecipitation assays and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed that NT5DC2 bound directly to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). NT5DC2 upregulated EGFR expression by downregulating EGFR ubiquitination and preventing its degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway but did not upregulate its transcription. EGFR upregulation activated downstream signal transduction, which played a critical role in the protumor effects of NT5DC2. Erlotinib, a small-molecule inhibitor of EGFR, blocked the effect of NT5DC2 in promoting HCC cell proliferation. In a cohort of 79 patients who underwent curative resection for HCC, NT5DC2 expression in the tumors was associated with larger tumors and microvascular invasion. NT5DC2 expression was also independently associated with recurrence-free survival. The present study demonstrated for the first time that NT5DC2 promotes tumor cell proliferation in HCC and may serve as a potential molecular target for treating HCC. EGFR blockage could be used to treat selected patients with NT5DC2 upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Shuai Li
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Da Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Shi-Zhe Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Long Li
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Xiao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Feng Liu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Lei
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Kai Shi
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Man-Qing Cao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Fei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107, Wenhua Xi Road, 250012, Jinan, China
| | - Zhao-You Tang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Chuan Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, 200032, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Lee YJ, Ho SR, Graves JD, Xiao Y, Huang S, Lin WC. CGRRF1, a growth suppressor, regulates EGFR ubiquitination in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2019; 21:134. [PMID: 31801577 PMCID: PMC6894136 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-019-1212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CGRRF1 is a growth suppressor and consists of a transmembrane domain and a RING-finger domain. It functions as a RING domain E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation. The expression of CGRRF1 is decreased in cancer tissues; however, the role of CGRRF1 in breast cancer and the mechanism(s) of its growth suppressor function remain to be elucidated. Methods To investigate whether CGRRF1 inhibits the growth of breast cancer, we performed MTT assays and a xenograft experiment. Tumors harvested from mice were further analyzed by reverse phase protein array (RPPA) analysis to identify potential substrate(s) of CGRRF1. Co-immunoprecipitation assay was used to verify the interaction between CGRRF1 and its substrate, followed by in vivo ubiquitination assays. Western blot, subcellular fractionation, and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were performed to understand the mechanism of CGRRF1 action in breast cancer. Publicly available breast cancer datasets were analyzed to examine the association between CGRRF1 and breast cancer. Results We show that CGRRF1 inhibits the growth of breast cancer in vitro and in vivo, and the RING-finger domain is important for its growth-inhibitory activity. To elucidate the mechanism of CGRRF1, we identified EGFR as a new substrate of CGRRF1. CGRRF1 ubiquitinates EGFR through K48-linked ubiquitination, which leads to proteasome degradation. In addition to regulating the stability of EGFR, knockout of CGRRF1 enhances AKT phosphorylation after EGF stimulation. By analyzing the breast cancer database, we found that patients with low CGRRF1 expression have shorter survival. As compared to normal breast tissues, the mRNA levels of CGRRF1 are lower in breast carcinomas, especially in HER2-positive and basal-like breast cancers. We further noticed that CGRRF1 promoter methylation is increased in breast cancer as compared to that in normal breast tissue, suggesting that CGRRF1 is epigenetically modified in breast cancer. Treatment of 5-azactidine and panobinostat restored CGRRF1 expression, supporting that the promoter of CGRRF1 is epigenetically modified in breast cancer. Since 5-azactidine and panobinostat can increase CGRRF1 expression, they might be potential therapies for breast cancer treatment. Conclusion We demonstrated a tumor-suppressive function of CGRRF1 in breast cancer and identified EGFR as its target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ju Lee
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS: BCM187, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shiuh-Rong Ho
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS: BCM187, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Joshua D Graves
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS: BCM187, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yang Xiao
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS: BCM187, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shixia Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Weei-Chin Lin
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS: BCM187, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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14
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Luo L, Zhu D, Huang R, Xiong L, Mehjabin R, He L, Liao L, Li Y, Zhu Z, Wang Y. Molecular cloning and preliminary functional analysis of six RING-between-ring (RBR) genes in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 87:62-72. [PMID: 30610929 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification of proteins that is widely present in eukaryotic cells. There is increasing evidence that ubiquitinated proteins play crucial roles in the immune response process. In mammals, RING-between-RING (RBR) proteins play a key role in regulating immune signaling as the important E3 ubiquitin ligases during ubiquitination. However, the function of RBR in fish is still unclear. In the present study, six RBR genes (RNF19A, RNF19B, RNF144AA, RNF144AB, RNF144B and RNF217) of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) were cloned and characterized. Similar to mammals, all six members of RBR family contained RING, in-between-ring (IBR) and transmembrane (TM) domains. These genes were constitutively expressed in all studied tissues, but the relative expression level differed. Following grass carp reovirus(GCRV) infection, the expression of six RBR genes in liver, gill, spleen and intestine significantly altered. Additionally, their expression in Ctenopharyngodon idellus kidney (CIK) cells was significantly increased after GCRV infection. And deficiency of RNF144B in CIK with small interference RNA (siRNA) up-regulated polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid poly(I:C))-induced inflammatory cytokines production, including IFN-I, TNF-α, IL-6, and transcription factor IRF3, which demonstrated that RNF144B was a negative regulator of inflammatory cytokines. Our results suggested that the RBR might play a vital role in regulating immune signaling and laid the foundation for the further mechanism research of RBR in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Denghui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lv Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rumana Mehjabin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Libo He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lanjie Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yongming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zuoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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15
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Tschumper RC, Shanafelt TD, Kay NE, Jelinek DF. Role of long non-coding RNAs in disease progression of early stage unmutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncotarget 2019; 10:60-75. [PMID: 30713603 PMCID: PMC6343752 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting disease progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains challenging particularly in patients with Rai Stage 0/I disease that have an unmutated immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (UM IGHV). Even though patients with UM IGHV have a poor prognosis and generally require earlier treatment, not all UM IGHV patients experience more rapid disease progression with some remaining treatment free for many years. This observation suggests biologic characteristics other than known prognostic factors influence disease progression. Alterations in long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression levels have been implicated in diagnosis and prognosis of various cancers, however, their role in disease progression of early Rai stage UM CLL is unknown. Here we use microarray analysis to compare lncRNA and mRNA profiles of Rai 0/I UM IGHV patients who progressed in <2 years relative to patients who had not progressed for >5 years. Over 1,300 lncRNAs and 940 mRNAs were differentially expressed (fold change ≥ 2.0; p-value ≤ 0.05). Of interest, the differentially expressed lncRNAs T204050, NR_002947, and uc.436+, have known associated genes that have been linked to CLL. Thus, our study reveals differentially expressed lncRNAs in progressive early stage CLL requiring therapy versus indolent early Rai stage UM CLL. These lncRNAs have the potential to impact relevant biological processes and pathways that influence clinical outcome in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tait D Shanafelt
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Neil E Kay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Diane F Jelinek
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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