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Xu Y, Li J, An L, Qiu Y, Mao A, He Z, Guo J, Yan H, Li H, Hu Z. Biochemical Characterization of a Novel Thermostable Ulvan Lyase from Tamlana fucoidanivorans CW2-9. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:11773-11781. [PMID: 38722333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Ulvan is a complex sulfated polysaccharide extracted from Ulva, and ulvan lyases can degrade ulvan through a β-elimination mechanism to obtain oligosaccharides. In this study, a new ulvan lyase, EPL15085, which belongs to the polysaccharide lyase (PL) 28 family from Tamlana fucoidanivorans CW2-9, was characterized in detail. The optimal pH and salinity are 9.0 and 0.4 M NaCl, respectively. The Km and Vmax of recombinant EPL15085 toward ulvan are 0.80 mg·mL-1 and 11.22 μmol·min -1 mg-1·mL-1, respectively. Unexpectedly, it is very resistant to high temperatures. After treatment at 100 °C, EPL15085 maintained its ability to degrade ulvan. Molecular dynamics simulation analysis and site-directed mutagenesis analysis indicated that the strong rigidity of the disulfide bond between Cys74-Cys102 in the N-terminus is related to its thermostability. In addition, oligosaccharides with disaccharides and tetrasaccharides were the end products of EPL15085. Based on molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis analysis, Tyr177 and Leu134 are considered to be the crucial residues for enzyme activity. In conclusion, our study identified a new PL28 family of ulvan lyases, EPL15085, with excellent heat resistance that can expand the database of ulvan lyases and provide the possibility to make full use of ulvan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Heyuan Polytechnic, Heyuan, Guangdong 517000, China
- Heyuan Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products (Food) Processing, Heyuan, Guangdong 517000, China
| | - Jin Li
- College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Lu An
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Yuankai Qiu
- Heyuan Polytechnic, Heyuan, Guangdong 517000, China
| | - Aihua Mao
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Zhixiao He
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Jialing Guo
- Heyuan Polytechnic, Heyuan, Guangdong 517000, China
| | - Hanbing Yan
- Heyuan Polytechnic, Heyuan, Guangdong 517000, China
| | - Han Li
- Heyuan Polytechnic, Heyuan, Guangdong 517000, China
| | - Zhong Hu
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
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Huang A, Chen Z, Wu X, Yan W, Lu F, Liu F. Improving the thermal stability and catalytic activity of ulvan lyase by the combination of FoldX and KnowVolution campaign. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128577. [PMID: 38070809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Thermal stability is one of the most important properties of ulvan lyases for their application in algae biomass degradation. The Knowledge gaining directed eVolution (KnowVolution) protein engineering strategy could be employed to improve thermostability of ulvan lyase with less screening effort. Herein, the unfolding free energies (ΔΔG) of the loop region were calculated using FoldX and four sites (D103, G104, T113, Q229) were selected for saturation mutagenesis, resulting in the identification of a favorable single-site mutant Q229M. Subsequently, iteration mutation was carried out with the mutant N57P (previously obtained by our group) to further enhance the performance of ulvan lyase. The results showed that the most beneficial variant N57P/Q229M exhibited a 1.67-fold and 2-fold increase in residual activity compared to the wild type after incubation at 40 °C and 50 °C for 1 h, respectively. In addition, the variant produced 1.06 mg/mL of reducing sugar in 2 h, which was almost four times as much as the wild type. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that N57P/Q229M mutant enhanced the structural rigidity by augmenting intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Meanwhile, the shorter proton transmission distance between the general base of the enzyme and the substrate contributed to the glycosidic bond breakage. Our research showed that in silico saturation mutagenesis using position scan module in FoldX allowed for faster screening of mutants with improved thermal stability, and combining it with KnowVolution enabled a balanced effect of thermal stability and enzyme activity in protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailan Huang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Zhengqi Chen
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xinming Wu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Wenxing Yan
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Fuping Lu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Fufeng Liu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin, PR China.
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Li C, Tang T, Jiang J, Yao Z, Zhu B. Biochemical characterization of a new ulvan lyase and its applicability in utilization of ulvan and preparation of ulva oligosaccharides. Glycobiology 2023; 33:837-845. [PMID: 37593920 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulva is globally distributed specie and has a high economic value. Ulvan is one of the main active substances in Ulva, which has a variety of biological properties. Ulvan lyase degrades ulvan through a β-elimination mechanism which cleaves the β-glycosidic bond between Rha3S and GlcA or IdoA. The complex monosaccharide composition of ulvan makes it promising for use in food and pharmaceutical applications. This thesis explores a putative ulvan lyase from Alteromonas sp. KUL_42. We expressed and purified the protein, performed a series of characterizations and signal peptide had been removed. The results showed that the protein molecular weight of ULA-2 was 53.97 kDa, and it had the highest catalytic activity at 45 °C and pH 8.0 in Tris-HCl buffer. The Km and Vmax values were 2.24 mg · mL-1 and 2.048 μmol · min-1 · mL-1, respectively. The activity of ULA-2 was able to maintain more than 80% at 20 ~ 30 °C. ESI-MS analysis showed that the primary end-products were mainly disaccharides to tetrasaccharides. The study of ULA-2 enriches the ulvan lyase library, promotes the development and high-value utilization of Ulva resources, and facilitates further research applications of ulvan lyase in ulva oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Tiancheng Tang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jinju Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Seaweed Substances, Qingdao Brightmoon Seaweed Group Co Ltd, 777 Mingyue Road, Qingdao 266400, China
| | - Zhong Yao
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Benwei Zhu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Nanjing 211816, China
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Li C, Tang T, Du Y, Jiang L, Yao Z, Ning L, Zhu B. Ulvan and Ulva oligosaccharides: a systematic review of structure, preparation, biological activities and applications. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:66. [PMID: 38647949 PMCID: PMC10991135 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00690-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ulva is one of the main green algae causing green tide disasters. Ulvan is the primarily component polysaccharide of the cell wall of Ulva and its complex structure and monosaccharide composition resulted in various biological activities. However, the high-value and effective utilization of extracted ulvan have been obstructed by limitations ranging from large molecular weight and low solubility to poor bioavailability. Ulva oligosaccharide obtained by degrading ulvan can not only ideally retain the various biological activities of ulvan very well but also effectively solve the problems of low solubility and poor bioavailability. The preparation and biological activity studies of ulvan and Ulva oligosaccharides have become a hot spot in the field of marine biological resources development research. At present, the comprehensive reviews of ulvan and Ulva oligosaccharides are still scarce. What are overviewed in this paper are the chemical composition, structure, extraction, and purification of ulvan and Ulva oligosaccharides, where research progress on the biological activities of ulvan and Ulva oligosaccharides is summarized and prospected. A theoretical and practical basis has been provided for further research on ulvan and Ulva oligosaccharides, as well as the high-value development and effective utilization of marine algae resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrated Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tiancheng Tang
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrated Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuguang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhong Yao
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Limin Ning
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrated Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Benwei Zhu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China.
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Draft Genome Sequences of Marine Bacteria, Degraders of the Sulfated Polysaccharide Ulvan, Extracted from a Green Alga, Ulva meridionalis. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0128822. [PMID: 36856414 PMCID: PMC10112130 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01288-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the draft genome sequences of bacterial strains of the genera Alteromonas and Tenacibaculum. Polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs) were found in all of the ulvan utilizers. Comparison of the PULs will elucidate the degradation pathway for ulvan.
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Tang T, Zhu B, Yao Z. Biochemical characterization and elucidation the action mode of a new PL25 family ulvan lyase from marine bacterium Alteromonas sp. TK-45 (2). ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Isolation, Diversity and Characterization of Ulvan-Degrading Bacteria Isolated from Marine Environments. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113420. [PMID: 35684358 PMCID: PMC9182395 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to isolate bacteria capable of degrading the polysaccharide ulvan from the green algae Ulva sp. (Chlorophyta, Ulvales, Ulvaceae) in marine environments. We isolated 13 ulvan-degrading bacteria and observed high diversity at the genus level. Further, the genera Paraglaciecola, Vibrio, Echinicola, and Algibacter, which can degrade ulvan, were successfully isolated for the first time from marine environments. Among the 13 isolates, only one isolate (Echinicola sp.) showed the ability not only to produce externally expressed ulvan lyase, but also to be periplasmic or on the cell surface. From the results of the full-genome analysis, lyase was presumed to be a member of the PL25 (BNR4) family of ulvan lyases, and the bacterium also contained the sequence for glycoside hydrolase (GH43, GH78 and GH88), which is characteristic of other ulvan-degrading bacteria. Notably, this bacterium has a unique ulvan lyase gene not previously reported.
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Abd El-Malek F, Rofeal M, Zabed HM, Nizami AS, Rehan M, Qi X. Microorganism-mediated algal biomass processing for clean products manufacturing: Current status, challenges and future outlook. FUEL 2022; 311:122612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Wang D, Li Y, Han L, Yin C, Fu Y, Zhang Q, Zhao X, Li G, Han F, Yu W. Biochemical Properties of a New Polysaccharide Lyase Family 25 Ulvan Lyase TsUly25B from Marine Bacterium Thalassomonas sp. LD5. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20030168. [PMID: 35323467 PMCID: PMC8955879 DOI: 10.3390/md20030168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine macroalgae, contributing much to the bioeconomy, have inspired tremendous attention as sustainable raw materials. Ulvan, as one of the main structural components of green algae cell walls, can be degraded by ulvan lyase through the β-elimination mechanism to obtain oligosaccharides exhibiting several good physiological activities. Only a few ulvan lyases have been characterized until now. This thesis explores the properties of a new polysaccharide lyase family 25 ulvan lyase TsUly25B from the marine bacterium Thalassomonas sp. LD5. Its protein molecular weight was 54.54 KDa, and it was most active under the conditions of 60 °C and pH 9.0. The Km and kcat values were 1.01 ± 0.05 mg/mL and 10.52 ± 0.28 s−1, respectively. TsUly25B was salt-tolerant and NaCl can significantly improve its thermal stability. Over 80% of activity can be preserved after being incubated at 30 °C for two days when the concentration of NaCl in the solution is above 1 M, while 60% can be preserved after incubation at 40 °C for 10 h with 2 M NaCl. TsUly25B adopted an endolytic manner to degrade ulvan polysaccharides, and the main end-products were unsaturated ulvan disaccharides and tetrasaccharides. In conclusion, our research enriches the ulvan lyase library and advances the utilization of ulvan lyases in further fundamental research as well as ulvan oligosaccharides production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Wang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (D.W.); (Y.L.); (L.H.); (C.Y.); (Y.F.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.); (G.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Department of Science & Technology of Shandong Province, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yujiao Li
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (D.W.); (Y.L.); (L.H.); (C.Y.); (Y.F.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.); (G.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Department of Science & Technology of Shandong Province, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lu Han
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (D.W.); (Y.L.); (L.H.); (C.Y.); (Y.F.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.); (G.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Department of Science & Technology of Shandong Province, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Chengying Yin
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (D.W.); (Y.L.); (L.H.); (C.Y.); (Y.F.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.); (G.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Department of Science & Technology of Shandong Province, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yongqing Fu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (D.W.); (Y.L.); (L.H.); (C.Y.); (Y.F.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.); (G.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Department of Science & Technology of Shandong Province, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (D.W.); (Y.L.); (L.H.); (C.Y.); (Y.F.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.); (G.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Department of Science & Technology of Shandong Province, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (D.W.); (Y.L.); (L.H.); (C.Y.); (Y.F.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.); (G.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Department of Science & Technology of Shandong Province, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Guoyun Li
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (D.W.); (Y.L.); (L.H.); (C.Y.); (Y.F.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.); (G.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Department of Science & Technology of Shandong Province, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Feng Han
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (D.W.); (Y.L.); (L.H.); (C.Y.); (Y.F.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.); (G.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Department of Science & Technology of Shandong Province, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
- Correspondence: (F.H.); (W.Y.); Tel.: +86-532-82032067 (F.H.); +86-532-82031680 (W.Y.)
| | - Wengong Yu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (D.W.); (Y.L.); (L.H.); (C.Y.); (Y.F.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.); (G.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Department of Science & Technology of Shandong Province, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
- Correspondence: (F.H.); (W.Y.); Tel.: +86-532-82032067 (F.H.); +86-532-82031680 (W.Y.)
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Li J, He Z, Liang Y, Peng T, Hu Z. Insights into Algal Polysaccharides: A Review of Their Structure, Depolymerases, and Metabolic Pathways. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:1749-1765. [PMID: 35124966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, marine macroalgae with extensive biomass have attracted the attention of researchers worldwide. Furthermore, algal polysaccharides have been widely studied in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic fields because of their various kinds of bioactivities. However, there are immense barriers to their application as a result of their high molecular size, poor solubility, hydrocolloid nature, and low physiological activities. Unique polysaccharides, such as laminarin, alginate, fucoidan, agar, carrageenan, porphyran, ulvan, and other complex structural polysaccharides, can be digested by marine bacteria with many carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) by breaking down the limitation of glycosidic bonds. However, structural elucidation of algal polysaccharides, metabolic pathways, and identification of potential polysaccharide hydrolases that participate in different metabolic pathways remain major obstacles restricting the efficient utilization of algal oligosaccharides. This review focuses on the structure, hydrolase families, metabolic pathways, and potential applications of seven macroalgae polysaccharides. These results will contribute to progressing our understanding of the structure of algal polysaccharides and their metabolic pathways and will be valuable for clearing the way for the compelling utilization of bioactive oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixiao He
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumei Liang
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Hu
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, People's Republic of China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511458, People's Republic of China
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Marine microbial enzymes for the production of algal oligosaccharides and its bioactive potential for application as nutritional supplements. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2022; 67:175-191. [PMID: 34997524 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Marine macroalgae have a very high carbohydrate content due to complex algal polysaccharides (APS) like agar, alginate, and ulvan in their cell wall. Despite numerous reports on their biomedical properties, their hydrocolloid nature limits their applications. Algal oligosaccharides (AOS), which are hydrolyzed forms of complex APS, are gaining importance due to their low molecular weight, biocompatibility, bioactivities, safety, and solubility in water that makes it a lucrative alternative. The AOS produced through enzymatic hydrolysis using microbial enzymes have far-reaching applications because of its stereospecific nature. Identification and characterization of novel microorganisms producing APS hydrolyzing enzymes are the major bottlenecks for the efficient production of AOS. This review will discuss the marine microbial enzymes identified for AOS production and the bioactive potential of enzymatically produced AOS. This can improve our understanding of the biotechnological potential of microbial enzymes for the production of AOS and facilitate the sustainable utilization of algal biomass. Enzymatically produced AOS are shown to have bioactivities such as antioxidant, antiglycemic, prebiotic, immunomodulation, antiobesity or antihypercholesterolemia, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial activity. The myriad of health benefits provided by the AOS is the need of the hour as there is an alarming increase in physiological disorders among a wide range of the global population.
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Tang T, Cao S, Zhu B, Li Q. Ulvan polysaccharide-degrading enzymes: An updated and comprehensive review of sources category, property, structure, and applications of ulvan lyases. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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13
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Bäumgen M, Dutschei T, Bartosik D, Suster C, Reisky L, Gerlach N, Stanetty C, Mihovilovic MD, Schweder T, Hehemann JH, Bornscheuer UT. A new carbohydrate-active oligosaccharide dehydratase is involved in the degradation of ulvan. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101210. [PMID: 34547290 PMCID: PMC8511951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine algae catalyze half of all global photosynthetic production of carbohydrates. Owing to their fast growth rates, Ulva spp. rapidly produce substantial amounts of carbohydrate-rich biomass and represent an emerging renewable energy and carbon resource. Their major cell wall polysaccharide is the anionic carbohydrate ulvan. Here, we describe a new enzymatic degradation pathway of the marine bacterium Formosa agariphila for ulvan oligosaccharides involving unsaturated uronic acid at the nonreducing end linked to rhamnose-3-sulfate and glucuronic or iduronic acid (Δ-Rha3S-GlcA/IdoA-Rha3S). Notably, we discovered a new dehydratase (P29_PDnc) acting on the nonreducing end of ulvan oligosaccharides, i.e., GlcA/IdoA-Rha3S, forming the aforementioned unsaturated uronic acid residue. This residue represents the substrate for GH105 glycoside hydrolases, which complements the enzymatic degradation pathway including one ulvan lyase, one multimodular sulfatase, three glycoside hydrolases, and the dehydratase P29_PDnc, the latter being described for the first time. Our research thus shows that the oligosaccharide dehydratase is involved in the degradation of carboxylated polysaccharides into monosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Bäumgen
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Theresa Dutschei
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Daniel Bartosik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmacy, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christoph Suster
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Reisky
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nadine Gerlach
- Max Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany; Center for Marine Environmental Sciences (MARUM), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Schweder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmacy, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Hehemann
- Max Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany; Center for Marine Environmental Sciences (MARUM), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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14
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Role and Evolution of the Extracellular Matrix in the Acquisition of Complex Multicellularity in Eukaryotes: A Macroalgal Perspective. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071059. [PMID: 34356075 PMCID: PMC8307928 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular eukaryotes are characterized by an expanded extracellular matrix (ECM) with a diversified composition. The ECM is involved in determining tissue texture, screening cells from the outside medium, development, and innate immunity, all of which are essential features in the biology of multicellular eukaryotes. This review addresses the origin and evolution of the ECM, with a focus on multicellular marine algae. We show that in these lineages the expansion of extracellular matrix played a major role in the acquisition of complex multicellularity through its capacity to connect, position, shield, and defend the cells. Multiple innovations were necessary during these evolutionary processes, leading to striking convergences in the structures and functions of the ECMs of algae, animals, and plants.
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15
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Bäumgen M, Dutschei T, Bornscheuer UT. Marine Polysaccharides: Occurrence, Enzymatic Degradation and Utilization. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2247-2256. [PMID: 33890358 PMCID: PMC8360166 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macroalgae species are fast growing and their polysaccharides are already used as food ingredient due to their properties as hydrocolloids or they have potential high value bioactivity. The degradation of these valuable polysaccharides to access the sugar components has remained mostly unexplored so far. One reason is the high structural complexity of algal polysaccharides, but also the need for suitable enzyme cocktails to obtain oligo- and monosaccharides. Among them, there are several rare sugars with high value. Recently, considerable progress was made in the discovery of highly specific carbohydrate-active enzymes able to decompose complex marine carbohydrates such as carrageenan, laminarin, agar, porphyran and ulvan. This minireview summarizes these achievements and highlights potential applications of the now accessible abundant renewable resource of marine polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Bäumgen
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Theresa Dutschei
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
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16
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Xu F, Dong F, Sun XH, Cao HY, Fu HH, Li CY, Zhang XY, McMinn A, Zhang YZ, Wang P, Chen XL. Mechanistic Insights into Substrate Recognition and Catalysis of a New Ulvan Lyase of Polysaccharide Lyase Family 24. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0041221. [PMID: 33771786 PMCID: PMC8174760 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00412-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulvan is an important marine polysaccharide. Bacterial ulvan lyases play important roles in ulvan degradation and marine carbon cycling. Until now, only a small number of ulvan lyases have been characterized. Here, a new ulvan lyase, Uly1, belonging to polysaccharide lyase family 24 (PL24) from the marine bacterium Catenovulum maritimum, is characterized. The optimal temperature and pH for Uly1 to degrade ulvan are 40°C and pH 9.0, respectively. Uly1 degrades ulvan polysaccharides in the endolytic manner, mainly producing ΔRha3S, consisting of an unsaturated 4-deoxy-l-threo-hex-4-enopyranosiduronic acid and a 3-O-sulfated α-l-rhamnose. The structure of Uly1 was resolved at a 2.10-Å resolution. Uly1 adopts a seven-bladed β-propeller architecture. Structural and site-directed mutagenesis analyses indicate that four highly conserved residues, H128, H149, Y223, and R239, are essential for catalysis. H128 functions as both the catalytic acid and base, H149 and R239 function as the neutralizers, and Y223 plays a supporting role in catalysis. Structural comparison and sequence alignment suggest that Uly1 and many other PL24 enzymes may directly bind the substrate near the catalytic residues for catalysis, different from the PL24 ulvan lyase LOR_107, which adopts a two-stage substrate binding process. This study provides new insights into ulvan lyases and ulvan degradation. IMPORTANCE Ulvan is a major cell wall component of green algae of the genus Ulva. Many marine heterotrophic bacteria can produce extracellular ulvan lyases to degrade ulvan for a carbon nutrient. In addition, ulvan has a range of physiological bioactivities based on its specific chemical structure. Ulvan lyase thus plays an important role in marine carbon cycling and has great potential in biotechnological applications. However, only a small number of ulvan lyases have been characterized over the past 10 years. Here, based on biochemical and structural analyses, a new ulvan lyase of polysaccharide lyase family 24 is characterized, and its substrate recognition and catalytic mechanisms are revealed. Moreover, a new substrate binding process adopted by PL24 ulvan lyases is proposed. This study offers a better understanding of bacterial ulvan lyases and is helpful for studying the application potentials of ulvan lyases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hai-Yan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui-Hui Fu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Chun-Yang Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xi-Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Andrew McMinn
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Yu-Zhong Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiu-Lan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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17
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Jagtap AS, Manohar CS. Overview on Microbial Enzymatic Production of Algal Oligosaccharides for Nutraceutical Applications. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 23:159-176. [PMID: 33763808 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-021-10027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Global requirement for algal foods is increasing, as they are progressively consumed for its nutrition and health. Macroalgae is a proven source of metabolites, proteins, pigments, bioactive compounds, and algal polysaccharides. The unique polysaccharides such as agar, carrageenan, porphyran, alginate, fucoidan, laminarin, and ulvan are known for its wide range of bioactivities and extensively used for applications from tissue engineering to drug delivery. However, there are few limitations due to its high molecular size, low compatibility, and hydrocolloid nature. Hence, the enzymatically produced algal oligosaccharides have drawn tremendous attention due to its green synthesis, solubility, and lower molecular size. They are reported to have bioactivities including antioxidant, antiglycemic, immunostimulatory, anti-inflammatory, and prebiotic activities, which can be used in the healthcare and nutraceutical industry for the manufacture of functional foods and dietary supplements. However, identification of potential microorganisms, producing polysaccharide hydrolyzing enzymes, remains a major bottle neck for efficient utilization of bioactive algal oligosaccharides. This review summarizes the recent developments in the identification and characterization of microbial enzymes for the production of bioactive algal oligosaccharides. This can improve our understanding of bioactive algal oligosaccharides and pave way for efficient utilization of macroalgae to prevent various chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok S Jagtap
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403004, India
- School of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa, 403206, India
| | - Cathrine S Manohar
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403004, India.
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18
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Furusawa G, Azami NA, Teh AH. Genes for degradation and utilization of uronic acid-containing polysaccharides of a marine bacterium Catenovulum sp. CCB-QB4. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10929. [PMID: 33732545 PMCID: PMC7953866 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oligosaccharides from polysaccharides containing uronic acids are known to have many useful bioactivities. Thus, polysaccharide lyases (PLs) and glycoside hydrolases (GHs) involved in producing the oligosaccharides have attracted interest in both medical and industrial settings. The numerous polysaccharide lyases and glycoside hydrolases involved in producing the oligosaccharides were isolated from soil and marine microorganisms. Our previous report demonstrated that an agar-degrading bacterium, Catenovulum sp. CCB-QB4, isolated from a coastal area of Penang, Malaysia, possessed 183 glycoside hydrolases and 43 polysaccharide lyases in the genome. We expected that the strain might degrade and use uronic acid-containing polysaccharides as a carbon source, indicating that the strain has a potential for a source of novel genes for degrading the polysaccharides. METHODS To confirm the expectation, the QB4 cells were cultured in artificial seawater media with uronic acid-containing polysaccharides, namely alginate, pectin (and saturated galacturonate), ulvan, and gellan gum, and the growth was observed. The genes involved in degradation and utilization of uronic acid-containing polysaccharides were explored in the QB4 genome using CAZy analysis and BlastP analysis. RESULTS The QB4 cells were capable of using these polysaccharides as a carbon source, and especially, the cells exhibited a robust growth in the presence of alginate. 28 PLs and 22 GHs related to the degradation of these polysaccharides were found in the QB4 genome based on the CAZy database. Eleven polysaccharide lyases and 16 glycoside hydrolases contained lipobox motif, indicating that these enzymes play an important role in degrading the polysaccharides. Fourteen of 28 polysaccharide lyases were classified into ulvan lyase, and the QB4 genome possessed the most abundant ulvan lyase genes in the CAZy database. Besides, genes involved in uronic acid metabolisms were also present in the genome. These results were consistent with the cell growth. In the pectin metabolic pathway, the strain had genes for three different pathways. However, the growth experiment using saturated galacturonate exhibited that the strain can only use the pathway related to unsaturated galacturonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Furusawa
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azura Azami
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Aik-Hong Teh
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
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19
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Li Q, Hu F, Zhu B, Ni F, Yao Z. Insights into ulvan lyase: review of source, biochemical characteristics, structure and catalytic mechanism. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:432-441. [PMID: 32050804 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1723486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ulvan, a kind of polyanionic heteropolysaccharide consisting of 3-sulfated rhamnose, uronic acids (iduronic acid and glucuronic acid) and xylose, has been widely applied in food and cosmetic industries. In addition, ulvan can be converted into fermentable monosaccharides through the cascade system of carbohydrate-active enzymes. Ulvan lyases can degrade ulvan into ulvan oligosaccharides, which is the first step in the fully degradation of ulvan. Various ulvan lyases have been cloned and characterized from marine bacteria and grouped into five polysaccharide lyase (PL) families, namely: PL24, PL25, PL28, PL37 and PL40 families. The elucidation of the biochemical characterization, action pattern and catalytic mechanism of ulvan lyase would definitely enhance our understanding of the deep utilization of marine bioresource and marine carbon cycling. In this review, we summarized the recent progresses about the source and biochemical characteristics of ulvan lyase. Additionally, the structural characteristics and catalytic mechanisms have been introduced in detail. This comprehensive information should be helpful regarding the application of ulvan lyases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Fu Hu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Benwei Zhu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Fang Ni
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Yao
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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20
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Alginate Lyase Aly36B is a New Bacterial Member of the Polysaccharide Lyase Family 36 and Catalyzes by a Novel Mechanism With Lysine as Both the Catalytic Base and Catalytic Acid. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:4897-4909. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Qin HM, Gao D, Zhu M, Li C, Zhu Z, Wang H, Liu W, Tanokura M, Lu F. Biochemical characterization and structural analysis of ulvan lyase from marine Alteromonas sp. reveals the basis for its salt tolerance. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 147:1309-1317. [PMID: 31751708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Marine macroalgae have gained considerable attention as renewable biomass sources. Ulvan is a water-soluble anionic polysaccharide, and its depolymerization into fermentable monosaccharides has great potential for the production of bioethanol or high-value food additives. Ulvan lyase from Alteromonas sp. (AsPL) utilizes a β-elimination mechanism to cleave the glycosidic bond between rhamnose 3-sulfate and glucuronic acid, forming an unsaturated uronic acid at the non-reducing end. AsPL was active in the temperature range of 30-50 °C and pH values ranging from 7.5 to 9.5. Furthermore, AsPL was found to be halophilic, showing high activity and stability in the presence of up to 2.5 M NaCl. The apparent Km and kcat values of AsPL are 3.19 ± 0.37 mg mL-1 and 4.19 ± 0.21 s-1, respectively. Crystal structure analysis revealed that AsPL adopts a β-propeller fold with four anti-parallel β-strands in each of the seven propeller blades. The acid residues at the protein surface and two Ca2+ coordination sites contribute to its salt tolerance. The research on ulvan lyase has potential commercial value in the utilization of algal resources for biofuel production to relieve the environmental burden of petrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Qin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Dengke Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Menglu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Zhangliang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Weidong Liu
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, PR China.
| | - Masaru Tanokura
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, PR China; Laboratory of Basic Science on Healthy Longevity, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
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22
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Gao J, Du C, Chi Y, Zuo S, Ye H, Wang P. Cloning, Expression, and Characterization of a New PL25 Family Ulvan Lyase from Marine Bacterium Alteromonas sp. A321. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E568. [PMID: 31597240 PMCID: PMC6836179 DOI: 10.3390/md17100568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulvan lyases can degrade ulvan to oligosaccharides with potent biological activity. A new ulvan lyase gene, ALT3695, was identified in Alteromonas sp. A321. Soluble expression of ALT3695 was achieved in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The 1314-bp gene encoded a protein with 437 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence of ALT3695 exhibited low sequence identity with polysaccharide lyase family 25 (PL25) ulvan lyases from Pseudoalteromonas sp. PLSV (64.14% identity), Alteromonas sp. LOR (62.68% identity), and Nonlabens ulvanivorans PLR (57.37% identity). Recombinant ALT3695 was purified and the apparent molecular weight was about 53 kDa, which is different from that of other polysaccharide-degrading enzymes identified in Alteromonas sp. A321. ALT3695 exhibited maximal activity in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer at pH 8.0 and 50 °C. ALT3695 was relatively thermostable, as 90% activity was observed after incubation at 40 °C for 3 h. The Km and Vmax values of ALT3695 towards ulvan were 0.43 mg·mL-1 and 0.11 μmol·min-1·mL-1, respectively. ESI-MS analysis showed that enzymatic products were mainly disaccharides and tetrasaccharides. This study reports a new PL25 family ulvan lyase, ALT3695, with properties that suggest its great potential for the preparation of ulvan oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Chunying Du
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yongzhou Chi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Siqi Zuo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Han Ye
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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23
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Reisky L, Préchoux A, Zühlke MK, Bäumgen M, Robb CS, Gerlach N, Roret T, Stanetty C, Larocque R, Michel G, Song T, Markert S, Unfried F, Mihovilovic MD, Trautwein-Schult A, Becher D, Schweder T, Bornscheuer UT, Hehemann JH. A marine bacterial enzymatic cascade degrades the algal polysaccharide ulvan. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:803-812. [PMID: 31285597 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0311-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Marine seaweeds increasingly grow into extensive algal blooms, which are detrimental to coastal ecosystems, tourism and aquaculture. However, algal biomass is also emerging as a sustainable raw material for the bioeconomy. The potential exploitation of algae is hindered by our limited knowledge of the microbial pathways-and hence the distinct biochemical functions of the enzymes involved-that convert algal polysaccharides into oligo- and monosaccharides. Understanding these processes would be essential, however, for applications such as the fermentation of algal biomass into bioethanol or other value-added compounds. Here, we describe the metabolic pathway that enables the marine flavobacterium Formosa agariphila to degrade ulvan, the main cell wall polysaccharide of bloom-forming Ulva species. The pathway involves 12 biochemically characterized carbohydrate-active enzymes, including two polysaccharide lyases, three sulfatases and seven glycoside hydrolases that sequentially break down ulvan into fermentable monosaccharides. This way, the enzymes turn a previously unexploited renewable into a valuable and ecologically sustainable bioresource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Reisky
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Aurélie Préchoux
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Marie-Katherin Zühlke
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmacy, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marcus Bäumgen
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Craig S Robb
- Max Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.,University of Bremen, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, Bremen, Germany
| | - Nadine Gerlach
- Max Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.,University of Bremen, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, Bremen, Germany
| | - Thomas Roret
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, FR 2424, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | | | - Robert Larocque
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, FR 2424, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Gurvan Michel
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Tao Song
- Max Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.,University of Bremen, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, Bremen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Markert
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmacy, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank Unfried
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmacy, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | - Dörte Becher
- Institute of Microbiology, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Schweder
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmacy, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. .,Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Jan-Hendrik Hehemann
- Max Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany. .,University of Bremen, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, Bremen, Germany.
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Konasani VR, Jin C, Karlsson NG, Albers E. A novel ulvan lyase family with broad-spectrum activity from the ulvan utilisation loci of Formosa agariphila KMM 3901. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14713. [PMID: 30279430 PMCID: PMC6168547 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32922-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulvan, which is one of the major structural polysaccharides of the cell walls of green macroalgae, is degraded by ulvan lyases via the β-elimination mechanism with the release of oligosaccharides that have unsaturated 4-deoxy-L-threo-hex-4-enopyranosiduronic acid (∆) at the non-reducing end. These ulvan lyases belong to the PL24 or PL25 or PL28 family in the CAZy database. In this study, we identify and biochemically characterise a periplasmic novel broad-spectrum ulvan lyase from Formosa agariphila KMM 3901. The lyase was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and the purified recombinant enzyme depolymerised ulvan in an endolytic manner with a Km of 0.77 mg/ml, and displayed optimum activity at 40 °C and pH 8. This lyase also degraded heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate. Detailed analyses of the end-products of the enzymatic degradation of ulvan using 1H- and 13C-NMR and LC-MS revealed an unsaturated disaccharide (∆Rha3S) and a tetrasaccharide (∆Rha3S-Xyl-Rha) as the principal end-products. In contrast to the previously described ulvan lyases, this novel lyase is mostly composed of α-helices that form an (α/α)6 incomplete toroid domain and displays a remarkably broad-spectrum activity. This novel lyase is the first member of a new family of ulvan lyases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkat Rao Konasani
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niclas G Karlsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eva Albers
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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